Differentiate the three layers of the Earth. Cite factual evidences.

Earth is made up of several different layers, each with unique properties.

Earth's Core

Earth has a core, but this is really two distinct parts: the inner core and the outer core. Both parts of the
core are made up of mostly iron and some nickel. The difference is that in the inner core, those minerals
are solid and in the outer core, they're liquid. The inner core of the earth is incredibly hot.

The outer core is also made up of iron and nickel, but it's quite different because it is a liquid. This is
because there is much less pressure on this layer than the one below it (the outer core adds a lot of
pressure to the inner core!). Though the flow of this liquid layer is very slow-moving (about a few
kilometers a year), it is what produces Earth's magnetic field.

The Mantle

Sitting on top of the outer core, we find the mantle. This layer is by far the thickest layer of Earth, about
1,800 miles thick! It also makes up about 85% of Earth's volume. Like the core, the mantle contains
mostly iron, but in the form of silicate rocks. The mantle can also be divided into two portions, the upper
mantle and the lower mantle. The lower mantle is completely solid because, like the solid inner core of
Earth, the pressure is just too great for it to melt and flow. The upper mantle is also known as the
asthenosphere, which flows as convection currents. Convection occurs in all fluids and is the rising of
warm particles and sinking of cool particles. So, as the material in the upper mantle warms, it rises
straight up, and as it rises, it cools and then sinks back down.

The Crust

The crust is the thinnest and outmost layer and is the layer we live on. It is made of many different
materials, but only occupies <1% of the Earth's volume. The tectonic plates also reside in the crust. The
crust is approximately made of 47% Oxygen, 28% Silicon, 8% Aluminum, 5% Iron, and 12% other
elements. It is between 30 km and 50 km thick.
Core (Iron)

The Earth’s core, its densest layer, is made up of iron-nickel alloy.

It also contains a small amount of carbon, oxygen, or sulfur.

Mantle (Peridotite)

Peridotite, a rock made up primarily of the minerals

olivine and pyroxene, is the chief constituent

of the Earth’s upper mantle. The mantle comprises

almost 80 percent of the planet by volume.

Crust (Granite)

Granite, an igneous rock composed mainly of the

minerals quartz and feldspar, makes up most of the upper crust.

References:

https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/planet-earth/how-has-the-earth-evolved/the-
differentiated-earth

https://byjus.com/physics/layers-of-the-earth/

https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/education/our-planet-earth/Pages/The-Earth-structure.aspx#:~:text=
%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8BThe%20earth%20is,the%20mantle%20and%20the%20core.&text=This%20is
%20the%20outside%20layer,rock%2C%20mostly%20basalt%20and%20granite.&text=Oceanic%20crust
%20is%20denser%20and,and%20mainly%20composed%20of%20granite.