INTERNATIONAL

STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SECURITE

Environmental testing -
Part 2-75: Tests - Test Eh: Hammer tests

Essais d ’environnem ent -

Partie 2-75: Essais - Test Eh: Essais au marteau
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 IEC 60068-2-75
Edition 2.0 2014-09

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SECURITE

Environmental testing -
Part 2-75: Tests - Test Eh: Hammer tests

Essais d ’environnem ent -

Partie 2-75: Essais - Test Eh: Essais au marteau

IN T E R N A T IO N A L
E L E C T R O T E C H N IC A L
C O M M IS S IO N

C O M M IS S IO N
E L E C T R O T E C H N IQ U E
IN T E R N A T IO N A L E PRICE CODE
CODE PRIX

ICS 19.040 ISBN 978-2-8322-1842-6

Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agree.

® Registered trademark ot the International Electrotechnical Commission

Marque doposeo de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
 - 2- IEC 60068-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014

CONTENTS

F O R E W O R D ..........................................................................................................................................................4
IN T R O D U C T IO N .................................................................................................................................................. 6
1 S c o p e .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
2 N orm ative re fe re n c e s .................................................................................................................................7
3 T erm s and d e fin itio n s .................................................................................................................................8
4 P rovisions com m on to all ham m er test m e th o d s ................................................................................. 8
4.1 S e v e ritie s ..............................................................................................................................................8
4.1.1 G e n e ra l....................................................................................................................................... 8
4.1.2 Im pact energy v a lu e .................................................................................................................8
4.1.3 N um ber of im p a c ts ................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 T est a p p a ra tu s .................................................................................................................................. 9
4.2.1 D e s c rip tio n ................................................................................................................................. 9
4.2.2 M o u n tin g ..................................................................................................................................10
4.3 P re c o n d itio n in g .................................................................................................................................10
4.4 Initial m e a s u re m e n ts .......................................................................................................................10
4.5 T e s tin g .................................................................................................................................................10
4.5.1 G e n e ra l................................................................................................................................... 10
4.5.2 A ttitudes and im pact lo c a tio n s ..........................................................................................11
4.5.3 Preparation of the s p e c im e n ..............................................................................................11
4.5.4 O perating m ode and fu nctio na l m o n ito rin g ....................................................................... 11
4.6 R ecovery.............................................................................................................................................. 11
4.7 Final m e a su re m e n ts.........................................................................................................................11
4.8 Inform ation to be given in the relevant s p e c ific a tio n .............................................................. 11
5 Test Eha: Pendulum h a m m e r................................................................................................................ 12
5.1 Test a p p a ra tu s ..................................................................................................................................12
5.1.1 G e n e ra l................................................................................................................................... 12
5.1.2 T est apparatus for severities not exceeding 1 J ...........................................................12
5.1.3 Test apparatus for severities of 2 J and a bo ve ............................................................ 12
5.2 H eight of fa ll....................................................................................................................................... 12
5.3 T e s tin g ................................................................................................................................................. 13
6 Test Ehb: Spring h a m m e r.......................................................................................................................13
6.1 Test a p p a ra tu s ..................................................................................................................................13
6.2 Influence of e arth ’s g ra v ity .............................................................................................................14
6.3 C a lib ra tio n ......................................................................................................................................... 14
7 Test Ehc: V ertical h a m m e r......................................................................................................................14
7.1 Test a p p a ra tu s .................................................................................................................................. 14
7.2 H eight of fa ll....................................................................................................................................... 14
Annex A (norm ative) Shapes of striking e le m e n ts ..................................................................................15
Annex B (norm ative) Procedure for the calibration of spring h am m e rs............................................18
B. 1 P rinciple of c a lib ra tio n .................................................................................................................... 18
B.2 C onstruction of the calibration d e v ic e ....................................................................................... 18
B.3 M ethod of calibration of the calibration d e v ic e .......................................................................... 18
B.4 Use of the calibration d e v ic e ......................................................................................................... 19
Annex C (inform ative) G uidance n o te s .......................................................................................................25
C.1 W hen is an im pact test a p p ro p ria te ? ..........................................................................................25
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 - 3 -

C.2 C hoice of test a p p a ra tu s.............................................................................................................. 25

C.3 C hoice of energy le v e l.................................................................................................................. 25
C.4 Inform ation fo r te s tin g .................................................................................................................. 26
Annex D (in fo rm ative ) Exam ple of pendulum ham m er test a p p a ra tu s ...............................................27
Annex E (in fo rm ative ) Exam ple of spring ham m er test a p p a ra tu s ...................................................... 30
B ib lio g ra p h y ......................................................................................................................................................... 32

Figure 1 - Exam ple sketch of a striking e le m e n t......................................................................................10

Figure 2 - D erivation of m easuring p o in t................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3 - Shape of release head for 2 J ................................................................................................... 14
Figure A. 1 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent for < 1 J ..............................................................................15
Figure A .2 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent for 2 J ................................................................................. 15
Figure A .3 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent for 5 J ................................................................................. 16
Figure A.4 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent for 10 J ............................................................................... 16
Figure A .5 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent for 20 J ............................................................................... 17
Figure A .6 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent for 50 J ............................................................................... 17
Figure B.1 - C alibration d e v ic e ......................................................................................................................20
Figure B.2 - Pendulum "c "............................................................................................................................... 21
Figure B.3 - Steel spring of pendulum "c” ...................................................................................................21
Figure B.4 - D etails of calibration d e v ic e ................................................................................................... 22
Figure B.5 - A rrangem ent fo r the calibration of the calibration d e v ic e ............................................. 23
Figure B.6 - Division of scale plate " f " ........................................................................................................ 24
Figure D.1 - Test a p p a ra tu s ...........................................................................................................................27
Figure D.2 - S triking elem ent of the pendulum ham m er for energies < 1 J .....................................28
Figure D.3 - M ounting fix tu r e ........................................................................................................................ 28
Figure D.4 - Adapter for flush-type s w itc h e s .............................................................................................29
Figure D.5 - Adapter for lam p h o ld e rs ........................................................................................................ 29
Figure E.1 - Spring ham m er te st a p p a ra tu s ...............................................................................................31

Table 1 - C oordinated characte ristics of the striking e le m e n ts ............................................................ 9

Table 2 - H eight of f a ll..................................................................................................................................... 12
Table C.1 - Energy levels in jo u le s .............................................................................................................. 25
Table E.1 - Kinetic energy of striking e le m e n t......................................................................................... 30
 - 4- IEC 60068-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

E N V IR O N M E N TA L T E S T IN G -

Part 2-75: T ests -

T es t Eh: H am m er tests

FOREWORD
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9) A ttention is drawn to the p o ssib ility th a t som e of the elem ents of th is IEC P ublication m ay be the subject of
patent rig hts. IEC shall not be held responsible for ide n tifyin g any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 60068-2-75 has been prepared by IEC te chn ical com m ittee 104:
E nvironm ental conditions, cla ssifica tio n and m ethods of test.

This second edition ca nce ls and replaces the firs t edition, published in 1997, and co n stitu te s a
technical revision.

This edition includes the follow ing sign ifican t technical change w ith respect to the previous
edition:

- reconsideration of som e values in T ables 1 and 2. A lthough som e values are no longer
recom m ended, they have been retained as a lterna tives fo r historical consiste ncy purposes.

It has the status o f:a basic safety publication in accorda nce with IEC G uide 104.
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 - 5 -

The text of this standard is based on the follow ing docum ents:

FDIS Report on voting

104/635/FD IS 104/637/RVD

Full inform ation on the voting fo r the approval of this standard can be found in the rep ort on
voting indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO /IEC D irectives, Part 2.

A list of all parts in the IEC 60068 series, published under the g eneral title E nviro nm e nta l
te sting , can be found on the IEC w ebsite.

The co m m itte e has decided th a t the contents of this publication w ill rem ain unchanged until the
sta bility date indicated on the IEC web site under "http ://w e bsto re .ie c.ch'' in the data related to
the sp ecific publication. At this date, the publication w ill be

• reconfirm ed,
• w ithdraw n,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• am ended.
 - 6 - IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

INTRODUCTION

M echanical im pacts likely to stress e le ctrote ch nical e quipm ent in se rvice can be generated by
ham m ers of various types. For standardization purposes, the results o f such testing should not
depend on the type of testing apparatus and th erefore, the ch a ra cte ristics of the various types
of te st ham m ers described in th is part of IEC 60068 are intended to be as close as practicab le
fo r the sam e se verity level.

It is im p orta nt to note th a t both C lause 3 and the te st m ethod selected from C lauses 4, 5, and 6
need to be com plied with in order to satisfy the requirem ents of this International Standard.

The se verity levels are, in general, taken from IEC 60721-1.

For coordination purposes, it has been necessary to change certain fu ndam ental param eters of
the previous tests Ef: Im pact, pendulum ham m er, and Eg: Im pact, spring ham m er. In all cases,
both sets of param eters are show n at the appropriate places in the text. A lthough som e values
are no longer recom m ended, they have been retained as a lterna tives for historical co nsistency
purposes. This is because they have a pplication in certain industries as historic com parators.
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -7 -

E N V IR O N M E N TA L T E S T IN G -

Part 2-75: T ests -

T es t Eh: H am m er tests

1 Scope

This part of IEC 60068 provides three standardized and coordinated te st m ethods for
determ ining the ability of a specim en to w ithstand specified se veritie s o f im pact. It is used, in
particula r, to d em on strate an acceptable level of robustness when assessing the safety of a
product and is p rim a rily intended fo r the testing of e le ctrote ch nical item s. It c o n sists of the
application to the specim en of a prescribed num ber of im pacts d efined by th eir im pact energy
and applied in the prescribed d irections.

This part of IEC 60068 covers energy levels ranging from 0,14 J (joules) to 50 J (joules).

T hree types of te st apparatus are applicable to perform these tests. Annex C provides som e
guidance as to this aspect.

2 Normative references

The follow ing docum ents, in w hole or in part, are norm a tively referenced in this docu m e nt and
are indispensable fo r its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced docum ent (including any am endm ents)
applies.

IEC 60068-1, E n viro nm e nta l testing - P art 1: G eneral a nd g uida nce

IEC 60721-1, C lassificatio n o f e nviro n m e nta l co nd itio ns - P art 1: E nviro nm e nta l p aram eters
a nd th e ir se veritie s

IEC G uide 104, The p re pa ra tion o f sa fe ty p u b lic a tio n s a n d the use o f b asic s a fe ty p ub lica tion s
a nd g ro u p sa fe ty p ub lica tion s

IEC G uide 108, G uidelines fo r ensu rin g the co he re ncy o f IEC p u b lica tio n s - A p plica tion o f
h o rizo n ta l standards

ISO 1052, Steels fo r g e n e ra l eng in ee rin g purpo ses

ISO 2039-2, P lastics - D eterm ination o f hardness - P art 2 : R ockw e ll hardness

ISO 2041, Vibration a nd sh ock a nd co ndition m onitoring - V ocabulary

ISO 2768-1, G eneral tolerances - P art 1: Tolerances fo r lin e a r a nd a n g u la r d im ensions w ithout

in d ivid u a l tolerances indications

ISO 6508 (all parts), M eta llic m ate ria ls - R ockw e ll hardness test
 - 8 - IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of th is docum ent, the te rm s and d efin itio ns used in ISO 2041 or in
IEC 60068-1, to gether with the follow ing, apply.

3.1
com bined m ass of the striking elem ent
sum of the m asses of the strikin g elem ent and of the e le m e n t’s fixing system

3.2
fixing point
part of the specim en in contact w ith the m ounting fixtu re at the point w here the specim en is
norm ally fastened in service

3.3
eq u ivalen t mass
m ass of the striking elem ent and any relevant portions of the test apparatus w hich, com bined
with its velocity, provides the im pact energy

Note 1 to entry: For the p a rticu la r app lica tio n to the pendulum ham m er apparatus, m ass of the sim ple pendulum
ham m er calcu la te d from the m easure of the ve rtica l fo rce (in newtons) to be applied in the axis o f the strikin g
elem ent to m aintain the arm o f the pendulum in a horizontal position, divided by the e a rth ’s gravity. W hen the m ass
of the arm is evenly distribu te d , the eq u iva le nt m ass is equal to the sum of the com bined m ass of the striking
elem ent plus half the m ass of the arm.

3.4
m easuring point
point m arked on the surface of the strikin g e lem ent w here the line through the point of
intersection of the axes of the arm s of both of the pendulum and of the strikin g elem ent, and
perpe nd icula r to the plane through both axes, m eets the surface (see Figure 2).

Note 1 to entry: In som e IEC standards w hich include a pendulum ham m er te st, the term "checking p oint" has
been used but it has not been used here in order to avoid confusion with "check point " in other parts o f IEC 60068-2.

Note 2 to entry: T he o re tically, the centre of gravity of the strikin g elem ent should be the m easuring point. In
practice, the centre o f gra vity is e ith e r d iffic u lt to determ ine or in a cce ssib le , and the m easuring point is therefore
defined as above.

3.5
height of fall
ve rtical distance betw een the position of the m easuring point when the pendulum is released
and its position at the m om ent of im pact (see Figure D.1).

4 Provisions common to all hammer test methods

4.1 S everities

4.1.1 G eneral

The severity is defined by the im p act energy value chosen from 4.1.2, and the num ber of
im pacts according to 4.1.3.

4.1.2 Im pact energy value

The im pact energy value shall be one of the follow ing, as prescribed by the relevant
sp ecificatio n:

0,14 - 0,2 - (0,3) - 0,35 - (0,4) - 0,5 - 0,7 - 1 - 2 - 5 - 10 - 20 - 50 J (joules).

IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -9 -

NOTE Figures in bra cke ts appear in previous IEC 60068-2 standards, although no longer recom m ended, they may
be used fo r h isto ric consistency.

4.1.3 N um ber of im pacts

U nless otherw ise prescribed by the relevant sp ecificatio n, the n um ber of im pacts shall be three
per location.

4.2 T est apparatus

4.2.1 D escription

T hree types of test apparatus are available to perform these tests:

- the pendulum ham m er;

- the spring ham m er;
- the ve rtica l ham m er.

The types of te st apparatus are defined in C lauses 5, 6 and 7 as tests Eha, Ehb and Ehc,
respectively. The coordinated ch a ra cte ristics of the strikin g e lem ent are, in p rinciple, sim ilar in
all three cases and are stated in Table 1 in relation to the outline show n in Figure 1.

D im ensions are in m illim e tres. T ole ra nce s are as per class m of ISO 2768-1, unless otherw ise
stated.

T ab le 1 - C oordinated c h a ra cteristic s of the striking elem ents

E n e rg y va lu e £1 2 5 10 20 50

J ±10 % ±5 % ±5 % ±5 % ±5 % ±5 %

E q u iv a le n t
m ass 0,25 (0,2) 0,5 1,7 5 5 10
± 2 % kg

M a te ria l P olyam ide a Steel b

R mm 10 25 25 50 50 50

D mm 18.5 (20) 35 60 80 100 125

f mm 6,2(10) 7 10 20 20 25

r mm - - 6 - 10 17

/ mm To be adjusted to m atch the equivalent m ass, see Annex A.

a 85 < HRR <100. Rockwell hardness according to ISO 2039-2.

b Fe 490-2. according to ISO 1052: Rockwell hardness: HRE 80...85 according to ISO 6508.

NOTE The values shown in brackets for the eq u iva le nt m ass and the dia m e te r of the strikin g elem ent for the
energy value equal to or less than 1 J are those in the cu rre n t te st Ef. The values cu rre n tly in te st Eg are also
shown for these two param eters. A lthough, for co o rdination reasons, these values are no longer recom m ended,
th e y are used by som e in d u strie s fo r h isto rica l com parison purposes.
 -10 - IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

A xis of
striking ^7
elem ent

IEC

Figure 1 - Exam ple sketch of a strikin g elem ent

The striking surface shall be visua lly exam ined before each im p act in o rd er to ensure th a t there
is no dam age that m ight affe ct the result o f the test.

4.2.2 M ounting

As prescribed by the relevant sp ecificatio n, the specim en shall either

a) be m ounted by its norm al m eans on a rigid plane support, or

b) be placed against a rigid plane support.

In order to ensure that the specim en is rigidly supported, it m ay be necessary when perform ing
the te st to place the specim en a gainst a plane solid support, fo r exam ple a w all or a flo or
m ade of brick or concrete, covered by a sheet of polyam ide w hich is tig h tly fixed to the support.

C are shall be taken to ensure that there is no app re ciab le air gap betw een the sheet and the
support. The sheet shall have a R ockw ell hardness of 85 <HRR <100 according to ISO 2039-2,
a th ickne ss o f a pp ro xim a tely 8 mm and a surface area such that no parts of the specim en are
m echanically over-stre ssed due to the supporting area being insufficient.

The m ounting arran ge m en t is deem ed to be s u fficie n tly rigid if the d isp lace m e nt of the im pact
surface of the plane support does not exceed 0,1 mm when s tru ck by an im pact applied directly
to it w ith the sam e level of energy as fo r the specim en.

NOTE 1 For specim ens to be su bjected to im pact energies not exceeding 1 J, som e exam ples o f m ounting and
support are shown in Figures D.3, D.4 and D.5.

NOTE 2 W hen the m ass o f the m ounting is at least 20 tim es th a t o f the specim en, the rig id ity of the m ounting is
lik e ly to be su fficie n t.

4.3 Precon ditio nin g

The relevant sp ecificatio n m ay call fo r pre con ditio nin g; it shall then prescribe the conditions.

4.4 Initial m easurem ents

The specim en shall be subm itted to the visual, d im ensional and fu nctio na l checks prescribed
by the relevant specification.

4.5 Testing

4.5.1 G eneral

S econdary im pacts, i.e. rebounds, shall be avoided.

IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -11 -

4.5.2 A ttitudes and im pact locations

The relevant sp ecificatio n shall prescrib e the attitu de s of the specim en and the locations on the
specim en corresponding to w here dam age is m ost likely to occur in p ractice and at w hich the
im pacts are to be applied. U nless o therw ise specified by the relevant sp ecificatio n, the blows
shall be applied p erpendicularly to the tested surface.

4.5.3 Preparation of the specim en

The relevant sp ecificatio n shall state any requirem ents fo r the securing of bases, covers and
sim ilar item s before the specim en is su bjected to the im pacts.

NOTE A ccount may need to be taken of requirem ents for fu nctional m onitoring (see 4.5.4 b)).

4.5.4 O perating m ode and fu n c tio n a l m onitoring

The relevant sp ecificatio n shall state:

a) w hether the specim en is required to operate during im pact;

b) w hether any fu nctio na l m onitoring is required.

In both cases, the relevant sp ecificatio n shall provide the criteria upon w hich the acceptance or
rejection of the specim en is to be based.

NOTE Attention is drawn to the fact that, in case of breakage of the specim en, in te rn a l parts m ay becom e
hazardous.

4.6 R ecovery

The relevant sp ecificatio n m ay call fo r recovery and shall then prescribe the conditions.

4.7 Final m easurem ents

The specim en shall be subm itted to the visual, d im ensional and fu nctio na l checks prescribed
by the relevant specification.

The relevant specification shall prescrib e the criteria upon w hich the acceptance or rejection of
the specim en is to be based.

4.8 In fo rm atio n to be given in the relevant specificatio n

W hen one o f the tests in th is part of IEC 60068 is included in a relevant sp ecificatio n, the
follow ing d etails shall be given as fa r as they are applicable, paying p articula r attention to the
item s m arked with an a sterisk (*) as this inform ation is always required:

S ubclause

a) Im pact energy * 4.1.2

b) N um ber of im pacts, if o the r than three per location 4.1.3
c) Type(s) of test apparatus to be used 4.2.1
d) M ethod of m ounting * 4.4.2
e) Preconditioning 4.3

f) Initial m easurem ents* 4.4

g) A ttitude and im pact locations * 4.5.2

h) Securing of bases, covers and sim ilar com ponents 4.5.3

i) O perating m ode and fu nctional m onitoring* 4.5.4

İ) A cceptance and rejection criteria * 4.5.4 and 4.7

k) C onditions fo r recovery 4.6
 -1 2 - IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

I) Final m easurem ents* 4.7

5 Test Eha: Pendulum hammer

5.1 T est apparatus

5.1.1 G eneral

The te st apparatus consists basically of a pendulum rotating at its upper end in such a w ay as
to be kept in a ve rtical plane. The axis of the pivot is at 1 000 mm above the m easuring point.
The pendulum is com posed of a nom inally rigid arm and of a striking elem ent com plying with
the requirem ents o f Table 1.

For testing heavy, volum inous or d iffic u lt-to -h a n d le specim ens, a portable pendulum m ay be
used. It shall com ply w ith the above descrip tio n but its pivot m ay be fixed d irectly on the
specim en or on a m ovable structure. In th is case, it shall be ensured that, before the te sts, the
axis of the pendulum is horizontal, th a t its fixing is s u fficie n tly rigid and that the im pact p oint is
in the ve rtica l plane passing through the axis.

In all cases, when the pendulum is released, it shall be allow ed to fall only under the influence
of gra vitatio na l force.

5.1.2 Test apparatu s for sev eritie s not exceeding 1 J

The striking elem ent co m p rise s a steel body with a polyam ide insert having a hem ispherical
face. Its com bined m ass is 200 g (150 g) ± 1 g so that the e quivalent m ass com plies with
Table 1. Annex D gives an exam ple of a te st apparatus.

5.1.3 Test apparatu s for sev eritie s of 2 J and above

The ratio of the m ass of the arm to the com bined m ass of the striking e lem ent shall not be
greater than 0,2 and the centre of g ravity of the strikin g e lem ent shall be as close as is
practicab le to the axis of the arm .

For som e p articula r app lica tion s, the pendulum arm is replaced by a cord and the striking
e lem ent by a spherical steel ball. This is not recom m ended as the ball does not conform to the
geom etry of the striking e lem ent specified in th is part of IEC 60068.

5.2 H eight of fall

To produce im pacts of the required severity, the striking e lem ent shall be released from a
height depending on the e quivalent m ass of the pendulum , according to T able 2.

T ab le 2 - H eight of fall

E n e rg y
0,14 0,2 (0,3) 0,35 (0,4) 0,5 0,7 1 2 5 10 20 50
J

E q u iv a le n t
m ass 0,25 (0,2) 0,25 (0,2) 0,25 (0,2) (0,2) 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,5 1,7 5 5 10
kg
H e ig h t
o f fa ll 56 (100) 80 (150) 140 (200) (250) 200 280 400 400 300 200 400 500
mm ± 1 %

NOTE 1 Figures in brackets appear in previous IEC 60068-2 standards; although no longer recom m ended, they
m ay be used for h isto ric consistency.

NOTE 2 In th is part of IEC 60068. the energy, J, is calculated taking the standard acceleration due to the e a rth ’s
gravity (gn), rounded up to the nearest w hole num ber, th a t is 10 m /s2.
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -13 -

5.3 Testing

In order to avoid secondary im pacts, i.e. rebounds, the ham m er shall be retained a fte r the
initial im pact by grasping the striking e lem ent w hilst avoiding the arm so th a t d istortion is
prevented.

V ertical Axis

Figure 2 - D erivation of m easuring point

6 T e s t E h b : S p rin g h a m m e r

6.1 Test apparatus

The spring ham m er consists of three principal parts: the body, the strikin g elem ent and the
release system .

The body co m p rise s the housing, the guide fo r the strikin g elem ent, the release m echanism
and all rig idly fixed parts.

The strikin g e lem ent co m p rise s the ham m er head, the ham m er sh a ft and the cocking knob.
The m ass of th is assem bly is 250 g (200 g) fo r se veritie s not exceeding 1 J, and 500 g fo r 2 J
(see Table 1 fo r tolerances).

The fo rce to release the striking elem ent shall not exceed 10 N.

The config uratio n of the ham m er shaft, the ham m er head and the m eans fo r the adjustm e nt of
the ham m er spring is such that the ham m er spring has released all its stored energy
a pp ro xim a tely 1 mm before the tip of the ham m er head reaches the plane of im pact. For the
last m illim e tre of its travel, p rior to im pact, the striking e lem ent is thus, apart from friction , a
freely m oving m ass having only kinetic energy and no stored energy. M oreover, a fte r the tip of
the ham m er head has passed the plane of im pact, the strikin g e lem ent is free to travel, w ithout
interference, over a fu rthe r d istance of betw een 8 mm and 12 mm. Annex E gives an exam ple
of a te st apparatus.

In order to com ply with Table 1, the shape of the release head fo r 2 J shall be cylind rica l fo r a
length of 23 mm w ith a d ia m e te r of 35 mm (see Figure 3).
 -14 - IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

Dimensions in millimetres

23

IEC

Figure 3 - Shape of release head for 2 J

6.2 Influ en ce of earth's gravity

W hen the spring ham m er is used in a position d iffe rin g from the horizontal, the energy actually
delivered is m odified by A E. This variation is positive when the blow s are applied dow nw ard,
and negative when applied upward:

AE = 10 x m x d x sin a
where
m is the m ass of the strikin g elem ent, in kilogram m es;
d is the travel of the strikin g e lem ent inside the spring ham m er, in m etres;
a is the angle of the axis of the striking elem ent with the horizontal.

This variatio n shall be taken into a ccount when e stablishing the actual energy delivered.

6.3 C alibration

The spring ham m er shall be calibrated. Annex B gives a standardized pre ferred procedure (see
C lause B.2 in p articula r fo r 2 J). O ther m ethods of calib ra tion m ay also be used, provided that
evidence is available that they give e quivalent accuracy.

7 Test Ehc: Vertical hammer

7.1Test apparatus

The ham m er consists b asically of a striking e lem ent w hich falls free ly from rest through a
ve rtical height, selected from Table 2, on to the specim en surface held in a horizontal plane.
The ch a ra cte ristics of the striking elem ent shall com ply with Table 1. The fall of the striking
elem ent shall be along a guidew ay, fo r exam ple three or four rails, w ith n egligible braking. This
guidew ay shall not rest on the specim en and the strikin g e lem ent shall be free of the guidew ay
on striking the specim en. In order to reduce the friction , the length I of the striking elem ent
shall not be sm aller than its d ia m e te r 0 , and a sm all gap (for exam ple 1 m m ) shall be provided
betw een the striking e lem ent and the guidew ay.

7.2 H eight of fall

The height of fa ll shall be as given in Table 2, the e quivalent m ass stated therein being equal
to the actual m ass of the strikin g elem ent.
IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014 -15 -

A nnex A
(normative)

S hapes of striking elem en ts

The fig ures in th is annex show the shape and ch a ra cte ristics of the strikin g elem ents
applicable to each of the six energy values d efined in Table 1. For the purpose of these figures,
the lengths of the strikin g e lem ent are ca lcu late d fo r ve rtical ham m ers or fo r pendulum
ham m ers w ith arm s of negligible m ass. W hen the m ass of the arm s cannot be neglected, the
lengths of the striking e lem ent should be reduced so th a t the equ iva len t m ass m eets the
requirem ents of Table 1 (see 3.2).

Figure A.1 shows the strikin g elem ent applicable to energy values of equal o r less than 1 J. In
this case, the im pact face should be made of polyam ide with a hardness as specified in Table 1.

Figures A .2, A .3 and A .4 show the striking ele m e n ts app lica ble to energy values of 2 J, 5 J and
10 J, respectively. In these cases the im pact face should be m ade of steel with properties,
including hardness, as sp ecified in Table 1.

Figures A .5 and A .6 show the striking elem ents applicable to energy values of 20 J and 50 J,
respectively. In these cases, the im pact face should be m ade of steel w ith p roperties, including
hardness, as specified in Table 1. In these cases, to com ply with the other param eters of Table 1,
it is necessary to hollow out the end opposite to the strikin g face.

Every edge shall be sm oothed.

The tolerances are as per class m of ISO 2768-1, unless otherw ise stated.

Dimensions in millimetres

___________________________T I5 ______________________________
, 14 .

IEC

Figure A.1 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent for < 1 J

Dimensions in millimetres

64

IEC

F ig u re A.2 - E x a m p le o f a s tr ik in g e le m e n t fo r 2 J
 -16 - IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

Dimensions in millimetres

75

IEC

Figure A.3 - Exam ple of a striking elem ent fo r 5 J

Dimensions in millimetres

IEC

Figure A.4 - Exam ple of a strikin g elem ent for 10 J

IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -1 7

Dimensions in millimetres

20 100

IEC

Figure A.5 - Exam ple of a strikin g elem ent for 20 J

Dimensions in millimetres

25 125

IEC

F ig u re A.6 - E x a m p le o f a s tr ik in g e le m e n t fo r 50 J
 -18 - IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

Annex B
(normative)

P ro ced u re for the c alib ratio n of spring ham m ers

B.1 Principle of calibration

The principle of this calib ra tion procedure is to com pare the energy provided by a spring
ham m er, w hich is d ifficu lt to m easure d irectly, to the energy of a pendulum , ca lcu late d from its
m ass and height of fall.

B.2 Construction of the calibration device

The assem bled calib ra tion device is show n in Figure B.1. Apart from the fram e, the m ain parts
are a bearing "a", a drag pointer "b ’\ a pendulum "c", a release base "d" and a release device
"e M.

The m ain part of the calib ra tion device is the pendulum “c ” shown in Figure B.2. To the lower
end of this pendulum is fixed a steel spring w ith the d eta ils show n in Figure B.3. The spring is
of spring steel, requiring no special trea tm en t, and is rigidly fixed to the pendulum “c ” .

Figure B.4 show s som e parts on a larger scale.

It should be noted th a t this spring is designed fo r calib ra ting spring ham m ers having
ch a ra cte ristics as d efined in Table 1 fo r energy values equal to or less than 1 J. For ca librating
spring ham m ers having ch a ra cte ristics as defined fo r 2 J, the spring o f the pendulum of the
ca librating device w ould need to be of a d iffe re n t design.

In order to obtain suitable frictio n ch a ra cte ristics of the pointer, a piece of th ick woven cloth is
placed betw een the m etal su rfa ces of the bearing, the piano w ires being bent in such a way
that a sm all fo rce is exerted a gainst the cloth.

Because the release device is rem oved during the ca libration of the calib ra tion device, the
release device is fixed to the release base by m eans of screw s.

B.3 Method of calibration of the calibration device

The calib ra tion of the ca libration device is e ffe cted by using a calib ra tion striking elem ent "g"
taken from a spring ham m er, as shown in Figure B.5. Before ca lib ra tion , the release device is
rem oved from the ca librating device.

The calib ra tion strikin g elem ent is suspended by four linen th re ad s "h" from suspension points
situated in a horizontal plane, 2 000 mm above the point of contact betw een the pendulum and
the calib ra tion striking e lem ent when the latter is in its rest position. The calib ra tion striking
elem ent is allow ed to swing a gainst the pendulum and the point of co nta ct under dynam ic
conditions, point “k", shall be not m ore than 1 mm below the point of co nta ct in the rest
position. The suspension points are then raised over a d istance equal to the d ifferen ce
betw een both contact points.

W hen the suspension system is adjusted, the axis of the calib ra tion striking e lem ent “g" shall
be at right angles to the im pact surface o f the pendulum “c ” and the calib ra tion strikin g elem ent
shall be horizontal at the m om ent of im pact.

W hen the calib ra tion strikin g elem ent is in its rest position, the calib ra tion device is placed so
th a t point “k” is positioned e xactly at the head of the calib ra tion strikin g elem ent.
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -1 9 -

To obtain reliable results, the calib ra tion device is rig idly fixed to a m assive support, for
exam ple to a structural part of a building.

The height of fall is m easured at the centre of g ravity of the ca libration strikin g e lem ent and the
m easurem ent can be fa cilita te d by using a liquid level device co nsisting of two glass tubes "j",
w hich are interconnected by m eans of a fle xib le hose. One of the glass tubes is fixed and
provided w ith a scale "I".

The calib ra tion striking elem ent m ay be held in its upper position by m eans of a thin thread "m "
w hich, when ruptured, causes the release of the calib ra tion striking elem ent.

For scaling the calib ra tion device, a circle is drawn on the scale plate, the centre of this circle
coinciding w ith the bearing of the pendulum and its radius being such that the circle extends to
the drag p ointer. On this circle , the zero point 0 J shown in Figure B.6 is m arked at the point
indicated by the drag pointer when the latter is brought into co nta ct with the pendulum in the
rest position.

The ca lib ra tio n is m ade w ith an im p a ct e n e rg y of 1 J, w hich is a ch ie ve d w ith a h eigh t of fall

of 408 mm ± 1 mm, w ith a calib ra tion strikin g e lem ent of 250 g.

The point on the scale plate corresponding to 1 J is obtained by allow ing the suspended
calib ra tion striking elem ent to swing a gainst p oint "k" on the spring of the pendulum . A fter
hitting the pendulum , the ca libration striking e lem ent shall not m ove. The operation is repeated
at least 10 tim es and the 1 J point is the average of the indications of the drag pointer.

The o the r points of the scale are then d eterm ined as follow s:

a) a straig ht line is drawn through the centre of the circle and the 0 J point;
b) the orthogonal projection of the 1 J point on this line is indicated by P;
c) the d istance betw een the points 0 J and P is divided into 10 equal parts;
d) through each dividing point, a line is draw n p erpendicular to the line 0 J-P;
e) the intersectio ns betw een these lines and the circle correspond to values of im p act energy
equal to 0,1 J; 0,2 J; up to 0,9 J.

The sam e principle can be used for extending the scale beyond the 1 J point. The division of
the scale plate T is show n in Figure B.6.

B.4 Use of the calibration device

The spring ham m er to be calibrated is put in the release base and is then operated three tim es
by m eans of the release device; it shall not be released m anually.

For each operation, the striking elem ent of the spring ham m er to be ca lib ra te d is turned in a
d iffe re n t position. The average value of the three readings on the ca libration device is taken to
be the actual value of the im pact energy of the specim en.
 -20 - IEC 60068

Key
a bearing
b drag pointer
c pendulum
d release base
e release device
f sca le plate
k point where blows are applied, i.e. im pact point

Figure B.1 - C alib ratio n device

IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -2 1 -

Dimensions in millimetres

020

Figure B.2 - Pendulum "c”

Dimensions in millimetres

F ig u re B.3 - S tee l s p rin g o f p e n d u lu m ” c "

 - 22- IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

Dimensions in millimetres

GZ&f —

Cloth

Bearing

Release base

-B - I •0 0.7 Piano wire

Drag pointer IEC

Figure B.4 - D etails of calibratio n device

IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 - 23-

Dimensions in millimetres

c pendulum of Figure B.1

g c a lib ra tio n striking elem ent
h linen threads
j glass tubes
k im pact point
I scale
M thin threat

NOTE For cla rity only, the pendulum "c" o f the ca lib ratio n device is shown in th is figure.

Figure B.5 - A rrangem ent for the calibratio n of the calibratio n device
 IEC 2014
IEC 60068-2-7 5 '2014
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 - 25-

Annex C
(inform ative)

G u id an ce notes

C.1 When is an impact test appropriate?

An im pact test is a ppropriate fo r equipm ent likely to be used in areas with non -restricte d
a ccess and w here im pacts are likely to occur. For equipm ent destined for areas with restricted
access, an im pact test m ay be a ppropriate but is likely to be of a low er severity.

It is p articula rly applicable when the equipm ent is of a b rittle nature.

C.2 Choice of test apparatus

This part of IEC 60068 provides three te st m ethods w hich, as fa r as is pra cticab le, are intended
to give sim ila r results. To obtain repeatable and reproducible results, this test is m ore
dependent on the d etails of the test apparatus than is usual in IEC 60068 standards.

The choice of the te st apparatus depends on the orientation of the surface to be tested and on
the energy level. Not all m ethods can be used in every case. It is se lf-e vid e n t that a pendulum
ham m er can only be used on ve rtical su rfa ces w ithout overhangings. S im ilarly, the vertical
ham m er can norm ally only be used on a ccessible horizontal surfaces. W hen the specim en
cannot be m oved or turned fo r any reason, the choice is lim ited. T he advantage of the spring
ham m er is that it can be used in any position, provided there is enough room to apply it
co rrectly and th a t the specified im pact energy does not exceed 2 J. For higher energy levels, a
spring ham m er w ould be too d iffic u lt to handle, and could even be hazardous fo r the operator.

C.3 Choice of energy level

The energy of im pacts depends on the m ass of the strikin g o bject and its speed, w hich m ay be
generated by its fall. Table C.1 gives th eo re tica l energy levels w hich a pproxim ate to values
given in th is part of IEC 60068.

T ab le C.1 - Energy levels in jo ules

M ass o f s tr ik in g o b je c t
H e ig h t o f fa ll S peed kg
m m /s
0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 5

0,1 1,4 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5

0.2 2 0.2 0.4 1 2 4 10

0.5 3.1 0.5 1 2.5 5 10 25

1 4.4 1 2 5 10 20 50

The values of Table C.1 correspond to blows perpe nd icula r to the specim en surface.

Much higher e nergies can be encountered in p articula r situ atio ns such as vandalism or in a car
accident. In these cases, consideration should be given to the use o f a dditional p rotection such
as barrie rs or w alls.
 - 26- IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

C.4 Information for testing

The te m p era ture of the specim en m ay influence the results of the te sts and the relevant
sp ecificatio n should take th is into account, when applicable.

Im pact tests can be specified in sequence with o the r tests, but attention is drawn to the fact
that som e standardized tests are required to be perform ed on new specim ens, w hich excludes
previous ham m er tests.

The m ain perform ance crite ria should be derived from how the operational and survival
ch a ra cte ristics of the specim en are influenced by m echanical im pacts.

The other im portant a spect is safety, w hich can be the prim e conside ratio n in certain
circum stances.
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -27 -

Annex D
(inform ative)

Exam ple of pendulum h am m er test ap p aratu s

Figure D.1 show s an exam ple of a pendulum ham m er te st apparatus fo r energies not
exceeding 1 J. The striking e lem ent com plies w ith 5.2.2 and Figure D.2. The arm is a steel
tube w ith an external d ia m e te r of 9 mm (nom inal), and a wall th ickne ss of 0,5 mm (nom inal).

The specim ens are m ounted on a sheet of plyw ood 8 mm th ick and 175 mm square, preferably
according to ISO 1098, secured at its top and bottom edges to a rigid bracket, w hich is part of
the m ounting fixtu re , as show n as an exam ple in Figure D.3. The m ounting fixtu re has a m ass
of 10 kg ± 1 kg and is m ounted on a rigid fram e by m eans of pivots. The fram e is itself fixed to
a solid wall.

The design of the m ounting is such that

a) the specim en can be placed so that the point of im p act lies in the ve rtica l plane through the
axis of the pendulum pivot,
b) the specim en can be m oved horizontally and turned about an axis p e rpe nd icula r to the
surface of the plywood,
c) the plyw ood can be turned about a ve rtical axis.

The specim ens are m ounted on the plyw ood as in norm al se rvice. W here it is not possible to
m ount the sp ecim e n d ire c tly on the plyw ood, a su ita b le a da pte r should be p re scrib e d by the
relevant specification. An exam ple of an a da pte r fo r flu sh-type sw itches is shown in Figure D.4,
and an exam ple of an adapter for lam p holders is show n in Figure D.5.

Dimensions in millimetres

F ig u re D.1 - T e s t a p p a ra tu s
 - 28- IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

Dimensions in millimetres

14
©

010
\0

1
J4_
48
CD 5_ CD
10 5 13 M 4 ®
N
1
011.5

|CO*“ Y d —
K ' ■ T
* ]
— /?« 5 *
* SI 120 °

NOTE See Table 1.

Figure D.2 - S triking elem ent of the pendulum ham m er for energ ies £ 1 J

Dimensions in millimetres

Pivot r Sheet of plyw ood

A -A

r• n ;

IT
175 ± 1
200 min.
t
IEC

Figure D.3 - M ounting fixture

IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 - 29-

Dimensions in millimetres

IEC

Figure D.4 - A dapter for flu sh -typ e sw itches

Dimensions in millimetres

Specimen for surface or

semi-flush mounting
Mounting fixture

Specimen for flush mounting

Figure D.5 - A dapter for lam p holders

 - 30- IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

A nnex E
(inform ative)

Exam ple of spring ham m er test ap p aratu s

Figure E.1 shows an exam ple of a spring ham m er test apparatus com plying with C lause 5, for
energies not exceeding 1 J. The m ass of the body a ssem bly is 1 250 g ± 10 g. The ham m er
head is fixed to the ham m er sh a ft in such a w ay that the distance from its tip to the plane of
im pact (the plane of the cone trun catio n ), when the strikin g elem ent is on the point of release,
has appro xim a tely the value show n fo r the spring co m pression in Table E.1.

T a b le E.1 - K in e tic e n e rg y o f s tr ik in g e le m e n t

K in e tic e n e rg y ( E) A p p ro x im a te s p rin g c o m p re s s io n
ju s t b e fo re im p a c t w ith s p rin g c o n s ta n t o f
2,75 x 103 N/m
J mm

0,14 ± 0,014 10

0.20 ± 0.02 13

0,35 ± 0.03 17

0,50 ± 0,04 20

0.70 ± 0 ,0 5 24

1.00 ± 0.05 28

NOTE The approxim ate value of the kin e tic energy in jo u le s, ju s t before the im pact,
can be calcu la te d from the follow ing form ula:
Em 0.5 F C x 10"3

where

F is the fo rce exerted by the ham m er spring, when fu lly com pressed, in newtons;

C is the com pression of the ham m er spring, in m illim etres.

The energy sta te d above is achieved in the horizontal position.

The cone has a m ass of a pp ro xim a tely 60 g and the cone spring is such that it exerts a force of
appro xim a tely 5 N when the release jaw s are on the point of releasing the striking elem ent. The
release m echanism springs are adjusted so that they exert ju s t su ffic ie n t p ressure to keep the
release jaw s in the engaged position.

The apparatus is cocked by pulling the cocking knob back until the release jaw s engage with
the groove in the ham m er shaft. The release cone of the test apparatus is pushed against the
prescribed position (s) on the specim en, perpe nd icula r to the surface of the specim en. The
p ressure is slow ly increased so th a t the cone m oves back relative to the body of the apparatus
until it is in contact with the release bars, w hich then m ove to operate the release m echanism
and allow the ham m er to strike the specim en.
IEC 6 00 68-2-75:2014 © IEC 2014 -3 1 -

0 4 7 -İ,

Figure E.1 - S pring ham m er test app aratu s

 - 32- IEC 6 0 0 6 8 -2 -7 5 :2 0 1 4 © IEC 2014

Bibliography

ISO 1098, Veneer p lyw o o d fo r g e n e ra l use - G e ne ra l requirem ents

(w ithdraw n)