1 Physics

ALAMag: ALigning the youth to Achieve Greater Magnitudes
For questions and inquiries: facebook.com/alamag.reviews

Physics Module – Week
PHYSICS
a science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions
A. Measurement
a. SI Units
• Standard metric unit; easy interpretation of physical quantities
• Scientific Notations
Figure 1. Commonly used in Physics problems are kilo, milli, micro, nano.
b. Unit Conversion
c. Dimensional Analysis
• For counter-checking formulas and answers
• Must be dimensionally consistent
PRACTICE QUESTION
Check whether each of the following equations is dimensionally correct:
1. s = vt
2. v = m + 2as
3. s = vt + 0.5a𝑡 2
where
s = [length] m = [mass]
v = [length/time] t = [time]
2
a = [length/time ]
1. Correct
2. Not Correct. They are not dimensionally consistent
3. Correct
d. Significant Figures
B. Vector Quantities
a. Scalar (magnitude ONLY) V.S. Vector (magnitude + ALWAYS with direction)
i. Scalar: distance, speed, mass, temperature
ii. Vector: displacement, velocity, force, acceleration
b. Vectors always have an arrow sign above
Figure 2. Take the opposite if it's subtraction.
c. Vector Components
d. Dot Product VS Scalar Product

• Dot/Scalar Product
• Cross/Vector Product
o RHR: Right Hand Rule
PRACTICE QUESTION
Suppose a vector has components of Ax = 2m and Ay = -2m. Find the angle the
vector, 𝐴⃗ makes with respect to the horizontal.
Answer: -45 degrees or 315 degrees
C. Laws of Motion
I. Newton’s Law of Motion
• 1st Law: Law of Inertia
o An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An
object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
• 2nd Law: F=ma

o Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of
the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to
accelerate the object).
• 3rd Law: For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction.
II. Distance vs Displacement

a. Distance: total length traversed by a moving object
b. Displacement: difference from the final position to initial position
III. Velocity
: rate of the movement + direction of the movement
∆𝑥
𝑣=
∆𝑡
where ∆𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥0
: speed is different from this (no direction meaning speed is scalar)
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
IV. Acceleration
: rate at which an object’s velocity is changing
∆𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
∆𝑡
V. Kinematics: constant acceleration
PRACTICE QUESTION
A ball was thrown upwards with a velocity of 5m/s. Find the magnitude of the
acceleration of the ball after 3 seconds. Assume downward motion to be negative
Answer: -9.81 m/(s^2)

© Andam Review
VI. Graphical Analysis

PRACTICE QUESTION
Inday is driving at 25.0 m/s and begins to accelerate at a constant rate of -1.0
m/s2. Eventually she comes to a complete stop.
a. Represent Inday’s accelerated motion by sketching a velocity-time graph.
Use the velocity-time graph to determine this distance.
b. Use kinematic equations to calculate the distance that Inday travels.
Answer: There are two ways to get distance: (1) Area (2) Kinematics
a.
The distance traveled can be found by a calculation of the area between the line
on the graph and the time axis.
Area = 0.5*b*h = 0.5*(25.0 s)*(25.0 m/s)
Area/Distance = 313 m
b.
© physicsclassroom.com
VII. Free-Falling
: same with kinematics but gravity (g = 9.8 m/s)
1. 𝑣 = 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑡
𝑣+ 𝑣0
2. ∆𝑦 = ( )𝑡
2
1
3. ∆𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
4. 𝑣 2 = 𝑣0 2 − 2𝑔∆𝑦
VIII. Projectile Motion

𝑎𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
(range)
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 cos 𝜃
(max height)
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑣0 𝑡 sin 𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
2
IX. Concept of Weight

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
(weight)
W= weight (Newton or N)
m = mass (Kilogram or kg)
𝑚
g = gravity (9.8 2 )
𝑠
X. Circular Motion
𝑣2
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟
(centripetal acceleration: always towards the center of circular path)
v = velocity (m/s)
r = radius (m)
XI. Collision
Perfectly Elastic No loss of kinetic energy
What to use?
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 ′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2 ′
Elastic Part of kinetic energy is converted into another form of energy like
heat or sound
Perfectly Inelastic Greatest loss of kinetic energy, colliding objects stick together and
effectively become one object
What to use?
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣′
XII. Law of Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum of a system does not change if there are no net external forces acting on it.
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 ′ + 𝑚2 𝑣2 ′
𝑚1 & 𝑚2 = masses of two bodies

𝑣1 & 𝑣2 = velocities before impact
𝑣1 ′ & 𝑣2 ′= velocities after impact
XIII. Impulse-Momentum Theorem
• Momentum: product of mass and the velocity of an object. It is represented by the

symbol p (for progress)
• Impulse: change in momentum.
D. Force
a. Kinds of Forces
i. Normal Force: the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact
with another stable object
ii. Tension: force exerted by a rope cable, chain, etc.
iii. Weight: force of gravity

iv. Friction
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁
(Frictional Force)
𝐹𝑓 = frictional force
𝜇s = coefficient of static friction / 𝜇k = coefficient of kinetic friction
𝑁 = normal force
*Static Friction: friction on a body with no relative motion. Kinetic Friction: friction
on a moving body
b. Free-Body Diagram (FBD)
E. Light, Sound and Waves

a. Light
: as a particle (photons – energy carried by light) and a wave (an EM wave traveling
with a speed of light)
: speed of light in a vacuum to be exactly is 299,792,458 meters per second
i. Behavior of Light
1. Separation of White Light into Colored Light
a. When light passes through a prism, it separates into a
spectrum of different colors.
b. The prism bends or refracts the light at different angles
c. Remember: ROYGBIV (red bends the least, violet bends the
most)
2. Scattering
a. When atoms of transparent materials are not smoothly
distributed over distances greater than the length of a light
wave
3. Reflection of Light
a. Occurs when light hits the boundary of two materials
b. Some of light hitting the boundary will be reflection in the
first material
4. Refraction
a. Bending of a light ray as it passes through from one
substance to another
b. Sound
: physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing
: human hearing takes place: 15 Hz to 20,000 Hz
i. Properties of Sound
1. Frequency: number of cycles/oscillations in a given time (unit: Hz)
2. Amplitude: volume of sound: height of the wave
3. Quality: tones of different instruments
4. Intensity: measured in decibels (dB)
ii. Decibel Scale: used to compare sound intensities + can be used to compare
voltages
c. Wave: disturbance that carries energy through a medium
i. Types
1. Mechanical Waves: requires medium (water waves)
2. Electromechanical: NOT requires medium (light)
ii. Motion of Medium:
1. Transverse
: right angles to the direction of wave
: ex. light
2. Longitudinal
: parallel to the direction of wave
: ex. sound
iii. Parts of wave

• amplitude - the maximum height or displacement from the
equilibrium position of a wave
• wavelength - the distance between two maximum displacements:
namely, two crests (high points) or two troughs (low points)
• frequency - describes how often a wave occurs within a given time
frame; this isinversely proportional to period [i.e. the higher
• period - the time it takes for a wave to occur
REFERENCES
Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2015). University physics with modern physics. Boston:
Addison-Wesley.
The Organic Chemistry (Youtube)

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ALAMag: ALigning the youth to Achieve Greater Magnitudes

For questions and inquiries: facebook.com/alamag.reviews

Figure 2. Take the opposite if it's subtraction.

d. Dot Product VS Scalar Product

Answer: -45 degrees or 315 degrees

• 2nd Law: F=ma

II. Distance vs Displacement

V. Kinematics: constant acceleration

Answer: -9.81 m/(s^2)

VI. Graphical Analysis

VIII. Projectile Motion

IX. Concept of Weight

XII. Law of Conservation of Momentum

𝑚1 & 𝑚2 = masses of two bodies

XIII. Impulse-Momentum Theorem

• Momentum: product of mass and the velocity of an object. It is represented by the

ii. Tension: force exerted by a rope cable, chain, etc.

iii. Weight: force of gravity

b. Free-Body Diagram (FBD)

E. Light, Sound and Waves

iii. Parts of wave

The Organic Chemistry (Youtube)

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