Questions 1-10

A rather surprising geographical feature of Antarctica is that a huge freshwater lake, one of the
world's largest and deepest, lies hidden there under four kilometers of ice. Now known as Lake
Vostok, this huge body of water is located under the ice block that comprises Antarctica. The lake is
Line able to exist in its unfrozen state beneath this block of ice because its waters are warmed by
(5) geothermal heat from the earth's core. The thick glacier above Lake Vostok actually insulates it from
the frigid temperatures (the lowest ever recorded on Earth) on the surface.
The lake was first discovered in the 1970s while a research team was conducting an aerial
survey of the area. Radio waves from the survey equipment penetrated the ice and revealed a body of
water of indeterminate size. It was not until much more recently that data collected by satellite made
(/0) scientists aware of the tremendous size of the lake; the satellite-borne radar detected an extremely flat
region where the ice remains level because it is floating on the water of the lake.
The discovery of such a huge freshwater lake trapped under Antarctica is of interest tq the
scientific community because of the potential that the lake contains ancient microbes that have
survived for thousands upon thousands of years, unaffected by factors such as nuclear fallout and
(/5) elevated ultraviolet light that have affected organisms in more exposed areas. The downside of the
discovery, however, lies in the difficulty.of conducting research on the lake in such a harsh climate
and in the problems associated with obtaining uncontaminated samples from the lake without
actually exposing the lake to contamination. Scientists are looking for possible ways to accomplish
this.

I. The purpose of the passage is to 4. Which of the following is closest in

meaning to "frigid" in line 6?
(A) explain how Lake Vostok was
discovered (A) Extremely cold
(B) provide satellite data concerning (B) Never changing
Antarctica (C) Quite harsh
(C) discuss future plans for Lake Vostok (0) Rarely recorded
(0) present an unexpected aspect of
Antarctica's geography 5. All of the following are true about the 1970
survey of Antarctica EXCEPT that it
2. The word "lies" in line 2 could best be
(A) was conducted by air
replaced by
(B) made use of radio waves
(A) sleeps (C) did not measure the exact size of the
(B) sits lake
(C) tells falsehoods (0) was controlled by a satellite
(0) inclines
6. It can be inferred from the passage that the
3. What is true of Lake Vostok? ice would not be flat if

(A) It is completely frozen. (A) there were no lake

(B) It is not a saltwater lake. (B) the lake were not so big
(C) It is beneath a thick slab of ice. (C) Antarctica were not so cold
(0) It is heated by the sun. (0) radio waves were not used

COMPlETE TEST FOUR 503

 7. The word "microbes" in line 13 could best 9. The word "downside" in line 15 is closest
be replaced by which of the following? in meaning to
(A) Pieces of dust (A) bottom level
(B) Trapped bubbles (B) negative aspect
(C) Tiny organisms (C) underside
(D) Rays of light (D) buried section

8. The passage mentions which of the
following as a reason for the importance
Lake Vostok to scientists?
(A) It can be studied using radio waves.
(B) It may contain uncontaminated
microbes.
(C) It may have elevated levels of
ultraviolet light.
(D) It has already been contaminated.
10. The paragraph following the passage most
of probably discusses
(A) further discoveries on the surface of
Antarctica
(B) problems with satellite-borne radar
equipment
(C) ways to study Lake Vostok without
contaminating it
(D) the harsh climate of Antarctica

~: .
504 COMPLETE TEST FOUR
 Questions 11-21
In the American colonies there was little money. England did not supply the colonies with coins
and it did not allow the colonies to make their own coins, except for the Massachusetts Bay Colony,
which received pennission for a short period in 1652 to make several kinds of silver coins. England
Line wanted to keep money out of America as a means of controlling trade: America was forced to trade
(5) only with England if it did not have the money to buy products from other countries. The result
during this prerevolutionary period was that the colonists used various goods in place of money:
beaver pelts, Indian wampum, and tobacco leaves were all commonly used substitutes for money. The
colonists also made use of any foreign coins they could obtain. Dutch, Spanish, French, and English
coins were all in use in the American colonies.
(10) During the Revolutionary War, funds were needed to finance the war, so each of the individual
states and the Continental Congress issued paper money. So much of this paper money was printed
that, by the end of the war, almost no one would accept it. As a result trade in goods and the use of
foreign coins still flourished during this period.
By the time the Revolutionary War had been won by the American colonists, the monetary
(J 5) system was in a state of total disarray. To remedy this situation, the new Constitution of the United
States, approved in 1789, allowed Congress to issue money. The individual states could no longer have
their own money supply. A few years later, the Coinage Act of 1792 made the dollar the official
currency of the United States and put the country on a bimetallic standard. In this bimetallic system,
both gold and silver were legal money, and the rate of exchange of silver to gold was fixed by the
(20) government at sixteen to one.

11. The passage mainly discusses 14. The expression "a means of" in line 4 could
best be replaced by
(A) American money from past to present
(B) the English monetary policies in (A) an example of
colonial America (B) a method for
(C) the effect of the Revolution on (C) a result of
American money (D) a punishment for
(D) the American monetary system of the
seventeenth and eighteenth 15. Which of the following is NOT mentioned
centuries in the passage as a substitute for money
during the colonial period?
12. The passage indicates that during the
colonial period, money was (A) Wampum
(B) Cotton
(A) supplied by England (C) Tobacco
(B) coined by the colonists (D) Beaver furs
(C) scarce '
(D) used extensively for trade 16. The pronoun "it" in line 12 refers to which
of the following?
13. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was
allowed to make coins (A) The Continental Congress
(B) Paper money
(A) continuously from the inception of (C) Thewar
the colony (D) Trade in goods
(B) throughout the seventeenth century
(C) from 1652 until the Revolutionary
War
(D) for a short time during one year

COMPLETETESTFOUR 50S
 17. It is implied in the passage that at the end 20. According to the passage, which of the
of the Revolutionary War, a paper dollar following is NOT true about the bimetallic
was worth monetary system?

(A) exactly one dollar (A) Either gold or silver could be used as
(B) just under one dollar official money.
(C) just over one dollar (B) Gold could be exchanged for silver at
(D) almost nothing a rate of sixteen to one.
(C) The monetary system was based on
18. The word "remedy" in line 15 is closest in two metals.
meaning to (D) It was established in 1792.

(A) resolve 21. The word "fixed" in line 19 is closest in

(B) understand meaning to
(C) renew
(D) medicate (A) discovered
(B) repaired
19. How was the monetary system arranged in (C) valued
the Constitution? (D) set

(A) Only the United States Congress

could issue money.
(B) The United States officially went on a
bimetallic monetary system.
(C) Various state governments, including
Massachusells. could issue money.
(D) The dollar was made the official
currency of the United States.

506 COMPLETETESTFOUR
 Questions 22-30

The human brain. with an average weight of 1.4 kilograms. is the control center of the body. It
receives information from the senses, processes the information, and rapidly sends out responses; it
also stores the information that is the source of human thoughts and feelings. Each of the three main
Line parts of the brain-the cerebrum. the cerebellum, and the brain stem-has its own role in carrying
(5) out these functions.
The cerebrum is by far the largest of the three parts. taking up 85 percent of the brain by weight.
The outside layer of the cerebrum, the cerebral cortex. is a grooved and bumpy surface covering the
nerve cells beneath. The various sections of the cerebrum are the sensory cortex, which is responsible
for receiving and decoding sensory messages from throughout the body; the motor cortex. which
(10) sends action instructions to the skeletal muscles; and the association cortex, which receives,
monitors, and processes information. It is in the association cortex that the processes that allow
humans to think take place.
The cerebellum, located below the cerebrum in the back part of the skull. is made of masses of
bunched up nerve cells. It is the cerebellum that controls human balance, coordination, and posture.
(IS) The brain stem, which connects the cerebrum and the spinal cord, controls various body
processes such as breathing and heartbeat. It is the major motor and sensory pathway connecting the
body and the cerebrum.

22. What is the author's main purpose? 25. The "cerebral cortex" in line 7 is
(A) To describe the functions of the parts (A) a layer of the brain beneath the
of the brain cerebrum
(B) To explain how the brain processes (B) a layer of nerve cells in the brain
information (C) a part of the brain that makes up 85
(C) To demonstrate the physical perc ~nt of the brain
composition of the brain (0) a rid';ed layer covering the cerebrum
(0) To give examples of human body in the brain
functions
26. The sensory cortex
23. The word "stores" in line 3 is closest in
meaning to (A) senses that messages should be sent
out to the Muscles
(A) shops (B) provides a slU'face covering for nerve
(B) processes cells
(C) releases (C) is where the human process of
(0) stockpiles thinking occurs
(0) receives and processes information
24. The passage states that the most massive from the senses
part of the brain is the
(A) cerebrum
(B) cerebellum
(C) cerebral cortex
(0) brain stem

COMPLETETESTFOUR 507
 27. The word "monitors" in line 11 is closest in 29. What shape does the brain stem most
meaning to which of the following? likely have?

(A) Keeps track of (A) Small and round

(B) Keeps hold of (B) Long and thin
(C) Gets away with (C) Large and formless
(D) Gets rid of (D) Short and flat

28. Which of the following is true about the 30. Which of the following could best be used
in place of .pathway. in line 16?
cerebellum?
(A) It is located above the cerebrum. (A) Driveway
(B) It controls breathing. (B) Roadway
(C) It is responsible for balance. (C) Route
(D) It is the outside layer of the cerebrum. (D) Street

508 COMPLETETESTFOUR
 Questions 31-41

Though Edmund Halley was most famous because of his achievements as an astronomer, he
was a scientist of diverse interests and great skill. In addition to studyi!1g the skies. Halley was also
deeply interested in exploring the unknown depths of the oceans. One of his lesser-known
Line accomplishments that was quite remarkable was his design for a diving bell that facilitated
(5) exploration of the watery depths.
The diving bell that Halley designed had a major advantage over the diving bells that were in use
prior to his. Earlier diving bells could only make use of the air contained within the bell itself, so
divers had to surface when the air inside the bell ran low. Halley's bell was an improvement in that its
design allowed for an additional supply of fresh air that enabled a crew of divers to remain
(10) underwater for several hours.
The diving contraption that Halley designed was in the shape of a bell that measured three feet
across the top and five feet across the bottom and could hold several divers comfortably; it was open
at the bottom so that divers could swim in and out at will. The bell was built of wood, which was first
heavily tarred to make it water repellent and was then covered with a half-ton sheet of lead to make
(15) the bell heavy enough to sink in water. The bell shape held air inside for the divers to breathe as the
bell sank to the bottom.
The air inside the bell was not the only source of air for the divers to breathe, and it was this
improvement that made Halley's bell superior to its predecessors. In addition to the air already in the
bell. air was also supplied to the divers from a lead barrel that was lowered to the ocean floor close to
(20) the bell itself. Air flowed through a leather pipe from the lead barrel on the ocean floor to the bell.
The diver could breath the air from a position inside the bell, or he could move around outside the
bell wearing a diving suit that consisted of a lead bell-shaped helmet with a glass viewing window and
a leather body suit. with a leather pipe carrying fresh air from the diving bell to the helmet.

31. The subject of the preceding passage was 34. The expression "ran low " in line 8 is closest
most likely Halley's in meaning to
(A) childhood (A) moved slowly
(B) work as an astronomer (B) had been replenished
(C) many different interests (C) sank to the bottom
(0) invention of the diving bell (0) was almost exhausted

32. Which of the following best expresses the 35. How long could divers stay underwater in
subject of this passage? Halley's bell?
(A) Halley's work as an astronomer (A) Just a few seconds
(B) Halley's many different interests (B) Only a few minutes
(C) Halley's invention of a contraption for (C) For hours at a time
diving (0) For days on end
(0) Halley's experiences as a diver
36. It is NOT stated in the passage that Halley's
33. Halley's bell was better than its bell
predecessors because it
(A) was wider at the top than at the
(A) was bigger bottom
(B) provided more air (B) was made of tarred wood
(C) weighed less (C) was completely enclosed
(0) could rise more quickly (0) could hold more than one diver

COMPLETE TEST FOUR 509

 37. The expression "at will" in line 13 could 40. In which paragraph does the author
best be replaced by describe the diving bells that preceded
Halley's?
(A) in the future
(B) as they wanted (A) In the first paragraph
(C) with great speed (B) In the second paragraph
(0) upside down (C) In the third paragraph
(0) In the last paragraph
38. It can be inferred from the passage that,
were Halley's bell not covered with lead, it 41. This passage would most likely be assigned
would reading in a course on

(A) float (A) astronomy

(B) get wet (B) recreation
(C) trap the divers (C) oceanography
(0) suffocate the divers (0) physiology

39. Where in the passage does the author

indicate how air traveled from the barrel to
the bell?
(A) Lines 8-10
(B) Lines 11-13
(C) Lines 17-18
(0) Line 20

5 I0 COMPLETETESTFOUR
 Questions 42-50

Paul Bunyan is perhaps America's best-known folk hero. A fictional logger of incredible
strength, he was most likely based on an actual nineteenth-century logger from the northern United
States or Canada. As a folk hero, he struck a chord with Americans on some level. perhaps because he
Line was incredibly strong but also because he was hard-working and capable, ingenious in solving
(5) problems, and fun-loving.
Though there is evidence that Paul Bunyan tales were part of oral tradition in the nineteenth
century, Paul Bunyan stories did not appear in written form until the early twentieth century.
Journalist James McGillivray included descriptions of Bunyan in a series of essays entitled "The
Round River Drive:' which appeared in a number of Midwestern newspapers between 1906 and t 91 O.
(10) However, it was through an extensive advertising campaign that Paul Bunyan moved solidly into
print.
Recognizing the appeal of Paul Bunyan as a figure for his company's advertising, William
Laughead, an advertising executive for the Red River Lumber Company, initiated a campaign that
consisted of a series of publications featuring Paul Bunyan. For several decades, the company
(IS) distributed these publications free of charge and made no attempt to obtain a copyright on them. In
fact, the company vigorously encouraged other writers to make use of Paul Bunyan because it felt
that the use of this character enhanced the name recognition of the Red River Lumber Company
inasmuch as the name of the folk hero and the name of the company had become interwoven.
The Bunyan stories published by Red River and further circulated by others were tall tales of
(20) gigantic proportions. In these tales, Bunyan is depicted as a man of superhuman proportions, who is
strong, hard-working, entrepreneurial. and innovative. In one story, for example, Paul is credited with
digging the Great Lakes in order to create a watering hole for his giant ox, Babe. In another of these
tales, Paul caused an entire winter of blue snow to fall by swearing a blue streak after he injured
himself by smashing his thumb with a large hammer. A third story in the series describes Paul's role
(25) in establishing the Mississippi River.
Fascination with Paul Bunyan has continued to grow, and today he is a standard of American
folklore. The prevalence of Bunyan as a figure of folklore today is evidenced by references to him in
countless stories, cartoons, poems, and songs as well as the numerous community festivals and
logging competitions featuring Paul Bunyan that can be found throughout the sections of the country
(30) where logging has a strong tradition.

42. The purpose of this passage is to 44. The passage states that Paul Bunyan tales
first appeared
(A) present the actual feats of a real-life
logger (A) in oral stories
(B) discuss a "larger than life" folk hero (B) in a series of essays
(C) describe logging in North America (C) in newspapers
(D) provide an overview of American (D) in advertising
folktales

43. It is NOT stated in the passage that Paul

Bunyan is known for his

(A) unusual strength

(B) dedication to work
(C) ingenuity in difficult situations
(D) serious nature

COMPLETE TEST FOUR 5/ I

 45. Which of the following CANNOT be 48. Where in the passage does the author
inferred about the Red River Lumber discuss a weather phenomenon that Paul
Company's advertising campaign featuring Bunyan supposedly caused?
Paul Bunyan? (A) Lines 8-9
(A) It endured for quite a time. (B) Lines 14-15
(B) The company did not protect its (C) Lines 19-20
ownership of the stories. (0) Lines 22-24
(C) The campaign did little to enhance
the company's profitability. 49. The word .countless. in line 28 could best
(0) The company wanted the name Paul be replaced by the expression
Bunyan to be known as widely as
(A) a large number of
possible. (B) a specified number of
(C) an insubstantial number of
46. The pronoun "them" in line 15 refers to (0) an overestimated number of
(A) series
(B) decades 50. Which paragraph describes the plots of
(C) publications some of the tales of Paul Bunyan?
(0) writers (A) The second paragraph
(B) The third paragraph
47. The word "interwoven" in line 18 could (C) The fourth paragraph
best be replaced by (0) The fifth paragraph
(A) unfashionable
(B) mixed together
(C) not compatible
(0) too separate

This Is the end of Section 3.

8888888
If you finish in less than 05 minutes,
check your work on Section 3 only.
Do NOT read or work on any other section of the test.

When you finish the test, you may do the following:

• Turn to the Diagnostic Charts on pages 5H~-590, and
circle the numbers of the questions that you missed .
• Turn to Scoring Information on pages !'iHl-!'iH~, and
determine your TOEFL score .
• Turn to the Progress Chart on page !'i91,and add your
score to the chart.

5 12 COMPLETETESTFOUR