The maxillary artery (M)

is the larger of the two

terminal branches Its
branches supply:
.
Internal Carotid and its
branches
Internal Carotid is one of the
two branches of common
carotid artery.
It begins at the upper border
of the lamina of thyroid
cartilage.
The course of internal carotid artery is divided into 4
parts

 Cervical
 Petrous
 Cavernous
 Cerebral
 The cervical part of the inner carotid
artery undergoes a straight course in the
neck from its origin up to the base of
skull.
Cervical
 it is surrounded by carotid plexus,
derived from the superior cervical
ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
 This part of the internal carotid artery
passes through the carotid canal located
in petrous part of the temporal bone. It
enters the carotid canal through the
lower opening at the base of skull.
Petrous The artery lies anterior to the
tympanic cavity and below the auditory
tube.
 The artery enters the cranial cavity
through the upper (anterior) opening of
the carotid canal, located in the posterior
wall of foramen lacerum.

Cavernous Within the cavernous sinus it is related to

the abducent nerve inferolaterally. It
lies outside the endothenial lining of
the cavernous sinus.
 It turns backwards above the roof of
Cerebral part cavernous sinus and then turns upwards
by the side of optic chiasma to reach the
anterior perforated substance.
  From the cervical part : None
 From the petrous part:
Caroticotympanic branches to the middle
ear
Branches of  From the cavernous part: Meningeal branch
Internal and Superior and inferior hypophyseal
Carotid Artery arteries to the pituitary gland
 From the cerebral part: Anterior cerebral
artery, Middle cerebral artery, Anterior
choroidal artery, posterior communicating
artery, and ophthalmic artery.
VEINS OF THE HEAD
OVERVIEW AND DEEP VEINS
What veins are found in the head?

The superficial veins of the scalp, starting anteriorly and moving

posteriorly, are the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins ,
respectively, the superficial temporal veins and its branches,
the posterior auricular vein , and the occipital vein and its
branches.
External Veins of the Head and Face
Supratrochlear Vein

The supratrochlear vein originates in

the anterior part of the head resulting
from the junction of a scalp venous
network, which is connected to the
tributaries of the frontal superficial
temporal vein.
Supraorbital Vein

This vein originates near the

zygomatic process of the frontal
bone and runs medially above
the orbit until it reaches the
supratrochlear vein to form the
facial vein near the medial
canthus.
Facial Vein

The facial vein is formed by

the junction of the
supratrochlear and
supraorbital veins.
Superficial Temporal Vein

This vein originates in the

venous network of the
scalp. This venous
network is drained by the
supratrochlear,
supraorbital, posterior
auricular, and occipital
veins.
Pterygoid Venous Plexus

The plexus connects with the

facial vein through the deep
facial vein and with the
cavernous sinus through the
sphenoidal emissary foramen,
foramen ovale, and foramen
lacerum.
Maxillary Vein

This is a short vein that

accompanies the first part of the
maxillary artery. It represents the
confluence of veins from the
pterygoid plexus with the
superficial temporal vein to form
the retromandibular vein
Retromandibular Vein

This vein is within the

parotid gland, between
the external carotid
artery and, superficially,
the facial nerve.
Posterior Auricular Vein

The posterior auricular vein is

formed in the parieto -occipital
network and drains also the
occipital and superficial temporal
veins. It has a path of descent
behind the auricle and joins the
posterior division of the
retromandibular vein.
Occipital Vein

The occipital vein originates in the

posterior venous network of the
scalp and, through anastomoses,
joins the deep cervical and
vertebral veins. The vein is a
tributary of the internal jugular
vein.
External Jugular Vein

The external jugular vein

drains mainly the scalp and
face but also some deeper
tissues. It results from the
union of the posterior
division of the
retromandibular and
posterior auricular veins
near the angle of the
mandible.
Posterior External Jugular Vein

The posterior external

jugular vein originates in
the occipital scalp and
drains the skin and
muscles. It joins the middle
part of the external jugular.
Internal Jugular Vein

The internal jugular vein drains

most of the blood from the skull,
brain, and superficial and deep
parts of the face and neck. It
originates at the jugular foramen at
the cranial base, in continuation
with the sigmoid sinus.
Inferior Petrosal Sinus

The inferior petrosal sinus

leaves the skull through
the anterior part of the
jugular foramen and joins
the superior jugular bulb.
 Lingual Veins

There are two main lingual veins

The dorsal lingual vein drains the
dorsum and sides of the tongue
and joins the lingual vein, which
follows the lingual artery. It is a
tributary of the internal jugular
vein.
Pharyngeal Veins

The pharyngeal veins

begin at the pharyngeal
plexus external to the
pharynx. These veins
receive meningeal veins
and a vein from the
pterygoid canal.
 Vertebral Vein

The ver tebral vein is formed from

numerous small tributaries from the
internal ver tebral plexuses, which arise
from the ver tebral canal above the
posterior arch of the atlas. There are
anastomoses with small veins from the
muscles, and they form a vein that
enters the foramen in the transverse
process of the atlas and descends as a
plexus around the ver tebral ar ter y.
Overview Parts and Structure

Temporomandibular
Joints
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is
the articulation between the
squamous portion of the temporal
bone and the condyle of the
mandible
 Largest synovial
1 joint in the body

TMJ
 Largest synovial
1 joint in the body

TMJ
Encapsulated with a
2 fibrous capsule
The TMJ comprises 2 types of synovial joints
—hinge and sliding—and consists of the
following:

1 2 3 4
Hinge and Sliding
Hinge and Sliding
Lower
Responsible for the hinge movement
Moving sides to side without opening
the jaw too much
Hinge and Sliding
Lower
Responsible for the hinge movement
Moving sides to side without opening
the jaw too much

Upper
Responsible for the sliding
movement of the jaw
Moves the jaw forward
 The TMJ comprises 2 types of synovial joints
—hinge and sliding—and consists of the
following:

1 2 3 4
Squamous portion
of the temporal
bone
 The TMJ comprises 2 types of synovial joints
—hinge and sliding—and consists of the
following:

1 2 3 4
Squamous portion Articular Disc
of the temporal
bone
 The TMJ comprises 2 types of synovial joints
—hinge and sliding—and consists of the
following:

1 2 3 4
Squamous portion Articular Disc Condyle of the
of the temporal mandible
bone
 The TMJ comprises 2 types of synovial joints
—hinge and sliding—and consists of the
following:

1 2 3 4
Squamous portion Articular Disc Condyle of the Ligaments
of the temporal mandible
bone
Articular Disc
Articular Biconcave
between the
mandibular
fibrocartilage condyle and the
Disc glenoid fossa

Conforms Can
to the shape absorb
of the condyle pressure

dense
cushioning the collagenous
joint connective
tissue
 TMJ
Dysfunction
 Affects
1 approximately 25%
of the population

TMJ
Dysfunction
 Affects
1 approximately 25%
of the population

TMJ 2
More common in

Dysfunction
females
 Affects
1 approximately 25%
of the population

TMJ 2
More common in

Dysfunction
females

Severe in a small subgroup

Causes include arthritis,
3 trauma, infection, bruxism,
and disc displacement.
Temporomandibular
Joints
Anatomical Features
 ARTICULAR EMINENCE

The strong bony prominence on

the base of the zygomatic
process
 ANTERIOR TUBERCLE

Located on the lateral part

of the articular eminence
Provides attachment for the
capsule and lateral
temporomandibular ligament
 GLENOID FOSSA

The depression into which

the condyle is located
Superior to this thin plate of
bone is the middle cranial
fossa
 TYMPANIC PLATE

The vertical plate located

anterior to the external
auditory meatus
POSTGLENOID TUBERCLE

An inferior extension of the

squamous portion of the
temporal bone
Makes the posterior aspect
of the glenoid fossa
Provides attachment for the
capsule and retrodiscal pad
MANDIBULAR
CONDYLES
 Articulate with the
articular disc

MANDIBULAR
CONDYLES
 Articulate with the
articular disc

MANDIBULAR The main load-bearing

areas are on the lateral

CONDYLES
aspect
 Articulate with the
articular disc

MANDIBULAR The main load-bearing

areas are on the lateral

CONDYLES
aspect

Shaped like footballs:

Mediolateral—20mm
Anteroposterior—10mm
Mandibular
Condyle
TMJ
Compartments
 The articular disc divides
the TMJ into superior and
inferior compartments

TMJ
Compartments
 The articular disc divides
the TMJ into superior and
inferior compartments

TMJ
Compartments The internal surface of both
compartments contains
specialized endothelial cells
that form a synovial lining
that produces synovial fluid,
making the TMJ a synovial
joint
 SYNOVIAL FLUID
Essential for the
nutrition and lubrication of
articular cartilage and tendons.