LOW-COST

HOUSING
DEVELOPMENT

SUBMITTED BY- Aamna Fatima

ENROLLMENT NO- 1800103940
B.Arch 5th year Section B
Integral University
 INTRODUCTION
Housing is a great A home is a place where family stay together be healthy
problem in today’s and be satisfied. But in India the number of homes
world. The most basic available is not adequate as per the estimation reported
building material for by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
construction of houses Alleviation, Government of India. In this context, the
is the usual burnt clay Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Prime Minister Housing for
brick. A significant All Mission, 2015), envisages to provide housing to all by
quantity of fuel is 15th August 2022. The mission seeks to build 20 million
utilized in making housing units for the poor and make Indian cities slum
these bricks. free. Failing to provide accommodation for all, will result
in an enormous demand of building materials like steel,
cement and wood etc. As the continuous exploitation
and depletion of natural resources is harming the
environment. To reduce this dependence on
ADOPT COST conventional building material there is a need to review
EFFECTIVE, alternate building materials and adopt “Eco-Structures”
that are in harmony with the surroundings and does not
INNOVATIVE affect the environment neither through building
AND materials or construction methods. Low-cost house is a
new concept which deals with effective budgeting and
ENVIRONMENT use of techniques which help in reducing the cost of
construction using locally available materials along with
-FRIENDLY improved skills and technology without compromising
the strength, performance and life of the structure.
 Benefits of Low-Cost Housing
Realizing the importance of low-cost housing in countries which have varied living
standards and huge population to cater along with keeping a check on availability
and use of natural resources in construction; the option of low-cost housing needs
to be explored at the fullest. Using several alternative building materials as
discussed below will help in saving the cost of construction because if materials are
locally available then cost of transportation will be reduced which is approximately
30% of the total construction budget.
IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING WAYS TO ACHIEVE COST
EFFECTIVENESS
Reducing plinth area by During construction strength and
using thinner wall concept
i.E., 15 cm thick solid durability of the structure, stability,
concrete block wall. safety and mental satisfaction are
factors that assume top priority during
cost reduction. In the case studies for
Using locally available walling and roofing it has been found
material in an innovative that about 26.11% and 22.68% of the
form like soil cement blocks
in place of burnt brick.
construction cost can be saved by using
low-cost housing technologies in
comparison with the traditional
Use of energy efficiency construction methods, respectively.
materials which consume From these results it can be said using
less energy low-cost housing technologies is a cost-
effective mode of construction that can
be adopted in this industry.
Using environmentally
friendly materials which are
substitute for conventional
building components

Rationalizing the design

procedure for reducing the
size of the components in
the building

Extensive planning of each

component in a house to
stop wastage of materials as
it is due to demolition of
the unplanned component
of the house can be avoided
 1. NON-ERODIBLE MUD PLASTER-
TECHNOLOGIES The plaster over mud walls gets
eroded during rains. This can be
made non-erodable using
bitumen cutback emulsion
containing mixture of hot bitumen
and kerosene oil.
2. FLY –ASH SAND LIME BRICKS- By
mixing of lime and fly ash in the
presence of moisture, fly ash sand
lime bricks are made. Fly ash
reacts with lime at ordinary
Lime-Sand Bricks
temperature and forms a
compound possessing
cementitious properties.
3. SOLID CONCRETE AND STONE
BLOCKS- This technique is suitable
in areas where stones and
aggregates for the blocks are
available locally at cheaper rates.
The gang-mould is developed for
semi-mechanized faster
Cement -Waste Slag Brick production of the blocks.
4. FILLER SLAB- A filler lab material
may be termed as a waste
material and is used to ensure
advantage over RCC slab. As it is
difficult to remove concrete from
tension zone but on the other side
can be replaced by using a filler
material.
5. FLAT SLAB- Slab is one such
component of house that is
Concrete Hollow Block directly supported on columns
without any intermediate beams.

TECHNIQUES
ADOPTED
Decorative Concrete Block
 EWS HOUSING

Low-cost Housing materials can be broadly classified into natural materials and
manmade materials according to the source of their availability. Materials like
bagasse, rice husk, banana leaves, coconut husk, are naturally available from the
remains of agriculture industry. Materials like fly ash and ferro cement are an
example of man-made materials which can be recycled to make new product that
helps in lowering the cost of construction

AVAILABILITY OF NATURAL FIBER IN INDIA AND

ITS APPLICATIONS IN BUILDING MATERIALS
ITEM SOURCE APPLICATION IN BUILDING MATERIAL
Rice husk Rice mills As fuel, for manufacturing building materials and
products.
Banana leaves/stalk Banana plants In the manufacture of building boards, fire
resistance fiber board.
Coconut husk Coir fiber industry In the manufacture of building boards, roofing
sheets, insulation boards, building panels, as a
lightweight aggregate, coir fiber reinforced
composite boards.
Groundnut shell Groundnut oil mills In the manufacture of buildings panels, building
blocks, for making chip boards, roofing sheets,
particle boards.
Jute fiber Jute industry For making chip boards, roofing sheets, door
shutter
Sawmill waste Sawmills/wood Manufacture of cement bonded wood chips,
blocks, boards,
 Fly ash, lime and gypsum are available in mutual proximity in many
regions. An economical alternative to conventional burnt clay bricks will
be available, if these materials can be used to make bricks and hollow
blocks of adequate strength. Lime and gypsum are usually available
either from mineral sources or may be procured from industrial wastes.
Fly ash bricks are used in multistoried apartment houses for non-load
BLOCKS FOR LOW-COST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT
bearing purposes in making curtain and partition walls of these houses.
Use of fly ash bricks in this type of construction is meant mainly to
achieve economy and make profits. The domestic buildings in the
FLY ASH–LIME–GYPSUM BRICKS AND HOLLOW

category of low or middle-income groups mostly have single or two

storied dwelling units. Therefore, not only the cost effectiveness but
also the strength and durability of fly ash bricks are very important.
The construction of multistoried complexes, involving high investments,
highlighted the need of completing the projects fast; in this materials
that render fast construction are important. This is how the hollow
blocks gained their entry in the construction industry, more
predominantly in urban areas, with attractive technoeconomic virtues.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Mixing of Raw Materials- The calcined phosphonyls and fly ash is
sieved through a 4.75-mm sieve. The hydrated lime was prepared in
the laboratory by adding water to a weighed quantity of unslaked
lime. Then, complete slaking of lime for 6–8 h was allowed. The
water content used in the mix for strength tests was 90% of that
required to produce the standard normal consistency.
• Preparation of bricks- Wooden molds of internal dimension 220
mm=100 mm=75 mm were used. The size of bricks was kept
approximately the same as those of the normal burnt clay bricks
available in northern India.
• Preparation of hollow blocks- Standard concrete cube molds of size
150 mm=150 mm=150 mm were used for preparation of hollow
blocks. Four wooden battens of cross-sectional area 45 mm=45
mm=250 mm long and connected at top were placed in cube mold
before filling it with FaL-G cement paste. Then cementitious binder
was placed in the cube molds in two layers, each layer being
compacted on a vibration table. Excess paste was hand finished.
After approximately 2 h, battens were removed, and the blocks
were finished to shape with 20- mm web and shell thickness.
• Method of curing- The bricks and hollow blocks were taken out
from the molds and were covered with wet gunny bags for a week.
After one week, when the specimens had attained sufficient
strength for handling, these bricks and hollow blocks were
transferred to the water filled curing tanks at 23"2 8C.
• Compressive strength at ambient temperature- Fly ash acts as a source of
reactive silica and alumina, to give silicate and aluminate hydrates, which are
responsible for the development of strength. Silica, present in fly ash, reacts
with lime and forms calcium silicate hydrate. Alumina, together with lime,
reacts with gypsum to form calcium trisulfoaluminate hydrate. The average
compressive strength having individual variation not more than "15% of the
average value. The compressive strength of FaL-G bricks after 24, 72 and 96
days of casting shows that the strength of these bricks increases with age. But
the rate of gain in compressive strength is found to be more in initial days.
• Compressive strength at different temperatures- The compressive strength of
the FaL-G specimens cured at 23"2 8C and 50 8C, was observed that the
process of hardening is influenced by temperature. The cementitious binder
cured at 50 8C exhibited a much higher strength than that of the binder cured
at 23"2 8C, at the same age. The strength of FaL-G specimens within 48 days
has reached maximum at 50 8C while the specimens cured at 23"2 8C did not
indicate the completion of hydration even after 96 days. Thus, the
cementitious binder cured at higher temperatures may be used for making
prefabricated products such as building blocks, tiles, boards etc.
• Water absorption and density- The water absorption and density of FaL-G
bricks and hollow blocks for various mix proportions. It was observed that the
water absorption of the bricks and hollow blocks decreases with the decrease
in fly ash content. The density and water absorption are closely related to each
other. The general observation is that a high degree of inverse correlation
exists between density and water absorption. With the increase in the density,
the water absorption of these bricks reduced. Furthermore, on comparing the
FaL-G bricks with a higher percentage of water absorption have lesser
compressive strength. The compressive strength of bricks increases as density
of the bricks increases, irrespective of the mix proportion.
• Durability- The loss in compressive strength of FaL-G bricks and hollow blocks
exposed to short-term accelerated tests for 72 days in aggressive sulfate
environments. The compressive strength decreases significantly with the
increase in the phosphor gypsum content. In other words, the durability
characteristics of the material can be controlled by controlling the phosphor
gypsum content.

The hydration kinetics of FaL-G cementitious binder at two different curing

temperatures. Water absorption and density of FaL-G bricks and hollow blocks are
given in Table 5. Table 6 and Fig. 6 give the results of reduction in compressive
strength of FaL-G bricks and hollow blocks cured in sulfate solution.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF
USING FLY ASH–LIME–GYPSUM BRICKS
AND HOLLOW BLOCKS
 CONCLUSION
Mass housing targets can be achieved possibly by replacing the conventional
methods of planning and execution of building operations based categorically on
special and individual needs and accepting common denominator; based on surveys,
population needs and rational use of materials and resources. Adoption of any
alternative technology on large scale needs a guaranteed market to function and
this cannot be established unless the product is effective and economical. Building
houses for low-income families as per now poses a great challenge. It involves a
great effort to develop new technologies for using different alternate materials in
the construction industry. In this study, low cost housing technologies were studied
and the potential for the materials to be used as alternative building materials was
discussed. Even though different low cost housing technologies have been
developed but still there is a shortage of housing. Still we are unable to provide
shelter to people from low income sections. There are no proper guidelines
formulated for structural aspects of these alternate building materials. Lack of
awareness is also there among builders on the applicability and benefits of these
materials. The use of filler slab as replacement to conventional slab is an alternative
method to achieve low cost of construction. Similarly more use of fly ash and rice
husk ash is another alternative to cement. The use of bamboo as an alternative to
steel is an effective material to be used in construction. Partial prefabrication is an
approach towards the operation under controlled conditions. The essence lies in the
systematic approach in building methodology and not necessarily particular
construction type or design. The methodology for low cost housing has to be of
intermediate type- less sophisticated involving less capital investment. The
cooperatives needs to set up which are dedicated to low cost housing so that cost of
transportation and import of materials can be avoided which in turn will
automatically reduce the overall cost of construction budget by 20 to 30%

REFERENCES

• The methods of using Low Cost Housing (1).pdf

• A perspective study on fly ash–lime–gypsum bricks and hollow blocks for low
cost housing development (1).pdf