ELECTRONICS History of Binary
knocked loose from its position
BINARY
What is Binary
The binary numeral system, or
base-2 number system represents
numeric values using two symbols
(Numbers), usually 0 and 1. More
specifically, the usual base-2
system is a positional notation
with a radix of 2. The binary
system is used internally by all
modern computers.
Why do we need to know about
Binary? It is the building block of
all data
In order to understand storage
capacity and sizes, you need to
know how data is read and saved
• The data is fragile, each digit is
need to be whole
Files Read/Write
When you save a word document
the computer will sequence the
data in binary form. Each string of
Tunderlined etc.
Each program has a certain way
that it reads and writes data, all of
it is written in Binary.
Binary Number
One digit of binary is called a bit.
Bits are used in groups to
represent all other numbers. Bit
grouping nomiclature is as
follows:
1 binary digit is a bit 4-bits is a
nibble (term is not used often)
8-bits is a byte
16-bits is a word
32-bits is a double word or
DWORD
64-bits is a quad word or QWORD
The electron in the lattice
In 1854, British mathematician
George Boole published a
landmark paper detailing an
algebraic system of logic that
would become known as Boolean
algebra.
His logical calculus was to
become instrumental in the
design of digital electronic
circuitry.
History of Binary
In November 1937, George
Stibitz, then working at Bell Labs,
completed a relay-based
computer he dubbed the "Model
K" (for "Kitchen", where he had
assembled it), which calculated
using binary addition. Bell Labs
thus authorized a full research
program in late 1938 with Stibitz
at the helm.
History of Binary Numbers
Their Complex Number
Computer, completed January 8,
1940, was able to calculate
complex numbers. In a
demonstration to the American
Mathematical Society conference
at Dartmouth College on
September 11, 1940, Stibitz was
able to send the Complex
Number Calculator remote
commands over telephone lines
by a teletype. It was the first
computing machine ever used
remotely over a phone line
DIODES-TRANSISTORS
Intrinsic Silicon- At any
temperature above absolute zero
temperature, there is a finite
probability that an electron in the
lattice will be knocked loose from
its position.
leaves behind an electron
deficiency called a "hole".
If a voltage is applied, then both
the electron and the hole can
contribute to a small current flow.
Doping (adding an impurity) to
intrinsic semiconductors that can
produce 2 types of semi-
conductors depending upon the
element added.
In P-type doping, boron or
gallium is the dopant.
Boron and gallium each have only
three outer electrons. When
mixed into the silicon lattice, they
form "holes" in the lattice where a
silicon electron has nothing to
bond to.
The absence of an electron
creates the effect of a positive
charge, hence Holes can conduct
current. A hole happily accepts an
electron from a neighbor, moving
the hole over a space. P-type
silicon is a good conductor. the
name P-type.
N-Type doping - it takes only a
very small quantity of the
impurity to create enough free
electrons to allow an electric
current to flow through the silicon.
N-type silicon is a good
conductor. Electrons have a
negative charge, hence the name
N-type.
O-N Junction- We create a p-n
junction by joining together two
pieces of semiconductor, one
doped n-type, the other p-type.
In the n-type region there are
extra electrons and in the p-type
region, there are holes from the
acceptor impurities
In the p-type region there are
holes from the acceptor impurities Anode – positive side of the diode
and in the n-type region there are Cathode – negative side of the
extra electron diode

When a p-n junction is formed, A transistor is a semiconductor

some of the electrons from the n-
region which have reached the
conduction band are free to
diffuse across the junction and
combine with holes.
DIODES-TRANSISTORS
Filling a hole makes a negative ion
and leaves behind a positive ion
on the n-side. A space charge
builds up, creating a depletion
region.
This causes a depletion zone to
form around the junction (the join)
between the two materials. This
zone controls the behavior of the
diode.
Forward biasing the p-n junction
drives holes to the junction from
the p-type material and electrons
to the junction from the n-type
material.
The application of a reverse
voltage to the p-n junction will
cause a transient current to flow
as both electrons and holes are
pulled away from the junction.
device commonly used to amplify
or switch electronic signals.
The transistor is a three terminal
device and consists of three
distinct layers.
Two of them are doped to give
one type of semiconductor and
the there is the opposite type, i.e.
two may be n-type and one p-
type, or two may be p-type and
one may be n-type. They are
designated either P-N-P (PNP)
types of N-P-N (NPN).
3 adjacent regions of doped Si
(each connected to a lead): Base.
(thin layer,less doped). Collector.
Emitter. 2 types of BJT: npn pnp
Most common npn.
When discussing NPN transistors
the N-Type semiconductor
material on one side of the wafer
is designated an emitter and it is
most often connected to a
negative electrical current.

Diodes- a device that allows

current to flow in only one
direction Symbolized by:

DIODE MAKEUP

Diodes are made of

semiconductors (usually silicon)

Essentially a stack of p-doped and

n-doped silicon to form a p-n
junction

Transistors are n-p-n ir p-n-p

arrangements of semiconductors
(like oreo cookies)