ELECTRONICS
History of Binary
BINARY
What is Binary
The binary numeral system, or base-2
number system represents numeric
values using two symbols (Numbers),
usually 0 and 1. More specifically,
the usual base-2 system is a positional
notation with a radix of 2. The binary
system is used internally by all
modern computers.
Why do we need to know about
Binary? It is the building block of all
data
In order to understand storage
capacity and sizes, you need to know
how data is read and saved
• The data is fragile, each digit is
need to be whole
Files Read/Write
When you save a word document the
computer will sequence the data in
binary form. Each string of
Tunderlined etc.
Each program has a certain way that
it reads and writes data, all of it is
written in Binary.
Binary Number
One digit of binary is called a bit.
Bits are used in groups to represent
all other numbers. Bit grouping
nomiclature is as follows:
1 binary digit is a bit 4-bits is a
nibble (term is not used often)
8-bits is a byte
16-bits is a word
32-bits is a double word or DWORD
64-bits is a quad word or QWORD
In the p-type region there are holes
from the acceptor impurities and in
the n-type region there are extra
electron
When a p-n junction is formed, some
of the electrons from the n-region
which have reached the conduction
If a voltage is applied, then both the
In 1854, British mathematician
George Boole published a landmark
paper detailing an algebraic system of
logic that would become known as
Boolean algebra.
His logical calculus was to become
instrumental in the design of digital
electronic circuitry.
History of Binary
In November 1937, George Stibitz,
then working at Bell Labs, completed
a relay-based computer he dubbed the
"Model K" (for "Kitchen", where he
had assembled it), which calculated
using binary addition. Bell Labs thus
authorized a full research program in
late 1938 with Stibitz at the helm.
History of Binary Numbers
Their Complex Number Computer,
completed January 8, 1940, was able
to calculate complex numbers. In a
demonstration to the American
Mathematical Society conference at
Dartmouth College on September 11,
1940, Stibitz was able to send the
Complex Number Calculator remote
commands over telephone lines by a
teletype. It was the first computing
machine ever used remotely over a
phone line
DIODES-TRANSISTORS
Intrinsic Silicon- At any temperature
above absolute zero temperature,
there is a finite probability that an
electron in the lattice will be knocked
loose from its position.
The electron in the lattice knocked
loose from its position leaves behind
an electron deficiency called a "hole".
band are free to diffuse across the
junction and combine with holes.
DIODES-TRANSISTORS
Filling a hole makes a negative ion
and leaves behind a positive ion on
the n-side. A space charge builds up,
creating a depletion region.
electron and the hole can contribute to
a small current flow.
Doping (adding an impurity) to
intrinsic semiconductors that can
produce 2 types of semi-conductors
depending upon the element added.
In P-type doping, boron or gallium is
the dopant.
Boron and gallium each have only
three outer electrons. When mixed
into the silicon lattice, they form
"holes" in the lattice where a silicon
electron has nothing to bond to.
The absence of an electron creates the
effect of a positive charge, hence
Holes can conduct current. A hole
happily accepts an electron from a
neighbor, moving the hole over a
space. P-type silicon is a good
conductor. the name P-type.
N-Type doping - it takes only a very
small quantity of the impurity to
create enough free electrons to allow
an electric current to flow through the
silicon. N-type silicon is a good
conductor. Electrons have a negative
charge, hence the name N-type.
O-N Junction- We create a p-n
junction by joining together two
pieces of semiconductor, one doped
n-type, the other p-type.
In the n-type region there are extra
electrons and in the p-type region,
there are holes from the acceptor
impurities
This causes a depletion zone to form
around the junction (the join) between
the two materials. This zone controls
the behavior of the diode.
Forward biasing the p-n junction
drives holes to the junction from the
p-type material and electrons to the
junction from the n-type material.
The application of a reverse voltage
to the p-n junction will cause a
transient current to flow as both
electrons and holes are pulled away
from the junction.

Diodes- a device that allows current

to flow in only one direction
Symbolized by:

DIODE MAKEUP

Diodes are made of semiconductors

(usually silicon)

Essentially a stack of p-doped and n-

doped silicon to form a p-n junction

Transistors are n-p-n ir p-n-p

arrangements of semiconductors (like
oreo cookies)

Anode – positive side of the diode

Cathode – negative side of the diode

A transistor is a semiconductor device

commonly used to amplify or switch
electronic signals.

The transistor is a three terminal

device and consists of three distinct
layers.

Two of them are doped to give one

type of semiconductor and the there is
the opposite type, i.e. two may be n-
type and one p-type, or two may be p-
type and one may be n-type. They are
designated either P-N-P (PNP) types
of N-P-N (NPN).

3 adjacent regions of doped Si (each

connected to a lead): Base. (thin
layer,less doped). Collector. Emitter.
2 types of BJT: npn pnp Most
common npn.

When discussing NPN transistors the

N-Type semiconductor material on
one side of the wafer is designated an
emitter and it is most often connected
to a negative electrical current.