NAME: Oluwatimilehin Lokulo-Sodipe

MATRIC NO: 20120812614

DATE: 07/12/2022

Class A Single-Ended Loudspeaker Driven Audio Amplifier

The Small Signal Amplifier is also known as a "Voltage" amplifier because it typically

converts a low input voltage to a much higher output voltage. Sometimes an amplifier circuit

is required to drive a motor or feed a loudspeaker, and Power Amplifiers are required for

these types of applications where high switching currents are required. A "Power Amplifier"

(also known as a large signal amplifier) main's job, as the name implies, is to deliver power

to the load, which is the product of the voltage and current applied to the load, with the

output signal power being greater than the input signal power[1]. In other words, a power

amplifier amplifies the power of the input signal which is why these types of amplifier

circuits are used in audio amplifier output stages to drive loudspeakers. Amplifier Classes

represent the amount of the output signal that varies within the amplifier circuit during one

cycle of operation when excited by a sinusoidal input signal. The most commonly

constructed amplifier classes are those used as audio amplifiers, primarily class A, B, AB,

and C[2].

This experiment aimed at investigating the frequency range of audio signals.

 Figure 1

APPARATUS

● DC power supply - (0 to 10V)

● Multi-meter

● Sinusoidal Signal generator

● 1k potentiometer

● Resistors – 1/4w – 120, 1k, 1.5k 10k, 470, 27k, 2.7k

● 15 V capacitors— 33 μF, 100μF

● Transistors— NPN- BC546 or BC547

● Loud speaker

● Output transformer

● Jumper wires
 ● Bread Board.

PROCEDURE

1.0. The circuit in figure 1 was constructed.

1.1. VR1 was adjusted for an undistorted output waveform measured at the collector of the

output transistor T2. The 1 kHz input signal will be heard on the loudspeaker.

1.2. The frequency of the function generator was varied and the limits of the frequency range

for which we could hear were observed.

RESULTS

Minimum frequency Maximum frequency

98Hz 20,733Hz

DISCUSSION:

The circuit in figure 1 is a multistage transistor amplifier circuit, it is a form of class A power

amplifier[3]. It consists of two single-stage amplifiers connected in a cascaded form. This

configuration was used because unlike single-stage amplifiers, the output signal is sufficient as

the output of the first stage acts as the input of the second stage[4].

The human ear can hear a frequency range of 20Hz to 20kHz[5] through this experiment, we
created a speaker to test this range. To do this, we varied the frequency of the input waveform.

The waveforms experience phase inversion due to it being a common emitter circuit[6], but have

the same frequency. Starting with a frequency of 1kHz, we increased the frequency until it was

inaudible to all the group members this turned out to be 20,733kHz. This correlates to the upper

band of the human ear. The experiment was done again reducing the frequency until it wasn’t

audible. The value came out to be 98Hz. This is much higher than the lower band, this

discrepancy could be due to the amplitude of the sound wave. The wave amplitude is responsible

for the sound seeming louder or softer[7]. It is possible that if isolated with the speaker alone that

the sound would still be heard, however with a low amplitude and a lot of background noise, the

soft sound could have been drowned out.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, we were able to verify the human ear audio range using a multistage single-ended

loudspeaker, The results have a strong correlation to the expected values, however the noisy

environment in which the experiment was conducted could have drowned out the sound as it

reached the upper and lower limits. A suitable resolution to this would be performing the

experiment with slight soundproofing around the experiment area to keep surrounding sounds

out.

REFERENCES:

[1] W. Storr, ‘Introduction to the Amplifier an Amplifier Tutorial’, Basic Electronics Tutorials, Jul.
16, 2013. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/amp_1.html (accessed Dec. 08,
2022).
[2] J. Bandele, ‘Power Amplifiers’. Dec. 08, 2022.
[3] M. Uniyal, ‘Multistage Amplifier - Details, Diagram, Configurations, Example’, Sep. 29, 2022.
https://byjusexamprep.com/multistage-amplifier-i (accessed Dec. 11, 2022).
[4] R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, ‘Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory’, 2006.
[5] D. Purves et al., ‘The Audible Spectrum’, Neurosci. 2nd Ed., 2001, Accessed: Dec. 11,
2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10924/
[6] ‘Transistor Common Emitter Amplifier » Electronics Notes’. https://www.electronics-
notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/transistor/transistor-common-emitter-configuration.php
(accessed Dec. 11, 2022).
[7] K. Fagan, ‘Amplitude and Intensity’, Discovery of Sound in the Sea, Sep. 09, 2016.
https://dosits.org/science/sound/characterize-sounds/intensity/ (accessed Dec. 11, 2022).

APPENDIX

Appx 1.0- Datasheet of transistors.

Appx 2.0- Images of waveforms produced.

Figure1-Input values
 Figure 2- Output values

Figure 3- input and output waveforms