GERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES

1. OE. arppel 'apple, fruit; ball; eye-ball,' ON. epli, OHG.

aphul, afful 'Apfel, Augapfel,' MDu. appel, apel 'apple, apple of
the eye, pommel,'etc., togetherwith the related words outside of
Germ. (forwhich cf. Berneker,Et. Wb. 22 f.) probablygo back to
the primarymeaning 'ball, knob, bunch.' Compare Lat. ebulus,
ebulum 'dwarf-elder,''Holunder.' For meaning cf. Nos. 20, 25,
37, 38.
2. MLG. apel-dern'Ahorn' is identical with OE. apul-der,-dre
'apple-tree,' ON. apaldr, OHG. affoltra,apholtra,MHG. affalter,
apfalter'Apfelbaum.' This means,however,not a shiftofthe name
fromone treeto another,but the applicationof a descriptivetermto
two different trees.
3. MLG. mapel-dorn'Ahorn,' OE. mapul-dor,-trWo 'maple-tree,'
NE. maple, ON. mopurr'Ahorn' are blends of an original Germ.
*ap(a)la- with other words for maple: MLG. maser 'Knorren am
Holz, Maser; Ahorn,'ON. mosurr'Ahorn,'etc. Cf. No. 4.
4. ON. mosurr'maple,' 'Ahorn,'OHG. masar Maser, knorriger
Auswuchsam Ahorn und anderenBitumen,'maseran'knorrigwer-
den,' masala 'Blutgeschwulst,'masa 'Wundmal,Narbe; entstellender
Flecken' (Schade, Kluge) contain a Germ. root mis-, mas- 'lump,
knot' whichis also in ON. moskue'Masche,' OE. max (*masc) 'net,'
mcescre'mesh,' OHG., OLG. mdsca 'Masche,' base *mez-g-'knot,
knit,' Lith. mizgas 'Knoten,' mezgz''kntipfeKnoten, strickeNetze,'
Lett. mazgs 'Knoten; Adamsapfel' (author, Hesperia, Ergdnzungs-
reihe1, 8). Compare the following.
5. *M*(m)s- 'soft mass, flesh': Goth. mimz 'Fleisch,' OBulg.
mfso,Skt. mas, Lith. mesd 'Fleisch', Lat. membrum 'limb, member,'
Gr. ,uqp6s(*mjsro-) 'the upper, fleshypart of the thigh,ham,' etc.
For otherwordssee Walde2,474.
In form and meaning OHG. masar 'knorrigerAuswuchs' is
closelyrelated to Gr. jipbs. Compare also OHG. masa 'Wundmal,
Narbe' with OBulg. mfzdra 'feine Haut auf frischerWunde, das
fleischigean etwas.'
315] 1 1914
[MODERN PHILOLOGY, January,
2 FRANCISA. WOOD

6. With these compare *maz-g-,*maz-gh-'lump, soft mass' in

Skt. majjd 'Mark des Knochens, Pflanzenstengels,'Av. mazga-,
Bal. ma'g 'Gehirn,' ChS1. mozgii 'Gehirn,' OE. mearg 'marrow;
pith,' ON. mergr,OHG. marg 'Mark,' and *moz-gh-in Gr. AbIoxos
'any youngshoot,sprout,sucker; the youngof an animal; boy' (cf.
Uhlenbeck,Ai. Wb. 210; Boisacq, Dict. Et. 646).
7. *Maz-d-, *mez-d-,*mas-t,maz-dh-'lump, bunch, mass': OE.
mcest'mast (of beech),' NE. mast'the fruitof the oak, beechor other
forest-trees,'OHG. mast 'Futter, Mast, Mastung, Eichelmast,'
MDan. maste'suck; suckle,' Gr. Aa?&6s,aeaabs 'breast,pap,' laaobf
'breast,' taoar6s'breast, esp. of the swellingbreasts of a woman;
udder; a round hill, knoll; goblet,' Skt. 'Fett,'
'fett,dick, dicht.' Some or all of these may meda. medurd-h.
be derivatives of the
followingbase (cf.Boisacq, Dict. Et. 598 f. withreferences).
8. *Mad-, mid- 'lump, bunch, mass, soft mass': Gr. IAiea,
Ac7bea'the genitals,' Aa&bs 'breast, pap,' eoEr6s'full, filled,' Skt.
matta-h'trunken,'mdda-h'Trunkenheit,Stolz, Freude,' Goth mats,
ON. matr'Speise,' mettr'satt,' OE. mete'food,'NE. meat'food; solid
food; fleshof animalsused as food; edible part ofanything,as of an
egg, a nut, a shell-fish,'OHG. mazal-, -ol (lump, knot), mazol-tra
'eine Ahornart,Massholder' (cf. Schade, Ad. Wb. 597), Lat. medulla
(soft substance) 'marrow, pith, kernel,' massa (*mad-td) 'mass,
lump, softmass.'
9. *Maregh-'lump, bunch; lumpy,softmass,' OE. brwegen, NE.
brain 'Gehirn,' Gr. Opix/a, 3pplya, pPEx,6',o/3p~Ey6s 'the upper
part of the head' (cf. Prellwitz,Et. Wb.2 84 with references):Lat.
marga 'marl,' 'Mergel.'
10. Goth. migs 'Schwiegersohn,'ON. mdgr'Verwandterdurch
Heirat,' OE. mceg 'kinsman,' OHG. mdg 'Verwandter,cognatus,
etc.,are usuallycomparedwithGoth. magus'Knabe, Knecht,'
affinis,'
etc. This is a connectionthat in meaningand formis objectionable.
Germ. miga- may be frompre-Germ.*mjko- 'a joining together,
match' withwhichcompareOHG. gimahalo'Gatte, Briutigam,'fem.
gimahala,mahalen'verloben,desponsare'(Goth. *mahljan,a different
word frommahalen'sprechen,'Goth. mabljan), NHG. Gemahl(in),
vermdhlen.
11. Compare the synonymousGerm. mak-: ON. make 'match,
316
 GERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES 3

mate, pair,' maka sik 'pair,mate, esp. offowls,'makr'quiet, peaceful;

fitting,convenient,'Swed. mak 'gemach,'maka 'zusammengeh6rend,'
sb. 'Gattin,' make'Gatte,' OE. gema~cc'well matched,suitable; equal,
being a match for,' -maca 'one of a pair, esp. a male and a
femaleanimal; mate; gemeecca,
husband,wife,'macian 'arrange,manage,cause;
do, make; intr. act, behave, fare,' OFris. mek 'Verheiratung,'OS.
gimako'Seinesgleichen,'MLG. mak 'ruhig,sanft,zahm,' gemak'be-
quem,' mak'Ruhe, Bequemlichkeit,Gemaichlichkeit; Gemach,'OHG.
gimah'womitverbunden,zugeh6rig,entsprechend, passend,bequem,'
sb. 'das Zugeh*rige,Verbindung,Bequemlickheit,Annehmlichkeit,'
gimahha 'conjux,' kamahho'socius,' gimahhan'verbinden,passend
machen,' mahhin 'zu Stande bringen,hervorbringen, anstellen,be-
wirken,componere,concinnare,jungere, conficere,parare; treiben,
betreiben, machen, facere, moliri, machinari; refl. sich bereit
machen, sich riisten; sich wohin machen, eine Richtung wohin
einschlagen,'MDu. macker,Du., EFris. makker'Genosse,Kamerad.'
These words are wronglycompared by Meringer,IF. XVII,
146 ff.,with Gr. aoyev's 'der Knetende,' OBulg. mazati 'schmieren,'
etc., with which compare ON., NIcel. maka 'smear, grease' (IE.
ax: ai:a au 34).
In makeand its cognatesthereis no trace of 'smearing,daubing'
or 'kneading, baking,' but of 'arranging,contriving,making fit,
preparing,etc.' The pre-Germ.root was probably *mqg-fromthe
IE. root *mWin Skt. ma- (mdti,mimati,mimit8)'messen,abmessen,
durchmessen, ermessen,vergleichenmit; intr.dem Mass entsprechen,
Raum findenin (:OHG. gimah 'zugehdrig,entsprechend,passend,
bequem'); zuteilen,bereiten,bilden,verfertigen,' mita-h'gleichkom-
mend, betragend,'with upa- 'verglichen,gleich,'withmis- 'gemacht,
geschaffen,gebildet von, bewirkt,festgesetzt,bestimmt,'mapayati
'lasst messen, bauen, herrichten;misst, baut,' mdti-h'Mass,' Gr.
'wisdom, skill; plan, undertaking,' t7rTtaw 'plan, intend;
jr^Ts
devise,bringabout,' OE. me 'measure,degree,proportion;efficacy,
(human) power,capacity; what is fitting,right; respect,'gemate'of
suitable dimensions,fittingwell,' gemet'fit, proper, right,' OHG.
mezzan 'messen; messend gestalten, bilden, dichten,' Gr.
'intend,devise, plan, bringabout, make,' etc. (cf. No. 15). 'tbi8uotaL
The root *mqg-thereforemeant 'measure off,give the (proper)
317
4 FRANCIS A. WOOD

measure to, make even, like, suitable, convenient; measure off,lay

out, plan, contrive,make.'
Compare Lith. mt'gti(angemessen,passend sein, commodare)
'wohlgefallen,' migstus (commodus) 'erg6tzlich, gefiillig,'mogus
'vergntigungssiichtig': ON. makr 'passend, bequem,' 'commodus,'
MHG. gemach'passend, bequem, angenehm,ruhig,'etc. Here also
probably Lett. magt 'probiren,' Lith. mwginti'prfifen,versuchen'
(:OHG. mezzan 'messen, abmessen: vergleichendbetrachten,er-
wigen, iiberlegen,priifen,'MDu. meten'messen: untersuchen').
12. ON., NIcel. m6k'doze, slumber; drowziness,'mdka 'doze, be
drowzy' belong here also. Compare especially ON. makr 'quiet,
peaceful,' makindi 'rest, ease, comfort,'MLG. mak 'ruhig, sanft,
zahm,' sb. 'Ruhe, Bequemlichkeit,Gemach.'
13. NHG. makeln,makeln'den Unterhiindlermachen, Makler-
geschdifte treiben'is properlyreferred
to LG. maken'make.' But the
word is a derivativeof makein the older sense 'join, bringtogether,
arrange': OHG. machan 'componere,jungere, facere,' OS. macon
'ffigen,bereiten,'MLG. makeligge,-inge 'Vermittlerin, Kupplerin,'
makeler, mekeler 'Mikler,' MHG. mechele 'Kupplerin,' mecheler
'Unterkiufer,Mikler,' MDu. makelaar 'Vermittler;Kuppler,' fem.
makelerse, -ligge,-laerster.
It is a noteworthyfact that thoughthe nouns occur in MDu.,
MLG., and MHG., thereare no corresponding verbs. This is because
the nouns were derived from makon, machon with the suffixes
abstracted fromVermittler, Kuppler: MDu. middelaer'Vermittler,
Maikler,'fem. middelerse,-lige,-laerster,coppelaer 'Kuppler,' fem.
-lerse,-laerster,MLG. middeler'Vermittler,Unterhindler,'MHG.
mitteler, kuppelere,-ler. From the noun was abstracted the verb
makeln,makeln.
14. NHG. mdkeln'kleinlichtadeln,bekritteln'is supposed to be
identical with the above mdkeln. This is improbable. Compare
rather Norw. makla, mikla, mjakla 'hakke, pirke,' 'hack, pick at,'
mekla 'spise langsomt og smaat, med svag appetit,' 'pick at, eat
daintilyand withlittle appetite.' Mdkelnis thereforea LG. word:
E Fris. mdkeln,makeln'tadeln,' Pruss. mdkeln'Kleinigkeitentadeln,
Fehler aufsuchen,namentlichan den Speisen einen Makel finden,'
maklig 'wiihlerisch.' The word spread into the HG.: Als. makelen
318
 GERMANICETYMOLOGIES 5

'ohne besondereLust essen,' Swiss maggelen'langsam,bedichtigmit

wenigAppetitessen; wAhlerisch sein im Essen.'
These may be related to Lith. maias 'klein,' ma&inti'klein
machen, verringern.' In meaningthis also can be compared with
*mj- 'measure': Skt. mita-h 'abgemessen, karglich, klein,' OE.
metan'measure,markoff,fixbounds,'mete'insignificant;small,few;
bad,' MHG. mazen 'abmessen, Mass und Ziel stecken, massigen,
beschranken,verringern.'
15. ME., NE. mate'associate, companion; equal, match; one of
whosedutyit is to overseethe executionofthe
a pair; a ship's officer
ordersof the masteror commander,'MDu. maet 'mate,' Du. maat
'Genosse, Kamerad,' MLG. mdt,mate 'Genosse, Kamerad, Gehiilfe,
bes.in derSchiffersprache,'EFris. mdt'Genosse,Gehiilfe,
Spielgenosse,
Freund,Bursche,'OHG. gimazzo,MHG. gimazze'Tischgenosse'con-
tain a Germ. *(ga)matan-'mate, equal,' which is not a derivativeof
*mati-'food,meat,' but of the root mkd-,med- 'measure: measure
with,compare,make like.'
Compare OE. gemet'fit,proper,right,'gemcte'of suitable dimen-
sions,fittingwell,' NE. meet'fit,right,suitable,proper,convenient,
adapted, appropriate,'earlieralso 'proper,own; equal; even (with),'
sb. 'equal, companion,'NIcel. mdtar'friends,'OHG. gimdzi'angemes-
sen, gemiss, aequalis,' MHG. mdzen 'abmessen; gleichstellen,
vergleichenmit,' MDu. mate 'gematigd, zachtzinnig,vriendelijk,
minzaam,' maten'meten; matigen; zich matigen; passen, lijken';
OSwed. mbt'Mass,' MLG. motich'geneigt,willig'; Lat. commodus
'suitable, fit, proper, appropriate, convenient, friendly,gentle':
Skt. md-'messen,abmessen,vergleichenmit,'upa-mita-h'verglichen,
gleich.'
16. Goth. gamat 'findet Raum, xwpeL,'OE. mat 'have oppor-
tunity,am allowed,' OHG. muozzan'Raum haben; die Gelegenheit,
Freiheit,Veranlassungwozu haben; diirfen, magen,k6nnen,miissen,'
etc., have long been referredto messen and Musse (cf. Schade, Wb.
630).
This connection was not generallyaccepted until Meringer's
explanationappearedin IF. XVIII, 211 ff. But iftheold explanation
was faulty,Meringer'sis worse. For if 'ich darf' could not have
sprungfrom'ich habe fiirmichausgemessen,'muchless could it come
319
6 FRANCISA. WOOD

from'habe meineAbgabe entrichtet.' It is easy to see how 'ought'

comes from'owed,' but how could it grow out of 'I have paid my
debts'?
If gamotis an originalperfect,as Brugmann,IF. XXXII, 189,
insists,and not an originalpresent,of the rootmed-,as it seemsmore
probable to me, then it must have meant originally'I have appor-
tioned, allotted,' and then 'I have an apportionment,allotment:
space, time,opportunity, permission,power,necessity.' In German:
'ich habe (mir) zugemessen,zugeteilt'> 'ich habe (etwas mir) Zu-
gemessenes,Zugeteiltes:Raum, Zeit, Gelegenheit,Erlaubnis, Kraft,
Zwang.'
The change from the active to the passive force is common
enough,and the developmentin meaningis just what we have in the
relatednouns: OSwed. mat'Mass,' OHG. muoza 'angemesseneGele-
genheitwozu, licentia, facultas, Freiheit wozu, Gestattung,M6g-
lichkeit, otium, freie Zeit, Musse,' MHG. also 'Bequemlichkeit,'
muozen'freieZeit haben, zur Ruhe kommen,'MDu. moete'vrije of
ledige tijd; tijd, geschiktegelegenheid,leizure,opportunity,'Goth.
mdta (das Zugeteilte,the part to be paid) 'Zoll,' OE. 'toll, tax,'
mrt
MHG. muoze 'Mahllohn,' ON. m6t (modus) 'Art, Beschaffenheit,
Merkmal' (cf. Noreen, Abriss 43): OHG. mdza 'Mass, zugemessene
Menge, abgegrenzteAusdehnungin Raum, Zeit, Gewicht,Kraft;
Art und Weise; gemessene richtigegehdrigeGrdsse, rechtes ge-
biihrendesMass; Angemessenheit;Missigung,' OHG. mezzan 'mes-
sen, abmessen, ausmessen; zumessen, zuteilen, geben,' etc.: Skt.
dem Mass
md- 'messen, abmessen; zuteilen,gewaihren,bereiten;
entsprechen, Raum findenin': Goth. gamat 'findetRaum.'
It is evidentfromthe above that gam5tdid not mean 'ich habe
meine Abgabe entrichtet,'and may not even have had any direct
referenceto duties or tolls imposed,thoughit did, of course,referto
somethingassigned or granted by a higherauthorityor by fate,
metod. But this allotment was not simply, or even mainly, an
obligation or tax imposed, but more oftena favor granted. And
just as Skt. ma- meant tr. 'zumessen, zuteilen' and intr. 'dem
Mass entsprechen,Raum finden in,' so Germ. gam6tan meant
('zumessen, zuteilen'): 'Raum, Zeit, Gelegenheit,Kraft, Zwang
(muoza) haben.'
320
 GERMANICETYMOLOGIES 7
It is, therefore,self-evidentthat when one of our ancestorssaid:
ik it dan, ih muozez tuon,he was saying (whetherhe knew it or
mret
not): 'I have the lot, am allotted to do it.' Accordingto circum-
stances this would mean, just like NE. I am to do it: 'I may, can,
shall, or must do it.'
It may be added, what is perhapsunnecessaryafterthe preceding
discussion,that the idea of 'freedom,leisure' (Musse) came from
'grant, give' (:OHG. mezzan 'zumessen, zuteilen,geben,' Skt. md-
'zumessen,zuteilen,gewahren,'withupa- 'zuteilen,verleihen'),just as
in NE. leisure,Fr. loisir,OFr. leisir,loisir 'permission,leisure,'Lat.
licere 'be permitted.' And though it is all very true: "Wer seine
m5taentrichtethat, gamat,der ist frei,'hat Raum,"' yet the mean-
ing 'hat Raum,' gam6t,could not possibly come from 'hat seine
mata entrichtet.' For gam5tdoes not referto a duty done by a
vassal, but to a privilegeor permissiongrantedor a duty imposed
by a lord or by fate.
17. Goth. ga-matjan'begegnen'does not implya *mttjan'Mota
zahlen' (so Meringer,IF. XVIII, 212), for gamatjan, ON. mota
'begegnen,' OE. mitan,gamitan'find,discover, come upon, meet,'
OFris. meta,OS. motian'begegnen,'MLG. maten'zufilligbegegnen;
entgegen gehen; hemmend entgegentreten,abwehren,' MDu.
moeten,etc., are not denominativesof Goth. m3ta'Zoll' but of ON.
mdtn. 'meeting,encounter,'OE. gemet'meeting,council,discussion;
battle,' MDu. moet 'meeting,'etc. But MLG. mate,mute 'Begeg-
nung, Zusammentreffen,' whence MHG. muote,is fromthe verb:
Goth. *m3teins.
From OE. gemSt'meeting; discussion'comes m5tian'talk, make
speech, discuss, dispute.' This mightlead us to assume that 'dis-
cussion, counsel' was the originalmeaning: OHG. mezzan 'stiick-
weise u. abgemessen vorlesen od. sprechen,' Gr. ui'6ea 'counsels,
plans.'
But the evidencepointsratherto the primarymeaning'meeting,
meeting-place.' Hence if the word belongsto *mdd-'measure,'pre-
Germ. *msdo-mmust first have meant 'a measuring,measure'
(:OSwed. 'Mass', ON. m6t 'modus, Art u. Weise'), and then,
mrt
perhaps, 'a place measuredor markedout, space, ring: meeting-place
forbarter,discussion,judicial proceedings,ordeals,combat,religious
321
8 FRANCIS A. WOOD

rites, etc.' Compare OE. metan 'measure: mark off,fix bounds,'

gemet'measure: boundary,limits,' MHG. mezzen'messen, messen
bei zauberischemHeilverfahren,' mez-stat'Platz, wo das verkiufliche
Getreide gemessen werden musste,' Goth. mabl 'Versammlungs-
platz, Markt' (if from*mod-tlo-), mabljan 'reden,'OE. maebel'meet-
ing, council; harangue,talking,' OHG. mahal 'Gericht, Gerichts-
sitzung,'mahalen'sprechen.'
Or the primarymeaningof the above may have been 'measure
with,make like,match,compare,join together: gathering,meeting':
OHG. gimazzo 'Genosse,' gemdzi 'angemessen,gemiss, aequalis,'
MHG. mdzen'gleichstellen,'NE. mate 'companion,equal; match,'
vb.'join or matchas a mate; matchone's selfwithor against': OHG.
gimah 'womit verbunden,'kamahho 'socius,' OE. gemcecca'mate,'
NE. match'companion,mate, equal; a mating or pairing; an en-
gagementfor a contestor game, the contestor game itself': Skt.
ma- 'messen,vergleichenmit.'
18. Goth. manwus 'bereit,' manwjan 'bereit-,zurecht machen,'
ga-m.'einemetwas (zu)bereitenzu,'p.p. 'geschickt,bereit,zubereitet'
may be comparedwith Skt. mdnam'Messen, Masstab, Mass; Bild,
Erscheinung, Ahnlichkeit; Beweis, Beweisstand': md- 'messen,
abmessen; zuteilen, gewihren,bereiten,bilden, verfertigen, offen-
baren,' 'abgemessen,karglich,klein': Gr. gpI s,
u&V4,v'LKpb6,
Mavos mita-h. 'thin, loose, slack; few, scanty,' 6pbos(*EbtFos),
(*avpFbs)
Dor. CAjPos(marked off,separated) 'alone, solitary,'
Ion. MoVizos,
Ir. menb (*menuos) 'small,' etc. (cf. Boisacq, Dict. Et. 608 with
references): OE. mcete'insignificant; small, few; bad,' MHG.
mdzen'abmessen,beschridnken, verringern,'mcezec'missig, enthalt-
sam; klein, gering, wenig,' MLG. mate'massig,gering,wenig.'
19. ON. baimr 'tree' is parallel in formationbut not identical
withGoth. bagms'tree.' Both may go back to the primarymeaning
'clump,mass, stock.' With the formercompareRuss. batil'Eichen-
stock, Kniittel,' Sloven. bat 'Kolben, HolzschlIgel,' batati'priigeln.'
The root is probably *bhdt,*bhat,perhaps from *bhudt-,*bheua-t,
whichmay be in the following.
20. Germ. *bud-,*butt-, *bft-,*baut-'swell,be big,thick,clumsy,
dull,etc.,' and 'swell,sprout,bud': ME. budde'bud,'N.E. bud,MHG.
butte'Fruchtknopfder Hagerose'; butze'Masse, Klumpen,' butzen
322
 GERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES 9

'turgere,'NHG. Steir. putz 'Kerngehausebeim Obst,' putzenbutzen

'Klfimpchenweichen Stoffesaller Art; Knospe; knotig verdickte
Stelle der Haut; in der EntwicklungzuriickgebliebnesTier,' botzen
'Knospe, Spross,Keim; Samen- oder Kerngehause bei Kernfrucht;
knotigeverdickteStelleim Kerzendocht,'Als. butz'Kerngehiuse des
Obstes; Eiterbeule; Eiterpfropf;getrockneter Nasenschleim;Menge,
Haufen,' Du. bot 'Auswuchs an Biumen,' EFris. butten'sprossen,
knospen,' but (butt)'dick, stark,grob,plump,' NE. butt'thickend of
anything,'buttock'eitherof the two protuberanceswhich formthe
rump in men and animals,' OE. buttuc'end'; MHG. bazen 'auf-
schwellen,'baze 'das Hervorsprossen, Ausschlagen,'ON. b'itr'Klotz,
Stumpf'; MLG. bate OHG. bazo 'Flachsbilndel,' NHG. Als. bose
'Bund glattenWeizenstrohes;Flachsbfindel,BfindelWeiden u. dgl.'
These may be fromthe root *bheud-'grow,swell; become, be.'
Compare especially Gr. vre6v'plant, tree; growth on the body,
tumor,'?.0a 'growth;tumor,boil,' OHG. boum'Baum; Balken,' etc.
21. ON. bode'breaker,''Brandung,' Norw. bode'eddy, bubbling
water,' boda 'bubble,' MLG. boddele 'aufwallende Wasserblase,'
boddelen buddelen 'Blasen aufwerfen,'EFris. buddeln 'sprudeln,
brodeln,schaumen,Blasen werfen; sich mit Gerauschwaschen und
baden,' Waldeck budelen 'sich im Sande baden, von Hiihnern,'Wfal.
buddeln'wtihlen,vom Maulwurfe,' NHG. butteln'schiumend spru-
deln,' MHG. biitteln'rtitteln'may likewise be referredto the root
bheud- of the above. Compare especially Serb. b'jati 'toben,'
bujan 'heftig,stirmisch,' bujica 'Giessbach,' Pol. bujad 'schweifen,
fliegen,schwiirmen,ausgelassen sein,' LRuss. bujdty 'ausgelassen
sich herumtreiben;iippig wachsen,wuchern,'etc. For other allied
wordssee Berneker,Et. Wb. 98.
The primarymeaning of the root *bheua-was, of course,not
'become,be' or even 'grow,swell,'but 'spring,springup' or the like.
Parallel in meaningand developmentwith the above are many
Germ.wordsfromthe base bub-,bubb-in the following.
22. ON. b&fa 'club-foot,'Norw. bfivabfve 'a clumsy person,
lubber,' buva 'squat,' 'hocken,' boy 'a big, heavy-setperson; a big
actingperson,'bova'boast,' Swed. dial. bobb'a short,thickperson; a
short,thickinsect,'bobbe'lubber,'ON. bobbi'knot; snail-shell,'ME
bobbe'cluster,'NE. bob'a small roundobject swinginglooselyat the
323
10 FRANCISA. WOOD

end of a cord or wire,'NHG. Als. boppe'Knauel Hanf,' boppi 'Mops,

dicker Hund,' buppe 'Gebund Hanf oder Tabak, Btischel Werg,
Fruchtzapfender Kiefer,' buppisch 'klein, zierlich,' Steir. popper
'Eiterbeule,' popperl 'Kn6tchen, Hitzblischen,' poppeln 'Blasen
werfen,sprudeln; drangend und stossend vorwirts fallen (von
plumpemGehen),' Swab. poppel 'kugelf6rmiger, nicht allzu grosser
Kdrper: Kniuel Faden, Garn, Wolle; Kndtchen auf der Haut, bes.
im Gesicht; in der Kindersprachefir kugelf6rmige Friichte,Obst,
bes. Beeren, kleine Kartoffel,Kernlein; kleiner Mensch, kleines
Tier, kleines Kind, kindische Person, dummer Mensch,' MDu.
bobbelbubbel'Blatter, Beule; Wasserblase,' Du. bobbelenbobberen
'Blasen aufwerfen,' MLG. bubbeln,NE. bubble,etc.
In Slavic occur similarwords: LRuss. biiba 'kleines Geschwiir,'
bziben'kleinerJunge,Knirps,'bubAd`iity 'aufschwellen,'Serb. bub~ljica
'Blase, Pustel; Knoten; Erdhaufen; Art Pflaume,' biban 'Art
Bohne,' b2bla 'Klumpen,' Czech boubelbublina 'Wasserblase,' etc.
These wordsare otherwiseexplainedby Berneker,Et. Wb. 78 f.
23. ON. b6fe,MLG. bove 'Bube,' MDu. boeve boef 'Knappe,
Knecht; Bube, Bengel,' MHG. buobe 'Knabe, Diener; zuchtloser
Mensch; die weibl. Brtiste,' etc., presuppose a Germ. *baban-
'clump, lump: lumpishfellow,clod, undersizedperson,boy.' For
meaning compare NHG. Hess knabe 'Stift, Bolze,' OHG. knabo
'Knabe, Jiingling, Diener,' MHG. knebel'Knebel; Kn6chel; grober
Gesell,Bengel.'
Germ. *b6ban-may therefore be comparedwithLat. faba 'bean,'
primarily 'lump,' Russ. OPruss.
bobzi, babo 'bean,' etc.
If these are fromIE. *bh(u)abhon-(Germ. *baban-)and *bh(u)a-
bha (Lat. faba), they may be related to the words given under No.
22, and even remotelyconnected,as derivativesof the root *bheua-,
withON. baun,OE. bean,OHG. bana 'Bohne.'
24. Goth. bagms 'tree' may be compared with Lith. b&imas
'Menge, Masse,' bli?e 'Keule; Kl6ppel am Dreschflegel;Kopf der
Stecknadel' and also OE. bdg'shoulder,arm; bough,branch,'OHG.
buog'Bug,' MHG biiegen'biegen,' ON. baga 'anythingtwisted,'Gr.
r^iXvs 'elbow,' Skt. 'arm; fore-leg,'etc.
Here also *bhadh-,bahui-h.
*bhjah-maybe from*bhuajh-. CompareLith.
buimas 'Falte, Krause' from *bhughmos.Compare also *bhnoh-in
324
 GERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES 11

Skt. bahi'-h 'strong,much,' bahuld-h'thick; abundant,' Gr. wraXis

'thick, large, fat; thick-witted,dull,' OHG. bungo'Knolle,' MDu.
bonge'plug, bung of a barrel,' NE. bung,and ablaut-formsin ON.
bingr'Haufen,' MHG. bengel'Priigel,'NHG. Bengel.
25. NIcel. beyki'beech' has Germ.-au-, whichmay representIE.
-ou- ratherthan -au-. IE. -ou- may also be in Russ. buzind,dial.
buzil'Holunder.' The ablaut -0- occursin LRuss. dial. bize 'Holun-
der, Flieder,' Kurd. bfz 'Art Ulme,' and -u- in Russ, dial. bozui
'Holunder,' etc. With these are supposed to be related Gr.047ybs
'oak,' Lat. fdgus 'beech,' ON. b6k,OHG. buohha 'Buche,' etc. (cf.
Berneker,Et. Wb. 111, with references),which in that case may be
from*bh(u)d- not *bhd(u)g-,and possibly derivativesof the root
*bheuy-.
The primarymeaningof the base *bheud-awould naturallybe
'swelling, hump, bunch, etc.,' and from this meaning are better
derived the followingwords, which are now commonlyconnected
with the above: OHG. bah 'Bauch; Rumpf,'MHG. bitch'Schligel,
Keule eines Kalbes,' MDu. buuc 'belly, rump; half or quarter of a
slaughtered animal; bulge; beehive,' OE. bfc 'pitcher; stomach,'
etc. That these words originallymeant 'beechen vessel' is alto-
getherimprobable.
Similarlyfromguel- 'swell' come Gr. 0&Xavos'acorn, ben-nut,
date, chestnut; the treesthat bear these fruits,'Lat. glans 'the fruit
of the oak, beech, chestnut,etc.,' Gr. 'bag, pouch, purse.'
26. ON. bate 'Tausch, Beute,' b ta PaXMh-to
'tauschen,verteilen,'MLG.
bften 'tauschen, verteilen; erbeuten'etc., are compared with Ir.
bzaid 'Sieg, 'Welsh budd 'utilitas, commodum,quaestus' (Fick II4,
175).
These may be derivatives of the root *bheua in Skt. bhdvati
'werden, geschehen,gedeihen; jmd zufallen oder zu teil werden,
gereichen zu,' with anu- 'jmd helfen, dienlich sein; erreichen,
gleichkommen; bewiltigen, umfassen, einschliessen; empfinden,
geniessen,' with abhi- 'herankommen,sich jmd zuwenden, jmd
beschenkenmit; jmd bedriingen,bezwingen,tiberwaltigen,'bha-
vayati'bringthervor,hegt,f6rdert,tibtaus, zeigt,' Lat. faveo,favor,
faustus,MIr. buan 'gut,' bd 'Nutzen' (cf. Fick II4, 163), ChS1. po-
byti 'Sieg,' Serb. dS5-bit'Erwerb, Gewinn, Nutzen; Sieg,' Russ.
325
12 FRANCIS A. WOOD

dobyca'Gewinn,Beute,' Skt. bhfiti-h bhati-h'Kraft,Macht, Gedeihen,

Wohl, Heil, Glick, Schmuck,'etc.
With the same determinative(d-formans)occur also Czech
bydlo 'Aufenthaltsort,Wohnung,' bydliti 'leben, wohnen,' Pol.
bydto'Vieh' (i.e., 'Gewinn,Habe'), OE. botl'dwelling,house,' bytlan
etc. (Berneker,Et. Wb. 112).
'build; fortify,'
Compare the following,which are possiblyfrom*bh(u)6d-,and
certainlycloselyrelatedin meaning.
27. Goth. bata 'Vorteil,Nutzen,' batjan 'nfitzen,'batiza 'bessere,'
gabatnan 'Vorteil haben,' ON. batna 'besser werden,' NE. batten
'improve, grow fat, thrive,' OFris. bata 'Vorteil, Gewinn,' batia
'helfen,frommen,'etc., Av. bactr 'gliicklich,gesegnet,'Skt. bhadrd-h
'erfreulich,gliicklich,giinstig,gut,sch6n,' bhadrdm'GlQick,Heil,' but
not bhindatM 'glAnzt,funkelt,'whichbelongsto a different range of
meanings.
In meaningand formGerm. *bft-:*bat-,*bat-can be comparedas
well as Germ. *bab-: *bAb-in ON. bzi 'Aufenthalt,Zelt,Bude' (:Skt.
bhUti-h'Kraft, Macht, Gedeihen, Wohl, Heil, Gliick,' Serb. bite
'Dasein, Wesen, Stand, Zustand; Stoff,Eigenschaft; Wohnung;
Verm6gen,Hab und Gut,' etc.): MLG. bade, MHG. buode 'Hitte,
Bude,' OS. badlos pl. 'Haus u. Hof, Hausgerit,' MLG. badel 'das
GesammteVermigen,'etc.
28. Goth. barms'Schoss, Busen,' ON. barmr,OE. bearm,OHG.
OS. barmare referredto the root *bher-'bear.' It is moreprobable
that the primarymeaningwas 'swell,projection,'and that the words
are the same as ON. barmr'brim,edge,' froma root *bher-'rise,swell,
project, etc.' Compare *bher-s-in Skt. bhtrsti-h'Zacke, Spitze;
Kante, Ecke,' Ir. borr'gross,stolz,' OHG. parren'starremporstehen,'
parrunga'Stolz, Hochmut,'etc.; *bher-dh- in ON. bard'Bart, Steven,
Rand, Saum,' bord 'Rand, Schiffsbord,'etc.; *bher-gh-in Skt.
brhdnt-'dick, dicht,stark,gross,hoch,' OHG. berg,burg,etc.
29. OE. bram'broom,' brWmel 'bramble,' OHG. brdmo'Dorn-,
Brombeerstrauch,' etc., are from a base *bhrW-m- 'rise,project,'with
which compare *bhor-m- in No. 28. Closely related are OE. brime
'(high) famous,noble,' OSw. bram'Staat, Pomp,' Swed. dial. brama
'sich brtisten,prunken,'Norw. brama 'prangen,'NHG. Steir. bram
'Saum, Rand,' MLG. brem 'Verbrimung,' OE. brymme'border,
shore,'NE. brim,etc.
326
 GERMANICETYMOLOGIES 13

Compare the similardevelopmentin meaningin *bher-s-:OHG.

parren'starremporstehen,' parrunga'Stolz, Hochmut,'Ir. borr'gross,
stolz,' Skt. 'Zacke, Spitze; Kante, Ecke,' etc.
30. ON.bhs.fi-h
bringa 'Brust,' NIcel. bringa 'chest; brisket; grassy
slope' are related to MHG. brangen,prangen 'prangen, prahlen,'
Skt. bg,hati,brhdti'kriiftigt, stairkt,macht fest,'bgrhdnt-
'dick, stark,
hoch,' etc. Cf. No. 28.
31. Swed. dial. brekka,brikla'breast,' 'Brust' belongsimilarlyto
ON. brekka 'steile Anh'he,' NIcel. brekka 'slope,' MLG. brink
'HUgel, Rand eines HUigels,Rand, Ufer,'NE. brink: MDu. bronken
'stolz sein,pochen; mUirrisch sein,' NHG. prunken.
32. OE. br3c 'trousers,'pl. brec 'breech, hind quarters,' OHG.
bruoh 'Bruch, Hose' etc., representa Germ. *brak-,the original
meaning of which was probably 'thick, big,' as descriptiveof the
breech or buttocks. Compare NHG. Swab. bruch (-ue-) 'dicker
Mann,' bruchig'dick, von einemMann; unbeholfen.'
Since from'thick, big' come words for 'tuft,clump, bush,' we
may compareNE. brake'thicket; bush,' Norw. brake'juniper' (for
meaningcompare Norw. brase 'tuft,bunch: juniper'), MLG. brake
'Zweig,' EFris. brak 'allerlei wild und wirr durcheinanderwach-
sendes Gestriiuch,'and also Lat. fragum 'strawberry-plant,' pri-
marily'bunch,' eitherin referenceto the plant or the berry.
33. OE. brand 'brand, sword,' ON. brandr'blade of a sword;
post,' Norw. brand'stake,post; sword'probablyrepresentpre-Germ.
*bhrontd-'point, edge.' Compare Lat. frons, -tis 'brow, front,
exterior.' For meaning compare Russ. brevn6'Balken,' Bulg. bilrv
'Balken, Klotz; BrUcke,' OBulg. brilvi'Braue,' ON. brz'n 'Braue;
Rand.'
If OE. brand'fire-brand'is the same as brand'sword,' then the
primary meaning was 'stick,' 'Holzscheit.' But (fire)-brandis
probably a derivativeof burn,identical with OHG. brant'Brand,'
NE. brand'a markmade by burning,'etc.
34. OE. brant'lofty,high' (ship), brenting (prow) 'ship,' NE. dial.
brant'steep, proud,' ON. brattr'steil,' bretta'emporrichten,'Norw.
bretta'raise; turn up (sleeves); strut' are frompre-Germ.*bhrond-
'rise, swell, etc.' Compare Lat. frons,-dis (tuft, bunch) 'a leafy
branch, foliage,' Lith. brandus 'kdrnig,' brfsti'einen Fruchtkern
gewinnen; reifen.'
327
14 FRANcIs A. WOOD
Beside the many bases *bherex-'rise, swell; become bushy;
project,becomepointed,'etc., occur synonymousbases *bhrdu-x-.
35. Base *bhreu-'anythingswollen,big,projecting:brow; beam,
bridge, etc.': OE. br0 'brow,' ON. bri 'Brficke,' bri'n 'Braue;
Rand,' Skt. OBulg. bruivi'Braue,' LRuss. dial. berv'Baum-
stumpf,' bhrt-h.,
b&rva 'Stegbriicke,'etc.
Compare the followingin whichthe underlying meaningis 'swell,
be big': ON. brum'bud,' 'Knospe,' Norw. brum'buds; freshtwigs
for fodder,' bruma 'bud, bloom' (for meaning cf. No. 20); Skt.
bhruand-h 'embryo,'Ir. bri' 'body,belly,'MHG. brine 'weibl.Scham,'
and perhaps Gr. 4pvqyr, 4p~vo^ 'toad' (compare Swab. protze"'sich
aufblihen,' protz'Krdte'); LRuss. bryta'Klumpen, Scholle,' Russ.
bryldc'Lippe, hiangendeUnterlippe; Rand, Saum; Kridmpedes
Schlapphutes.'
36. Base *bhreu-f-:MHG. brogen'sich erheben,in die Hdhe
richten; sich fibermiitig erheben,gross tun, prunken; tr. in die
HOihe,zum Zorn bringen,'NHG. Steir. brogen,brogeln'sich erheben,
gross tun, prahlen,' Als. broge"'widerreden,grob oder sp6ttisch
antworten; mtirrischsein, miirrisch reden,' MHG. briiuc,-ges
brilcke,
Kntittel,'briige'Brettergeriist,'
'Hilgel,' briigel'Prtiigel, OHG.
brucka,OE. brycg,etc. Compare Russ. brusil (-s- from-k-) 'vier-
kantig behauenerBalken,' LRuss. brus 'Balken; Klippe,' Pol. brus
'Balken.' With these compare*bhrpg- in ON. bruik'heap of washed
up seaweed; arrogance,boastfulness,'EFris. brfikel'unfreundlich,
miirrisch.'
37. Base *bhraud-:MHG. briezen'anschwellen,Knospentreiben,'
sich 7f br. 'sich aufblahen,briisten,'iZz br. 'anschwellen,Beulen,
Ausschlag bekommen,' NHG. Swiss erbriesse"refl. 'sich stellen,
wichtig machen, wehren, aufbegehren,'OHG. proz, MHG. broz
'Knospe, Sprosse,' brozzen'Knospen treiben,sprossen,'NHG. Steir.
bross'Spross,Knospe, Zweiglein,'Swab. bross,brotze'Knospe; junger
Coniferentrieb; Zweige an Batumenu. Striiuchern,'brotze"'sprossen,'
withwhichis identicalprotze"'stolz tun,sichaufblihen,'protz'Kr6te;
ungebildeter, anmassender,reicherMann,' bross'stolz,' Steir.brotz(er)
'Grosstuer, eingebildeter,dummer Mensch,' brotze(l)n 'grosstun,
prahlen; widersprechen;schmollen,' Lothr. prutze' 'trotzen, die
Lippen aufwerfen,'WFlem. brotten'verdriesslichsein,' Norw. brote
328
 GERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES 15

'heap, mass; bush,' brot'steep ascent; brush,'brota'heap up,' brota

'powerful,abundant,' brytja'big, strong,clumsy,'braytar'a capable
but blusteringfellow.'
38. Base *bhraus-:Norw. brusa 'sich ausbreiten,sich buschen;
sich briisten,'brus'Quaste, B ischel, Strauss,' brise 'Biischel; Wach-
holder,'LG. brfisen'neue Triebe werfen,sich ausbreiten,von Pflan-
zen,' Norw. brusk 'Gebiisch, Biischel,' Als. briisch'Heidekraut,'
NE. brush,Lith. brizgas 'Gestrilpp,'MHG. brfsche'Brausche, mit
Blut unterlaufeneBeule,' ON. bri6sk'Knorpel,' Steir. brosch'Uterus
des Schweines,'broschet, -ig 'dick, aufgedunsen,von breiterStatur,'
Russ. bricho 'Unterlieb, Bauch, Wanst'; LRuss. brost''Knospe'
('swelling'), brostitysa 'knospen,' OS. brustian'Knospen treiben,'
MHG. sich briisten'stolz tun' ('swell up, be puffedup'), Goth.
brusts,OHG. brust,ON. bri6st,OE. br ost 'brest,' 'Brust,' MHG.
briustern'anschwellen'; OE. brord (Germ. *bruzda-) 'point; first
blade of grass,youngplant,' bryrdan'stimulate,' ON. broddr'point,
sword-,spear-point,'Norw. brodd'point; small,greenblade of grain;
hair, esp. of the reindeer,'brydda'sprout, germinate,'OHG. brort
'Vorderteil des Schiffs; Rand eines Dinges,' NHG. Steir. brort
'Rand, Ende, Platz, Stelle; Stiickschlegel(ein Hammerwerkzeug).'
39. ON., NIcel. bros 'smile,' brosa vb. 'smile' probably come
fromthe meaning 'swell out (the lips)': Norw. dial. brusa 'spread
out, become bushy; boast,' brus 'tuft,bush,' MHG. briustern'an-
schwellen.' Compare the similardevelopmentof meaningin MHG.
briezen'anschwellen,Knospen treiben,' NHG Swab. protze"'sich
aufblahen, stolz tun,' Steir. brotze(l)n'grosstun,prahlen; wider-
sprechen; schmollen,' Lothr. prutze" 'die Lippen aufwerfen,
schmollen.' For the combination'pout': 'smile' compare MHG.
smollen'schmollen; lacheln.' Cf. No. 38.
40. Icel. broddr(*bruzda-)'beestings,''Biestmilch,'d-brystur pl.,
Swab. briester 'Biestmilch,'Als. briest,briesch'Art Brei aus der Milch
junger Kiihe, Grfttzeund Mehl; Milch einerfrischmelkenden Kuh;
gestocktejunge Milch' may be referred to a base *bhreus- 'swell,gush
out, etc.' This may be identicalwith the base discussed in No. 38
(cf. Fick, Wb. III4, 282). Compare Serb. bruitdati'stark str6men,'
briiditi'weinen,' brizidiati'Milch absondern,'br'izgati'ausschwitzen,
nissen; Milch absondern,'Russ br izgat',br znut''spritzen,spriihen,'
329
16 FRANCIS A. WOOD

OSwed. brfsa 'einherstiirmen,' MHG., MLG. brasen 'brausen,' Du.

bruisen, MDu. braschen 'schiiumen,brausen,'etc.
41. MDu. bruut'Dreck, Auswurf'may be comparedwith Sorb.
bruda 'Auswurf,'LRuss. brud 'Schmutz,' brud'ty 'beschmutzen,'
WRuss. brud 'Schmutz,' br?idyj'dunkelfarben,'apparentlyfroma
root *bhreu-:Russ. brukdt', bruchdt' 'werfen;beschmutzen,besudeln,'
Serb. brziknuti'hervorbrechen':Russ. brujd'Str6mung,'bruit''stark,
reissendstr6men,dahinfliessen,'Lat. ferveo,etc. (cf. No. 40), Gr.
4opi;w 'mix up; spoil,' ?op'acw 'mix up; defile,'0opvKr6S'stirredup
together,mixed,stained.'
42. MHG. brouchen, brfachen'biegen,formen,bilden,' gebrouchen
'biegen,beugen'evidentlycomefromthemeaning'press,pressdown.'
Compare Lith. bruiyti'niederdrticken, drticken,dass Spuren davon
sichtbarwerden,'brfiUti'mit Geraiuschscheuern,'ON. brauk'Liirm,
Gerausch,'braukalairmen,'MHG. brohseln'tosen,lirmen.'
43. MHG. br6uwen 'biegen, drehen' may represent Germ.
*braugw-. If so, compareLith. braukii2,-kti'etwas mit Anwendung
einigen Druckes streichen, scharren,' braukaii, -k'ti 'mehrfach
drtickendstreichenoder streicheln.'
44. OE. blbma'mass of metal' belongsto the Germ.rootble-,bl-
in OE. bldwan'blow,' MHG. blewjen 'blihen; im aufgeblasenenFeuer
schmelzenund durchSchmelzenbereiten.' So also Lat. fldre'blow;
cast or coin metals by blowing.'
45. NE. blunt 'thick, obtuse, dull,' OE. Blunta, man's name,
containa Germ. base whichis also in Swab. blunze'schwerer,fetter
Kdrper: dicker,kurzerMensch; unformlich dicke Nase; das Junge
im Ei, wenn es im Ausschliipfenist; eine Art Blutwurst.'
46. NE. dial. blash'splash liquid or mud about, eitherby spilling
it or treadingin it; drinkto excess, soak,' sb. 'a splash or dash of
liquid or mud; a heavy fall of rain or sleet; liquid, softmud: weak,
trashystuff;nonsense,foolishtalk,' blashy'rainy,wet, gusty; wet,
muddy, splashy, sloppy,' Swed. dial. blask 'wet weather,' blaska
'splash, spirt,' Norw. blaskra 'splash; blow softly': Lith. bldzgati
'schallen, klappernz. B. von Tiiren, losen Brettern,wenn sie vom
Winde hin und her geworfenwerden.'
47. NHG. Bay. plauschen(Germ. *bljsk-) 'schwatzen,plaudern;
higen': Serb. bljfzgati 'mit Geriusch strdmen; dummes Zeug
330
 GERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES 17

schwatzen,' bljhlzgav'laut str6mend, rauschend; schwatzhaft,'

Sloven. bljizgati 'im Kot waten, plaitschern,'LRuss. blitznitty 'im
Strahl hervorschiessen,'root *bhleu-s-'gush out': EFris. bliisen
'blasen,' MDu. bluyster'Blase,' Hess. blustern'Blasen treiben,'
EFris. bliistern'heftigu. mit Geraiuschwehen, stiirmen,brausen,'
NE. bluster:Gr. X/o'w,fAXto 'overflow,gush out; babble, chatter,'
ChSl. bliivati'speien,' Lith. bliduju, blduti 'brifllen,blhken.' Cf.
the following.
48. OE. blyscan,NE. blush,MDu. bloschen'err6ten,ergliihen':
OE. i-blysian,MDu. blosen'errdten,'EFris. bliisen'blasen, wehen,
fachen,'an-bliisen'anblasen,anfachen,brennenu. flammenmachen,'
OE. blysa'torch,fire.' Probablyalso to the root *bhleu-'swell,gush
out,' whencealso 'blow, blaze.'
49. Early NHG. blodern,plodern 'schlagend rauschen,' NHG.
Steir. plodern ('anschwellen; sprudeln') 'traichtigwerden; Blasen
werfen; Falten werfen; plaudern,' NHG. plaudern: Serb. blittiti
'ungereimt,unpassend sprechen': Lith. blduti 'briillen, bl6ken,'
etc. Cf. No. 47.
50. Swed. dial. bloslin'weakly,' Norw. dial. blyr'a moderating,
becomingmild,' blyr'mild,warmish,'blyrast'become mild,warm,'
blpdyra 'coward, weakling,' Swab. blasche"'langsam, trage' may be
comparedwithLith. ap-blusu,-sti'verzagen,traurigwerden.' Here
may belongLat. flustra'a calm at sea' (author,Class. Phil. VII, 306).
51. ON. dpf'rump' evidentlymeant primarily'thick,big (end),'
and belongsto dafna 'stark,tiichtigsein,' NIcel. dafna 'thrive.'
With these compare ChS1. debeli 'dick,' Russ. dial. debjolyj
'wohlbeleibt,stark,fest,' dob6lyj'stark, kriftig,'Bulg. debdl'dick,'
Serb. d&beo'dick, fett,gross,'etc. Accordingto Berneker,Et. Wb.
182, these are related to OHG. taphar 'gravis, gravidus; schwer,
gewichtig,' MHG. tapfer 'fest, gedrungen, voll, gewichtig, be-
deutend,'later 'tapfer,'ON. dapr 'schwer,bedringt,diister,traurig.'
Both connectionsare possible: root *dhebh-and *dheb-.
52. ON. dubba,OE. dubbian'dub, knight,'MDu. dobben,dubben
'drilcken, stossen,' EFris. dubben 'stossen, schlagen, puffen,ein
lirmendesGerauschmachen,'dufen,duven'stossen,driicken,'Norw.
dial. dyvja 'emit a hollow sound, as when one walks in a vault or
beats on hollow trees': Sloven. dupati 'auf etwas Hohles schlagen
331
18 FRANCIS A. WOOD

dumpfrauschen,'Serb. d'piti 'mit Getase schlagen,' Czech dupati

'stampfen,trappeln,' etc. (differently explained by Berneker,Et.
Wb. 238).
53. ON. ditrr'nap, slumber,'duira,Swed. dial. dara 'doze,' Shetl.
dfar'lifelessmotions,'dwarm'doze,' Swed. dial. dorma'doze, slumber,'
Norw. dorma,durma 'subside; doze,' dormen'dusky, dark (of the
air),' durm 'haziness,' MHG. turm 'Wirbel, Taumel, Schwindel,'
tiWrme(l)n 'schwindeln,taumeln,' tiirmic'tobend, ungestim,' Norw.
dfira 'poltern, tosen, drahnen' contain Germ. bases diir-, durm-,
dwarm-,with which compare LRuss. durd 'Betaubung, Taumel,
Narrheit,' durnyj 'taricht, dumm, verrtickt,eitel, nichtig,' Serb.
ditritise 'aufbrausen,' Sloven. dzir 'scheu, wild, menschenscheu,'
Pol. dur 'Betiiubung,Bewusstlosigkeit; Typhus,' durzy6'bet6ren,
verftihren,' OPruss, diirai pl. 'scheu,' Russ. dur 'Torheit,Albernheit,
Eigensinn,' 'Possen reissen,' durnoma 'Schwindel,Ubelkeit,
durst'
Erbrechen,' Lith. pa-dizrmai'mit Ungestiim,stiirmisch,'etc. Here
also with Berneker,Et. Wb. 239, Gr. Oompos 'leaping,rushing,raging,
eager,' to whichmay belong MHG. tUre'Wahnsinniger,Tor,' t6ren
'toll sein, rasen,' etc. and Lat. furo,furor. For synonymouswords
with1 see Fick III4, 215 f.
54. Shetl. dwarg'a hastening,rush; a passing shower,'vb. 'go
with haste, rush along, esp. of a shower with wind,' Norw. dorg
'rush,haste,' dyrgja'run,rushtoward,'Swed. dial. ddrga'rushaway'
(Jakobsen,Et. Ordbogoverdetnorrpnesprogpd Shetland130), MHG.
turc 'schwankende Bewegung, Taumel, Sturz, Umsturz,' torkeln,
torgeln,'hin u. her schwanken,taumeln,' Germ. base dwarg-,durg-
fromdwar-,di"r-of the above.
These are fromthe root *dheu-'shake, whirl,rush: blow, puff,
whirl,roll, etc.' Hence here belong several words for 'roll, tuft,
bunch,bush' and 'big, massive,strong.'
55. MHG. topfe,topf'Kreisel,turbo' (*dhubhno- 'whirl,roll,any
round object'), topf'Topf, Hirnschale,'topfe'Tupf, Punkt,' MLG.
dop(pe) 'Schale, bes. von Eiern, Kapsel, Kelch, Topf; Kreisel;
Knopf,' Norw. dial. dupp 'Bfischel,Wipfel,' MLG. dovel 'Zapfen,'
MHG. tilbel'Klotz, Pflock,Zapfen,Nagel': Gr. Trv0bs'turbo,whirl-
wind,' T7~r 'a plant used forstuffing bolstersand beds, cat's-tail,'
rv0ot aves Hes. (cf. Fick I4, 466).
, 332
 GERMANIC ETYMOLOGIES 19

With *dhilbh-compare*tilbh- from*tg-'swell': Lat. tuber'hump,

bump, swelling,tumor,gnarl,mushroom,'OE. fraf'tuft; banner,'
fijaft 'thicket,'fbrfel'bush, leafy plant; thicket,'ON. fifa 'knoll,
mound' (cf. Walde, Et. Wb.2796).
56. Norw. dodd,dott'tuft,wisp; littleheap; crowd,swarm; lazy
person,'dotta'pile in littleheaps,' dytta'stop up, make tight; dam up;
cram,pack,' OE. dyttan'shut (ears); stop (mouth),'dott'speck,head
(of boil),' NE. dot,MDu. dutten'klopfen,tftpfen,' earlyDu. dodde
'Stengel,Stift,'Du. dot 'Kniuel, Btischel,'dodde,dotje 'liebkosende
Benennungfoirein Kind,' 'Docke,' LG. dott'Eigelb,' EFris. dotte
'Haufen,Klumpen,BUischel, Zotte,bz. einewirreMasse von Dingen,'
dotterig'klumpig,knotig,zottig,' OS. dodro,OHG. totoro'Dotter,'
tut(t)a,tut(t)o'Brustwarze,weibl.Brust,' MHG. titel 'Punkt,' NHG.
Steir. tudel 'kurzes, dickes Weib; Puppe,' Germ. dud-, dutt-'tuft,
clump,chunk,etc.': Gr.6caavos'tassel,tag' Skt. di'dhita-h'dick,steif,'
dudhrd-h'steif,stdrrig,'etc., *dhildh-'roll, twist together'in NIcel.
dzda 'swathe,' 'einwindeln,'EFris. bedudeln'einhUllen,'LG. dudel
'herabhingenderFlitter an Kleidungsstiicken,'NE. duds 'Lappen,
Lumpen,'dodder'shake,tremble,'Gr.O~caoAoua 'shake,' etc. (cf.MLN.
XXII, 235). Perhaps here also Lat. fasus 'spindle' (*dhdt-to-s).
57. MHG. tocke'walzenfdrmiges Stoick,Stiltzholz,Schwungbaum
einerWurfmaschine;Btindel,Biischel; Puppe; Schmeichelwort
ffir
ein junges Midchen,' MLG. docke'Puppe, Figur; Strohblndelzum
Dachdecken,' MDu. docke 'Puppe; Block; Benennungfor allerlei
Pflanzen: Huflattich,Seeblume, Klettenkraut,Ampfer,'OE. docce,
NE. dock,plant-name,dock'the stumpof a tail,' ON. dokka,'wind-
lass,' Germ. dukk- 'roll, whirl: somethingthick, tufted,bushy':
Lith. duinas, duias 'dick,beleibt,' *dhu h(n)o- 'roll or presstogether,
make big, thick.' Compare the following.
58. Goth. daug 'es taugt,' MHG. tuht 'Kraft, Gewalt, Ttich-
tigkeit,'OE. dyhtig'strong,'dohtig'of worth, doughty,vigorous,'
dogian 'endure,' MDu. doghenMLG. dogen'leiden, erdulden,'etc.
representa root *dheugh-'be big, strong'in Lith. daug, 'viel,' Pol.
duiy 'gross, stark,' Russ. d'u ij 'gesund, fest, stark, solid,' d'iilit'
'aushalten,dulden.' Since the meaning'big, strong'in these words
probably comes from 'roll, press together,'we may compare Skt.
ddgdhi(press) 'milk,'etc. (cf. Schade, Wb.2 965 ff.).
333
40 FRANCIS A. WOOD

59. OHG. tola,tolo'racemus,'win-tola'Weintraube,'toldo'Wipfel

od. Krone der Pflanzen, Bliitenbiischel,'NHG. Dolde: Gr. OvXds,
OvXXis 'sack,' 'pillow,' 6VXaKo0 'bag, sack,
OiXa'-7rpooKE4aiLOXV,
pouch,' etc., NIcel. dula (flap) 'worn strip of cloth, rag,' and the
following, whichmay,however,come from*dhl-ratherthan *dhu-1-:
NE. doll 'Puppe,' Sc. doll 'a large lump; dung, esp. of pigeons; a
large cake of sawdust mixed with dung, used for fuel,' NE. dial.
dollop'a tuft,bunch,or small patch of grass,grain,or weeds; lump,
heap; a large piece or quantity,'Norw. dulla 'a littleround thing
or person.'
Similarly from tUi-: Gr. Trv'X 'swelling,lump, pad, cushion,'
TrXOs 'lump,knob,callus;
a woodenbolt,' Skt. tilam 'tuft,'etc.
60. OS. durd 'Unkraut,' MLG. dort'Trespe,' MHG. turd,turt,
tiirdid., Germ. stem *durh-or *durpu-with the primarymeaning
'tuft,bunch': Gr. Oipoos(*dhurtuo-s)'any light,straightshaft,esp.
the stalk of umbelliferousplants, like vr'pOt7;the thyrsus,a wand
wreathed with ivy and vine-leaves,with a pine-coneat the top,
carriedby the devotees of Bacchus,' root dhuer-,dhiir-'whirl,roll;
tuft,bunch,'also in Lat. farunculus'knob,gnarlon a vine; inflamed
swelling, boil,' ferula (*dhuer-) 'PvapOi7?, eine Doldenpflanze mit
knotigen,markhaltigen Stengeln,''fennel-giant;branch,rod,splint.'
61. ON. dys 'aus Steinen aufgeworfenerGrabhiigel,' 'cairn,'
Norw. dial. d~ysa 'heap up,' doys 'a fat,flabbywoman,' duse 'tuft,
bush,' dos 'bush,' dusk 'tuft,tassel, bush.' Here perhaps Gr. Ovia,
06a (*dhusyi'tufted') 'thuya,a kind of juniperor arbor-vitae.'
EFris. dast 'Haufen, wirre Masse' does not belong here (so
Fick III4, 216). Cf. No. 62.
62. ON. z'ista 'eine unf6rmlicheMasse,' Norw. tusta 'tuft,
bunch,bundle; a low treewitha bushy top,' EFris. dast 'Klumpen,
Haufen, wirreMasse, Wulst, Biischel, Zotte,' OHG. dosto 'Doste,
wilder Thymian,' MHG. doste 'Strauss, Btischel; Doste,' NHG.
Bav. dosten'Busch, buschartigsich Ausbreitendes': Skt. tasa-h,-m
'Zipfel, Franse,' 'Hfilse des Getreides,' *ta-s- 'bunch, tuft,
tis.a-h
tassel': Skt. talam 'Rispe, Wedel, Biischel,'Gr. 7tA1i'swelling,lump;
pad, cushion,'Lat. tumeo,etc.
63. OE. lost, OHG. dost 'stercus' are probably related to the
above. Primarymeaning'lump.'
334
 GERMANICETYMOLOGIES 21
64. MHG. lip 'Leib, K6rper,' MDu. lijf id.: ChS1. libivil
'gracilis,' Lith. ldibas 'schlank,' l8bas 'mager,' OS. lEf 'schwach,
gebrechlich,'OE. lf 'infirm,diseased, ill' (*ljibho-), NHG. Tirol.
loabelen(MHG. *leibelen)'zegernd,langsam tun,' loabeler'matter,
langsamer Mensch,' loabelet 'matt, kraftlos' (MLN. XXIV, 49,
XXVI, 166) is a combinationthat seems not to have foundfavor.
That it is correctI can now prove.
Germ. *liba-referredto the soft,fleshypart of the body as dis-
tinguishedfromthe bones,pre-Germ.*libho-or *leibho-'givingway,
soft, fleshy': Russ. dial. libivyj 'schwach,' Czech libevy'mager,'
libovy 'fleischig,ohne Fett,' libivina 'mageres, fettloses Fleisch,'
Sloven. libivo, libovina 'Dickfleisch ohne Knochen,' Serb. libiv
'fleischig,'libovina'Keule, Schiagel' (cf. Berneker,Et. Wb. 716).
Since the primarymeaningof *lei-bh-was probably 'bend, give
way, sink' (:Gr.?XvauaL Tpenrolat, 'weiche aus, entweiche,
XLoLaLa
biege ab; sinke, falle,' etc.), we may also compare Serb. libiti se
(sich ducken) 'schleichen, sich heranschleppen; vitare, evitare,
effugere,' libati'wanken; sinken.'
65. OE. lira 'fleshypartsofbody,flesh,'lireht'brawny,'NE. dial.
Sc. lire 'fleshor muscles as distinguishedfromthe bones,' MDu.
lire,liere(-ie-eitherfori or else Germ.e, pre-Germ.6i) 'fleshypart of
the leg, calf' implya Germ. adj. *liza- or *lira 'fallingaway: small,
weak,soft,fleshy(as opposedto bony), lean, brawny(as opposed to
fat).' This adj. is perhaps also in EFris. lir-liitje'winzig klein,'
Du. lier-lauw'lau, flau.'
If the r in these wordsis fromz, compareOE. lUessa'less' (Goth.
*laisiza), l~esadv. 'less,' lcst, IResest,
lierest'least, smallest,' OS. Mls
adv. 'weniger': Lith. l6sas 'mager,' lysti'mager werden,'Lett. lMss
'mager,hager,'lMsagata 'mageresFleisch, auch bloss im Gegensatze
zum Fette, das derbe Fleisch.' This is almost the exact equivalent
of OE. lira. Here also belong OE. gelisian 'slip, glide,' MHG.
lise 'leise, sanft,'etc.
Possible thoughless probable is the connectionof OE. lira with
Gr. XELp6s -6 0sXV& Kal cXpbOs.
66. Goth. spaurds 'Rennbahn,' OE. spyrd'stadium, (foot) race-
course; furlong,'OHG. spurt'stadium' are comparedby Uhlenbeck,
Et. Wb.2137,withSkt. spldh- 'Kampf,' spdrdhatM 'wetteifert,streitet.'
335
22 FRANCIS A. WOOD

The primaryidea was probably'stretchedout,' and so we may

compare Skt. sphdrd-h'ausgedehnt,' sphdyatM'wird feist,' OHG.
spuot 'Gelingen, glticklicherFortgang; Schnelligkeit,Beschleuni-
gung,' OE. sped 'success,' NE. speed,speedway,Lat. spatium'space;
course, race, track'; Gr. Arg. aor&&ov 'race-course,stadium' (cf.
Prellwitz,Et. Wb.2429).
67. OE. spearwa'calf of the leg' is supposedto be identicalwith
spearwa,Goth. sparwa 'sparrow.' Inasmuchas the calfof the leg is
thoughtofand describedas the thickor bulgingpart,thisconnection
is improbable. Compare rather Gr. o&acLpa'ball, globe,' ocvpb6
'ankle,' oa4pa 'hammer,'aovpas, iarbpaOos'round dung, as that
of sheep and goats,' ON. sparc 'sheep's dropping,' Lith. spird
'Schafmist,'OPruss. sperclan'Zehenballen,'sparts'stark.'
These wordsare commonlyreferredto Skt. sphurdti'stdsstmit
dem Fusse weg, tritt,zuckt, zappelt,' Lat. sperno,etc. They go
better,since they all indicate 'somethinground,bulging,swollen,'
withSkt. sphird-h'feist,'sphard-h'ausgedehnt,reich,gross,'sphdyate
'wirdfeist,nimmtzu,' etc.
68. Goth. -waddjus 'Mauer,' ON. veggr'Wand' are properly
referred to the IE. root *uei-'wind,braid,plait' (cf.Walde, Et. Wb.2
835, with references). Compare, fromthe same root, Lett. wija
'ein von Strauchgeflochtener Zaun.'
69. OE. wdg 'wall,' OFris. wdch 'Wand,' OS. weg 'Mauer,'
MDu. wach,weech'Wand, Mauer,' wagen 'die Wiinde wiederher-
stellen' representa pre-Germ.*uoikd-'anything plaited, wicker-
work,fence,enclosure,Geflecht,Zaun, Wand, Gehege,' which may
be referredto Lat. vincio 'bind,' Skt. padviCam,-v'cam 'Schlinge,
Fessel, Strick' (cf. MLN. XVIII, 16; Class. Phil. VII, 334).
To the same base belong Skt. vcid-h 'house' (*uoi6d-s=OE.
wdg), Gr. olKos 'house, dwelling,temple, household,family,' Lat.
vicus'village,street,'Goth. weihsgen. weihsis'village,' etc.
For meaningcomparethe following: OHG. ziin 'Zaun,' OE. tWn
'enclosureroundhouse,yard,garden; manor,farm;dwelling;village,
town.'-Goth. gairdan 'gtirten,'Lith.iardis 'Htirde,' OPruss. sardis
'Zaun,' OS. gard'Umzdiunung, Wohnung,'Goth.gards'Haus, Familie.'
70. Goth. weihs'heilig,'OS., OHG. wih,etc., togetherwith OS.
w9h'Heiligtum,Tempel,' OE. wig, wjoh 'idol,' etc. may likewisebe
336
 GERMANICETYMOLOGIES 23

comparedwithNo. 69. The primarymeaningwould accordinglybe

'enclosed, protected,'an 'enclosed,protectedspace.' For meaning
compare OE. ealgian 'defend,' ealh 'temple,' Goth. alhs, etc.; Gr.
~lTKbs'a pen, fold; any dwelling; any enclosure; sacred enclosure,
shrine.'
71. OE. wigol'belongingto divination,'wiglian'practicedivina-
tion,'wicca 'wizard,'wicce'witch,'LG. wicke'witch,'MDu. wijchelen
'practicedivination,'etc. are referred by Zupitza, Germ.Gutt.142, to
Goth. weihs 'holy.' A more probable connection is with OHG.
wiaga,MHG. wiege,wige'Wiege,'wigen'wiegen,'weigen'schwanken,'
Swiss weiggen,waicken'wackelndbewegen,'Norw. dial. veiga'swing,
sway,' MHG. wigelen,MDu. wigelen,wiegelen'wanken,'NE. wiggle,
EFris. wiggeln'(sich) hin und her bewegen,schwingen,schaukeln,'
wiggen'wiegen,schwingen,hinund herbewegen,schaukeln,gaukeln,'
etc., with which compare Lett. wikt 'geschmeidigwerden, sich
biegen,' Lith. veikzis'schnell,flink,'etc.
For the meaningcompareMHG. gugen'schwanken,'gogeln'sich
ausgelassengeberden,hinund herflattern,' gougern'umherschweifen,'
gougel,goukel'Zauberei, zauberisches Blendwerk,'gougeln,goukeln
'Zauberei, Gaukelpossen oder Taschenspielereitreiben.' Similarly
Gr. /aAns 'diviner, prophet' belongs to iavzta 'madness, frenzy,'
'rage, be furious'; and Lat. vytes'prophet,seer' to Goth.
Mpatopat
wads 'wiitend,besessen.'
72. ON. veig'berauschendesGetrink; Trinkbecher'meant pri-
marilynot 'strength,strong,drink,'but 'fluid,liquid,' as is shown
by Norw. veigja 'Fltissigkeit,Saft,' OE. wige, OS. wigi 'Becher,'
OHG. bah-weiga'lanx, discus,' NHG. Steir. weike'Trog, in dem die
zur MailzungvorbereiteteGerstemit Wasser begossenwird,'weiken
'etwas in Fliissigkeitlegen, um es dadurch weich oder leichter
biegbar zu machen; refl.ein Wannenbad nehmen,'Swiss weiggelin
'runde hdlzerneSchiissel.'
Compare with these Skt. vici 'Welle, Woge,' MHG.
vici-h.,
weigen'schwanken,'weigec'schwankend,wackelnd,'wiegen'wiegen,'
etc. Cf. No. 71.
73. ON. h6fr 'hoof,' OE. OS. hkf, OHG. huof 'Huf' : Skt.
gaphd-h'Huf, Klaue,' Av. saf5 (Fick 14, 42, 206, 420) are semantically
unexplained. The primarymeaningwas perhaps projectingpoint:
337
24 FRANCISA. WOOD

peg, pin, plug; claw, hoof.' Compare Skt. Vaphara-h'eine Karp-

fenart,'Lith. szapalas 'Ddbel, ein Fisch' (cf. UhlenbeckAi. Wb.302),
and formeaning NHG. Dibel 'Pflock, Zapfen: dickkopfiger Weiss-
fisch' (Weigand5,I, 363).
That 'projectingpoint' was the primarymeaningis made prob-
able by the parallel formation: Skt. Qdkha'Ast, Zweig,' NPers.
dax'Zweig, Ast; Horn, Geweih,' Lith. szakd 'Ast, Zweig,' OBulg.
sqkil id., Skt. 'spitzer Pflock,Holznagel, Stecken, Pfahl,'
ganikzi-h.
etc. (cf. Horn Np. Et. 169; UhlenbeckAi. Wb. 301, 307).
These may be referredto the root kb-i-'sharp; sharpen' in Skt.
Oi~ati, gydti'schdirft,wetzt,' Gr. KW3Vos'cone, peak,' Lat. cas, -tis
'hard stone,flint,whetstone,'catus'keen, shrewd,'etc.
FRANCISA. WOOD
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

338