GIVE ANDIES ‘a Transiuve verb has two voces. The Acti Voice and the Passive Voice. verbh ees. The Active Voice and jansitive verb has tw (Active) or the subj tne doer of the actlon ¢ fe whether the subject Is U The voice of a verb shows: is the receiver of tne action (Passive) Compare the following sentences — a), Manish helped Raj b) Raju was helped by Manish. Both the sentences carry 5 sentence (b} sme rearing but in (a) subject Is the doer and not so in Changing the Voice of a Verb: The object in the Actve Voi subject becomes the object. 1) How the Verb Is changed can be understood by the following chart: ice Is made the subject in the Passive Voice and the | Tense Formation of Passive Volce Example Simple Present | is/are/am + Past Partiiple of the 1| Tense verb Cricket Is played by them Present Is/are/am + being + PastParticiple | Cricket is being played by 2| Continuous Tense _| of he verb them. Present Perfect | hasfhave been + Past Participle of | Cricket hos been played by 3| Tense the verb them. wasivere + Past Paniciple of the 4| Simple PastTense | verb Cricket was played by them Past Cominuous | was/were + being + Past Participle Cricket was being played by 5] Tense ofthe verb them, «pan recittone a been + Past Participle of the sa has been played by : Sipe Future sata be + Past Participle of the a willbe played by m. | : ony Perfect willshalt have been + Past Cricket shall have been | Panticipte of the verty Played by them.A) Siinple Preseat Tens He buys mangoes, retrur Mangoe: } are bought by hin Go Heach English. (Active) English Is taught by me (os 8) 8) Present Continuous Tense They ate watching a movie (Lewve) A movie Is being watched by thei, (Po. C) Present Perfect Tense Ihave bought a diess A dress has been bought by me 0) Simple Past Tense Isaw a Picture. Aplcture was seen by me. E} Past Continuous Tense He was beating a stay dog A stray dog was being beaten by him F) Past Perfect Tense He had run a race, Arace was run by him, G) Future Perfect Tense Iwill have enjoyed reading a book Reading a book will have been enjoyed by me Other examples You must do the job. The Job must be done by you. Shut the door. Let the door be shut. Or The door should be shut Practice Sheet 1 (Active and Passive Voice) Change the following sentences into Passive Volce 1) The dogs eat bones 2) The teacher appointed Shubham class monitor, 3) Ment Mudit hundred rupees. 4) He stole money from his father's purse 5) 1am reading this book 6) Hike the fin of Sanjoey KumarGive the order. 3 The Jury found the accused guilty of murder. 9) They consider him a leamed man. 40) Who taught you English? tt) One should keep one’s promises 12) Please help me. 13) Money begets money. 44) You surprise him. . 45) The thieves broke into Mr Sharma's house. 46) A scooter knocked down that little girl. 17) Children are making kites. 48) Someone has cut the clothesline. 19) Everyone respected him. 20) She wears a lot of jewellery. 21) I will beat you in chess. 22) My team will win the match, 23) Manners make a man. 24) Who killed the man eater? 25) Give the beggar something to eat. 26) Everyone suspects him. 27) He is opening the door. 28) The dog had chased the thief. 29) Vikram scolded me. 30) Satyam scored twenty points. ‘Solutions 1) Bones are eaten by the dogs. 2) Shubham was appointed class monitor by the teacher. 3) Hundred rupees were lent to Mudit by me. 4) Money was stolen by him from his father's purse. 5) This book is being read by me. 6) The film of Sanjeev Kumar was liked by me. 7) Order should be given. / Let the order be given. 8) The accused was found guilty of murder by the jury 9) He ts considered a learned man by them. 10) By whom was English taught to you. 11) One's promises should be kept 12) I should be helped. / You are requested to help me. 13) Money is begotten by money. 14) He is surpnsed by you 15) Mr Sharma's house was broken into by the thieves. 16) That litte girl was knocked down by a scooter 17) Kites are being made by children 18) The clothesline was cut by someone 13) He was respected by everyone20) A lot of jewellery is worn by her 21) You will be beaten in chess by me 22) The match will be won by my team. 23) A man is made (recognised) by his manners. 24) By whom was the man eater killed. 25) Something should be given to the beggar to eat. 26) He is suspected by everyone. 27) The door is being opened by him, 28) The thief had been chased by the dog, 29) | was scolded by Vikram. 30) Twenty points were scored by Satyam.Can, could, shall, should, may Here is list of Modals used In English. yy, might, will, would, ought lo, must, dare, Need, used (lo] 1) Modals can never be used alone; as ) You may go. il) She must finish her work. til) should work hard. iy He could not work hard. 2) The form of Modal never chenges, will, etc. Different uses of Modals 1) May and Might - Both are used to express a) Possibility Hmay / might rain. b] Permission May I come in, c)_ Wish or prayer May God bless you. d) Purpose Ravi came so that he might ask me for a loan. 2) Can and could - They are used to express a) Abilily She can speak very well. b) Polite request Could you do this for me? Can you please help me. ¢) Permission / order You can gonow, You can take my book. ) Could + have — This form is used for past ability Modals are called Defective Verbs because they cannot 3 ay 5) 1¢ used in all tenses and mooug and they cannot have infinitive ‘to’, as to may, to {could have helped him but alas I did not Should — Ils used to express a) Duty / obligation We should stand by our friends b) Purpose I should do this Be careful lest you should felt Must - It expresses a) Necessity or obligation Examinees must follow instructions. b) Order of the speaker You must listen to me. ©) Determination Rama must be helped. Ought to ~ It expresses @) Moral obligation We ought to help the needy. b) Desirability Yot ought to know better.ENINEINITIVE THEIPARTICIPLE, THE GEF Non — finite verbs are divided Into three classes a) Infinitives, b) Gerunds c) Participle Understanding them will help in many ways. The Infinitive The infinitive is a noun with certain features of verb. In fact, Ik is a verb — noun Infinitive’s formation Is = to * verb (present tense}. E.g. To go, to come, ete. These are some examples of infinitives which will illustrate vihat is said above: - 4) To drink milk is good for health, 2) To forgive is divine. 3) She refused to obey the orders. 4) Children love to play. Note: a) The ‘to’ In the infinitive is left out after the following verbs: bid, let, make, watch, hear, behold, know and dare. For example — 4 Uet him sit there. iy I dare not annoy my boss. ii) Youneed not go to the market. b) ‘To’ is used after ‘dare’ when It means challenge; as, He dared to Insult me: ¢) Infinitive without ‘to’ is also used after had better, had rather, would rather, rather than, sooner thon. Practice Sheet 1 Replace the under lined words in the following sentences by an infinitive: 1) There was no place where we could sit. 2) Ravi was the first man who artived, 3) He was the first man who climbed the Everest, 4) It is better that the teacher should hear from you. 5) The captain was the last man who left the shi 6) She was the only one who realized the danger. 7) Itis necessary that everyone should know the truth. 8) Itis important that she should understand the position, 9) He was the last man who left the scene. 10) Would you be very kind and lend me your car.Solution 4) There was no piace for us to sit. 2) Ravi was the first man to arrive. est. 3) He was the first man to climb the Ever tter to let the tea 4). Itis better for you to tell the teacher yourselt. / tis bet ches ner oy you. ; 5] The captain was the last man to leave the ship. 6) She was the only one to realize the danger. 7) Wis necessary for everyone to know the truth. 8) It Is important for her to understand the position. 9) He was the last man to leave the scene. 10) Would you be kind enough to lend me your car. ‘The Gerund ; ; The formation of Gerund is like this: verb + ing, eg. Walk + ing = walking, dance + ing = Gancing A Gerund is a verbal noun. Its used: 1) As the subject of a verb; as, a) Cheating should not be encouraged. b) Drinking is a very bad habit. 2) As the object of a verb; as, a} She likes swimming, b) Hove reading. 3) As the object of a preposition: as a) He was accused of stealing. 4) Alter some verbal phrases; as, 2) Give up smoking 6) They burst out laughing. 9 Keep on doing mischief and you will be punished. 5) Gerunds are also used as simple nouns; as, a) Parting from a friend is always painful b) Seeing ts believing, Note: 1) Both the Gerund and the Infinitive are used as nouns and are formed from verbs; 85 The Gerung The Infinitive a). Sleeping is good for health a) To sleep is good for health 8) Lying is a sin, ®) Tolleis sin, 2) Genund and Present Participle Bolh are formed fiom verb, but the difference is that Gerund is used as Noun and Present Participie is used as Adjective. For example: [The Gen —_] eer The Present Paniciple | ee 95 pend eric Walking along the oad Tmet my wend ‘| SRE ey managing @ amallfarm | He is the managing dhectarotthe compa | ateIce Sheet 2 Prac! purine verbs In bracket Into tho Gerund Sarin 1 sunita does not enjoy (go) 10 the mune 2) [hate (borrow) money. 3) Would you rnind (write) your eset (ON 4) Stop (argue) ane start think), 5) Is this article worth (read) 6) There Is nothing here which Imo! 7) Iremember (read) 2 revie! cof that fil 8) He finished (speak) and left the audilonur [am looking forward to (read) your book, ry consider MAD) 9) 40) What Is the use of (cry) over spl mi? Solution 4) Going 4) Arguing. 4) Bape Gy Gee 2) Borrowing thinking Wy Pena, Os 3) writing 5) Reading 2) eat Practice Sheet 3 put the verbs in the brackets into the correct form ( erund of efiems 1) Please, go on ____—(speak) 2) lam going —___— (continue) (vate, (nexcy ee 3) Whatever you say, I will not stop 4) |can't understand her (behave) in tha: Terre” 5) Heis beginning (grasp) the meaning 6) it's hard _____—_ (art) when friends are deat. 7) lamlearning ____— (read) urdu. 8) (understand) the meaning of this fin= 9) The driver was fined for (exceed) the 9250 Ime 10) Don't forget (lock) the door before ‘Solution 1) Speaking 4) Behaving 2) To continue, 5) To grasp writing 6) To part 3} Meeting 7) Toreaderb + ing: as fall + ing = falling Past Participle e.9...Fallen, Stolen A Verbal Adjective or Participle is used to form certain tenses and to qualify nouns, Present Pay le is used: 1) To form continuous tense a) The girl is running, b) Itis raining 2) To qualify a noun: 3) | am reading an interesting book. b) I sawa crying chic, Past Participle is used: 1) To form perfect tenses @) | have seen the report. b) She had already told you, 2) To form passive voice 2) The car was stolen by the thief. 5) The money was taken by the Bank robbers, 3) To qualify a noun a) A retired accountant is fit for this job. b) A frightened child stood at the door. Practice Sheet 1 Join the following sentences using a Participle 1) The thief saw the policeman, He was frightened. He ran away. 2) Your handwriting is very bad. cannot be read. 3) The door wos open. The thieves took all valuables. They ran away. 4) I finished my work. | went out for a walle. 5) We started early, We arrived at noon, 6) He had missed the last bus. He began to walk. 7) | had appeared in the examinations. After that | Went to a hotel for tea, 8) He had spent all his money. He decided to go home, 9) She wes attracted to that beautitul dress, She bought it4) Having finished iny work, | went out fora vote 5) Having stated early, we anived ot noon 6) Having missed the lost hus 7) Mler appearing in the « 8) Having spent all the money, he dee 9) Being altracted to the beautiful dre 10) While sitting on the wall, he vias stung by a se he began ta wole IBNIONS, Hwent ty a hatet Jedd to ga hen she baugtet itAdverb modifies verb: 25, a) She sang well b) He was badly shaken. c) Luckily, I won the race. Adverb affects the meaning of a sentence: 25, a) Harry has left b) Harty has just left In the first sentence we don't know when Harry left, in the second we know, Kinds of Adverb 1) Adverb of time: i He is now in his office. i) Ihave already spoken to my father. 2) Adverb of plac i) Come here. i) Don't go there. 3) Adverb of manner: ) Slowly and slowly, the weary traveller crossed the road. ii) We sadly parted from each other. 4) Adverb of quantity: i) The weather is very pleasant, ii) The dinner was quite tasty. 5) Adverb of frequency: ny often go to theatre. I) He has met me twice. 6) Adverb of reason: i) She is ill therefore, she could not come to school. He is put in detention because of some misconduct 7) Adverb of affirmation or negation: ) Iwill cenainly go there. ) She will never attend the meeting. 8) Interrogative Adverb: ) Where are you going? li) When will you do your work? til) How many people were there? Wy) Why did you do this? Practice Sheet1 Rewrite the following sentences correcting the mistakes (that are concerned with adverbs! 1) twas bitter cold. 2) He makes rare a mistake. 3) He has not ever travelled by train,We sometime deceive ourselves, 3 The puplis have most completed the project ¢) | could not help not laughing at the joe. 7) Inever remember to have seen a more exciting crich, g) The novel Is too Interesting. 9) | have nol got no money. 10) My friend sald he never remembered having read such a novel 11) This hardly won liberty should not be taken lightly. 12) |am much glad to see you. 13) No one can write as neat as he does. 44) | cannot by no means allow you to come here. 45) The flowers smell sweetly. 46) I don’t know nothing about his whereabouts. 17) He almost had got to the top when the rope broke. 48) | could not find it nowhere. 49). It is nothing else than pride. 20) Kipling was never born in London. solution 1) Write ‘bitterly’ in place of ‘bitter’. 2) Change ‘rare’ to ‘rarely’. 3) Change ‘not ever’ to ‘never’ 4) Change ‘sometime’ to ‘sometimes’. 5) Change ‘most’ to ‘mostly’. 6) | could not help laughing at the joke. 7) Place ‘never’ after ‘remember’. 8) Change ‘too’ to ‘very’. 9) Remove ‘not’. 10) Place ‘never’ after ‘remember’. 1) Change ‘hardly’ to ‘hard’ 12) Change ‘much’ to ‘very’. 13) Change ‘neat to ‘neatly’ 14) Change ‘no’ to ‘any’. 15) Change ‘sweetly’ to ‘sweet’ 16) Change ‘nothing’ to ‘anything’. 17) Write ‘almost’ after ‘got’. 18) Write ‘anywhere’ in place of ‘nowhere’. 19) Change ‘than’ to ‘but’. 20) Change ‘never’ to ‘not’.is called Conjunction, for ery, The part of speech that joins two words ar two clauses & 4 Do or cie. Ike bread pnd butter for breakfast ) Jesus sacrificed his life so tha} others could live 4 Time and tide wait for none. 4 Miles to go before Isleep ate Joined by the conjunctions, oF. and, Before <0 thot The obove words and clauses Conjunctions which are uzed in pals are called Corretative Conjunctions: as Either or, Neither ..nor, Both....ond, Not...only, But also, Whether..or. Compound expressions used as conjunctions are called Compound Conjunctions, a5, neg that, as though, so Wat, a5 if. The words co, but, therefore, since, for, I, although, hovever, while are also conjunctions Examples of correlative conjunctions: }) Either he ts an honest man of a fool i) He was beth praised and rewarded, Not only is he a topper in his class but also a good player. wi) I do not care whether you come or nol. 9 4 Neither a borrower nora lender be. Examples of compound conjunctions: He vall not listen to me as If am nobody. 9 i) am working hard 50 thal | may succeed. lit) You can take thal book provided that you retuin It by Monday. 1 He talks as. though he Is the boss, net an ordinary clerk. The Notice was in the Newspaper In order that everyone may know the facts Conjunctions are mainly divided Into two major categorles: a) Co-ordinating conjunctions b) Subordinating conjuncuions Examples of Co-ordinating conjunctions: 1) Pay your dues and live In peace. ui) He is both a lecturer and an actor. iil) Iknocked at the door bul no one answered. Wj) He Is sich sill ne is not happy. Ye hasall the resources In the world, yet he Is not succeeding In his cfforts v) My bike vias punctured, therefore, | could not go to college. ve what he veants, for he works hard, vil) He vill act val) Either Ram or Mohan ts the culprit anil(6 notes of cube NU dat tal Freture ang Cony ‘ Wy teat awe to work 03 10D “ ranysbe sincere so thal pecube mars hase (7 34 a to be late a Hurng up it you dant wart to be ty Yi He was 30 wed Biot he cosh not wa . wy) Although he Is. 9 miser on he helen others way He works harder than you i): Dons tell you practice Sheet 1 Fin tne blonks vath the appropriate conjunction’ in the wrong you al Fam inthe right had not paid the bill; his electiicity was cut of he Is jealous of everyone ” 2 he 3) He Is not a happy man 4) Omor Khayyam has waitten 50 much about wine drop of it 5) Never be disheariened —_. the best Is yet to be 6) Give every man thy cor 7) Never be jealous 8) You should go 9) The child wos crying 10) There are so many coaching Institutes in the city self-study. 11) Nothing is lost you have the will to ry again 12) Hard work success go together 13) a little proud, he was an Interesting person. 14) Let him sleep he is sleepy. 15) You keep peace at home few thy voice. it willl eat your own heart the school bus comes, he did not want to go school nowadays ro-cne warts again you will find sausfaction everywnere Solution 1) And /but 6) But Wy Mand 2) Because 7) Otnewise 12) And 3) Because / as 8) Before 13) Although 4) But 9) Because 14) As | because 10) That 15) And . 5) As /because Practice Sheet 2 (Conjunctions) Join each of the following pairs of sentences as one sentence. 1) Rita will go to play. First, she must finish her homework. 2) Ho was fined, He was sent to prison 3) Iwas taining heavily. She went to school4) The police arrived. The thief had fled by then. 5) He must leave now. He may catch the train. ) I should go now. | will be late. 7) Hove you. | wish you to grow up as a nice person. 8) He wants his son to top the class. He may then get a school scholarship, 9) Aditya was very disappointed. He lost his chance to get the gold medal 10) Zoya Is intelligent, She Is sensibie. MN) Sanjeev had a great setback. Now he Is ecovering 12) Run away. You will be caught. 13) Ram is wrong. Mohan Is wrong. 14) She cannot win the prize. She may work day and night. 15) They do not have much time. The deadline Is approaching fast. 16) She is not there. Her mother is not there. tions 1) First Rita must finish her homework before she goes to play 2) He was not only fined but also sent to prison. 3) She went to schoo! although it was raining heavily. 4) The police arrived after the thief had fied. 5) He mustleave now so that he may catch the train. 8) I should go now otherwise | will be late. 7) As Vlove you. | wish you to grow up as a nice person. 8) He wants his sonto top the class, so that he may get a school scholarship. 9) Aditya was very disappointed because he lost his chance te get the gold medal 10) Zoyas intelligent as well as sensible. 1) Sanjeev had a great setback but now he Is recovering, 12) Run away or you will be caught. 13) Either Ram Is wrong or Mohan is wrong. 14) She cannot win the prize even if she works day and night. 15) They do not have much time because the deadline is approaching fast. 16) Neither she nor her mother Is there. SYNTHESIS sentence Is called synthesis Practice Sheet 1 Join the following sentences to make a complete sentence without using and, but or so. 1) Iread a story. It was very interesting 2) Newton made many discoveries. They were great. 3) I saw a snake. Iran away, 4) The girlran after the bugler. She caught him, 5) He was tired of walking. He sat down to rest 6) He has found a vase. It was broken Ag pent7) Ne ts going to Mumba! He es cxmedet t g) You must obey your parents His pe ory 9) Reena has ture chisiron She has to ectueste Pe 10) Mr. Surenura Sh Solutions 1) Freda very interesting story 2) Newton made many g'eat dis 3) Seeing o snake, | ran oviay 4) Running after the burglar, the girl cought hwn 5) Tied of walking, he sat down to rest G) He has found a broken vase 7) He willl complete his project. gong t9 Mumba’ 8) Its your duty to obey your parents 9) Reena has to educate her two children 10) Mudit’s fother Mr, Surendra Shorena lives in Bomboy ovenes. Practice Sheet 2 1) Koligas was a great Sanskit poet. He was the gutlior of Abnigyan 5) akuntalam 2) The pilgrims reached Mathura It is the bith place of Lord Krishne 3) Hon. Narendra Modi Is our Prime Minister He Is a great disciplinarian 4) Many leaders of all parties promise great things. Those Wingy are prosbeely cs Minister, He was a great scholar 5) Pt Jowahor Lal Nehru was our fest F 6) He does his work. He Is quite honest and diligent 7) Namon has not reached his home. The night has falle 8) Zoya will succeed. Its sure. 9) Mohon did not succeed. He made every effort. 10) He gave me food. He also gave me money. ‘Solutions 1) Kalidas, the great sanskrit poe! wrote Abhigyan Shakuntalom, 2) The pilgrim reached Mathura, the birthplace of Lord Krishna, 3) Hon. Narendra Modi, our Prime Minister is 9 great disciplinarian 4) Many leaders of all parties promise many things which are practically childish. S) Pt Jawahadlal Nehru, our first Prime Minister was a great scholor, G) He does his work honestly and diligently. 7) Naman has not reached “ils home even at nightfall 8) Zoya Is sure to succeed. 9) Even after making all efforts, Mohan did not succeed. 10) He did not only give me food but money also,Practice Sheet 3 7 8) 9) Solutions » 2) 3) 4 5) 6) ” 8) 9) 10) 10) His grandmother was very happy. She ha He speaks lies. They look sincere and genuine. The weather was fine. We went for a picnic. He was unhappy. He submitted his resignation. She took a pencil. She began to draw a picture. He saw a lion. He ran away. Arun finished his thesis. He gave it to his professor. I went to patch up my differences with Anil. | will take the help of a common friend, The principal was pleased with Priyam's work. He awarded him a gold medal He went to Mumbai. He wanted to meet his favourite film star. ; d heard of his success in LA.S. Examination He speaks such lies that they look sincere and genuine. The weather being fine, we went for a picnic. Being unhappy he submitted his resignation. oR He submitted his resignation because he was unhappy. Taking a pencil, she began to draw a picture. Seeing a lion, he ran away. Finishing his thesis, Arun gave it to his professors. To patch up my differences with Anil. | will take the help of a common friend. Pleased with Priyam's work, the principal awarded him a gold medal. Wanting to meet his favourite film star, he went to Mumbai. ) His grandmother was very happy to hear about his success in |.A.S. examination, u 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) a 8) 9) 10) Solutions ” Don't try to climb that tree. It is very high. She has a large state. She has to look after it. Our principal is Dr, Alex Desouza. He is a great disciplinarian. Veeru is my loyal dog. | love him, Her mother died, She was very miserable. He lives in Kanpur. Itis a very big city. They live in Mumbal. It is a very crowded city. Vaibhav Pandey is the D.M. of Unnao. He Is a very compassionate man. He always helps the needy. She Is rich. She Is not happy. The store opened, All the customers rushed in. Don't 1 {0 climb that very high tee | 2) She has to look after her large state a7 16107principal Dr. Alex Desouza Is a great discipinarion, wy love my loyal dog, Veeru. 5) she wes vorY miserable because of her mother's death hie lives In Kanpur which Is a Dig city. 6 trey live In Mumbai which Is a very crowded cy. ‘ompassionale man, Valbhav Pandey the D.l4, of Unnae, always NelP> 3) our Being a very ¢ the needy. a) she Is rich yet unhapPy- oR she is rich, she Is unhappy. 8) although 40) As soon as the store opened, the customers rushed in. practice Sheet 5 1) Don't be a miser. Don't be a spendthrift. 2} Do your work honestly. Leave my service. 3) Make haste. You will be late. 4) He Is liar. He Is coward. 5) It is dark. We cannot see 6) Her father died. She was very sad. 7) Everyone has to die. No one is Immortal. a) He is rich. He Is generous 9) Helsa liar. Hels a compulsive liar, 10) tis very hot. | can't go out now. Solutions 4) Neither a miser, nor a spendihrift be. 2) Either work honestly or leave my service. 3) Make haste, otherwise you will be late: 4) He is not only a liar but also a coward 5) We cannot see because its dark. OR It being dark, we cannot see. 6) She was very sad because of her father's death 7) Everyone is mortal. OR Everyone has to die because no one Is immortal 8) He is rich along with being generous. OR He Is not only rich, bul also generous. 9) He is not simply a liar but a compulsive liar 10} Its too hot for me to go out now.