PHYSICS REVIEWER

Main Branches of Science MEASUREMENT

• Natural Science  Measurement may refer to a process of using a
-deals with the understanding and description of nature device or tool to find the dimensions, time,
• Social Science pressure, amount, weight or mass of an object or
-deals with human behavior primarily in its social and it is based on a quantitative physical property of
cultural aspects an object which is usually express by using a
• Applied Science number accompanied with a unit.
-application of the theoretical sciences, like those in
social and natural science What is a unit?
 A unit refers to a physical quantity that can be
NATURAL SCIENCE express as standard or nonstandard.
 Number express in measurement with no
• BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE additional unit will be insignificant.
-deals with the study of living things
Ex. Botany, Zoology, Microbiology mass = 10 kg
• PHYSICAL SCIENCE t = 1hr
-deals with the study of nonliving things
Ex. Physics, Chemistry,Geology, Astronomy,Meteorology Fundamental Quantities

PHYSICS
It is a natural science that deals with the understanding
of nonliving things. It deals specifically with matter and
energy and their relationship

MAIN BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

• Classical Physics
• Modern Physics

Classical Physics Derived Quantities

-refers to the traditional topics in physics that were
recognized and developed before the beginning of the
20th century. These topics are concerned with matter and
energy under normal conditions.

Modern Physics
-refers to the concept in physics that have surfaced since
the beginning of the 20th century. This branch is mostly
concerned with the behavior of matter and energy under
extreme conditions

CLASSICAL PHYSICS Significant Figures in Calculations

• MECHANICS  Significant figures refer to the number of
• ACOUSTICS significant digits in a measure with a degree of
• OPTICS certainty
• THERMODYNAMICS
• ELECTROMAGNETISM Counting Significant Figures

MODERN PHYSICS All non-zero digits in a measured number are significant

• ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
• QUANTUM PHYSICS 38.15 cm 4
• RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS 5.6 ft 2
• SOLID STATE PHYSICS
• CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS Leading zeros in decimal numbers are not significant
• PLASMA PHYSICS
• LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS 0.008 mm 1
0.0156 oz 3
Zeros between nonzero numbers are significant
 Random errors are caused by external factors
50.8 mm 3 beyond the control of the experimenter such as
2001 min 4 vibrations, noise, changes in atmospheric pressure
and friction.
Trailing zeros in numbers without decimals are
insignificant if they are serving as place holders. VARIATION OR PROPORTION

25,000 in. 2 One of the most important and useful ideas in mathematics
200 yr 1
is the idea that two variables may be related to each other.
48,600 gal 3
This idea, known as proportion or variation
How to write number in Scientific Notation

Scientific notation is a standard way of writing very large
and very small numbers so that they’re easier to both
compare and use in computations. To write in scientific
notation, follow the form
                 
where N  is a number between 1 and 10, but not 10 itself,
and a  is an integer (positive or negative number).
NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• The law states that acceleration is directly
proportional to the net force and inversely
proportional to the mass of an object
a=F/m

1. Move the decimal place to the left to create a Direct proportion

new number from 1 up to 10. • One quantity increases as the other quantity
Where’s the decimal point in 312,000,000,000? Because
increases
it’s a whole number, the decimal point is understood to
be at the end of the number: 312,000,000,000. C= π D
So, N = 3.12.
-the circumference is directly proportional to its diameter
2. Determine the exponent, which is the number of
-the graph is a straight line
times you moved the decimal.
In this example, you moved the decimal 11 times; also,
because you moved the decimal to the left, the exponent
is positive. Therefore, a = 11, and so you get

 Accuracy – Measure of how close a

measurement is to the correct or accepted value
of the quantity being measured.

 Precision = describes how closely measurements

are to each other and how carefully
measurements were made

find the range (the difference between the highest and
lowest scores).
Sample A: 32.56, 32.55, 32.48, 32.49, 32.48.
Sample B: 15.38, 15.37, 15.36, 15.33, 15.32.
Inverse proportion
• An inverse proportion is one wherein an increase in
one quantity means a decrease in the other
• Graph is hyperbola

Sample A: 32.56 – 32.48 = .08.

Sample B: 15.38 – 15.32 = .06.

Sample B has the lowest range (.06) and so is the more

precise.

Types of Errors

 Systematic errors are due to the limitations of

the measuring instruments and the skill or
carefulness of the experimenter
Direct square proportion

• Both quantities are increasing but one quantity

increases faster than the other
• The graph is parabola

Inverse square proportion

• One quantity decreases faster as the other

quantity increases
• The graph is hyperbola
• mv2 = k