Unit-2 Sequence and Series-I

Sequence and Series − I
Pankty Fruitwala & Ravi Dhandhukiya
P P Savani University
December 2, 2021

Pankty Fruitwala & Ravi Dhandhukiya (P P Savani University) December 2, 2021 1 / 51
Sequence
Sequence
Definition:
A function whose domain is the set of natural numbers N and range a sub-set
of real numbers R is called a real sequence.
OR
An ordered set of real numbers as u1 , u2 , u3 , ...un ... is called a sequence and
denoted by un .
Infinite: If the number of terms in a sequence is infinite then infinite sequence.
Finite Sequence: If the number of terms in a sequence is finite then finite
sequence.
un is called nth term of sequence

Sequence
Example: Listing terms of Sequence:

√ 1 n−1
an = n , bn = (−1)n+1 , cn = , dn = (−1)n+1
n n
n√ √ √ √ o
{an } = 1, 2, 3, ..., n, ...

1 1 1 n+1 1
{bn } = 1, − , , − , ..., (−1) , ...
2 3 4 n
Accordingly find cn & dn .

Sequence

Sequence Convergence of Sequence
Convergence of Sequence
In simple words:
If we go far enough out in the sequence, by taking the index n to be larger
than some value N , the difference between an and the limit L of the sequence
becomes less than any preselected number > 0.
Mathematical Definition:
If the sequence un has a finite limit, i.e. lim un = l is finite, the sequence is
n→∞
said to be convergent.

The sequence an converges to the number L if for every positive number there
corresponds an integer N such that for all n,
n > N ⇒ |an − L| <

The sequence an converges to the number L if for every positive number there
corresponds an integer N such that for all n,
n > N ⇒ |an − L| <
e.g.
1
un =
1
1+
n
lim un = 1
n→∞
Since limit is finite, the sequence is convergent.

Is a constant sequence convergent?
Sequence Divergence of Sequence
Divergence of Sequence
If the sequence un has infinite limit, i.e. lim un is infinite, the sequence is said
n→∞
to be divergent.
OR
If no such number L exists sequence is said to be divergent.

Divergence of Sequence
If the sequence un has infinite limit, i.e. lim un is infinite, the sequence is said
n→∞
to be divergent.
OR
If no such number L exists sequence is said to be divergent.
e.g.
un = 2n + 1
lim un = ∞
n→∞
Since limit is infinite, the sequence is divergent.
Oscillatory Sequence
If the limit of the sequence un is not unique is said to be oscillatory sequence.

Oscillatory Sequence
If the limit of the sequence un is not unique is said to be oscillatory sequence.

e.g.
1
un = (−1)n +
2n
lim un = 1, if n is even
n→∞
= −1, if n is odd
Since limit is not unique, the sequence is oscillatory.

Sequence Monotonic Sequence
Monotonic Sequence:
A sequence is said to be Monotonically decreasing if un+1 ≤ un for each
value of n.
A sequence is said to be Monotonically increasing if un+1 ≥ un for each

value of n.
The sequence is said to be Alternating sequence if the terms are alternate

positive and negative.

Sequence Monotonic Sequence
Monotonic Sequence:
A sequence is said to be Monotonically decreasing if un+1 ≤ un for each
value of n.
A sequence is said to be Monotonically increasing if un+1 ≥ un for each

value of n.
The sequence is said to be Alternating sequence if the terms are alternate

positive and negative.
e.g.
1, 2, 3, ... is monotonically increasing sequence.
1 1 1
1, , , , ... is a monotonically decreasing sequence.
2 3 4
1, −2, 3, −4, ... is an alternating sequence.
Sequence Bounded Sequence
Bounded Sequence:
A sequence un is said to be a bounded sequence if there exists number m and M

such that m < un < M for all n.
:::Note:::
1 Every convergent sequence is bounded but the converse is not true.
2 A monotonic increasing sequence converges if it is bounded above and diverges
to +∞ if it is not bounded above.
3 A monotonic decreasing sequence converges if it is bounded below and diverges
to −∞ if it is not bounded below.
4 If sequence un and vn converges to l1 and l2 respectively then
1 Sequence un + vn converges to l1 + l2
2
n · v
Sequence u n converges to l1 · l2
un l1
3 Sequence converges to provided l2 6= 0
vn l2
n2 + n

Example: Test the convergence of the sequence
2n2 − n

n2 + n

2 2n2 − n
n +n
Solution: Let un =
2n2 − n

n2 + n

2 2n2 − n
n +n
Solution: Let un =
2n2 − n
2
n +n
un =
2n2 − n

n2 + n

2 2n2 − n
n +n
Solution: Let un =
2n2 − n
2
n +n
un =
2n2 − n
n2 + n
lim un = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 2n2 − n

n2 + n

2 2n2 − n
n +n
Solution: Let un =
2n2 − n
2
n +n
un =
2n2 − n
n2 + n
lim un = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 2n2 − n
1
1+
= lim n
n→∞ 1
2−
n

n2 + n

2 2n2 − n
n +n
Solution: Let un =
2n2 − n
2
n +n
un =
2n2 − n
n2 + n
lim un = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 2n2 − n
1
1+
= lim n
n→∞ 1
2−
n
1
=
2

n2 + n

2 2n2 − n
n +n
Solution: Let un =
2n2 − n
2
n +n
un =
2n2 − n
n2 + n
lim un = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 2n2 − n
1
1+
= lim n
n→∞ 1
2−
n
1
=
2
Hence, the sequence is convergent and converges to 1/2. J
Example: Test the convergence of the sequence 2n


Solution: Let un = 2n


lim un = lim 2n
n→∞ n→∞


lim un = lim 2n
n→∞ n→∞
=∞


lim un = lim 2n
n→∞ n→∞
=∞
Hence, the sequence is divergent. J

Examples for Practice
n
1 Show that the sequence un whose nth term is un = n ∈ N, is monotonic
n!
decreasing and bounded. Is it convergent?
1
2 Show that the sequence un whose nth term is un = n n ∈ N, is monotonic
3
decreasing and bounded. Is it convergent?

n
3 Show that the sequence is monotonic decreasing and bounded. Is it
n2 + 1
convergent?

Sandwich Theorem for Sequences

Let un , vn and wn be three sequences such that un ≤ vn ≤ wn for all n.
If lim un = l & lim wn = l then
n→∞ n→∞
lim vn = l
n→∞

sin n
Example: Show that the sequence un , where un = converges to zero.
n
Solution: We know that
−1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1

sin n
n
−1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1
1 sin n 1
− ≤ ≤
n n n

sin n
n
−1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1
1 sin n 1
− ≤ ≤
n n n

1
lim − =0
n→∞ n

sin n
n
−1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1
1 sin n 1
− ≤ ≤
n n n

1
lim − =0
n→∞ n

1
lim =0
n→∞ n

sin n
n
−1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1
1 sin n 1
− ≤ ≤
n n n

1
lim − =0
n→∞ n

1
lim =0
n→∞ n
By sandwich theorem,
sin n
lim =0
n→∞ n

sin n
n
−1 ≤ sin n ≤ 1
1 sin n 1
− ≤ ≤
n n n

1
lim − =0
n→∞ n

1
lim =0
n→∞ n
By sandwich theorem,
sin n
=0 lim
n→∞ n
Hence, the sequence is convergent and converges to zero. J
Test convergence of the following sequences:

2n + 1
1
1 − 3n
2 1 + (−1)n

Important limits useful for study of series
1/n
lim xn = 0 if | x |< 1

1 n! 1
n→∞ 8 lim =
2 lim xn = ∞ if x > 1 n→∞ n e
n→∞
xn 9 lim nxn = 0 if x < 1
3 lim = 0, ∀x n→∞
n→∞ n!
log n 10 lim nn = ∞
4 lim =0 n→∞
n→∞ n
1/n
5 lim [n!] = ∞ 1
n→∞ 11 lim =0
6 lim (n)
1/n
=1 n→∞ nn
n→∞ n
1 a1/n − 1
7 lim 1+ =e 12 lim 1/n
= log a
n→∞ n n→∞

Series
Series
Definition:
If u1 , u2 , u3 , · · · un · · · is an infinite sequence of real numbers, then the sum of
the terms of the sequence, u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un + ...∞ is called an infinite
series. Denoted by,
X∞ X
un or un
n=1

Series Convergence & Divergence
Convergence, Divergence and Oscillation of Infinite Series
P
Consider the infinite series un = u1 + u2 + u3 + · · · + un + · · · ∞ and let the sum
of the first n terms be Sn = u1 + u2 + · · · + un . As n → ∞, the following three cases
may arise for Sn :
P
1 If Sn tends to a finite limit as n → ∞, the series un is said to be convergent.
P
2 If Sn tends to ±∞ as n → ∞, the series un is said to be divergent.
3 If Sn does not tends to a unique limit as n → ∞, i.e., limit does not exists, the
P
series un is said to be oscillatory.

Properties of Infinite Series

1 The convergence or divergence of an infinite series remains unaffected:
by addition or removal of a finite number of terms
by multiplication of each term with a finite number
P P P
2 If two series un and
vn are convergent, then (un + vn ) is also convergent.
P P P
3 It two series un and vn are divergent, then (un + vn ) may be convergent.
P
4 If each term of a series un of positive terms does not exceed the
P P
corresponding term of convergent series vn of positive terms, then un is
convergent.
P
5 If each term of series un of positive terms exceeds the corresponding term of
P P
a divergent series vn of positive terms, then un is divergent.
Example: Examine the nature of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + · · · + n + · · · ∞


n(n + 1)
Solution: Let Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n =
2


n(n + 1)
Solution: Let Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n =
2
Since
n(n + 1)
lim Sn = lim =∞
n→∞ n→∞ 2


n(n + 1)
Solution: Let Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n =
2
Since
n(n + 1)
lim Sn = lim =∞
n→∞ n→∞ 2
Hence, the series is divergent. J

Series Geometric Series
Geometric Series
The series a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + · · · + ∞
a
1 Converges if | r |< 1 to
1−r
2 Diverges if r ≥ 1
3 Oscillates if r ≤ −1
∞
X
Sum of geometric series: arn−1
n=1
Example: The geometric series with a = 1/9 and r = 1/3 is

∞ n−1
1 1 1 X 1 1 1/9 1
+ + ··· = = =
9 27 81 n=1
9 3 1 − 1/3 6
J
Real World Example
Example: You drop a ball from a meters above a flat surface. Each time the ball hits
the surface after falling a distance h, it rebounds a distance rh, where r is positive
but less than 1. Find the total distance the ball travels up and down.


Solution: Total distance is
s = a + 2ar + 2ar2 + 2ar3 + 2ar4 + · · ·

2ar
=a+
1−r
1+r
=a
1−r
J

Series p−series
Hyper Harmonic series OR p−series

P∞ 1 1 1 1 1
The series p
= p + p + p + p + ···∞
n=1 n 1 2 3 4
1 converges if p > 1
2 diverges if p ≤ 1

Series p−series
The N th Term Test for Divergence

P
If a positive term series un is convergent, then lim un = 0
n→∞
Example:
X 1 1 1
un = 1 + √ + √ + · · · + √
2 3 n
1
lim un = lim √ = 0
n→∞ n→∞ n
Hence, the series is convergent.
Now,
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sn = 1 + √ + √ + ... + √ > 1 + √ + √ + ... + √
2 3 n n n n

Series p−series
n
Sn > √
n
√
Sn > n
√
and lim Sn = lim n=∞
n→∞ n→∞
1
Hence, the series is divergent, although lim un = lim √ = 0
n→∞ n→∞ n
∴The converse of this result is not true, i.e. if lim un = 0, it is not necessary
n→∞
that the series will be convergent.
Result
P
lim un = 0 is a necessary but not sufficient condition for convergence of un .
n→∞ P
If lim un 6= 0 or lim un does not exist, then un is divergent.
n→∞ n→∞
Series p−series
Up to now we were finding Sn the partial sum of the series, to test the convergence of
the series. But unfortunately, it is not always possible to find the partial sum Sn for
every series and hence we can not apply the definitions of convergence or divergence
directly.
Thus it becomes necessary to formulate other tests for series with all terms positive.

Series p−series
Tests for The Convergence of Series
1 Comparison Test
2 Integral Test
3 Ratio Test
4 Root Test

Series Comparison Test
Comparison Test
P P P
Let an , cn and dn be series with non-negative terms. Suppose that for
some integer N .
dn ≤ an ≤ cn for all n > N
P P
1 If cn converges, then an also converges.
P P
2 If dn diverges, then an also diverges.

Limit Comparison Test
Suppose that an > 0 and bn > 0 for all n ≥ N (N an integer).

an P P
1 If lim = c > 0, then an and bn both converge or both diverge.
n→∞ bn
an P P
2 If lim = 0 and bn converges, then an converges.
n→∞ bn
an P P
3 If lim = ∞ and bn diverges, then an diverges.
n→∞ bn

Test the convergence of the following series:

1 1 1
1 + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6
1 3 5
2 + + + ···∞
1·2·3 2·3·4 3·4·5
P∞ √ √
3 ( n + 1 − n)
n=1

1 1 1
Example: + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6

1 1 1
Example: + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6
1
Solution: Here un =
(2n − 1)(2n)
1
Choose vn = 2
n

1 1 1
Example: + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6
1
Solution: Here un =
(2n − 1)(2n)
1
Choose vn = 2
n
un n2 1
= =
vn (2n − 1)(2n) 1
2 2−
n

1 1 1
Example: + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6
1
Solution: Here un =
(2n − 1)(2n)
1
Choose vn = 2
n
un n2 1
= =
vn (2n − 1)(2n) 1
2 2−
n
2
un n 1
lim = = (finite)
n→∞ vn (2n − 1)(2n) 4

1 1 1
Example: + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6
1
Solution: Here un =
(2n − 1)(2n)
1
Choose vn = 2
n
un n2 1
= =
vn (2n − 1)(2n) 1
2 2−
n
2
un n 1
lim = = (finite)
n→∞ vn (2n − 1)(2n) 4
∴ Both the series are either convergent or divergent.

1 1 1
Example: + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6
1
Solution: Here un =
(2n − 1)(2n)
1
Choose vn = 2
n
un n2 1
= =
vn (2n − 1)(2n) 1
2 2−
n
2
un n 1
lim = = (finite)
n→∞ vn (2n − 1)(2n) 4
∞
X 1
But we know the is convergent. (∵ p = 2)
n=1
n2

1 1 1
Example: + + + ···∞
1·2 3·4 5·6
1
Solution: Here un =
(2n − 1)(2n)
1
Choose vn = 2
n
un n2 1
= =
vn (2n − 1)(2n) 1
2 2−
n
2
un n 1
lim = = (finite)
n→∞ vn (2n − 1)(2n) 4
∞
X 1
But we know the is convergent. (∵ p = 2)
n=1
n2
Hence, the series is convergent, by comparison test. J
Series Integral Test
Nondecreasing Partial Sums

∞
P
Suppose that an is an infinite series with an ≥ 0 for all n. Then each partial sum
n=1
is greater than or equal to its predecessor because sn+1 = sn + an , so
s1 ≤ s2 ≤ s3 ≤ ... ≤ sn ≤ sn+1 ≤ ...
∞
P
Theorem: A series an of nonnegative terms converges if and only if its partial
n=1
sums are bounded from above.
Integral Test
Let an be a sequence of positive terms. Suppose that an = f (n), where f

is continuous, positive, decreasing function of x Zfor all x ≥ N (N a positive
∞ ∞
P
integer). Then the series an and the integral f (x)dx both converge or
n=N N
both diverge.
Example: Prove by integral test that the harmonic series diverges.

∞
X 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ··· +
n=1
n 2 3 n


∞
X 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ··· +
n=1
n 2 3 n
Solution: Harmonic series is divergent but now we will prove it by integral test.


∞
X 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ··· +
n=1
n 2 3 n
Z ∞
1 1
Area under the curve = dx = ∞
x 1 x


∞
X 1 1 1 1
= 1 + + + ··· +
n=1
n 2 3 n
Z ∞
1 1
Area under the curve = dx = ∞
x 1 x
Integral is divergent hence series is also divergent. J

Test the convergence of the following series:

∞ 1 ∞
2
ne−n
P P
1 2
2
n=2 n(log n) n=1

p−series
∞
X 1 1 1 1 1
p
= p + p + p + · · · + p + · · · (p a real constant)
n=1
n 1 2 3 n
converges if p > 1, and diverges if p ≤ 1
Proof: Possible values of P : p > 1, p ≤ 0, 0 < p < 1, p = 1

1
Now, Let p > 1 then f (x) = p is positive decreasing function of x. Since
x
Z ∞ Z ∞ −p+1 b
1 −p x
p
= x dx = lim
1 x 1 b→∞ −p + 1
1

1 1
= lim −1
1 − p b→∞ bp−1
1 1
= (0 − 1) =
1−p p−1
bp−1 → ∞ as b → ∞ because p − 1 > 0
The series converges by integral test.
If p ≤ 0 then the series diverges by the nth −term test.
If 0 < p < 1, then 1 − p > 0 and
Z ∞
1 1
p
dx = lim b1−p − 1 = ∞
1 x 1−p b→∞
1 1 1
If p = 1, then we have Harmonic series 1 + + + · · · + + · · · which is divergent.
2 3 n
J

Determine the convergence or divergence of the following series:

∞ ∞
X 2
X 1
1 ne−n 2
n=1 n=1
2ln n

Series The Ratio Test
The Ratio Test

P
Let an be any series and suppose that

an+1
lim =ρ
n→∞ an
Then
1 the series converges absolutely if ρ < 1
2 the series diverges if ρ > 1
3 the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1
Investigate convergence of the following series:

∞ ∞ ∞
X 2n + 5 X (2n)! X 4n n!n!
1 2 3
n=0
3n n=0
n!n! n=0
(2n)!
∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1

lim =
n→∞ an (2n + 5)/3n

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 1 2n+1 + 5

lim
= = lim · n
n→∞ an (2n + 5)/3n n→∞ 3 2 +5

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 1 2n+1 + 5

lim
= = lim · n
n→∞ an (2n + 5)/3n n→∞ 3 2 +5
−n

1 2+5·2
= lim ·
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 2n+1 + 5

1
lim
=
n n
= lim ·
n→∞ an (2 + 5)/3 n→∞ 3 2n + 5
−n

1 2+5·2 1 2
= lim · = ·
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n 3 1

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 2n+1 + 5

1
lim
=
n n
= lim ·
n→∞ an (2 + 5)/3 n→∞ 3 2n + 5
−n

1 2+5·2 1 2 2
= lim · = · =
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n 3 1 3

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 2n+1 + 5

1
lim
=
n n
= lim ·
n→∞ an (2 + 5)/3 n→∞ 3 2n + 5
−n

1 2+5·2 1 2 2
= lim · = · = <1
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n 3 1 3

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 2n+1 + 5

1
lim
=
n n
= lim ·
n→∞ an (2 + 5)/3 n→∞ 3 2n + 5
−n

1 2+5·2 1 2 2
= lim · = · = <1
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n 3 1 3

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 2n+1 + 5

1
lim
=
n n
= lim ·
n→∞ an (2 + 5)/3 n→∞ 3 2n + 5
−n

1 2+5·2 1 2 2
= lim · = · = <1
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n 3 1 3

This does not mean that 2/3 is the sum of the series, In fact,

∞
X 2n + 5
Example:
n=0
3n
Solution:
an+1 (2n+1 + 5)/3n+1 2n+1 + 5

1
lim
=
n n
= lim ·
n→∞ an (2 + 5)/3 n→∞ 3 2n + 5
−n

1 2+5·2 1 2 2
= lim · = · = <1
n→∞ 3 1 + 5 · 2−n 3 1 3

This does not mean that 2/3 is the sum of the series, In fact,
∞ ∞ n ∞
X 2n + 5 X 2 X 5 1 5 21
= + = + =
n=0
3n n=0
3 n=0
3n 1 − 2/3 1 − 1/3 2
J
Series The Root Test
The Root Test

P
Let an be any series suppose that
p
lim n |an | = ρ
n→∞
Then
1 The series converges absolutely if ρ < 1
2 The series diverges if ρ > 1 or ρ is infinite.
3 The test is inconclusive if ρ = 1
Investigate convergence of the following series:

∞ ∞ ∞ n
X n2 X 2n X 1
1 2 3
n=1
2n n=1
n3 n=1
1+n
∞
X n2
Example:
n=1
2n
Solution:

∞
X n2
Example:
n=1
2n
Solution: r √
n
n n2 n2
lim = lim √
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2nn

∞
X n2
Example:
n=1
2n
Solution: r √n
n n2 n2
lim = lim √
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2n n
√
( n n)2 √
n
= lim [ lim n = 1]
n→∞ 2 n→∞

∞
X n2
Example:
n=1
2n
Solution: r √n
n n2 n2
lim = lim √
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2n n
√
( n n)2 √
n
= lim [ lim n = 1]
n→∞ 2 n→∞
12
=
2

∞
X n2
Example:
n=1
2n
Solution: r √n
n n2 n2
lim = lim √
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2n n
√
( n n)2 √
n
= lim [ lim n = 1]
n→∞ 2 n→∞
12
= <1
2

∞
X n2
Example:
n=1
2n
Solution: r √n
n n2 n2
lim = lim √
n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2n n
√
( n n)2 √
n
= lim [ lim n = 1]
n→∞ 2 n→∞
12
= <1
2
Hence, the series is convergent. J

Series Alternating Series
Alternating Series
A series in which the terms are alternately positive and negative is an alternating series.
Leibnitz’s Test
∞
X
An alternating series (−1)n+1 un , where un > 0, is convergent if it satisfies the
n=1
following conditions:
1 each term is numerically less than its preceding term.
2 lim un = 0
n→∞
∞
X
Note: If lim un 6= 0 then the series (−1)n+1 un is an oscillating series.
n→∞
n=1

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
Example: Show that the series is oscillatory.
n=1
2n − 1

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
n=1
2n − 1
n
Solution: Here un =
2n − 1

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
n=1
2n − 1
n
Solution: Here un =
2n − 1
n+1 n
un+1 − un = −
2n + 1 2n − 1

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
n=1
2n − 1
n
Solution: Here un =
2n − 1
n+1 n
un+1 − un = −
2n + 1 2n − 1
1
= 2
4n − 1

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
n=1
2n − 1
n
Solution: Here un =
2n − 1
n+1 n
un+1 − un = −
2n + 1 2n − 1
1
= 2 <0
4n − 1

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
n=1
2n − 1
n
Solution: Here un =
2n − 1
n+1 n
un+1 − un = −
2n + 1 2n − 1
1
= 2 <0
4n − 1
∴ The series is an alternating series, whose each term is numerically less than
preceding term.

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
n=1
2n − 1
n
Solution: Here un =
2n − 1
n+1 n
un+1 − un = −
2n + 1 2n − 1
1
= 2 <0
4n − 1
preceding term.
Also, 1 1
lim un = lim = 6= 0
n→∞ n→∞ 2 − 1/n 2

∞
X (−1)n−1 n
n=1
2n − 1
n
Solution: Here un =
2n − 1
n+1 n
un+1 − un = −
2n + 1 2n − 1
1
= 2 <0
4n − 1
preceding term.
Also, 1 1
lim un = lim = 6= 0
n→∞ n→∞ 2 − 1/n 2
Hence, the series is oscillatory. J
∞
X (−1)n+1
Example: Test convergence of the series
n=1
log(n + 1)

∞
X (−1)n+1
n=1
log(n + 1)
Solution: It is an alternating series.

∞
X (−1)n+1
n=1
log(n + 1)
1
un =
log(n + 1)

∞
X (−1)n+1
n=1
log(n + 1)
1
un =
log(n + 1)
1 1
It is clear that un+1 = < = un
log(n + 2) log(n + 1)

∞
X (−1)n+1
n=1
log(n + 1)
1
un =
log(n + 1)
1 1
log(n + 2) log(n + 1)
Each term is numerically less than preceding term of the series.

∞
X (−1)n+1
n=1
log(n + 1)
1
un =
log(n + 1)
1 1
log(n + 2) log(n + 1)
Also, 1
lim un = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ log(n + 1)

∞
X (−1)n+1
n=1
log(n + 1)
1
un =
log(n + 1)
1 1
log(n + 2) log(n + 1)
Also, 1
lim un = lim =0
n→∞ n→∞ log(n + 1)
Hence by Leibnitz’s test, the series is convergent. J

P
Absolute Convergence: A series an converges absolutely if the corresponding
P
series of absolute value, |an | converges.
The Absolute Convergence Test

∞
X ∞
X
If |an | converges, then an converges.
n=1 n=1
Conditional Convergent: A convergent series that is not absolutely convergent is

conditionally convergent.

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
Example: Test the series for convergence.
n=1
(2n)n

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
Example: Test the series for convergence.
n=1
(2n)n
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
Example: Test the series n
for convergence.
n=1
(2n)
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n
n + 1 n

|un | =
2n

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
for convergence.
n=1
(2n)
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n
n + 1 n

|un | =
2n

1/n n + 1
|un | =
2n

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
for convergence.
n=1
(2n)
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n
n + 1 n

|un | =
2n

1/n n + 1
|un | =
2n

1/n 1 1
lim |un | = lim +
n→∞ n→∞ 2 2n

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
for convergence.
n=1
(2n)
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n
n + 1 n

|un | =
2n

1/n n + 1
|un | =
2n

1/n 1 1 1
lim |un | = lim + =

n→∞ n→∞ 2 2n 2

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
for convergence.
n=1
(2n)
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n
n + 1 n

|un | =
2n

1/n n + 1
|un | =
2n

1/n 1 1 1
lim |un | = lim + = < 1

n→∞ n→∞ 2 2n 2

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
for convergence.
n=1
(2n)
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n
n + 1 n

|un | =
2n

1/n n + 1
|un | =
2n

1/n 1 1 1
lim |un | = lim + = < 1

n→∞ n→∞ 2 2n 2
P
∴ |un | is convergent.

∞
X (−1)n (n + 1)n
for convergence.
n=1
(2n)
(−1)n (n + 1)n
Solution: Here un =
(2n)n
n + 1 n

|un | =
2n

1/n n + 1
|un | =
2n

1/n 1 1 1
lim |un | = lim + = < 1

n→∞ n→∞ 2 2n 2
P
∴ |un | is convergent.
P
Hence, un is absolutely convergent series. J
Check the convergence of the following series:

1 1 1
1 1 − √ + √ − √ + ···
2 2 3 3 4 4
1 1 1
2 1 − √ + √ − √ + ···
2 3 4
1 1 1 1
3 − + − + ···
log 2 log 3 log 4 log 5

τ ~αnk Ψφu !!


Unit-2 Sequence and Series-I

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Unit-2 Sequence and Series-I

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Sequence and Series − I

Pankty Fruitwala & Ravi Dhandhukiya

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Example: Listing terms of Sequence:

Accordingly find cn & dn .

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

n > N ⇒ |an − L| < 

Sequence and Series − I

n > N ⇒ |an − L| < 

Since limit is finite, the sequence is convergent.

If no such number L exists sequence is said to be divergent.

Sequence and Series − I

If no such number L exists sequence is said to be divergent.

If the limit of the sequence un is not unique is said to be oscillatory sequence.

Sequence and Series − I

If the limit of the sequence un is not unique is said to be oscillatory sequence.

Since limit is not unique, the sequence is oscillatory.

Sequence and Series − I

A sequence is said to be Monotonically increasing if un+1 ≥ un for each

The sequence is said to be Alternating sequence if the terms are alternate

Sequence and Series − I

A sequence is said to be Monotonically increasing if un+1 ≥ un for each

The sequence is said to be Alternating sequence if the terms are alternate

A sequence un is said to be a bounded sequence if there exists number m and M

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Example: Test the convergence of the sequence 2n

Sequence and Series − I

Example: Test the convergence of the sequence 2n

Sequence and Series − I

Example: Test the convergence of the sequence 2n

Sequence and Series − I

Example: Test the convergence of the sequence 2n

Sequence and Series − I

Example: Test the convergence of the sequence 2n

Hence, the sequence is divergent. J

Sequence and Series − I

Examples for Practice

Sequence and Series − I

Sandwich Theorem for Sequences

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Examples for Practice

Test convergence of the following sequences:

Sequence and Series − I

Important limits useful for study of series

Sequence and Series − I

Sequence and Series − I

Convergence, Divergence and Oscillation of Infinite Series

Sequence and Series − I

Properties of Infinite Series

Example: Examine the nature of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + · · · + n + · · · ∞

n > N ⇒ |an − L| <

n > N ⇒ |an − L| <