L13-Absolute Convergence and Ratio Test

Outline Absolute and Conditional Convergence Alternating Series & Leibniz Test Ratio Test & Root T
Chapter 1: Sequences and Series

Lecture 3: Absolute Convergence
Ratio & Root Tests
Assoc. Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
Assoc. Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Chapter 1: Sequences and Series Lecture 3: Absolu
Outline
1 Absolute and Conditional Convergence
Outline
2 Alternating Series & Leibniz Test
Outline
2 Alternating Series & Leibniz Test
3 Ratio Test & Root Test
Absolute and Conditional Convergence
Definition
The seriesP ∞
P
n=1 an is called absolutely convergent if
the series |an | is convergent
Definition
The seriesP ∞
P
Theorem
P∞ P∞
If n=1 an is absolutely convergent, then n=1 an is
convergent
Definition
The seriesP ∞
P
Theorem
P∞ P∞
If n=1 an is absolutely convergent, then n=1 an is
convergent
Definition
P∞
n=1 an is called
Pconditionally convergent if it is
∞
convergent but n=1 |a n | is divergent
Absolute Convergence implies Convergence
Proof. It holds that
0 ≤ an + |an | ≤ 2|an |
P
Thus,
P (an + |an |) is a positive
P series.
If |aP
n | is convergent, then 2|an | is convergent and
hence (an + |an |) is convergent by Comparison Test.
Absolute Convergence implies Convergence
Proof. It holds that
0 ≤ an + |an | ≤ 2|an |
P
Thus,
P (an + |an |) is a positive
P series.
If |aP
n | is convergent, then 2|an | is convergent and
hence (an + |an |) is convergent by Comparison Test.
X X X
an = (an + |an |) − |an |
P∞
So n=1 an is also convergent
Leibniz Test for Alternating Series
P∞ n−1 a , a
Alternating Series: n=1 (−1) n n ≥ 0, ∀n
P∞ n−1 a , a
Theorem (Leibniz Test)

Let {an } be a decreasing positive sequence that is
convergent to 0:
an ≥ an+1 ≥ 0, ∀n, lim an = 0

n→∞
P∞ n−1 a , a

convergent to 0:
an ≥ an+1 ≥ 0, ∀n, lim an = 0

n→∞
Then
Pthe alternating series
s= ∞ n=1 (−1) n−1 a = a − a + a − a + ... is
n 1 2 3 4
convergent to s.
P∞ n−1 a , a

convergent to 0:
an ≥ an+1 ≥ 0, ∀n, lim an = 0

n→∞
Then
Pthe alternating series
s= ∞ n=1 (−1) n−1 a = a − a + a − a + ... is
n 1 2 3 4
convergent to s.
Furthermore, 0 ≤ s ≤ a1 and s2n ≤ s ≤ s2n+1 for all n
Example: Conditional Convergence
P∞ 1
The series n=1 n is divergent, but the series
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X (−1)n−1
=−
n=1
n n=1
n
is convergent, by Alternating series test. So, the series

∞
X (−1)n
n=1
n
is conditionally convergent.
Example
(−1)n−1
P∞
Show that s = n=1 √ is conditionally
n
convergent and 0 ≤ s ≤ 1
Example
(−1)n−1
P∞
Show that s = n=1 √ is conditionally
n
convergent and 0 ≤ s ≤ 1
1
Solution. an = √ is a decreasing positive sequence
n
and tends to zero.
(−1)n−1
The Leibniz Test implies that s = ∞
P
n=1 √ is
n
convergent and 0 ≤ s ≤ a1 = 1
However, s is only conditionally convergent because
P 1
series √ is a divergent p-series
n
Application of Leibniz Test: Approximation
Theorem (Approximation)
∞
X
s= (−1)n−1 an
n=1
If {an } is decreasing and positive sequence, then
|sn − s| ≤ an+1 (1)
Theorem (Approximation)
∞
X
s= (−1)n−1 an
n=1
If {an } is decreasing and positive sequence, then
|sn − s| ≤ an+1 (1)

P∞ (−1)n+1
Example. Show that s = n=1 is convergent
n
conditionally. And
(a) Show that |s6 − s| ≤ 1/7
(b) Find n such that |sn − s| ≤ 10−3
P∞ −1 is divergent
Solution. The series n=1 n
But s is convergent conditionally by Leibniz Test,
since an = 1/n is a positive decreasing sequence
(a) By (1), |s6 − s| ≤ 1/7
P∞ −1 is divergent
Solution. The series n=1 n
But s is convergent conditionally by Leibniz Test,
since an = 1/n is a positive decreasing sequence
(a) By (1), |s6 − s| ≤ 1/7
(b) We have
1
|sn − s| ≤ an+1 = < 10−3
n+1
So n + 1 > 103 or
n > 999
Ratio Test
Theorem (Ratio Test)

an+1
If limn→∞
= L < 1, then P∞ an is
n=1
an
absolutely convergent
Ratio Test

an+1
If limn→∞
= L < 1, then P∞ an is
n=1
an

an+1 P∞
If limn→∞
= L > 1, then
n=1 an is divergent
an
Ratio Test

an+1
If limn→∞ = L < 1, then P∞ an is
n=1
an

an+1 P∞
If limn→∞ = L > 1, then
n=1 an is divergent
a
n
an+1
If limn→∞ = 1, Ratio Test gives no
an
information
Example
P∞ 1
Prove that n=1 is convergent
n!
Example
P∞ 1
n!
1
Solution. Let an = . Then
n!
an+1 1 n! n! 1
= = =
an (n + 1)! 1 (n + 1)! n+1
Example
P∞ 1
n!
1
n!
an+1 1 n! n! 1
= = =
an (n + 1)! 1 (n + 1)! n+1

an+1
L = lim
= lim 1 = 0 < 1
n→∞ an n→∞ n + 1
So, the series is absolutely convergent by Ratio Test.

Root Test
Theorem (Root Test)

p P∞
(i) If limn→∞ n |an | = L < 1, then n=1 an is absolutely
convergent
Root Test
Theorem (Root Test)

p P∞
convergent
p P∞
(ii) If limn→∞ n |an | = L > 1, then n=1 an is divergent
Root Test
Theorem (Root Test)

p P∞
convergent
p P∞
(ii) If limn→∞ n |an | = L > 1, then n=1 an is divergent
p
(iii) If limn→∞ n |an | = 1, Root Test gives no
information
Note: q
n
|an | = |an |1/n .
Root Test: Example
n
P∞ n
Determine whether s = n=1 is convergent.
2n + 3
Root Test: Example
n
n P∞
Determine whether s = n=1 is convergent.
n 2n + 3
n
2n + 3
n 1
q
L = lim n |an | = lim = <1
n→∞ n→∞ 2n + 3 2
n
P∞ n
So, the series n=1 is convergent.
2n + 3
Exercises
1) Use Ratio Test to determine the convergence of

the following series
P∞ 3n + 5 P n3
a) n=1 b)
2n3 + 1 3n2
Exercises
1) Use Ratio Test to determine the convergence of

the following series
P∞ 3n + 5 P n3
a) n=1 b)
2n3 + 1 3n2
2) Use Root Test to determine the convergence of the

following series
P∞ k k P 2n + 3n
a) n=1 b)
k +5 7n
Exercises
Determine whether the given series is convergent or

divergent
P∞ 1 P∞ n + 1
1) n=2 2) 1
n(ln n)3 2n
P∞ cos2 n
3) 1
n2
P∞ 3n + n
4) n=1 2n
3 − n2
P∞ sin2 n
5) n=1 √
n n

L13-Absolute Convergence and Ratio Test

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Outline Absolute and Conditional Convergence Alternating Series & Leibniz Test Ratio Test & Root T

Chapter 1: Sequences and Series

Assoc. Prof. Mai Duc Thanh

1 Absolute and Conditional Convergence

1 Absolute and Conditional Convergence

2 Alternating Series & Leibniz Test

1 Absolute and Conditional Convergence

2 Alternating Series & Leibniz Test

3 Ratio Test & Root Test

Absolute and Conditional Convergence

Absolute and Conditional Convergence

Absolute and Conditional Convergence

Absolute Convergence implies Convergence

Proof. It holds that

Absolute Convergence implies Convergence

Proof. It holds that

Leibniz Test for Alternating Series

Leibniz Test for Alternating Series

Theorem (Leibniz Test)

an ≥ an+1 ≥ 0, ∀n, lim an = 0

Leibniz Test for Alternating Series

Theorem (Leibniz Test)

an ≥ an+1 ≥ 0, ∀n, lim an = 0

Leibniz Test for Alternating Series

Theorem (Leibniz Test)

an ≥ an+1 ≥ 0, ∀n, lim an = 0

Example: Conditional Convergence

is convergent, by Alternating series test. So, the series

Application of Leibniz Test: Approximation

If {an } is decreasing and positive sequence, then

|sn − s| ≤ an+1 (1)

Application of Leibniz Test: Approximation

If {an } is decreasing and positive sequence, then

|sn − s| ≤ an+1 (1)

Application of Leibniz Test: Approximation

Application of Leibniz Test: Approximation

Theorem (Ratio Test)

Theorem (Ratio Test)

Theorem (Ratio Test)

Theorem (Root Test)

Theorem (Root Test)

Theorem (Root Test)

Root Test: Example

Root Test: Example

1) Use Ratio Test to determine the convergence of

1) Use Ratio Test to determine the convergence of

2) Use Root Test to determine the convergence of the

Determine whether the given series is convergent or

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