Chapter 1

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background to the study
The analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution, and
telecommunications service using geospatial techniques in Nigeria is a crucial field that has
gained significant attention in recent years. The telecommunications industry in Nigeria has been
rapidly growing, and with it the number of mast and base transceiver stations (BTS) being
installed in the country. The BTS play a vital role in providing reliable and high-quality
telecommunications services to Nigerian citizens and businesses. However, managing and
distributing these BTS effectively can be a challenge. Geospatial techniques, such as geographic
information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies, provide a solution to this problem
by allowing for the creation of detailed maps and visualizations of BTS locations, which can be
used to identify areas of coverage and potential issues with signal strength and quality. (Adebiyi,
E. O., & Adekunle, A. A. (2018). GIS-Based Analysis of Base Transceiver Stations' Distribution
and Management in Nigeria)
The use of geospatial techniques in the analysis of BTS management and distribution has been
the subject of several studies in recent years. These studies have shown that GIS-based analysis
can be used to identify areas of poor coverage and signal strength, and to suggest strategies for
improving BTS management and distribution in Nigeria. (Oluwadare, O. A., Adebiyi, E. O., &
Adekunle, A. A. (2018). Analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and
distribution in Nigeria using GIS techniques)
Additionally, the study will examine the impact of various factors such as population density,
urbanization, and terrain on the distribution and management of BTS in Nigeria. With the help of
geospatial techniques, this research will provide valuable insights into the current state of the
telecommunications industry in Nigeria and identify areas where improvements can be made.
The findings of this study will be useful for telecommunications companies, government
agencies, and researchers in the field of telecommunications and GIS.
Furthermore, this research will also focus on the economic and social implications of efficient
BTS management and distribution. As telecommunications services become increasingly vital
for businesses and daily life, the availability and quality of these services can have a significant
impact on the economic and social development of Nigeria. The results of this study will provide
valuable information for policymakers and telecommunications companies to make informed
decisions about how to improve the telecommunications infrastructure in Nigeria.
Overall, the study of analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution
and telecommunications service using geospatial techniques in Nigeria is a vital area of research
that is essential for ensuring reliable and high-quality telecommunications services for Nigerian
citizens and businesses. By using GIS and remote sensing technologies to analyze and map BTS
locations and coverage patterns, this research will provide valuable insights into the current state
of the telecommunications industry in Nigeria and identify areas where improvements can be
made.
Additionally, the study will also explore the possibility of using geospatial techniques for
forecasting future BTS distribution and management. By analyzing historical data, population
growth, and other relevant factors, GIS models can be used to predict future BTS needs. This
will help telecommunications companies and government agencies to plan for future
infrastructure development and make informed decisions about where to install new BTS.
Moreover, this study will also investigate the potential use of geospatial techniques in monitoring
and maintaining the existing BTS infrastructure. GIS and remote sensing technologies can be
used to track the condition of BTS, identify potential issues, and plan for maintenance and
upgrades. This will help to ensure that the BTS infrastructure is in good working condition and
that telecommunications services are reliable and of high quality.

The study of analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution and
telecommunications service using geospatial techniques in Nigeria is a crucial field that has the
potential to provide valuable insights into the current state of the telecommunications industry in
Nigeria, and identify areas where improvements can be made to ensure reliable and high-quality
telecommunications services for Nigerian citizens and businesses.
Additionally, the use of geospatial techniques in this study will not only help in understanding
the current distribution and management of BTS, but also in forecasting future needs and
maintaining the existing infrastructure. This will not only aid in the improvement of
telecommunications services but also in the socio-economic development of the country.

Overall, this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the mast and base transceiver
station management and distribution in Nigeria using geospatial techniques, and to contribute to
the ongoing efforts to improve the telecommunications industry in Nigeria. The findings of this
study will be of interest to telecommunications companies, government agencies, researchers,
and policymakers, and will provide valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities facing
the telecommunications industry in Nigeria
1.2 Statement of research problem
The rapid growth of the telecommunications industry in Nigeria has led to an increase in the
number of mast and base transceiver stations (BTS) being installed throughout the country.
These BTS play a critical role in providing reliable and high-quality telecommunications services
to Nigerian citizens and businesses. However, the management and distribution of these BTS can
be a significant challenge. Identifying the optimal locations for BTS installation, maintaining and
upgrading existing BTS, and ensuring adequate coverage and signal strength are all important
factors that must be taken into account. (Adebiyi, E. O., & Adekunle, A. A. (2018). GIS-Based
Analysis of Base Transceiver Stations' Distribution and Management in Nigeria) Geospatial
techniques, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies,
provide a solution to this problem by allowing for the creation of detailed maps and
visualizations of BTS locations, which can be used to identify areas of coverage and potential
issues with signal strength and quality. (Oluwadare, O. A., Adebiyi, E. O., & Adekunle, A. A.
(2018). Analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution in Nigeria
using GIS techniques)
However, despite the potential benefits of geospatial techniques, there is still a lack of
comprehensive studies on the use of these techniques for BTS management and distribution in
Nigeria. The research problem of this study is to fill this gap by providing a detailed analysis of
the mast and base transceiver station management and distribution in Nigeria using geospatial
techniques, and to identify areas where improvements can be made to ensure reliable and high-
quality telecommunications services for Nigerian citizens and businesses.
This research will also investigate the possibility of using geospatial techniques for forecasting
future BTS distribution and management. By analyzing historical data, population growth, and
other relevant factors, GIS models can be used to predict future BTS needs. This will help
telecommunications companies and government agencies to plan for future infrastructure
development and make informed decisions about where to install new BTS.
In summary, the research problem of this study is to examine the use of geospatial techniques,
specifically GIS and remote sensing, in the analysis and improvement of the management and
distribution of BTS in Nigeria, to ensure reliable and high-quality telecommunications services
for Nigerian citizens and businesses. The research will also aim to identify the factors that affect
the distribution and management of BTS, and how geospatial techniques can be used to mitigate
their impact, as well as the possibility of forecasting future BTS needs.
1.3 Research question
1. What roles does GIS and remote sensing play in the citing and development of Masts and
Base Transceiver Stations(BTSs)
2. What are the impacts of Masts and Base Transceiver Stations(BTS) on the environment
and man
3. What are the laws and regulations guiding the citing of Masts and Base Transceiver
Stations(BTSs) and its impacts on the economy

1.4 Aim and objectives

Aim: The aim of this project is to be able to assess the role of GIS and remote sensing in citing a
Mast and Base Transceiver Stations (BTS)
Objectives: The objectives of this research are;
1. To map the distribution of Masts and Base Transceiver Stations(BTSs) in Ile-Ife
2. To evaluate the perception of the residents on the impacts of Masts and Base
Transceiver Stations(BTSs)
3. To assess the level of compliance of the existing masts to the National
Communications Commission NCC guidelines
4. To examine the distribution of Masts and Base Transceiver Stations(BTSs)
 5. To evaluate the laws and regulation governing the citing of Masts and Base
Transceiver Stations(BTSs)
1.5 Justification of research
The analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution, and
telecommunications service using geospatial techniques in Nigeria is a crucial field that has
gained significant attention in recent years. The telecommunications industry in Nigeria has been
rapidly growing, and with it, the number of mast and base transceiver stations (BTS) being
installed in the country. These BTS play a vital role in providing reliable and high-quality
telecommunications services to Nigerian citizens and businesses. However, managing and
distributing these BTS effectively can be a significant challenge. (Adebiyi, E. O., & Adekunle,
A. A. (2018). GIS-Based Analysis of Base Transceiver Stations' Distribution and Management in
Nigeria)

Geospatial techniques, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing
technologies, provide a solution to this problem by allowing for the creation of detailed maps and
visualizations of BTS locations, which can be used to identify areas of coverage and potential
issues with signal strength and quality. (Oluwadare, O. A., Adebiyi, E. O., & Adekunle, A. A.
(2018). Analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution in Nigeria
using GIS techniques)

The use of these techniques in the analysis of BTS management and distribution can provide
valuable insights into the distribution and coverage patterns of BTS in Nigeria, and aid in the
identification of areas where improvements are needed to ensure optimal service. Furthermore,
GIS-based analysis can also be used to forecast future BTS distribution and management needs,
and to monitor and maintain the existing BTS infrastructure. This will help to ensure that the
BTS infrastructure is in good working condition and that telecommunications services are
reliable and of high quality.

Additionally, the study of BTS management and distribution using geospatial techniques in
Nigeria is also important because of the economic and social implications of efficient BTS
management and distribution. Telecommunications services are increasingly vital for businesses
and daily life, and the availability and quality of these services can have a significant impact on
the economic and social development of Nigeria. The results of this study will provide valuable
information for policymakers and telecommunications companies to make informed decisions
about how to improve the telecommunications infrastructure in Nigeria.

Furthermore, this research is also important in the context of Nigeria's goal to achieve universal
access to telecommunications services by 2020. The Nigerian Communications Commission
(NCC) has set the goal of achieving 100% coverage of the country with telecommunication
services. Therefore, it is important to understand the current state of the telecommunications
industry in Nigeria, and identify areas where improvements can be made to ensure that this goal
is met.

Overall, the study of analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution
and telecommunications service using geospatial techniques in Nigeria is a crucial area of
research that is essential for ensuring reliable and high-quality telecommunications services for
Nigerian citizens and businesses. The use of GIS and remote sensing technologies to analyze and
map BTS locations and coverage patterns, will provide valuable insights into the current state of
the telecommunications industry in Nigeria and identify areas where improvements can be made.

1.6 Scope of study

The scope of this research is to conduct an analysis of the mast and base transceiver station
management and distribution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria using geospatial techniques. The study will focus
on the use of GIS and remote sensing technologies to create detailed maps and visualizations of
BTS locations in Ile-Ife, which can be used to identify areas of coverage, signal strength and
quality, and potential issues.

The research will examine the current distribution patterns and coverage areas of BTS in Ile-Ife,
and how they vary across different regions and population densities. The study will also
investigate the factors that affect the optimal location and distribution of BTS in Ile-Ife, such as
terrain, population density, and urbanization.

Additionally, the research will also explore the possibility of using geospatial techniques for
forecasting future BTS distribution and management in Ile-Ife. By analyzing historical data,
population growth, and other relevant factors, GIS models can be used to predict future BTS
needs. This will help telecommunications companies and government agencies to plan for future
infrastructure development and make informed decisions about where to install new BTS.

The study will also investigate the potential use of geospatial techniques in monitoring and
maintaining the existing BTS infrastructure in Ile-Ife. GIS and remote sensing technologies can
be used to track the condition of BTS, identify potential issues, and plan for maintenance and
upgrades. This will help to ensure that the BTS infrastructure is in good working condition and
that telecommunications services are reliable and of high quality.

1.7 study area

1.7.1 location of Ife central

The location of Ile-Ife Central Local Government can be found in the southwestern region of
Nigeria, in the state of Osun. The local government area is situated within the city of Ile-Ife,
which is known as the cultural and spiritual capital of the Yoruba people. The city is located at
an approximate latitude of 7.48 degrees North and a longitude of 4.56 degrees East.

Ile-Ife is an ancient city with a rich history and cultural heritage. It is considered to be the
birthplace of the Yoruba people, and is home to many historical and cultural monuments,
including the famous Ife bronze and terracotta heads, which date back to the 12th century. The
city is also home to the Obafemi Awolowo University, which is one of the most prestigious
universities in Nigeria.

The local government area of Ile-Ife Central is bordered by several other local government areas,
including Ife South and Ife East to the east, Ife North to the north, and Atakunmosa East to the
west. The area is relatively small, covering an area of approximately 70 square kilometers.

Ile-Ife Central Local Government has a population of over 100,000 people, with a majority of the
population belonging to the Yoruba ethnic group. The main economic activities in the area
include agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship. The local government area is also home to many
small and medium-sized enterprises, including manufacturing and service industries.

The local government area is well connected to other parts of the state and the country. The city
of Ile-Ife is situated on the major road that connects the southwestern region of Nigeria to the
northern and eastern regions, and it is also well connected to other major cities in the region such
as Ibadan, Osogbo, and Akure..

In conclusion, the location of Ile-Ife Central Local Government can be found in the southwestern
region of Nigeria, in the state of Osun. The local government area is situated within the city of
Ile-Ife, which is known as the cultural and spiritual capital of the Yoruba people. The area is rich
in history and culture and is home to many historical and cultural monuments, as well as a major
university. The local government area also has a diverse economy and well connected with other
parts of the state and country.

1.7.2 Physical features of Ife central

Climate: Ile-Ife Central Local Government has a tropical climate, characterized by high
temperatures and high humidity. According to Adebisi and Adebowale (2018), the area has a
rainy season that typically runs from April to October and a dry season that lasts from November
to March. The area receives an average annual rainfall of about 1,500 mm, with the heaviest
rainfall occurring in the months of June, July and August.

Vegetation: The vegetation of Ile-Ife Central Local Government is primarily of the rainforest
type. According to Ojo and Fatoba (2016) the area is covered by dense tropical rainforest, with a
diverse range of plant species. Some of the most common tree species found in the area include
iroko, mahogany, and African mahogany. The forest also supports a wide variety of wildlife,
including monkeys, chimpanzees, and elephants.

Topography: The topography of Ile-Ife Central Local Government is characterized by rolling

hills and valleys. According to Adepegba (2018), the area is situated on a plateau, with an
elevation of about 300 meters above sea level. The area is also drained by several small rivers
and streams, which flow into the nearby Osun River. The area is also characterized by several
natural rock formations, including granite outcrops, which are a popular tourist attraction.

In conclusion, the physical features of Ile-Ife Central Local Government include its tropical
climate, diverse vegetation, and varied topography. The area experiences a rainy season that
typically runs from April to October and a dry season that lasts from November to March, the
area is covered by dense tropical rainforest, with a diverse range of plant species, and has a
topography characterized by rolling hills and valleys, natural rock formations and several small
rivers and streams.

1.7.3 Economic activities of Ife central local government

Agriculture: Agriculture is an important economic activity in Ile-Ife Central Local Government.

According to Adebisi and Adebowale (2018), the area is known for its large-scale cultivation of
crops such as yam, cassava, and maize. The area also has a large number of smallholder farmers
who grow crops such as plantains, vegetables, and fruits. Additionally, there is also an increasing
trend of commercial poultry farming and fishery in the area.

Trade: Trade is another important economic activity in Ile-Ife Central Local Government.
According to Adepegba (2018), the area is home to several markets and shops, where a wide
variety of goods are sold, including food, clothing, and household items. The area is also known
for its art and craft industry, with a variety of traditional Yoruba art and crafts being produced
and sold in the local markets.

Manufacturing: Manufacturing is an emerging economic activity in Ile-Ife Central Local

Government. According to Adebisi and Adebowale (2018), the area is home to several small and
medium-sized enterprises that produce a variety of goods, including processed foods, textiles,
and furniture.

Services: Services is another important economic activity in Ile-Ife Central Local Government.
According to Adepegba (2018), the area is home to the Obafemi Awolowo University, one of the
most prestigious universities in Nigeria, which provides a wide range of services, including
education, research, and consulting. The area also has several hotels and restaurants, providing a
variety of services to visitors and tourists.

In conclusion, the economic activities of Ile-Ife Central Local Government are diverse and
include agriculture, trade, manufacturing, and services. Agriculture is an important economic
activity in the area, with large-scale cultivation of crops such as yam, cassava, and maize, trade is
another important economic activity, with several markets and shops, where a wide variety of
goods are sold, manufacturing is an emerging economic activity with several small and medium-
sized enterprises, and services is also an important economic activity, with the presence of a
prestigious university and several hotels and restaurants.

Chapter 2

2.0 Theoretical framework and Literature review

2.1 Theoretical framework

2.1.1 The Diffusion of Innovations theory

The Diffusion of Innovations theory, first proposed by Everett Rogers in 1962, explains how,
why, and at what rate new ideas and technologies spread through societies. The theory suggests
that the adoption of an innovation follows a bell-shaped curve, with early adopters (innovators
and early adopters) being followed by the majority (the early and late majority) and finally by
laggards.

The theory can be applied to the analysis of the management and distribution of base transceiver
stations (BTS) and telecommunication services using geospatial techniques. By understanding
the factors that influence the adoption of new technologies, telecommunication companies can
make informed decisions about where to deploy new BTS and how to market their services to
different segments of the population.

Geospatial techniques, such as GIS mapping and spatial statistics, can be used to identify areas
with a high potential for adoption of new technologies. For example, by overlaying demographic
data, such as population density and income levels, with data on existing BTS coverage,
companies can identify areas where there is a high demand for better telecommunications
services.

Additionally, spatial analysis can be used to identify potential barriers to adoption, such as
physical obstacles or lack of infrastructure. This can help companies to develop targeted
strategies for reaching underserved populations, such as providing mobile services in remote
areas.

Overall, the Diffusion of Innovations theory and geospatial techniques can be used in
conjunction to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence the adoption
of new technologies and to inform the management and distribution of BTS and
telecommunication services.

2.1,2 Theories of Environmental Determinism, Probabilism, and Possibilism

The theory of Environmental Determinism posits that the physical environment shapes human
culture and society. According to this theory, the natural environment determines the potential
for human development and progress, and human culture and society are the product of their
physical environment. Environmental Determinism has been largely discredited as a theory, as it
does not take into account the role of human agency and decision making in shaping the
environment and society.

Probabilism, on the other hand, is a theory that emphasizes the role of probability in shaping
human-environment interactions. According to this theory, the physical environment sets certain
constraints and possibilities for human development, but the outcome is not predetermined.
Instead, it is shaped by a combination of environmental factors and human decision making.
Possibilism is a theory that emphasizes the role of human agency in shaping the environment.
According to this theory, the physical environment sets certain constraints, but human decision
making can overcome these constraints and create new possibilities for development.

All three theories can be applied to the analysis of the management and distribution of base
transceiver stations (BTS) and telecommunication services using geospatial techniques. For
example, environmental determinism would suggest that the physical environment determines
the potential for telecommunications development, while possibilism would emphasize the role
of human decision making in shaping the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services.

Geospatial techniques, such as GIS mapping and spatial statistics, can be used to analyze the
physical environment and the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services. For
example, GIS can be used to create maps of the physical environment, including terrain, land
use, and infrastructure, which can be used to identify areas with high or low potential for
telecommunications development. Spatial statistics can be used to analyze patterns of BTS
distribution and telecommunications services, and identify areas where there are gaps in
coverage or high demand.

Overall, the theories of Environmental Determinism, Probabilism, and Possibilism provide

different perspectives on the role of the physical environment in shaping human-environment
interactions. Geospatial techniques can be used to analyze the physical environment and the
distribution of BTS and telecommunications services, and to inform decision making in the
management and distribution of telecommunications infrastructure.

2.1.3 The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM): This theory suggests that the acceptance and use of
new technologies is influenced by perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is a theory that explains how individuals and
organizations adopt and use new technologies. Developed by Davis in 1989, the model suggests
that there are two key factors that determine technology acceptance: perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use. Perceived usefulness refers to the extent to which an individual believes
that using a technology will enhance their job performance or personal life. Perceived ease of use
refers to the extent to which an individual believes that using a technology is simple and easy to
use.

TAM can be applied to the analysis of the management and distribution of base transceiver
stations (BTS) and telecommunication services using geospatial techniques. By understanding
how individuals and organizations perceive the usefulness and ease of use of new technologies,
telecommunication companies can make informed decisions about where to deploy new BTS and
how to market their services to different segments of the population.

Geospatial techniques, such as GIS mapping and spatial statistics, can be used to identify areas
with a high potential for technology acceptance. For example, by overlaying demographic data,
such as population density and income levels, with data on existing BTS coverage, companies
can identify areas where there is a high demand for better telecommunications services.
Additionally, spatial analysis can be used to identify potential barriers to technology acceptance,
such as physical obstacles or lack of infrastructure. This can help companies to develop targeted
strategies for reaching underserved populations, such as providing mobile services in remote
areas.

Overall, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and geospatial techniques can be used in
conjunction to provide a comprehensive understanding of how individuals and organizations
perceive the usefulness and ease of use of new technologies and to inform the management and
distribution of BTS and telecommunication services.

2.2. Literature review

2.2.1 Studies on analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution and
telecommunication service using geospatial techniques in the world

The analysis of the management and distribution of base transceiver stations (BTS) and
telecommunication services using geospatial techniques has been widely studied around the
world. The literature review presented here highlights some key studies that have used geospatial
techniques to analyze the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services, and to identify
areas with a high potential for technology acceptance in different countries and regions.

A study by Wang et al. (2018) used GIS mapping to analyze the distribution of BTS in China.
The study found that BTS density was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and that the
distribution of BTS was influenced by factors such as population density, economic activity, and
the availability of infrastructure. The study also identified areas with a high potential for
telecommunications development, based on factors such as population density, income levels,
and infrastructure.

Another study by Kim et al. (2019) used GIS and spatial analysis to examine the distribution of BTS in
South Korea. The study found that BTS density was positively correlated with population density, and
that the distribution of BTS was influenced by factors such as urbanization, transportation infrastructure,
and topography.

A study by Sánchez et al. (2020) used GIS to analyze the distribution of BTS in Spain. The study
found that BTS density was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and that the distribution of
BTS was influenced by factors such as population density, economic activity, and the availability
of infrastructure. The study also identified areas with a high potential for telecommunications
development, based on factors such as population density, income levels, and infrastructure.

The literature review indicates that geospatial techniques can provide valuable insights into the
management and distribution of BTS and telecommunications services in different countries and
regions around the world. GIS mapping and spatial analysis can be used to identify areas with a
high potential for telecommunications development, while also analyzing the factors that
influence the distribution of BTS such as population density, economic activity, availability of
infrastructure, urbanization, transportation infrastructure, and topography.
In conclusion, the literature review highlights the importance of using geospatial techniques to
understand the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services in different countries and
regions around the world, and to identify areas with a high potential for telecommunications
development. The studies reviewed suggest that BTS density is higher in urban areas than in
rural areas, and that the distribution of BTS influenced by a variety of factors such as population
density, economic activity, availability of infrastructure, urbanization, transportation
infrastructure, and topography. These findings suggest that telecommunications companies
should consider these factors when planning the deployment of new BTS in order to improve
coverage and accessibility of telecommunications services.

Additionally, the literature review suggests that there is a need for targeted strategies to bridge
the digital divide and increase telecommunications coverage in rural areas around the world. This
may include the deployment of mobile services in remote areas, or the provision of subsidies to
help individuals and organizations in underserved areas to adopt new technologies.

Overall, the literature review indicates that geospatial techniques can be an effective tool for
analyzing the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services around the world, and for
identifying areas with a high potential for telecommunications development. This can help
telecommunications companies to make informed decisions about where to deploy new BTS and
how to market their services, ultimately helping to bridge the digital divide and increase access
to telecommunications services for people around the world.

2.2.2 Studies on analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution and
telecommunication service using geospatial techniques in Africa

The analysis of the management and distribution of base transceiver stations (BTS) and
telecommunication services using geospatial techniques has been widely studied in Africa. The
literature review presented here highlights some key studies that have used geospatial techniques
to analyze the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services in Africa, and to identify
areas with a high potential for technology acceptance.

A study by Elhag et al. (2015) used GIS and remote sensing to analyze the distribution of BTS in
Sudan. The study found that BTS density was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and that
the distribution of BTS was influenced by factors such as population density, economic activity,
and the availability of infrastructure. The study also identified areas with a high potential for
telecommunications development, based on factors such as population density, income levels,
and infrastructure.

Another study by Al-Ansari et al. (2016) used GIS and spatial analysis to examine the
distribution of BTS in Egypt. The study found that BTS density was higher in urban areas than in
rural areas, and that BTS density was positively correlated with population density. The study
also identified areas with a high potential for telecommunications development, based on factors
such as population density, income levels, and infrastructure.

A study by Gebrehiwot et al. (2017) used GIS to analyze the distribution of BTS in Ethiopia. The
study found that BTS density was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and that the
distribution of BTS was influenced by factors such as population density, economic activity, and
the availability of infrastructure. The study also identified areas with a high potential for
telecommunications development, based on factors such as population density, income levels,
and infrastructure.

The literature review indicates that in Africa, the distribution of BTS and telecommunications
services are not evenly distributed, with higher coverage in urban areas and lower coverage in
rural areas. This highlights the need for targeted strategies to reach underserved populations and
bridge the digital divide. Additionally, the literature review indicates that GIS and spatial
analysis techniques can be used to analyze the distribution of BTS and telecommunications
services in Africa, and to identify areas with a high potential for telecommunications
development.

In conclusion, the literature review highlights the importance of using geospatial techniques to
understand the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services in Africa, and to identify
areas with a high potential for telecommunications development. The studies reviewed suggest
that BTS density is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and that the distribution of BTS is
influenced by factors such as population density, economic activity, and the availability of
infrastructure. This highlights the need for targeted strategies to bridge the digital divide and
increase telecommunications coverage in rural areas of Africa.

2.2.3 Studies on analysis of mast and base transceiver stations management and distribution and
telecommunication service using geospatial techniques in Nigeria

The analysis of the management and distribution of base transceiver stations (BTS) and
telecommunication services using geospatial techniques has been widely studied in Nigeria. The
literature review presented here highlights some key studies that have used geospatial techniques
to analyze the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services, and to identify areas with a
high potential for technology acceptance in Nigeria.

One study by Adebayo and Olowoyo (2018) used GIS mapping to analyze the distribution of
BTS in Nigeria. The study found that BTS were concentrated in urban areas, with a significant
gap in coverage in rural areas. The authors also found that the distribution of BTS was
influenced by population density, economic activity, and the availability of infrastructure.

Another study by Adebayo and Olowoyo (2019) used spatial statistics to analyze the coverage of
telecommunications services in Nigeria. The study found that telecommunications services were
not evenly distributed across the country, with higher coverage in urban areas and lower
coverage in rural areas. The authors also identified areas with a high potential for
telecommunications development, based on factors such as population density, income levels,
and infrastructure.

A study by Adebayo et al. (2022) applied the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory to
analyze the adoption of mobile banking services in Nigeria. The study found that perceived
usefulness and perceived ease of use were the key factors that influenced the adoption of mobile
banking services. The study also found that there were significant differences in the adoption of
mobile banking services between urban and rural areas, with higher adoption in urban areas.

The studies above show that geospatial techniques can provide valuable insights into the
management and distribution of BTS and telecommunications services in Nigeria. GIS mapping
and spatial statistics can be used to identify areas with a high potential for telecommunications
development, while the technology acceptance model (TAM) can be used to understand how
individuals and organizations perceive the usefulness and ease of use of new technologies.

Another study by Nwosu et al. (2018) used GIS mapping to analyze the distribution of BTS in
Nigeria and to identify areas with poor coverage. The study found that BTS were concentrated in
urban areas, with poor coverage in rural areas. The authors also found that the distribution of
BTS was influenced by population density, land use, and the availability of infrastructure. They
suggested that an expansion of BTS infrastructure in rural areas would improve
telecommunications services in those areas.

In a study by Osinowo et al. (2020) applied GIS and spatial analysis to evaluate the impact of
BTS on economic development in Nigeria. The study found that the presence of BTS was
positively associated with economic development. The study also found that the distribution of
BTS was influenced by population density, income levels, and infrastructure. The authors
suggested that expanding BTS infrastructure in areas with high population density and income
levels would lead to a higher economic development.

Another study by Onwuka et al. (2021) used GIS and spatial analysis to assess the availability
and accessibility of telecommunications services in Nigeria. The study found that
telecommunications services were not evenly distributed across the country, with higher
availability in urban areas and lower availability in rural areas. The authors also identified areas
with a high potential for telecommunications development, based on factors such as population
density, income levels, and infrastructure. They suggested that an expansion of BTS
infrastructure in these areas would improve the availability and accessibility of
telecommunications services.

Another study by Oluwoye (2020) used GIS and spatial analysis to examine the distribution of
BTS in Nigeria and its relationship with population density. The study found that BTS density
was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and that BTS density was positively correlated with
population density. This suggests that telecommunications companies tend to prioritize areas
with high population densities when deploying BTS.
A study by Adebayo et al. (2021) used GIS to analyze the distribution of BTS in Nigeria and to
identify areas with a high potential for telecommunications development. The study found that
BTS density was higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and that the distribution of BTS was
influenced by factors such as population density, economic activity, and the availability of
infrastructure. The study also identified areas with a high potential for telecommunications
development, based on factors such as population density, income levels, and infrastructure.

In conclusion, the literature review indicates that the distribution of BTS and
telecommunications services in Nigeria is influenced by a combination of physical, economic,
and demographic factors. GIS mapping and spatial analysis have been widely used to analyze the
distribution of BTS and telecommunications services in Nigeria, and to identify areas with poor
coverage and high potential for telecommunications development. The studies suggest that
expanding BTS infrastructure in rural areas would improve telecommunications services in those
areas, and that expanding BTS infrastructure in areas with high population density and income
levels would lead to higher economic development. The literature review indicates that, in
Nigeria, the distribution of BTS and telecommunications services are not evenly distributed, with
higher coverage in urban areas and lower coverage in rural areas. This highlights the need for
targeted strategies to reach underserved populations and bridge the digital divide. Additionally,
the literature review indicates that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use are key factors
that influence the adoption of new technologies in Nigeria.

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