© 2015 JETIR April 2015, Volume 2, Issue 4 www.jetir.

org (ISSN-2349-5162)

Hkkjrh; lekt lq/kkj vkUnksyu esa jked`’.k ijegal dh Hkwfedk

dk ,sfrgkfld v/;;u
fç;adk dqekjh
“ks/kkFkhZ] bfrgkl foHkkx]
yñ ukñ fefFkyk fo”ofo|ky;] njHkaxk]
Lkkjka'k %
vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa 19oha 'krkCnh dk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gS D;ksafd bl 'krkCnh esa ;gk¡ /keZ lq/kkj ,oa
lekt lq/kkj vkUnksyu gqvk FkkA bl vkUnksyu esa Hkkjrh; lekt lq/kkjdksa us egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA ;Fkk %& jktk
jke eksgu jk;] Lokeh foosdkuUn] jked`".k ijegal vkfn dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA lekt lq/kkj vkUnksyu esa lkezkT;oknh
dEiuh ljdkj us Hkh o"kZ 1857 bZ0 rd c<+&p<+ dj Hkkx fy;k ,oa blls lacfa /kr dkuwu cukdj lq/kkj dks Bksl Lo:i
iznku fd;kA ijarq blds ckn egku~ fonzksg gqvk ,oa ljdkj us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd vxj ge Hkkjrh; lekt lq/kkj esa
Hkkx ysrs gS rks ljdkj dks Lons'k okil tkuk gksxkA Hkkjrh; lekt lq/kkj ,oa ?kj lq/kkj vkUnksyu esa tks rRdkyhu
lekt ,oa /keZ ij va/kfo'okl ,oa vKkurk esa tks rRdkyhu lekt ,oa /keZ ij va/kfo'okl ,oa vKkurk dk tks ijr
te pqdk Fkk mldk fojks/k fd;k x;kA izLrqr fuca/k esa jked`".k ijegal ds laf{kIr thou o`fÙk dk mYys[k djrs gq,
muds }kjk fd, x, vk/;kfRed] /kkfeZd ,oa lq/kkjkRed dk;ks± dk mYys[k fd;k tk,xk] lkFk gh muds lkoZtfud thou
ls Hkkjrh; tuekul ij D;k izHkko iM+k dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k tk,xk vkSj vUrr% lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd {ks= esa ;ksxnku
dk fo'kys"k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ewy 'kCn % vkUnksyu] HkfDr] iw.kZ larqf"V] ijegal] ladh.kZ] va/kfo'okl
izLrkouk %
lekt lq/kkj&/keZ lq/kkj vkUnksyu us rRdkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa ?kj fd, gq, tM+rk dks iw.kZr% >d>ksaj fn;kA
bl vkUnksyu us Hkkjr ds vrhr dks mtkxj fd;k ftlls Hkkjrh;ksa esa vkRelEeku dh Hkkouk txh tks vUrr% jk"Vªoknh
vkUnksyu ds :i esa vkxs c<+kA vkUnksyu ds usrkvksa us lekt dks Lora=rk ,oa lekurk dk Hkh mins’k fn;kA rRdkyhu
ifjizs{; esa bl Lora=rk dk vFkZ ek= ckSf)d fpUru dh Lora=rk ugha Fkk] cfYd vlekurk] 'kks”k.k vkSj vR;kpkj ls
eqfDr Hkh FkkA bl izdkj lekt lq/kkj ,oa /keZ lq/kkj vkUnksyu vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds izkjaHk Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA vkUnksyu
Hkys gh if’pe lH;rk ,oa laLd`fr ds laidZ ls izkjaHk gqvk Fkk vkSj varr% ;g if'peh lkezkT; ,oa laLd`fr ds laidZ ls
izkjaHk gqvk Fkk vkSj varr% ;g if'peh lkezkT; ds tM+ ij gh izgkj dj mlds lekfIr dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k ;g fojklr
Hkh Hkkjr esa fczVsu dk lkezkT;okn] 'kks”k.k vkSj mlds fouk'k dk ekxZ Fkk Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzkeA
fganw /keZ dh ;g ,d fujkyh ckr jgh gS fd yxHkx fu;fer varj ij fganw txr ds vUnj] vk/;kfRed iqutkZx`fr
ds fy, lgt gh vkanksyu gksrs jgs gSaA bl rjg ds vkanksyu dk vk/kkj Hkkjrh; vk/;kfRedrk dh lPph ijaijk,a Fkha]
vkSj mu ij ckgjh çHkko lh/kk ugha iM+k FkkA 19oha 'krkCnh ds Hkkjr esa bl rjg dh vk/;kfRed tkx`fr ds fy, vkarfjd
[kkst] Jh jke—".k ijegal us dhA ;fn jkeeksgu jk; dk czã vkanksyu&mu czá çHkkoks dk ifj.kke Fkk tks vk/kqfud
if'pe ds Kkucks/k vkSj rkfdZdrk ls mits Fks] rks ftl vkanksyu dks jke—".k vkSj muds vuq;kf;;ksa us pyk;k os ml
fganw Hkkouk dk ifj.kke Fks tks vius iqu#RFkku ds fy, vkarfjd :i ls mHkjh FkhA

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jke—".k 1836 bZå esa caxky ds gqxyh ftys esa iSnk gq, FksA tSlk fd le>k tkrk gS mudk thou dchj ;k
ukud tSlk gh lk/kkj.k FkkA ysfdu Bhd egku larksa vkSj Hkfo"; æ"Vkvksa dh rjg mudk thou Hkh vuks[ks jgL;e;h
vuqHkoksa ls Hkjk FkkA mudk lans'k Hkh egku FkkA mudk thou ,slk Fkk fd lk/kkj.k vFkksaZ esa bldk fooj.k nsuk dfBu
gSAjke—".k ,d czkã.k ifjokj esa iSnk gq, FksA bl ifjokj esa ftl rjg dk /kkfeZd okrkoj.k Fkk] mlls ckyd jke—".k
dks fganw /keZ ds fofHkUu erksa vkSj 'kkL=ksa dk dkQh Kku çkIr gqvkA cgqr NksVh vk;q ls gh bl ckyd us /kkfeZd jhfr;ksa
ds çfr vlk/kkj.k mRlkg fn[kk;k vkSj dHkh dHkh rks vkRefoHkksj gksdj og vius vki esa [kks tkrk FkkA jgL;e;
vykSfdd vuqHkoksa us mudk thou vR;ar vlk/kkj.k cuk fn;kA os HkfäHkko esa iwjh rjg foyhu gks x, vkSj mUgksaus
vk/;kfRed [kkst esa viuk thou yxk fn;kA
yxHkx 20 o"kZ dh vk;q esa jke—".k dydÙkk ds ikl nf{k.ks'oj esa dkyh eafnj ds iqtkjh cu x,A eka dkyh
ds çfr mudh bruh rhoz J)k Fkh fd mUgsa ;g] loksZPp nsoh ekrk iw.kZ 'kfä dh çrhd yxh vkSj mudk ;g fo'okl
gks x;k fd blh 'kfä ls fo'o mitk gS vkSj blh ds lgkjs bldk vfLrRo gSA ;g eka dkyh tulk/kkj.k okyh nsoh
ugha Fkh tks va/kfo'oklksa vkSj jhfr;ksa ds lac) Fkh] cfYd muds fy, eka dk Lo:i loZ'kfäe;h rFkk loZO;kih nS oh
'kfä ds :i esa Fkk ftl ij lkjk HkkSfrd vkSj vykSfdd fo'o vk/kkfjr FkkA jke—".k ds fy, dkyh ekrk vkSj vf/kd
Kku çkfIr dk lk/ku cu xbZA mUgksaus rkaf=d fØ;k,a Hkh djds ns[kha vkSj lkFk gh osnksa ds vuqlkj la;kfl;ksa dk&lk
thou Hkh O;rhr djds ns[kkA ;kSfxd vuq'kklu vkSj lk/kuk] fo'okl] Hkfä] 'kkL=ksa ds lR; rÙo vkSj vius vuqHkoksa ds
ek/;e ls var esa jke—".k dks loksZPp 'kfä ds n'kZu gq,Amuds bu lc vuqHkoksa ls tks Kkucks/k gqvk mls la{ksi esa bl
çdkj crk;k tk ldrk gS %
ekuo dk loksZPp /;s; bZ'oj dh Hkfä gSA ;g Hkfä vkSj fu"Bk] vuar Lusg ds }kjk O;ä dh tk ldrh gSA
;gka jke—".k ds fopkj e/;dkyhu larksa ds HkfäekxZ tSls gh FksA Lusg vkSj çse ls çkIr bZ'oj] fcYdqy O;fäxr gks
ldrk gS vkSj mls fdlh Hkh :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ysfdu fQj Hkh og vxkspj] vuke] v:i fuxqZ.k gS A bl çdkj
ijekRek] :ijfgr ;k :ilfgr gks ldrk gSA euq"; ftl rjg pkgs mldh çkfIr dj ldrk gSA czã ds laca/k esa bl
rjg dh /kkj.kk dks ysdj jke—".k us fdlh Hkh /keZ ds fy, cgr O;kid {ks= dh dYiuk dhA lPps /keZ esa Hkxoku ds
lkFk lPph /;ku yxkus dh iwjh iwjh Lora=rk gSA /keZ rks dsoy ml loksZPp y{; rd igqapus dk ekxZ ek= gSA jke—
".k us okLrfod mnkjrk ls mu lHkh dêj ckrksa dks lekIr djuk pkgk ftUgsa :f<+oknh] vka[k ewan dj lR; ekurs FksA
jke—".k us dgk] os tks ;g ekurs Fks fd Hkxoku dk dksbZ Lo:i ugha gS mldks mlh çdkj çkIr dj ldrs gSa ftl
çdkj os yksx tks ;g fo'okl j[krs gSa fd ijekRek dk dksbZ :i gSA nksuksa ds fy, dsoy nks gh ckrsa gSa ftudh furkar
vko';drk gSA ;s ckrsa gSa iw.kZ vkLFkk vkSj vkReleiZ.kA
jke—".k ds fopkjksa esa fganw /keZ esa la”ys'k.k vkSj lfEeJ.k dh 'kfä dk l`tu fd;kA ;fn fganw /keZ ds lR;rRo
ij gh /;ku fd;k tk, rks fofHkU; /kkfeZd erksa dh :f<+;ksa dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha jg tkrkA ekuo thou dk y{; ml ije
'kk'or vuar dh çkfIr gSA osn] mifu"kn] lw= ] 'kkL= fofHkUu er f'ko] 'kfä vkSj fo".kq ds Hkäksa ds fofHkUu /kkfeZd
fl)kar] ;s lc dsoy ml 'kk'or czã dh vuar [kkstek= gSaA jke—".k us os lHkh nhokjsa rksM+ nha ftuds dkj.k fganw /keZ
esa fofHkUu NksVs&NksVs erksa ds chp HksnHkko iSnk gks x;k FkkA mUgksaus bu lc dks ,d lkFk ije lR; dh vkarfjd [kkst
dh vksj vxzlj fd;kA bl çdkj muds vusd mins'kksa ls fganw /keZ esa ubZ 'kfä vkSj ,drk dh Hkkouk vkbZA ;g ,d

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,slh o`fÙk Fkh ftls dHkh dHkh uo fganw /keZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blds v/khu fganw /keZ esa lq/kkj laHko Fks vkSj lq/kkjksa dh
ckr ij /keZ dks NksM+uk vko';d ugha Fkk A ;gh Fkk og varj tks çk;% czkã lekft;ksa vkSj jke—".k ds vuq;kf;;ksa ds
chp FkkA ;fn czkã lekth fganw /keZ dks blfy, NksM+ x, D;ksafd blesa ewfrZ iwtk gksrh Fkh rks jke—".k ds vuq;kf;;ksa
us fl) dj fn[kk;k fd ewfrZ iwtk fd, fcuk Hkh lPps fganw cus jgk tk ldrk gS vkSj tks ewfrZ;ka ugha iwtrs gSa mUgsa ;g
ugha irk fd tc os uke:ijfgr czã dk xq.kxku djrs gSa rks ,slk djrs le; os Hkh ijks{k :i ls ogh djrs gSa tks
ewfrZiwtd djrs gSA jke—".k us dgk] ^ijekRek :ijfgr Hkh gS vkSj :ilaiUu HkhA ewfrZ;ka vkSj vU; çrhd Hkh oSls gh gSa
tSls vkids bZ'oj ds xq.k] vkSj ;s xq.k] ewfrZ;ksa ls fHkUu ugha gSa A ewfrZ;ka bUgha xq.kksa dk dsoy dBksj vkSj Bksl :i gSaA^
Lo;a fganw lq/kkjdksa ds le{k Hkh fganw /keZ iwjh rjg lqjf{kr FkkA
jke—".k lHkh /keksZ esa lkoZHkkSe lketL; dh [kkst esa FksA ;fn fganqvksa ds vyx vyx laçnk;ksa dk ,d leku
vk/kkj cu ldrk gS rks fo'o ls fofHkUu /keksZa dks Hkh mu cgqr lh ufn;ksa tSlk ekuk tk ldrk gS tks var esa ,d gh
leqæ esa tk feyrh gSaA jke—".k us bLyke vkSj bZlkbZ /keZ ds v/;;u ls ik;k fd budh vkarfjd Hkkouk Hkh ogh gS tks
fganw /keZ dh gSA lHkh /keksZa dk y{; ogh bZ'oj rd igq¡puk gS vkSj blds ekxksaZ esa fHkUurk] fHkUu&fHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
dkj.k gS A ysfdu jkLrs vyx&vyx gksus ls y{; vyx ugha gks tkrk cfYd ;s lHkh mlh ,d eafty rd igqaprs gSaA
lHkh laçnk;ksa vkSj /keksZa dh ewy ckrsa ,d tSlh gSaA lR; fo'oO;kih gS] bZ'oj ,d gS vkSj lnkpkj gh thou dk lPpk
ewY; gSA blfy, ;fn euq"; lPps /keZ dk vkarfjd vFkZ le> tk, rks lHkh /keZ var esa lkjs fo'o ds ekuo lekt dks
,drk ds lw= esa fijks ldrs gSaA 19oha 'krkCnh ds Hkkjr esa jke—".k ds vk/;kfRed fo'oca/kqRo us Hkkjrh;ksa ekuork dh
vk/;kfRed ,drk dh ubZ dYiuk dk fp= fn[kk;kA
lekt ds lHkh Lrjksa vkSj oxksaZ ds cgqr ls yksx jke—".k dh vksj vk—"V g,A jke—".k] ekuo esa nsoRo ds çrhd
vkSj fouezrk rFkk lnkpkj dh ewfrZ cu x,A tks muds vuq;k;h cus muesa lcls çfl) Fks ujsæa ukFk nÙk] ftUgsa bfrgkl
Lokeh jked`’.k ds uke ls HkyhHkkafr tkurk gSA os f'kf{kr] çxfr'khy] ckSf)d çfrHkk ds /kuh vkSj vk/kqfud –"Vhdks.k
okys O;fä FksA blfy, mudk jke—".k dh vksj vk—"V gksuk fojks/kkHkkl gh çrhr gksrk gSA ysfdu os vius xq# ds
lcls fç; f'k"; FksA 1886 bZå esa jke—".k ijegal dk fu/ku gks x;k vkSj mudk dk;ZHkkj jked`’.k ds da/kksa ij iM+kA
jked`’.k us fganw vk/;kfRed fopkjksa dh O;k[;k] vk/kqfud U;k;laxr vkSj çxfr'khy fopkjksa dh –f"V ls dhA
lkFk gh mUgksaus ;g crkuk pkgk fd vk/;kfRed miyfC/k;ka] efLr"d vkSj 'kjhj dh LoLFkrk ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA mUgksaus
dbZ yksxksa ds eu esa ;g fo'okl iSnk djus esa lQyrk ikbZ fd fganw /keZ okLro esa og ugha tks if'pe okys blds cká
:iksa esa ns[krs gSa cfYd ;g blls dgha vf/kd okLrfod vkSj thounk;d gS rFkk vkarfjd lR;ksa o Bksl rdZlaxr fu"d"kksZa
dk Hk.Mkj gSAvU; ns'kksa dks fgnw /keZ dk lgh ifjp; nsrs gq, jked`’.k Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds fy,] HkkSfrd –f"V ls fodflr
if'pe ls] lkalkfjd vk'kkokn yk,A HkkSfrd vkSj rkfRod] vk/;kfRed vkSj lkalkfjd&bu lHkh ds fy, ekuo thou esa
larqyu vkSj lkeatL; dh vko';drk gSA os vk/;kfRed vkSj HkkSfrd {ks=ksa dh ijaijkxr miyfC/k;ksa dks ysdj] ekuo
lekt ds dY;k.k ds fy, ewY;ksa dk vknku&çnku djuk pkfg,A v/;kRe dks mlds nk'kZfud vkSj vcks/; 'kkL=ksa ds
,dkarokl ls ckgj ykdj] lkalkfjd dk;ksaZ esa jr tulk/kkj.k ds eu&efLr"d rd ykukA /keZ dk lans'k euq"; ds
iqujtkxj.k ds fy, FkkA vk/;kfRed rst] lk/kkj.k thou ds fy, Hkh vko';d FkkA ekuo ds fopkjksa vkSj dk;ksaZ ds
vR;ar va/kdkje; igyqvksa esa] /keZ dh vk/;kfRed o uSfrd fdj.ks vR;ar vko';d le>h xbZA jked`’.k dk thoudky

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jk"Vªoknh ;qx dk m"kk dky Fkk A mudk vk/;kfRed vk'kk lans'k Hkkjrh; psruk ds fy, çxk<+ 'kfä fl) gqvkA mUgksaus
O;fä ds mRFkku vkSj lkewfgd :i ls çxfr rFkk le`f) dh vksj ç;k.k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA jked`’.k O;fä vkSj jk"Vª
ds eu ls ghuHkkouk] Hk;] mnklhurk vkSj tM+rk dks fudky Qsaduk pkgrs FksA xjhch vkSj xwykeh ds mu nqnZ'kkiw.kZ
fnuksa esa Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; thou esa xaHkhj dfe;ka FkhaA yksxksa dks mPp y{;ksa dks çkIr djus dh viuh {kerk ij lansg Fkk
vkSj os vius vki dks vlgk; le>rs Fks ftlds dkj.k os dksbZ jpukRed ;ksx ugha ns ikrs FksA
jked`’.k ds fopkj] jk"Vªh; O;kf/k;ksa dh fuokjd vkS"kf/k FksAjked`’.k ds mins'kksa esa vk/kqfud ;qfäokn vkSj çkphu
jgL;okn] osn rFkk mifu"knksa ds Kku vkSj vk/kqfud foKkutU; Kku] mPpre vk/;fRed eY;ks]a lkalkfjd okLrfodrkvks]a
/kkfeZd fopkj/kkjkvksa vkSj /keZfujis{k erksa dk fofp= ysfdu vuwBk lfEeJ.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA os çkphu ckSf)drk]
e/;dkyhu Hkfä vkSj vk/kqfud rdZcqf) ds çfrfuf/k FksA /keZ] O;fäxr ekeyk gS] fQj Hkh bldk lkoZHkkSe Lo:i gSA
^/keZ^] euq"; esa ml nsoRo dh vfHkO;fä gS tks mlesa igys gh fo|eku gSA^ /keZ^] mUgksaus dgk] ^u rks iqLrdksa esa] u
ekufld lgefr esa] vkSj u gh rdZ&fordZ esa gSA rdZ&fordZ] fl)kar] ys[k] iqLrds]a /kkfeZd jhfr;ka ;s lc /keZ ds
lgk;d gSa % /keZ Lo;a rks vkRecks/k ls feyrk gSA^ /keZxzaFkksa vkSj jgL;ksa] çxk<+ ikafMR; ds vKs; f'k[kjks]a vkSj vlaHko
/kkj.kkvksa esa ls tulk/kkj.k ds fy, /keZ dh ljy O;k[;k yk,A bl çdkj dk /keZ lHkh i{kikriw.kZ Hkkoukvksa ls ijs Fkk]
ysfdu ;g lHkh oxksZa ds yksxksa dh çk—frd o`fÙk ds fudV Fkk A ,sls O;fäxr vkRecks/k esa ?k`.kk ;k nwljksa ds lkFk
vU;k; djus dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gks ldrkA blls mnkjrk vkSj lfg".kqrk dh Hkkouk dk lapkj gqvkA ^ge fdlh dks Hkh
vLohdkj ugha djrs] pkgs og vkfLrd] fo'onsorkoknh] v}Sroknh] cgnsooknh] vKkr bZ'ojoknh ;k ukfLrd gh D;ksa u
gksA vuq;k;h cuus dh 'krZ dsoy ;g gS fd og viuk pfj= O;kid vkSj iw.kZ J)k okyk cuk,---gekjk fo'okl gS fd
çR;sd O;fä nsorqY; gS] Hkxoku gSA^
jked`’.k dks bZ'oj vkSj czãkaM dh lcls rdZlaxr vkSj oSKkfud O;k[;k fd;kA bl czãkaM dh jpuk] blls
ckgj ds fdlh bZ'oj us ] ugha dh gS vkSj u gh ;g fdlh ckgjh Js"B ckSf)d 'kfä dk dk;Z gSA ;g Lol`td] Louk'kd]
LovfHkO;ä] ,d vukfn vuar vfLrRo] czã gSA^ osnksa ds ,sls vkn'kksZa ds le{k euq"; ç—fr dh fo'kky jpuk dk va'kek=
gS] ftlds vanj Lo;a czã fojkteku gS A os vR;ar dM+s 'kCnksa esa /kkfeZd cká:iksa dh fuank djrs FksA
mRlkgh çpkjd jked`’.k us jke—".k ds vuq;kf;;ksa dks laxfBr fd;k vkSj 1897 bZå esa jke—".k fe'ku dh
LFkkiuk dhA bl fe'ku dks rhu dk;Z lkSais x, igyk&osnkar ds v/;kReokn dk lans'k nwj&nwj rd çlkfjr djuk]
nqljk&fofHkUu /keksZa vkSj laçnk;ksa ds chp leUo; vkSj lnHkko LFkkfir djuk] vkSj rhljk&ekuo lsok dks bZ'oj lsok
le>ukA

lanHkZ L=ksr %
1- Iyklh ls foHkktu rd & “ks[kj caxksik/;k;
2- Lhñ okbZñ fparke.kh & bafM;u lks”ky fjQkeZ
3- ,lñ “kL=h & fgLVªh vkWQ czã lekt
4- Yktir jk; & vk;Z lekt dk bfrgkl
5- vkjñ jksyS.M & fn ykbQ vkWQ jked`’.k
6- lhñ ,pñ gselFk & bf.M;u us”kufyTe ,.M fgUnw lks”ky fjQkeZ
7- buVjusV
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