WELCOME

Theoretical Framework
-
Research Development
-
Research Design

EXPORES (GROUP 4)

Chan, Cassidy
De Lira, Raphael
Hernandez, Stacey
Magabilin, Richelle
01
Theoretical
Framework
WHAT IS IT?

THEORY
A concept formulated to
explain, predict, and
understand a phenomenon.
They are established and
validated by experiments and
evidence.
(American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
(A. Gabriel, 2008)
FRAMEWORK
A fundamental structure,
as for a written work
A skeletal support used as
the basis for something
Language, Fifth Edition, 2016)
01
Theoretical
Framework
WHAT IS IT?

A theoretical framework is a foundational

review of existing theories that serves as a
roadmap for developing the arguments you
will use in your own work. Theories are
developed by researchers to explain
phenomena, draw connections and make
predictions
 02

THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
IT IS LIKE A THEORY THAT SUGGESTS A
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO OR
MORE VARIABLES (SEKARAN, 2010).

IDENTIFIES THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE

VARIABLES CONSIDERED IMPORTANT TO THE
STUDY OF A PROBLEM

EXPLAINS THE THEORY UNDERLYING THESE

RELATIONSHIPS,

DESCRIBES THE NATURE AND DIRECTION OF

THESE RELATIONSHIPS' FOUNDATION OF THE
ENTIRE RESEARCH PROJECT
03 VARIABLES
ANYTHING THAT CAN TAKE ON
DIFFERING OR VARYING VALUES

DEPENDENT VARIABLE (CRITERION)

ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (PREDICTOR)

MEDIATING

MODERATING
 VARIABLES
04
01 DEPENDENT 02 INDEPENDENT

The variable of primary interest to the It influences the dependent variable.

researcher In other words, the independent
It is the variable that is being variable can cause an increase or
influenced by other variable(s). decrease in a dependent variable.

ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

MODERATING
03 MEDIATING 04
It modifies the original relationship
It explains the relationship between the
between the independent and the
dependent variable and the independent
dependent variable
variable.
It influences the level, direction, or
It’s caused by the independent variable.
presence of a relationship between
It influences the dependent variable
variables.
When it’s taken into account, the
It shows you for whom, when, or under
statistical correlation between the
what circumstances a relationship will
independent and dependent variables is
hold.
higher than when it isn’t considered.
Answers the hypotheses of "when", & "for
Answers the hypotheses of "how", & "why"
whom"
05 EXAMPLES:

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

VARIABLE VARIABLE

Does the color of light affect plant growth?

06 EXAMPLES:

INDEPENDENT
MEDIATOR
VARIABLE
ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

Bringing pizza to work leads to better morale

which can increase employee productivity.
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
 EXAMPLES:
07

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
VARIABLE VARIABLE

The more curious a child is, the faster they learn.

ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

However, distractions can slow down their

learning. MODERATOR
08 Definition of
Hypothesis
CAN BE DEFINED AS A TENTATIVE, YET TESTABLE,
STATEMENT, WHICH PREDICTS WHAT YOU EXPECT TO
FIND IN YOUR EMPIRICAL DATA.
ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

ARE DERIVED FROM THE THEORY ON WHICH YOUR

CONCEPTUAL MODEL IS BASED AND ARE OFTEN
RELATIONAL IN NATURE.

CAN BE DEFINED AS LOGICALLY CONJECTURED

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES
EXPRESSED IN THE FORM OF TESTABLE STATEMENTS.

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY, (N.D.)

09 Definition of
Hypothesis
ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

BY TESTING THE HYPOTHESES AND CONFIRMING

THE CONJECTURED RELATIONSHIPS, IT IS
EXPECTED THAT SOLUTIONS CAN BE FOUND TO
CORRECT THE PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED.

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY, (N.D.)

 10

Hypothesis
Development

ONCE WE HAVE IDENTIFIED THE IMPORTANT

VARIABLES IN A SITUATION AND
ESTABLISHED THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
THEM THROUGH LOGICAL REASONING IN THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, WE ARE IN A
POSITION TO TEST WHETHER THE
RELATIONSHIPS THAT HAVE BEEN
THEORIZED DO, IN FACT, HOLD TRUE.

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY, (N.D.)

 11

Hypothesis
Development
BY TESTING THESE RELATIONSHIPS SCIENTIFICALLY
THROUGH APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSES, OR
THROUGH NEGATIVE CASE ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH, WE ARE ABLE TO OBTAIN RELIABLE
INFORMATION ON WHAT KINDS OF RELATIONSHIPS
EXIST AMONG THE VARIABLES OPERATING IN THE
PROBLEM SITUATION.

THE RESULTS OF THESE TESTS OFFER US SOME CLUES AS

TO WHAT COULD BE CHANGED IN THE SITUATION TO
SOLVE THE PROBLEM. FORMULATING SUCH TESTABLE
STATEMENTS IS CALLED HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT.

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY, (N.D.)

 Testable Hypothesis 12
(Helmenstine, 2019)

01 02 03

ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

It must be It must be It must be
possible to possible to possible to
prove that the prove that the reproduce the
hypothesis is hypothesis is results of the
true. false. hypothesis.
13
EXAMPLES:
Students who attend class have
higher grades than students who
skip class.
ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

THIS IS TESTABLE BECAUSE IT IS POSSIBLE TO

COMPARE THE GRADES OF STUDENTS WHO DO
AND DO NOT SKIP CLASS AND THEN ANALYZE
THE RESULTING DATA.

ANOTHER PERSON COULD CONDUCT THE SAME

RESEARCH AND COME UP WITH THE SAME
RESULTS.

(Helmenstine, 2019)
14
EXAMPLES:
People exposed to high levels of
ultraviolet light have a higher
incidence of cancer than the norm.
ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

THIS IS TESTABLE BECAUSE IT IS POSSIBLE TO

FIND A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN
EXPOSED TO HIGH LEVELS OF ULTRAVIOLET
LIGHT AND COMPARE THEIR CANCER RATES TO
THE AVERAGE.

(Helmenstine, 2019)
15
EXAMPLES:
If you put people in a dark room,
then they will be unable to tell
when an infrared light turns on.
ENGLISH CLASS BLUE MEADOWS ACADEMY

THIS HYPOTHESIS IS TESTABLE BECAUSE IT IS

POSSIBLE TO PUT A GROUP OF PEOPLE INTO A
DARK ROOM, TURN ON AN INFRARED LIGHT, AND
ASK THE PEOPLE IN THE ROOM WHETHER OR
NOT AN INFRARED LIGHT HAS BEEN TURNED ON.

(Helmenstine, 2019)
 Types of Hypothesis
(Deeptanshu & Dogra, 2022)

SIMPLE COMPLEX
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

A simple hypothesis is a statement In contrast to a simple hypothesis, a

made to reflect the relation complex hypothesis implies the
between exactly two variables. relationship between multiple
One independent and one independent and dependent variables.
dependent.
For instance, “Individuals who eat more
Consider the example, “Smoking is a fruits tend to have higher immunity,
prominent cause of lung cancer." lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.”

The dependent variable, lung The independent variable is eating

cancer, is dependent on the more fruits, while the dependent
independent variable, smoking. variables are higher immunity, lesser
16
cholesterol, and high metabolism.
 Types of Hypothesis
NULL
HYPOTHESIS
A null hypothesis proposes no
relationship between two variables.
Denoted by H0, it is a negative
statement like “Attending
physiotherapy sessions does not
affect athletes' on-field
performance.”
Here, the author claims
physiotherapy sessions have no
effect on on-field performances.
Even if there is, it's only a
17 coincidence.
(Deeptanshu & Dogra, 2022)
ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESIS
Considered to be the opposite of a
null hypothesis, an alternative
hypothesis is donated as H1 or Ha.
It explicitly states that the dependent
variable affects the independent
variable.
A good alternative hypothesis example
is “Attending physiotherapy sessions
improves athletes' on-field
performance.” or “Water evaporates
at 100°C.”
 Types of Hypothesis
(Deeptanshu & Dogra, 2022)

THE ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS FURTHER

BRANCHES INTO DIRECTIONAL AND NON-
DIRECTIONAL.

DIRECTIONAL NON-DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis that states the A non-directional hypothesis only

result would be either positive
or negative is called
directional hypothesis.
It accompanies H1 with either
18 the ‘<' or ‘>' sign.
claims an effect on the dependent
variable.
It does not clarify whether the result
would be positive or negative.
The sign for a non-directional
hypothesis is ‘≠.'
 19

Research Design
IT IS THE OVERALL SCHEME OR PROGRAM OF
THE RESEARCH. IT INCLUDES AN OUTLINE OF
WHAT THE RESEARCHER SHOULD DO FROM
WRITING HYPOTHESIS TO THE FINAL ANALYSIS
OF DATA
 I T I S A N A C T I V I T Y A N D T I M E -
20 B A S E D P L A N

I T I S A P L A N A L W A Y S B A S E D
O N T H E R E S E A R C H Q U E S T I O N

Essentials
of I T I S A G U I D E F O R S E L E C T I N G

Research
S O U R C E S A N D T Y P E S O F
I N F O R M A T I O N

Design IT IS A FRAMEWORK FOR

SPECIFYING THE
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE
STUDY'S VARIABLES

I T I S H A S A P R O C E D U R A L
O U T L I N E F O R E V E R Y
R E S E A R C H S T U D Y
 CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)
It is a research project tool that can be used to depict
sequential and simultaneous steps while estimating
schedules and timetables for each activity or phase of the
research
 Descriptors of Research Design
Classification of Designs

1 RESEARCH QUESTION 2 THE METHOD OF DATA

CRYSTALLIZATION COLLECTION

Exploratory study Monitoring

Formal Study Communication Study

THE POWER OF THE

4 THE PURPOSE OF
STUDY
THE
3 RESEARCHER TO
PRODUCE EFFECTS IN
THE VARIABLES UNDER
Reporting STUDY
Descriptive
Experimental
Causal
Ex post facto
Explanatory
Predictive
 Descriptors of Research Design
Classification of Designs

5 THE TIME 6 THE TOPICAL SCOPE

BREADTH AND DEPTH OF
DIMENSION THE STUDY

Cross-sectional Case
Longitudinal Statistical Study

7 THE RESEARCH
ENVIRONMENT
8 THE PARTICIPANTS'
PERCEPTIONS OF
RESEARCH ACTIVITY

Field setting
Actual routine
Laboratory research
Modified routine
Simulation
 References:
Concept of Variables, Theory Generation, and Theoretical Framework - ResearchWithFawad. (2021, September
28). ResearchWithFawad. https://researchwithfawad.com/index.php/lp-courses/list-research-
methodology/concept-of-variables-theory-generation-and-theoretical-
framework/#:~:text=Components%20of%20Theoretical%20Framework&text=The%20relationships%20among
%20the%20independent,what%20specific%20relationships%20they%20moderate.

Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2013). Business Research Methods, 12th Edition (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill
Education.

Deeptanshu, D., & Dogra, S. (2022, September 26). Research Hypothesis: Definition, Types, Examples and Quick
Tips. Typeset.io. Retrieved January 17, 2023, from https://typeset.io/resources/how-to-write-research-
hypothesis-definition-types-examples-and-quick-tips/

Helmenstine, A. M. (2019, January 12). What Is a Testable Hypothesis? ThoughtCo. Retrieved January 17, 2023,
from https://www.thoughtco.com/testable-hypothesis-explanation-and-examples-609100

framework. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Retrieved
January 18 2023 from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/framework

Research Guides: Organizing Academic Research Papers: Theoretical Framework. (2022). Sacredheart.edu.
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.phpg=29803&p=185919#:~:text=Theories%20are%20formulated%20to%20
explain,theory%20of%20a%20research%20study.

Sekaran, U. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (4th ed.). Surendra Publications.

Surigao del Sur State University, (n.d.). Module 3.1: BAC7 – Business Research (Concepts and Techniques). In
Department Of Business And Management Instructional Module: Theoretical Framework and Hypothesis
Development. Retrieved from https://www.sdssu.edu.ph

Vinz, S. (2022, November 29). What Is a Theoretical Framework? | Guide to Organizing. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/theoretical-framework/