Urban-Regional Development

Planning

Prepared By – Eliyas.B
Part 1 – Introduction

▪ Region ▪ Development
▪ Urban ▪ Planning
Brain Storming • What Is Region

• What is urban?

• What is Urbanization?

• What is Development ?

• What is Planning?

• What is urban planning?

• Why we need Urban-Regional Development

Planning ?
• What Is Region Region is a large multifaceted area
• What is urban? encompassing hundreds of places those

• What is Urbanization? distinct and separate communities.

• What is Development ?

• What is Planning? Region as a defined area/zone of land,

that has common features.
• What is urban planning?

• Why we need Urban- Natural Features

Regional Development
Socio-Political Features
Planning course ?
• What Is Region Components of region
• What is urban? • Economic region
• What is Urbanization?
• Ecological region
• What is Development ?
• Social Region
• What is Planning?

• What is urban planning?

What are the common features shown by
• Why we need Urban-
urban regions ?
Regional Development
Planning course ?
 Concentrated with people
• What Is Region Urban -----> Place
>2000 People with in 1 km2 &
• What is urban? 50 % of them are non
agrarian. (Ethiopian Context)
• What is Urbanization?
Characteristics of urban area
• What is Development ?
• High density
• What is Planning?
• Diversity of culture
• What is urban planning? • Job differentiation
• Why we need Urban- ✓ Physician, architect, merchant ….
Regional Development • Communal infrastructure
Planning course ?
✓ Education, health, Religious ……

NB: Rural areas are opposite to Urban

• What Is Region

• What is urban? Urbanization -----> Process -----> Concentration of

people in a urban
• What is Urbanization? area (dense
population )
• What is Development ?

• What is Planning? - Process of transition from a rural to more

urban society.
• What is urban planning?

• Why we need Urban-

Main points
Regional Development
• Urbanization Process speed – Growth rate
Planning course ?
• Controlled or uncontrolled urbanization ?
• What Is Region Development in view of political,
• What is urban? economic, social, spatial and

• What is Urbanization? technological spheres, seen as process

of improvement in peoples well-being
• What is Development ?
and the capacity to provide continued
• What is Planning?
well-being.
• What is urban planning?

• Why we need Urban-

Regional Development
Planning course ? What is the difference b/n Growth &
Development.
• What Is Region • Planning is thinking ahead
• What is urban?
▪ Planning is deciding in advance about what
• What is Urbanization?
to do, How to do it, when to do it and who is
• What is Development ?
to do it. It provides the end to be achieved
• What is Planning? .(Stephen P. Robbins)
• What is urban planning?

• Why we need Urban-

Regional Development
Planning course ? Who are
building
planners?
• What Is Region “Art and science of creating a healthy city”

• What is urban? “It is the art and science of organizing land use and setting
of buildings and communication routes to provide best
• What is Urbanization?
possible degree of economy, beauty, healthy, preservation,
• What is Development ? sustainability and convenience in terms of the available
resources and time. “
• What is Planning?

• What is urban planning?

• Why we need Urban-

Regional Development
Planning course ?
• What Is Region Uncontrolled and Unmanaged urban-regional

• What is urban? growth causes problem

• What is Urbanization? • Pollution

o Air
o Water
• What is Development ?
o Land
• What is Planning? • Urban poverty
• Informality
• What is urban planning? • Slums
• Social and spatial inequities
• Why we need Urban-
Regional Development
Urban planning -----> finds solution
Planning course ? for interconnected & complex urban challenges
Part 2 – Development

▪ Concepts ▪ Types
▪ Dimensions ▪ Indicators
Brain Storming
What Is/are
• Growth ?
• Development ?
• Objectives of Development ?
• Types of development ?
• Development Indicators ?
• Sustainable Development ?
GROWTH
- Process
Growth is a positive change (increase) in size,
-Increase in size /
and/or maturation of something over a period maturity
of time.
- Over period of time

Economic Growth - is an increase in the total

value of output measured by the Gross
Domestic Product (GDP).
GROWTH

Growth occurs following to in crease in quality and quantity of -

• Resources • Skill of the human

• Technology resource

• Capital formation • Entrepreneurial culture

• Transformation to modern
• Capacity of the production
systems life styles and

• Political stability
DEVELOPMENT

Development defined variously in different context

▪ In everyday usage (Conventional definition )

▪ Beyond everyday usage

▪ Usage in time and space

Contexts
▪ In everyday usage
(Conventional definition )
▪ Beyond everyday usage
▪ Usage in time and space
‘Development’ means process of growing,
become larger, become more advanced,
create something over time, clarify by
degree and detail, become visible or
gradually produce a visible image
 Two different View

Contexts 1, Development is improvement in people’s well-

▪ In everyday usage being and the capacity to provide continued well-
(Conventional definition ) being.
▪ Beyond everyday usage

▪ Usage in time and space 2, Development is increased output of goods and

services through rapid industrialization and
urbanization at the expense of agriculture and
rural development.
 - Post-WWII - growth of output of goods and
services (rise in the GDP/GNP).
Contexts

▪ In everyday usage
- The term ‘development’ was restricted to refer to
(Conventional definition ) the developing countries only.
▪ Beyond everyday usage

▪ Usage in time and space


Contexts
▪ In everyday usage
(Conventional definition )
▪ Beyond everyday usage
- After WWII that although many developing nations
attained GDP/DNP targets masses of their citizens
remained under widespread absolute poverty.
- This called for the redefinition of development in
1970s.

▪ Usage in time and space - In addition to the “output” indicator, Access to

health & education, life expectancy, political
freedom, and income becomes measures of
development. Which is called as ‘human
development’ …. By united nations
DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES

▪ Economic Objectives - Growth, efficiency, stability, employment,

income.

▪ Environmental Objectives - Healthy environment, rational use,

conservation.

▪ Social Objectives - equity, social cohesion, social mobility,

participation, cultural identity opportunities in education, healthcare,
life expectancy upward social mobility, institutional changes

▪ Political objectives - Democracy (public policies, and decision making)

▪ Transformation – From resource based economy to a knowledge based

economy.
CORE VALUES OF DEVELOPMENT
▪ Sustenance - Elimination of absolute poverty, ability to meet basic needs
(food, shelter, health, and protection).

▪ Self-Esteem - Freedom from oppression, a sense of worth, not being used

as a tool by others, freedom from worthiness. Esteem not attached to
material values; possess economic wealth, and technological power.

▪ Freedom of Choice - political, economic, and social choices (freedom from

dependence).

▪ Equal Opportunity- Women, ethnic and religious minorities, regions,

urban-rural, local communities

▪ Scientific Approach - to understanding the world—avoid superstitions.

GROWTH Vs. DEVELOPMENT

Many developing countries have experienced growth without

development.

What are indicators ?

How do we compare them ?

GROWTH Vs. DEVELOPMENT

Growth Development

▪ Focus on quantitative • Focus on both quantitative &

measure. qualitative measure.

I.e. focuses on the number of jobs. I.e. focuses on wages, career advancement
(education), working conditions, building cultural
values that encourage initiative, engagement, and
cooperation.

▪ Indicator - GDP & GNP • Indicator – Human Development

Index / HDI
GROWTH Vs. DEVELOPMENT
Growth is often achieved at the cost of:

• Greater inequality (polarization) in real income and living standard.

• Regional and local (rural-urban) inequalities.
• High infant mortality and morbidity rates and low life expectancy.
• Low educational attainment, especially women
• Higher unemployment
• Disregard of the informal economy
• Weakened democracy
• Loss of cultural identity
• Overconsumption of resources
• Rent-seeking/ corruption of the elite
GROWTH Vs. DEVELOPMENT

▪ Development is more related to the sustainability issues.

• Development once attained can create the conditions for sustained

economic, social and environmental growth; otherwise, growth will
be short-lived.
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
- International/global development—is the level of development on an
international scale. It is the basis for international classifications as developed and
developing countries.

- National development—the ability of a nation to improve the living standard of

its population federal policies and national development plans.

- Regional development— set of policies and actions designed to improve the

performance of a spatially defined economy. Regional development may be
domestic or international in nature.

- Rural development—actions taken to improve the standard of living in the

countryside. These areas are characterized by low ratio of inhabitants to open
space. Economic activities relate to the primary sector, the production of food and
raw materials.
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
- Urban development—is the social, cultural, economic and physical
development of cities, as well as the underlying causes of these processes.

- Local development—make local institutions better contribute to development;

make economic activities dependent on the comparative advantages of a specific
locality; and developing firms more capable to withstand the global economic
environment and top-down development imposed by national planners.

- Community development— is a process where community members take

collective action to solve common problems (economic, social, environmental and
cultural) at a grassroots level. e.g. self-help groups.
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
- Integrated development— it’s a cross-sector intervention on programs for
more effective development efforts which lowers costs and enhance systems,
services and products.

- Multidimensional (human) development—considers a variety of factors, or

dimensions (social/economic, biological, cognitive, etc.).

- Inclusive development— is a pro-poor approach that equally incorporates the

contributions of all stakeholders, including marginalized groups in addressing
development issues.

- Human development—The energy, aspiration, efficiency, productivity,

creativity, and organizational capacities of people forms the motive force that
drives development.
TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT
- Natural development—is the spontaneous and unconscious process of
development resulting from the behavior of countless individuals acting on their
own rather than with conscious intention of the community.

- Planned development— deliberate or conscious initiatives by government to

speed development through policies, planning, and programs.

- Social development—when society senses better opportunities for progress it

develops new forms of organization to exploit the opportunities successfully.
Sustainable Development

▪ Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.

Dimensions/Pillars of Sustainability
• Economic Sustainability
• Social Sustainability and
• Environmental sustainability
Urban & Regional

Planning
Part - 3
CONTENTS

1. Planning determinants
2. Classifications of Urban Plans
3. Planning process
 PLANNING
1 DETERMINANTS
 Social

1 ➢Core of a city plan

➢All other plan elements depend on it
➢Current total population
➢Population characteristics
2 ➢Age, gender, household size, race

➢Projection for future

3
 Economy

1  Essential part of the city plan

 Foundation for local economic

development
➢ Economic base

2 ➢ How the people earn living and

the kind of businesses and
industries that exist or should
exist

3  Create policies and programs

that can lead to a steady
economic growth
 Physical
➢Essential part of a city plan

1 ➢Physical capability of land

➢Natural constraints
➢ steep slopes, wetlands, thin soils
➢Natural resources
2 ➢Environmental issues
➢Decide where development should or should not
occur

3
 Certain type of information is of general use in
almost all parts of the city plan. Among these the
major ones are the

Needed  base map

Information  Natural resources

For Planning  Economic resources

 Population distribution and
 land use survey results on the natural and man
made or artificial elements
 CLASSIFICATION
2 OF URBAN PLANS
1 Comprehensive planning

2 Master planning

3 Structural planning

4 Local development plan

5 Strategic and action plans

 Comprehensive plans typically encompass
large geographical areas, a broad range of
topics, and cover a long-term time horizon.

1  Such plans may cover

 Whole policy areas very broadly or
 Seek to interrelate various different
Comprehensive policies in terms of transportation,
Planning utilities, land use, recreation, and housing
Example:
 Growth Management Plan which might seek
simultaneously to
 Regulate public and private development,
 Provide public facilities and services, and
 Keep local taxes reasonable.
 Modernist rational approach to urban planning: blue
print model
 Incorporating both financial and physical
planning, however focus was given for the physical
planning
2  Deals with production of maps and blue prints
showing development that is or will occur

Master Planning  Product is a master plan

 Participation was limited
 Rigid: inflexibility when faced with changes in the
social and development context
 The time frame was usually 20-25 years: too static
and restrictive
 ▪ It is a long-term plan (up to 10 years)
▪ Prepared at the city level for metropolis at
1:2,000-1:20,000 scale and
3 ▪ For region-polis and category 1 urban centers at
1:2,000- 1:10,000 scale.
Structural ▪ Concern on policy, strategic issues and objective
Planning of the plan.
▪ Flexible, not detail spatial arrangement.
▪ Provide plan or diagram which represent the
proposed layout, features, character and link for
development.
 ▪ LDP is a Medium-term plan (up to 5 years)
▪ Prepared at Neighborhood level
▪ Area coverage greater than 10 ha.
4 ▪ Contains strategies and development guidelines.
Local ▪ Aim to implement plans prepared at city level or
Development structure plans.
Plan ▪ Includes detailed plans that regulate local
development, urban design and urban block
design.
▪ Its emphasis is on concrete standards and
development criteria.
 STRATEGIC PLANNING

 Strategy: Is the art and science of informed and

prioritized action to achieve a specific vision, an
overarching objective or higher purpose.
5  It is about actions and results.
 Strategic planning is more suitable tool to orient
Strategic and urban spatial development by focusing on city-
Action Plans wide planning and selected priorities.
 A strategic plan is a broader-level selective (or
prioritizing) spatial plan, usually showing, in a more
conceptual way, the desired future direction of
urban development.
 Does not address every part of a city but focuses
on only those aspects or areas that are strategic
or important to overall plan objectives
 ACTION PLANNING

 Action planning is the participative process of

development of a relatively short-term plan to use
available resources to meet limited objectives,
5 normally in a defined area.
 It has the following characteristics
Strategic and  Short-term effectiveness
Action Plans  Innovative and flexible
 Implementation oriented
 Refers to a defined area
 Should be owned by those involved
 Problem should be legitimate one to tackle
 Relates to realistically available resources
 Those involved can learn from the process
 PLANNING
3 PROCESS
The planning process is a step –by-step
development of planning ideas into action tools
and implementation of ideas to achieve a vision

Components of the planning process

1. Initiation for planning and preparing the
planning program
2. Determination of the current context
3. Conducting analysis and formulating goals
4. Developing, evaluating, and adopting plans,
and
5. Monitoring implementation
Structural planning process

Initial
phase

Preliminar
y phase
Initiation and planning and
programming
 To determine whether there is a need for a new
plan or for a revision of the existing plan
 Identify the problem and make preliminary
discussions
 Determine prerequisite before the
commencement of the actual planning
Initiator / responsible body
 The problem could be initiated by people and
their delegates, interest group, stakeholder,
public, municipality, regional urban development
bureau, federal government
 The municipality will be responsible for
establishment of committees and forum
Situation assessment (where are we?)
 Assess contextual setting of a city by focusing on
broad and basic minimum requirements
regarding physical, social, economic, and
environmental developments
 Major tasks
 Conduct situation assessment & SWOT analysis
 Key questions
 Is background information for the identification
of planning issues identified
 Is the information sufficient?
 Was the process participative?
Planning issues identification and
prioritization
 Purpose: to identify a list of planning issues and
select the major priorities
Major tasks:
 Identification of planning issues
 Prioritization
 Detailed analysis of priority issues
Checkup questions
 Are planning and priority issues identified by the
public forum and the local community??
 Is the existing situation clearly defined through
detailed analysis?
Setting vision, goals and objectives (where do
we want to go?)
 Purpose: to set vision, goals and objectives
Major tasks:
 Setting vision of a city
 Setting goals and objectives for priority issues
 Formulation of strategies
 Analyzing and deciding on alternatives
Check up questions
 Is the vision shared?
 Do established goals help solve prioritized issues?
 Are the strategies able to achieve established goals?
Data collection and compilation
 Purpose: to gain adequate knowledge on nature
of priority issues and get adequate data
Major tasks
 Determining data collection tools
 Data collection
 Data compilation / organization
key checkup questions
 Are the data collection formats clear and ready
for use?
 Does the collected data cover all dimensions?
(physical, social, economical, spatial)
Data analysis and interpretation
 Analysis and interpretation leads to showing the
impacts and implications of the reality, the potential
dangers, benefits or opportunities and threats thereof
Major tasks
 Determining tools for data analysis
 Identify points to be analyzed
 Data interpretation and detailed analysis
Checkup questions
 Are priority issues analyzed through an in-depth
analysis?
 Are summary and stakeholder specific priorities
identified by the team?
 Is consolidated report produced?
Preparation of concept plans
 The most important step in the planning process,
major policy and political decisions are required here
 Purpose: To prepare a conceptual plan that consist of
existing and future expansion direction, major zoning
categories and other major elements
 the potential fulfillment of the vision, goals and
objectives is checked at this stage
Major tasks: develop and discuss on the concept plan
Check up questions
 Have the major zones considered?
 Are the proposals realistic?
 Is it supported by written illustrations?
Preparation of framework plan
Purpose: to prepare land use proposal of the SP, service
provision is based on the population projection
Major tasks
 Preparation of inputs for the structure plan
 Preparation of land use/framework plan
 Preparation of the road network plan
 Discussion on the framework plan
Key questions
 Have all key proposals been made?
 Are all proposals in line with the priority issues? The
vision. Goals, and objectives?
 Are the proposals realistic?
 Is the structure plan complete?
Plan approval
 Purpose: to evaluate the framework / land use plan,
road network plan and explanatory texts for their
liability, manageability and whether they are
realistic? and give the plan a legal instrument
Major task
 Undertake appraisal and plan approval
Check up questions
 Are all stakeholders represented well?
 Is the plan approved by the council?
 Is the legalized plan announced to stakeholders
through public media?
 Is the plan handed over to the appropriate body
without delay?
Implementation, monitoring and evaluation
Purpose: to state the practical actions needed to
translate the plans into visible products on the ground
 The preparation and implementation of LDPs should
be based on the structure Plan
Monitoring and evaluation
 To get informed about the status of the structure plan
preparation & implementation
 To identify problems of implementation
 To identify impacts of the plan and implementation,
whether it has improved quality of life, enhanced
sustainability, …
 To design corrective measures
Part 4 – Terms and Concepts in Urban Design & Planning

▪ Terms ▪ Concepts
▪ Brief description
Brain Storming
• Urban Fabrics

• Urban Block

• Networks

• Urban Density

• Types of Urban Planning

• Urban Design
Urban Building Blocks

▪ City is defined as a fabric Urban Fabric

consists of multiple human

Block Structure Network
centred features and
Land Use Plot Street Infrastru
activities. Pattern Pattern Pattern cture

• The combination of social, Building Block form Communication

Structure & size
cultural, and economic
aspects in the physical Physical Component of urban fabric
structures of the city makes
up the urban fabric.
Building and related terms , definition and concept
Term Building Building Line
Building is a permanent or temporary The legal limit beyond which a
structure used for living quarters, building may not extend, unless
Definition offices, factories, or any other otherwise specified by law.
function

Any structure utilized or designed to No structures or streets may be built

support or shelter any usage or on any part of the lot street ward.
Concept
occupancy, as well as their suitable
configuration and placement in
relation to one another and to the
adjacent road.
Building and related terms , definition and concept
Term Building Setbacks
The minimal distance between any portion of a building and a
right-of-way boundary or centreline is referred to as a setback.
Definition

Visibility and traffic safety; access to and around structures;

access to natural light and air; separation of incompatible land-
Concept
uses; and space for seclusion, gardening, and recreation are all
reasons for having open areas around structures.

It is divided into three sections: front, side, and back. It also aids in
the identification of buildable land on a site.
Building and related terms , definition and concept
Term Building Height Building Code
The vertical distance calculated from "building code" refers to state-
the average finished grade across mandated guidelines for the
Definition the sides of a building that face a construction, alteration, destruction,
street to the highest point of a occupancy, and other uses of
building. structures used for human
habitation.

The maximum vertical distance that Specific street, block and building
Concept
can be built in any metropolitan design rules for public or private
center, based on the local conditions. development.
Parcel & Plot, definition and concept
Term Parcel/Plot Plot Width & Depth
a plot of land where its boundary Width – the distance from one side to
extent is clearly defined and the other side-line measured at the
Definition demarcated on the ground and drawn minimum front principal building line
upon a map with rights having unique of the plot.
parcel identification.
Depth – the longest distance from
front building line to rare building
line measured at the minimum front
A lot in single ownership or under
Concept principal building setback line of the
single controlled usually considered a
plot.
unit for purposes of development.
Urban Density and Related Items
Term Urban Density
In urban planning and urban design,
the amount of people living in a given
Definition urbanized region is referred to as
urban density
Physical Density
A numerical measure of the number
of people or physical structures in a
specific geographical area.

In urbanism, the term 'density' is In terms of population and building

frequently used to characterize the density, it is an objective, quantifiable,
relationship between a given space and neutral geographical indicator.
Concept and the number of specific entities
present. People, built forms,
amenities, and floor space are
examples of these entities.
Urban Density and Related Items
Term Residential Density Dwelling Unit
The number of dwellings per hectare A residence is a self-contained unit
of land occupied (dw/ha) is a common of accommodation, such as a house,
Definition definition of residential density. apartment, mobile home, houseboat,
vehicle, or other 'substantial'
construction, that is used as a home
by one or more households.

Based on the definition of the The number of housing units per

Concept
reference area, residential density can hectare of land set aside exclusively
be further classified as net and gross for residential development.
residential densities.
Urban Density and Related Items
Term Residential Density Dwelling Unit
The number of dwellings per hectare A residence is a self-contained unit
of land occupied (dw/ha) is a common of accommodation, such as a house,
Definition definition of residential density. apartment, mobile home, houseboat,
vehicle, or other 'substantial'
construction, that is used as a home
by one or more households.

Based on the definition of the The number of housing units per

Concept
reference area, residential density can hectare of land set aside exclusively
be further classified as net and gross for residential development.
residential densities.
Urban Density and Related Items
Term Building Density Built-up Area Ratio (BAR)
The ratio of building structures to an Built-up area ratio means a measure
area unit. of the size of a building’s foot print in
Definition relation to the size of the lot on
which the building is located.

Commonly expressed by floor area The measure of the proportion of the

Concept ratio (FAR) and building area ratio site area covered by the building in
(BAR). order to prevent over-build and to
preserve areas for greenery and
landscaping.
Urban Density and Related Items
Term Floor Area Ratio (FAR) Population Density
Floor area ratio is the measurement
Population density refers to the
of a building’s floor area in relation to
relationship be tween a physical
Definition the size of the lot/ parcel that the
area and the number of people
building is located on.
who reside in that area

Floor area ratio described the relation The number of human persons in any

Concept between building gross floor area given area. Population Density =

with build-able areas to reveal the Number of People/ Land Area

land intensity.
 Will be covered by seminar
Part 5 – Urban / regional linkage

▪ Urban –Rural linkage ▪ Administration linkage

▪ Urban – Urban linkage ▪ Physical linkage
▪ Inter-urban linkage ▪ Social infrastructure/Service linkage
▪ Economic linkage