Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Physica A

Manuscript Draft

Manuscript Number:

Title: Dynamic magnetic properties of a mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary

alloy in the form of ABpC(1-p) with single-ion anisotropy

Article Type: Research Paper

Section/Category: Spin models and quantum systems

Keywords: ABpC(1-p) ternary alloys; Dynamic magnetic features; Sigle-ion

anisotropy; Glauber type stochastic dynamic.

Corresponding Author: Professor Mehmet BATI,

Corresponding Author's Institution: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

First Author: Mehmet BATI

Order of Authors: Mehmet BATI; Mehmet Ertaş

Abstract: We have investigated the dynamic magnetic properties of the

ABpC1-p form mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary alloy. For this purpose,
the system was simulated by means of a Hamiltonian including single-ion
anisotropy, A and B sites interact ferromagnetically, and A and C sites
interact antiferromagnetically in the presence of a time dependent
magnetic field. A ion contains SA = 3/2, B ions have SB = 1 and C ions
have SC = 5/2. The phase diagrams are calculated in temperature, single-
ion anisotropy, and concentration ratio parameters planes. It was found
that in our dynamic system, the critical temperature was always dependent
on the concentration of the ternary alloy. We show that single-ion
anisotropy can be used as a control parameter like concentration to
arrange the critical temperature of the ternary alloy.

Suggested Reviewers: Rıza Erdem

Akdeniz University
rerdem@akdeniz.edu.tr
-

Najim Tahiri
Université Mohammed V-Agdal
tahiri.najim@gmail.com
-

Cesur EKIZ
Adnan Menderes University
cekiz@adu.edu.tr
-

Rachid Masrour
Cadi Ayyad University
rachidmasrour@hotmail.com
-

Ebru Kış Çam

Dokuz Eylul University
ebru.kis@deu.edu.tr
-

G.A.Pavan Ribeiro
Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Fis, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
pavan@df.ufscar.br
-
Cover letter and Highlights

Cover Latter

RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
53100 RİZE TURKEY

PHONE: +90 0464 223 40 93 (1762)

FAX: +90 0464 223 40 19
E-Mail: mehmet.bati@erdogan.edu.tr

Dear Editor,

We would like to submit a manuscript, entitled “Dynamic magnetic properties of a mixed ferro-
ferrimagnetic ternary alloy in the form of ABpC1-p with single-ion anisotropy” for your
consideration of publication in Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications. This is an
original paper, which has not been published previously nor submitted elsewhere for publication.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely yours,

Highlights

The dynamic magnetic properties of the mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary alloy

The system was simulated by means of a Hamiltonian including single-ion anisotropy

The critical temperature was always dependent on the concentration of the ternary alloy

Dr. Mehmet BATI (Corresponding Author)

Dr. Mehmet ERTAŞ

*Manuscript (New submissions only)
Click here to view linked References

Dynamic magnetic properties of a mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary alloy in the form of

ABpC1-p with single-ion anisotropy

Mehmet Batıa Mehmet Ertaşb

a
Department of Physics, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
b
Department of Physics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey

Abstract

We have investigated the dynamic magnetic properties of the ABpC1-p form mixed ferro-
ferrimagnetic ternary alloy. For this purpose, the system was simulated by means of a
Hamiltonian including single-ion anisotropy, A and B sites interact ferromagnetically, and A and
C sites interact antiferromagnetically in the presence of a time dependent magnetic field. A ion
contains SA = 3/2, B ions have SB = 1 and C ions have SC = 5/2. The phase diagrams are
calculated in temperature, single-ion anisotropy, and concentration ratio parameters planes. It
was found that in our dynamic system, the critical temperature was always dependent on the
concentration of the ternary alloy. We show that single-ion anisotropy can be used as a control
parameter like concentration to arrange the critical temperature of the ternary alloy.

Keywords: ABpC1-p ternary alloys; Dynamic magnetic features; Sigle-ion anisotropy; Glauber
type stochastic dynamic.

1- Introduction

Authority of magnetic and thermal properties of magnetic materials is one of the most
important but also very hard topics in the field of magnetism. For example, the Prussian blue
analogs containing antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic exchange interactions display the
inverted magnetic hysteresis loop [1], the photo-induced magnetic pole inversion [2], existence
of compensation temperatures [3], and possible technological applications area from electrode
materials for batteries [4-6] to hydrogen storage [7, 8]. Mixed-spin Ising systems give an
excellent model for studying a ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary alloy in the form of ABpC1-p composed
of Prussian blue analogs [9-10], which has been widely studied in literature by various methods
in equilibrium statistical physics, such as exact recursion relations on the Bethe lattice, mean-

1
field approximation, effective-field theory, and Monte Carlo simulations with correlations [11-
27].
The scientists have been developing molecular magnetism for a few decades. It is known
that the magnetic properties such as critical temperature and compensation temperature point of
the Prussian blue analogs can be tuned during a synthesis process by changing the concentration
of the different incorporated metal ions [1, 9]. There are some researches on the complicated
magnetic molecules based on the information of the single-ion anisotropy [28]. The magnetic
properties of ternary alloys have been investigated experimentally; for example, Essaoud and his
coworkers discuss the stability of the ferromagnetic state in the MnAs1−xPx ternary alloys. [29]
In the studies, ternary alloy in the form of ABpC1-p has been modelled with different
magnitudes of spins, namely A, B, and C. For instance, the magnetic features of a mixed ferro-
ferrimagnetic ternary alloy in the form of ABpC1-p consist of three different metal ions with
ternary Ising spins (1/2, 1, 3/2) [10-14]; (3/2, 1, 1/2) [15]; (1/2, 1, 5/2) [16]; (1/2, 3/2, 5/2) [17],
(1, 3/2, 5/2) [18-21], (3/2, 1, 5/2) [22-24] and with Ising spins (3/2, 2, 5/2) [25-27]. It is worth
noticing that there are many experimental studies on Prussian blue analogs [30–36].
Generally, dynamic property investigations of ABpC1-p ternary alloys are difficult because
of their structural complications. Despite, the equilibrium magnetic properties of a mixed ferro-
ferrimagnetic ABpC1-p ternary alloy having been studied in detail, there are only two studies
within our best knowledge about the dynamic features of the ABpC1-p ternary alloy system [37,
38]. However, the effect of the single-ion anisotropy on the dynamic magnetic properties of the
ternary alloy has not been studied before. Based on the overview of the theoretical models for the
molecular magnetism, we use the Blume Capel model to investigate the single-ion anisotropy on
the magnetic properties of ternary alloy with A, B, and C ions as SA = 3/2 SB = 1 and SC = 5/2
were chosen, respectively. We will also discuss the temperature, single-ion anisotropy, and
concentration ratio parameters dependence of the ternary alloy model.
The paper is organized as follow: Section II describes the models and its formulations.
Section III presents the numerical results. Finally, the conclusion is given in Sec. IV.

2- Model formulation

A mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ABpC1-p ternary alloy system was considered on two

interpenetrating square sublattices. One of the sublattices has spins SA = ± 3/2, ± 1/2 as the other
sublattices have spins SB = ±1, 0 or SC =± 5/2, ± 3/2, ± 1/2. The schematic view of the present

2
model can be seen in Fig. 1. The Hamiltonian of our model with single-ion anisotropy can be
written by;

(1)

where <ij> shows a summation over all pairs of the nearest-neighboring sites of different
sublattices and JAB > 0 and JAC < 0 (model the ferro-ferrimagnetic interactions) are the nearest-
neighbor exchange constants. D is a single-ion anisotropy parameter, H(t) is the oscillating
external magnetic field and is described by , where H0, w, and t are the
amplitude, angular frequency, and time. is a distributed random variable, and it takes the value
of unity or zero, according to whether site j is filled by an ion of B or C, respectively. So, is
described by

(2)

where p and are the concentration of B and C ions, respectively. A mixed ferro-
ferrimagnetic ABpC1-p ternary alloy system is in contact with an isothermal heat bath at an
absolute temperature Tabs and evolves according with the Glauber-type stochastic process at a
rate of 1/τ. From the master equation associated to the stochastic process, it follows that the
average magnetization satisfies the following equation,

(3a)

(3b)

(3c)

Where and .

The dynamic mean-field approximation equations are obtained as follows

3
 (4a)

(4b)

(4c)

Where ,
, , and , , and are taken-4 for a square lattice.

(5)

where and . In other words, , and correspond to the dynamic order

parameters of the magnetic components A, B, and C. The total magnetization of the system is

(6)

The physical parameters have been scaled by . So reduced temperature, reduced single-ion
anisotropy parameter, magnetic field amplitude, and exchange interaction ratio are defined as
, and , throughout the paper, respectively.

3. The numerical results and discussions

In this section, the dynamic phase transition (DPT) temperatures, dynamic phase diagrams, and
dynamic hysteresis properties of the mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary alloy with crystal field in
the form of ABpC1-p have been extensively examined for various values of the Hamiltonian
parameters. The results have been presented in Figs. 2-8.

3.1. The DPT temperatures

In order to obtain the DPT temperatures in the system, we have studied the temperature-
dependent behavior of the dynamic order parameters (or dynamic magnetizations) ( , and
) and dynamic total magnetization ). The DPT temperatures have been obtained for both
positive and negative value of reduced single-ion anisotropy parameter ( ) and we have
examined the effects of the concentration ratio on the DPT temperatures. Fig. 2 displays the
temperature- dependent behavior of the , , , for = 0.25, R=1.0, = 0.1, = 2 and
4
the various values of , namely = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0. From Fig. 2, we have observed
the following four interesting phenomena. (i) For all values of , the system gives a second-order
phase transition; because dynamic magnetizations decrease to zero continuously as the reduced
temperature increases. (ii) As between , the second-order phase transition
temperatures ( ) decrease; is 8.65, 6.55, 4.7, 3.55, and 3.75 for = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and
1.0, respectively. (iii) For = 0.0 the system becomes an AC alloy, which means that the system
does not undergo any phase transitions for . Moreover, for = 1.0, the system becomes an AB
alloy and the system does not give DPT temperature for . (iv) The dynamic total
magnetization curves of the system show different compensation behaviors depending on the
concentration values. For instance, for = 0.0 and 1.0, the system exhibits Q-type behavior;
for = 0.25, and = 0.75, the system illustrates L-type behavior. These compensation behaviors
classified in the Néel theory [39] and L- type were obtained by Strečka [40]. We also note that
the compensation behaviors have also been experimentally obtained in in some studies [44,45].
Here below the phase transition temperature at which the magnitude of sub lattice
magnetizations is equal, resulting in a net magnetization of zero; this is called the magnetization
compensation point. At the compensation temperature the sublattice magnetizations are not zero,
whereas at the phase transition temperature, the total magnetization is zero and both sublattice
magnetizations are also zero. We have calculated Fig. 3 for the negative value of , namely =-
0.25. And the same parameters used in Figure 2 are used. As similar to Fig. 2, Fig. 3 indicates
the second-order phase transition, except it exhibits the transition at  = 8.2, 6.2, 4.5, 3.4, and
3.6 for = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, respectively. Moreover, the exhibits R-type behavior
for = 0.0; the shows L-type behavior for = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75; the illustrates Q-type
behavior for = 1.0.

3.2. Dynamic phase diagrams (DPDs)

Since DPT temperatures are obtained in the previous subsection, the DPDs of the system can
now be given. The calculated DPDs in the ( , ) and ( , ) planes are presented in Figs. 4 and 5,
respectively. The solid lines stand for the second-order phase transition temperatures. The
dynamic tricritical point (DTP) is represented by a filled up triangle. DTP is a point at which the
order of the transition changes its character from first to second order. Fig. 4(a) is calculated for
= 2π, = 2.0, =0.5 and different values, namely = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0. Therefore,
the system shows only the second-order phase transition. The second-order phase transition
occurs from the ferrimagnetic phase to the paramagnetic phase, and DTP does not occur in the

5
system. As shown in the figure, the critical temperature decreases as p increases. p increase
means an increase in the number of high spins and consequently the critical temperature
decreases. The DPDs for = 2π, = 0.25, = 0.5 and different values, namely = 0.0, 1.0,
2.0, 3.0, are shown in Fig. 4(b). We see that from Fig. 4(b). We can see that the system contains
the DTP for ( =0.23) but the others do not. The system displays a second order phase
transition. We see from the figure that as R increases, the critical temperature rises. We have
plotted DPDs for = 2π, = 0.25, = 1.0 and various values, namely = 0.1, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
and are shown in Fig. 4(c). The DPDs for = 4.0 illustrate DTP at , DPDs always
undergo a second-order phase transition. The system does not give a phase transition in large
negative at large values. The critical temperature decreases as h increases. We also note that
with increasing d the critical temperature is shift to higher values. Fig. 5(a) is presented for =
2π, = 2.0, =0.5 and different values, namely = 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0, -0.5, -1.0, -2.0. We can
clearly see that the DPDs always undergo a second-order phase transition; therefore, the DTP
does not occur, and boundaries among the phases are second-order lines. The DPDs for = 2π,
= 0.0, = 0.1 and different values, namely = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, are illustrated
in Fig. 5(b). We can clearly see that from the Fig. 5(b) that increases as increases and the
values do not change with for =1.0. Because the system becomes an AB alloy, there is no
AC. Hence, the system becomes independent from . We have calculated DPDs for = 2π, =
-1.0, = 1.0 and various values, namely = 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 are illustrated in Fig. 5(c).
The system shows only second-order phase transition up to = 4; so, the DTP does not occur.
For = 4.0, the system shows DTP at .

3.3. Dynamic magnetic hysteresis properties (DMHPs)

In this subsection, we have studied the dynamic hysteresis properties of the system. Firstly, the
reduced single-ion anisotropy parameter ( ) dependence of the dynamic hysteresis loop is
examined for = 0.05π, = 0.25, = 3.0, = 10 and different values, namely = -10, -5 -1,
1, 5, and 10; are shown Fig. 6. For negative big d values, system is at the paramagnetic phase.
We see from figure that for the total magnetization has always positive values but when
single anisotropy parameter the total magnetization has always negative values. Finally,
we have examined the concentration ratio dependence of the dynamic hysteresis loop. For this
purpose, we drew Fig. 7 for = 0.05π, = 3.0, = 10, and different values, namely
= 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0.0. We see from hysteresis loops the ferromagnetic character between AB

6
and the antiferromagnetic character between AC. As increases, the dynamic hysteresis loop
area decreases and the system shows the behavior of single loops.

3- Conclusions

In this paper, the dynamic magnetic features of the mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic ternary alloy of the
type ABpC1-p on a square lattice, composed of spins 3/2, 1, and 5/2 have been studied. A ternary
alloy system was simulated within the mean- field approximation based on Glauber type
stochastic dynamics. The concentration and the single-ion anisotropy dependence of the critical
temperature were obtained. It was found that the critical temperature could be controlled by the
concentration and the single-ion anisotropy. In particular, it has been found that the critical
temperature is always dependent on the concentration ratio of the ternary alloy in the dynamic
system. It is believed that this study will shed light on future experimental and theoretical
investigations of mixed ferro-ferrimagnetic compounds in the presence of a time-dependent
external magnetic field.

References

[1] S.I. Ohkoshi, T. Hozumi and K. Hashimoto, Phys. Rev. B 64, 132404 (2001).
[2] O. Kahn, Molecular magnetism. VCH Publishers, New York, Weinheim (1993)
[3] S.I. Ohkoshi, T. Hozumi, M. Utsunomiya, M. Abe and K. Hashimoto, Physica B 329, 691
(2003).
[4] P. Nie, L. Shen, H. Luo, B. Ding, G. Xu, J. Wang and X. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 5852
(2014).
[5] K. Hurlbutt, S. Wheeler, I. Capone, M. Pasta, Joule, 2, 1950 (2018).
[6] S. Wheeler, I. Capone, S. Day, C. Tang and M. Pasta, Chem. Mater. 317, 2619 (2019).
[7] P. Bhatt, S. Banerjee, S. Anwar, M.D. Mukadam, S.S. Meena and S.M. Yusuf, ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 6, 17579 (2014).
[8] L. P. Kee, N. P. Moozarm and W. P.Meng, J. Appl. Electrochem. 49, 631 (2019)
[9] J.S. Miller and M. Drillon, Magnetism: Molecules to Materials V, Wiley–VCH, Weinheim,
2005.
[10] S. Ohkoshi, T. Iyoda, A. Fujishima and K. Hashimoto, Phys. Rev. B 56, 11642 (1997).
[11] O. Canko, B. Deviren and M. Keskin, JETP Lett. 87, 633 (2008).
[12] B. Deviren, O. Canko and M. Keskin, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 321, 1231 (2009).
[13] A. Bobák and J. Dely, Physica A 341, 281 (2004).
[14] W. Liu, Z. Xin and X. Wang, Phys. Lett. A 372, 1114 (2008).
[15] H. N. Motlagh, G. Rezaei, J. Alloys Comp. 711, 677 (2017).
[16] S. Tsuji, T. Kasama and T. Idogaki, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 310, e471 (2007).

7
[17] E. Albayrak, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 324, 1809 (2012).
[18] G. M. Buendía and J. E.Villarroel, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 310, e495 (2007).
[19] H. Hu, Z. Xin and W. Liu, Phys. Lett. A 357, 388 (2006).
[20] E. Albayrak, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 323, 992 (2011).
[21] J. Dely, and A. Bobák, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 305, 464 (2006).
[22] E. K. Çam and E. Aydiner, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322, 1706 (2010).
[23] Z. D. Vatansever, Phys. Lett. A 381, 3450 (2017).
[24] M. Zukovic and A. Bobák, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 322, 2868 (2010).
[25] J. Dely, A. Bobák and M. Zukovic, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 200, 022005 (2010).
[26] J. Dely, A. Bobák and D. Horvath, Acta Phys. Pol. A 113, 461 (2008).
[27] J. Dely and A. Bobák, Physica B 399, 155 (2007).
[28] S. D. Jiang, B. W. Wang and S. Gao, Single-Ion Anisotropy: An Insight to Complicated
Magnetic Molecules. In: Topics in Organometallic Chemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
(2018)
[29] S. Sâad, Essaoud, Z. Charifi, H. Baaziz, G. Uğur and Ş. Uğur, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 469,
329-341 (2019).
[30] S. I. Ohkoshi, T. Iyoda, A. Fujishima and K. Hashimoto, Phys. Rev. B 56, 11642 (1997).
[31] A. Kumar, S. M. Yusuf and L. Keller, Phys. Rev. B 71, 054414 (2005).
[32] E. Manuel, M. Evangelisti, M. Affronte, M. Okubo, M. Train and M. Verdaguer, Phys. Rev.
B 73, 172406 (2006).
[33] W. Dong, W. Zhang, Y.-O. Yang, L.-N. Zhu, D.-Z. Liao, K. Yoshimura, Z.-H. Jiang, S.-P.
Yan and P. Cheng, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 309, 7 (2007).
[34] M. Arai, M. Miyake and M. Yamada, J. Phys. Chem. C 112, 1953 (2008).
[35] T. Matsuda, J. E. Kim, K. Ohoyama and Y. Moritomo, Phys. Rev. B 79, 172302 (2009).
[36] C. P. Krap, J. Balmaseda, B. Zamora and E. Reguera, Int. J. Hydrogen Energ. 35, 10381
(2010).
[37] E. Vatansever and Y. Yüksel, J. Alloys Comp. 689, 446e450 (2016).
[38] J.D. Alzate-Cardona, E. Restrepo-Parra and C.D. Acosta-Medina, Mater. Chem. Phys. 213,
362e367 (2018).
[39] L. Néel, Ann. Phys. 3, 137 (1948).
[40] J. Strečka, Physica A 360, 379 (2006).
[41] M. Ertaş and M. Keskin, Phys. Lett. A 379, 1576 (2015).
[42] M. Ertaş, E. Kantar, Y. Kocakaplan and M. Keskin, Physica A 444, 732 (2016).
[43] M. Batı and M. Ertaş, Physica B 513, 40 (2017).
[44] Gorter, E. W. and Schulkes, J. A., Phys. Rev. 90, 487 (1953)
[45] Iglesias O, Battle X. and Labarta A, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 8, 2761 (2008).

List of the Figure Captions

Fig. 1: (color online) Schematic representation of ternary alloy spin model the type of ABpC1-p
defined on a square lattice. A, B and C represented in blue, yellow, and red respectively.
Fig. 2: (color online) The temperature dependent behavior of the , , , for = 0.25,
, = 0.1, = 2 and the various values of , namely = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and
1.0.

8
Fig. 3: (color online) The temperature dependent behavior of the , , , for same
parameter set as Fig. 2, but the negative value of , namely = -0.25.
Fig. 4: (color online) Dynamic phase diagrams of the system in a ( ) plane. (a) = 2π, =
2.0, =0.5 and different values, namely = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0. (b) = 2π,
p=0.25, = 0.5 and different values, namely = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. (c) = 2π, =
0.25, = 1.0 and various values, namely = 0.1, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0
Fig. 5: (color online) Dynamic phase diagrams of the system in the plane. (a) = 2π,
= 2.0, =0.5 and different values, namely = 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0, -0.5, -1.0, -2.0. (b) =
2π, = 0.0, = 0.1 and different values, namely = 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. (c) = 2π, =
-1.0, = 1.0 and various values, namely = 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0
Fig. 6: (color online) The reduced single-ion anisotropy parameter ( ) dependence of dynamic
hysteresis loop for = 0.05π, = 0.25, = 3.0, = 10 and different values, namely
= -15, -10, -5.0, 5.0, 10, 15.
Fig. 7: (color online) The dependence of dynamic hysteresis loop for = 0.05π, = 5, =
3.0, = 10 and different values, namely = 1.0, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0.0.

9
Figure_1

JAC < 0 (AFM)

JAB > 0 (FM) SA = 3/2

SB=1
SC = 5/2

Fig. 1
Figure

p = 0.0 p = 0.25
2.5 2.5
MC MC

1.5 1.5

MA, MB, MC, MT

MA, MB, MC, MT

MT
0.5 0.5
MT
MB
MB
-0.5 -0.5 MA
MA MB
MA MB MA
-1.5 -1.5
MC
MC MT
MT
-2.5 -2.5
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

T T

p = 0.5 p = 0.75
MA
MA
1.5 1.5 MA
MB
MB MB
MC
MT
MA, MB, MC, MT
MA, MB, MC, MT

0.5 0.5
MT
MT

-0.5 -0.5
MA
MB MC
-1.5 MC -1.5
MT MC

-2.5 -2.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

T T

p = 1.0
1.5

MT MA

MB
MA, MB, MC, MT

1.0

MA
0.5 MB
MC
MT
MC
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Fig. 2
 p = 0.0 p = 0.25
2.5 2.5

2.0 MC 2.0
MC
1.5 1.5

1.0 1.0

MA, MB, MC, MT

MA, MB, MC, MT

MT
0.5 0.5 MT
MB
0.0 0.0
MB
-0.5 -0.5
MA MA
-1.0 -1.0
MA MA MB
MB
-1.5 -1.5
MC MC
-2.0 MT -2.0 MT
-2.5 -2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T T

p = 0.5 p = 0.75
2.0 2.0
MA
1.5 1.5 MA
1.0 MB 1.0 MB
MA, MB, MC, MT

0.5
MA, MB, MC, MT

MT 0.5 MT
0.0 0.0

-0.5 MA -0.5 MA
-1.0 MB MB
-1.0
MC MC
-1.5 MC
MT -1.5
MT
MC
-2.0 -2.0

-2.5 -2.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

T T
p = 1.0
1.5
MA
MA
MT MB
MC
MA, MB, MC, MT

1.0 MT
MB

0.5

MC
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Fig. 3
 (a)

24
p=0.00
20 p=0.25
p=0.50
p=0.75
16
p=1.00
TC ,Tt
12

-10 -5 0 5 10

(b)

24
R=0.0
21
R=1.0
R=2.0
18
R=3.0
15
TC ,Tt
12

6
DTP
3 (T = 0.23 )

0
-10 -5 0 5 10

(c)

10

h = 0.1
8 h = 2.0
h = 3.0
h = 4.0

TC ,Tt 6

DTP
2
(T = 0.39 )

0
-10 -5 0 5 10

Fig. 4
(a)

10

9 d = 2.0
d = 1.0
8 d = 0.5
d = 0.0
7 d = -0.5
TC d = -1.0
d = -2.0
6

2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

(b)

24
R=0.0
R=0.5
20 R=1.0
R=1.5
R=2.0
16 R=2.5
TC R=3.0

12

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

(c)

h = 0.1
7
h = 1.0
h = 2.0
6 h = 3.0
h = 4.0
5
TC ,Tt
4

2
DTP
(T = 0.8)
1

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Fig. 5
(a) (b)
d =-10 d =-5
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
MT

MT
0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

h h
(c) (d)
d =-1 d=1
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
MT

MT

0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

h h

(e) (f)
d=5 d = 10
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
MT
MT

0.0 0.0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

h h

Fig. 6
 (a) (b)
p = 1.0 p = 0.75
0.75 0.75
MA
0.50 MB 0.50

MC
0.25 0.25
MA, MB, MC

MA, MB, MC
0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.25 MA
MB
-0.50 -0.50
MC

-0.75 -0.75
0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50

0.25 0.25
MT

MT
0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.25

-0.50 -0.50

-0.75 -0.75
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

h h
(c) (d)
p = 0.5 p = 0.25
1.5

1.0 1.5

0.5
0.5
MA, MB, MC
MA, MB, MC

0.0

-0.5
MA -0.5
MA
-1.0 MB
MB
MC
-1.5 -1.5 MC
-2.0

-2.5 -2.5
0.75 0.75

0.50 0.50

0.25 0.25
MT

MT

0.00 0.00

-0.25 -0.25

-0.50 -0.50

-0.75 -0.75
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

h h

(e) p = 0.0
2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
MA, MB, MC

0.0

-0.5

-1.0 MA
MB
-1.5
MC
-2.0

-2.5
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
MT

0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Fig. 7
*Declaration of Interest Statement

Declaration of interests

☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships
that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

☐The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered
as potential competing interests: