CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Police officers play a vital role in ensuring public safety and internal security

in our country. As a mandate of every Police officers, they are to enforce the law

stated in the constitution, they are also tasked to ensure that an individual can leave

and arrive at their destination without being molested, assaulted, abused, robbed or

killed every single day.

Police officers are the key characters in the community in terms of upholding

justice to the victims of the crimes may it be form of against a person, properties or

from illegal activities such as usage of drugs and other substances, or illegal

possession of firearms and explosives. They are first to be sought when a crime

transpired in the community and every individual who are victims of such illegal

actions tend to give their trust to the officers in performing and providing them the

justice they seek.

Crimes in the Philippines come in different forms, they are categorized into

index and non- index crimes. Index crimes are known also as “8 focus crimes” which

are murder, homicide, physical Injury, rape, robbery, theft, carnapping, and Arson.

Non-index crimes on the other hand are violations of special laws such as reckless

imprudence, violations against women and children, illegal possession of drugs and

fire arms, illegal logging, lasciviousness and direct assault. Zamboanga City is

categorized as one of the biggest and most populated cities in the Philippines, it is also

considered as third largest city by land area in the country. Due to the fact that it is

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one of the most populated and largest area, it can be note that the level of its crime is

also high compared to other cities. The city according to Numbeo –the world’s largest

database site about cities and countries nationwide, that the level of crime in the city

is over 62.08 percent with the crimes increasing in the past 3 years. Considering that

Zamboanga city is a highly urbanized place, the barangays in urban areas in the city

were recorded with highest crimes such as robberies, murder, theft, prostitution, and

other illegal activities under non-index crime due to the dense population of the city.

Crimes are rampant in Zamboanga City today, whether it’s from petty crimes

such as pickpocketing or from grave offenses such as murder. There will always be

individuals who choose to be involved in illegal activities due mostly to their social

status and unequal opportunity. Thus, recognizing that there is a problem in the status

of security of the citizens in the city, the researchers selected two police stations in the

urban area of Zamboanga City under the Zamboanga City Police office to conduct an

evaluation to measure the capability and performance of the selected stations in

investigating index and non-index crimes. It is also important to evaluate the

competence of the investigators in terms of their experience and trainings in order for

us to also determine the effects of a Police Officer’s knowledge and skills in

investigation to the overall effectiveness of the department. In order to maintain

internal security and public safety in our nation, police officers are essential. Every

police officer is required to uphold the law as set down in the constitution, but they

are also responsible with making sure that people can go to and from their

destinations without encountering molestation, assault, abuse, robbery, or murder on a

daily basis.

Police officers are key figures in the community when it comes to ensuring

justice for victims of crimes committed against people, property, or illegal activities

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such as the use of drugs and other substances, or the illegal possession of firearms and

explosives. They are the first to be sought when a crime occurs in the community, and

all victims of such illegal actions tend to put their trust in the officers to perf Crimes

in the Philippines are classified into two types: index crimes and non-index crimes.

Index crimes are also known as "8 focus crimes" because they include murder,

homicide, physical injury, rape, robbery, theft, kidnapping, and arson. Non-index

offenses, on the other hand, are violations of special laws such as reckless

imprudence, violence against women and children, illegal possession of drugs and

firearms, illegal logging, lasciviousness, and direct assault or and provide them with

the justice they seek.

As the time pass by the crime rates are still at its peak, therefore it is essential to

conduct this study which assess the performance of the two Police Station on recorded

cases of Index and Non-index crimes in Zamboanga City. it will post as basis to

further developed their knowledge, improvement of their techniques in dealing or

apprehending criminals at the same time to serve as references. The lack of proper

data and information on crimes trends makes it difficult for the authorities to develop

effective strategies to address the problem. Also, to determine if there will be a

significant difference between the two Police Station, are their performance effective?

What will be the outcome if the performance is not good, would it alter the result?

Are they performing well even if they are experiencing global crisis or pandemic?

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the Police performance on combating crime of

Police Stations 5 and 6 in Zamboanga City From 2019-2022. It specifically seeks to

answer the following questions:

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 1. What is the index and non-index crime records of Police Station 5 and 6,

Zamboanga City Police Office from 2019-2022 in terms of:

A. Number of cleared crimes

B. Number of solved crimes

2. What is the percentage rate of crimes cleared and crime solved over total

crimes per Police station in each year?

3. Is there a significant difference between year 2019 to 2022 in each Police

Station?

4. What is the performance of each police stations selected in terms of crimes

cleared and crimes solved?

5. Is there a significant difference between the performance of Police Station 5

and 6?

6. Is there a significant relationship between crime record and covid 19

pandemic?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study aims to determine the Police performance on combating crime of

Police Stations 5 and 6 in Zamboanga City From 2019-2022. It specifically seeks to

attain the following specific objectives:

1. To determine the crimes under index and non-index crimes between 2

Police Stations in Zamboanga City.

2. To determine percentage rate of crimes cleared and crime solved over total

crimes per Police station in each year.

3. To determine the significant difference between year 2019 to 2022 in each

Police Station.

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 4. To determine the performance of each police stations selected in terms of

crimes cleared and crimes solved.

5. To determine the significant difference between the performance of Police

Station 5 and 6.

6. To determine the significant relationship between Crime record and covid

19 pandemic.

STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

The following null hypothesis shall be tested at 0.05 level of significance:

 H o 1: There is NO significant difference between year 2019

to 2022 in each Police Station.

 H o 2: There is NO significant difference between the

performance of Police Station 5 and 6.

 H o 3: There is NO significant relationship between Crime

record and covid 19 pandemic.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As the problem of Zamboanga City to the different crimes continue to exist, it is very

crucial that Police stations’ performance in conducting Investigations are closely

monitored to ensure that the crimes being reported are acted upon immediately and

accordingly. This study is beneficial to the following sectors in society:

Philippine National Police- the results of the study will help the Personnel of the

Philippine National Police to add certain data and information about improving their

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strategies to develop more advance and more effective tactics in preventing the

occurrence of a crime and lessening the amount of people who commit crimes.

The Community- the community will be able to benefit from this study because it

gives them access to information that is normally limited.

Barangay Officials- the barangay officials will benefit from this study as it provides

them the possible action they need to do in their respective barangay in terms of

lessening and reducing crime in the future.

The Future Researcher- The future Researchers will benefit from this study that can

able to discover pieces of knowledge that are not frequently tackled in open class.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This section of the study will discuss subject matter, time and place, research

subjects/ respondents, research design, research environment, and research

instrument.

Subject matter; This study will evolve in gathering data through objective approach,

it means that all statistics gathered are from recorded data from the systems of

different Police stations under Zamboanga City Police Office, the study will focus

mainly in verifying, understanding and providing comparative data analysis to the two

Police stations – Police stations A and B both located in a highly urbanized area in

Zamboanga city in order for the researchers to give an unbiased report to the progress

of the investigation of Index and non-Index crimes in the City.

Time and place; The study started on 2022 and will take place on two police stations

under the Zamboanga City Police office, Station 5 and Station 6.

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Research subject/respondent; This study will be based on Crime Statistics of the two

respective Police Stations from January to December of the year 2019, 2020, 2021,

2022 respectively. Station 5 has 7 barangays under its jurisdiction namely – Divisoria,

Lumayang, Lunzuran, Lumbangan, Putik, Boalan and Zambowood. Station 6 on the

other hand has 6 barangays namely – Tetuan, Kasanyangan, Tugbungan, Talon-Talon,

Mampang, and Arena Blanco.

Research design; The researchers in this study will focus mainly in using Qualitative

approach in order for them to gather data which are objective, systematic data from

records of Police Station A and Police Station B are the reference to produce a non-

biased result and huge number of percent in terms of credibility of the research study.

Research Instrument; Crime statistics data of the Philippine National Police are sort

into: 1. Nature of the crime – against person, against property, non-index crimes, and

special laws 2. Total crimes committed on a specific timeframe 3. Total crimes

cleared, and total crimes solved. Base on this data we will group and total the number

of crimes which was committed under Index and Non-Index crimes respectively and

sort the “crimes cleared” and “crimes solved” in order for us (researchers) to identify

the progress of cases which are handled by Police stations A and B.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE

International Literature

“Measuring the Performance of the Police”. Police performance is a crucial

factor in determining how successfully they carry out their duties as law enforcers. “In

order to monitor how well an organization is carrying out its mandate, they began

measuring police performance in the middle of the nineteenth century”. The efficacy

of a police organization's fulfillment of its duties can be assessed by the way it

approaches a given issue in terms of crime prevention, crimes solved, police visibility,

and community relations. Police response times, crime rates, clearance rates, and

other direct indicators of performance were recently substituted for each other in the

late 1930s, during the "Professionalization" era. The crime rate in the Philippines

increased steadily during a nine-year period, rising from 98.0 percent of incidents in

the year 2001 to 267.5 percent in the year 2010., there were 169.9 index crimes and

8
97.6 non-index crimes out of the total crimes reported during those times based on the

record of the National Statistical Coordination Board in 2013 (Maguire and

Uchida,2000).

Being a police officer, it is essential to be alert and responsive all the time in

order to provide the assistance needed by the people when in times of need. in this

study, it is stated that the response time has a big factor on police Performance. In the

study that the author conducted they initially find out that response time depends on

workload, time of the day. Location and call type due to that the data offer some

alternative solution in order to improve the response times. In the second part of the

paper after it was examined, they found out that if the response time is slow, it will

cause a high clearance rate. This can serve as a guide in order to improve not only the

efficiency of police management but also to improve the performance of police

stations (Tomazevic, Seljak and Aristovnik,2015).

The study aims to identify the applicant’s physical, and mental qualities and

mental qualities and its relation to the overall performance of a candidate which can

be shown on his behavior, data about background and performance were also utilized

thoroughly. There are the data which are commonly maintained in personal files by

police officers. The data shows that the most effective way to predict the future

performance of a personnel is to determine his employment and military discipline

actions, his records in civil courts, educational attainments, recruit training scores and

marks during the probationary method. Couple of factors which are usually thought to

be important predictions indicate that it is unrelated to an efficient police career

including the civil service exam score, Intelligence quotient (IQ), Military

commendations. Reported history of psychological disorder, arrest for petty crime,

and the aspects of an early family responsibility. Backgrounds and careers of various

9
police subgroups were investigated by the author such as detectives, College -

educated men, and black officers, including their job histories were analyzed

independently. These are certain suggestions that was given to the New York City

Police to improve the recruitment screening, procedures for selection, and the duty

assignments and training. This document provides an extensive analyzation of the

study’s findings. However, if the readers are looking for a concise overview of the

project. (Cohen and Chaiken,1972)

Local Literature

“The numerous crimes that take place daily throughout our nation are one of

our society's challenges.” while they can happen anywhere and at any time, they

sometimes do so at particular times. In their research, the authors concentrated on

identifying crime-related occurrences in time and geography in terms of index and

non-index crimes. They conclude that asserting a crime does not favor any certain

location or opening. Their research intends to categorize crimes into index and non-

index crimes in order to identify crime-related episodes. The top five criminal

incidences in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, according to them, were VAWC RA

9262, Accidents involving vehicles, bodily harm, threats or coercion, and deliberate

mischief. A few barangays showed a high propensity to experience crime-related

incidents over a certain period of time. They conducted an inquiry using ocular

examination and some interviews as a consequence of their research. In order to

reduce or at the very least prevent the occurrence of crime-related incidents in their

jurisdiction, their study served as a guide for the police force (Taclay,2022).

10
 “Human Behavior seems to be influenced by the phases of the moon, despite

government efforts to prevent and suppress them, crimes are still committed.” Some

of the authors have argued that the moons of the solar system influence the body and

the earth. The term insanity comes from the idea that the lunae cycles influencce

human behavior, and it is a common phenomenon that a full moon can increase

criminal activity. and the crime committed in the two city of Dipolog and Dapitan.

The most common index crime were theft, assault and threats. Non-index felonies

included malicious mischief and violation of RA 7610 and RA 9262. In their study

the results were showed that most index crime occurred in the first quarter and new

moon period. Non-index crime, on the other hand, occurred in each phase of the

moon. Rates of Indexed and Non-indexed crime can be affected by the moon phases.

The Philippine National Police may take additional precautions to prevent criminals

from committing theft, assault and intimidation. The presence of Police is increased

during the first quarter and New Moon period to deter crime from occurring and to

implement intensive community policing programs to protect communites from

unwanted crimes (Daymiel and Pellaga,2021).

The performance of the police stations has to do with the leadership and

administration of the police chief executive due to the fact that he is the accountable

person to take charge in instilling the discipline and work etiquettes of the police

personnels. Police officers that are showing improper manner and misconduct has a

bad reflection towards the police station and will lessen the confidence of the

constituents to rely on the, in simple words police leadership affects how people

perceives the police as a whole (Weitzer,2022).

In 2010 to 2013, there are reports that shows the decreasing tendency reports

on crime and delinquency from the period of 2010 to 2012 but eventually it risen in

11
2013 with declining crime solution efficiency rate. Over those periods of time, there

are more index crime recorded than index crime but during the period of 2013, reports

on non- index crime is high compared to index crime offenses. Kidnapping, cattle

rustling, theft, robbery is the most reported while homicide, murder, bodily harm and

rape are the most frequent crimes committed against person (PSA,2015).

RELATED STUDIES

International Studies

“Police Officers are expected to be able to handle all situations with a calm

and collective demeanor even when their life is in danger”. As expected for being in a

law enforcer, they should have a maximum tolerance and respect to a person’s life. To

minimize and to completely reduce the crime rate, the performance of the police

officer will stand as a tool and contribution to reduce the increasing crime rate in the

community. Another essential aspect of police performance is community relations, A

well-established relationship between the police and the community that will aid to

increase cooperation and trust between the two that can lead to a secured and safer

community and better crime solving rate. While police misconduct is another serious

issue that can put harm to the police department and to the community. Crime rates of

a certain community are affected as to how the police offices react to the commotions

and problems in the community, if the individuals who plan to do something illegal

knows that police officers lack work ethic and manpower, it affects the overall morale

12
of the criminals. In order to assess the performance of police, we need to consider the

crime statistics such as the number of reported crimes solved and the clearance rate

are frequently analyzed in order to access how well police department perform at

solving crimes. In order to determine the police performance, it is also important to

consider like the response of police when it times of call for assistance, feedback of

the public towards the police and the degree of the community involvement (Gutshall,

Hampton, Sebatan, Stein and Broxtermann,2017).

“The effectiveness and efficiency of police work is doing the right thing to

assist the citizens who are their customers at all time”. This is because the main

objective of police work is to serve and protect the community by inscribing their

needs and concerns and to provide the appropriate assistance. To accomplish this,

police officers need to have a thorough understanding of the community they serve,

including it demographic, culture, and particular problems. It also includes the

treatment of the overall members of the community with fairness and respect and

providing immediate service to construct a positive relationship with the community.

Plus, it requires effective training, proper supervision and oversight, and a culture that

prioritizes the integrity, accountability, and transparency in order to ensure that the

police are doing the best job possible in serving and protecting the community

(Tembur,2017).

“Police officers frequently work irregular and extended shifts, including night

shifts that conflict with the endogenous circadian (24-hour) rhythm in sleep

propensity and waking alertness.” This is because of nature of their job, they are

responsible for maintaining the secure and safety as well as enforcing laws, which

13
requires them to be convenient at all time. Furthermore, police officers may require to

work extended shifts, such as 12-hours shifts, to make sure that there are sufficient

range or there are available personnel at the time of crime hours. This is challenging

to the officers both physically and mentally but there is no other way around because

that is requisite to produce a safe community. Law enforcers perform their mandated

role in the society by ensuring that the community and its people are safe from

criminals and other dangerous individuals, it is very critical aspect in maintaining the

peace and order of every urban and rural areas in the country (Wagonner, Grant,Van

Dongen, Belenky, and Vila,2012).

“The weather condition such as Typhoons and Temperature had an impact on

interpersonal, property and non-index crime rate”. The Primary focus of this study is

to determine whether typhoons wind speed and precipitation affect index, non-index,

and total crime. A secondary study examines how temperature affects the same crime

variable. The researcher later found out that wind speed, precipitation and temperature

have had a significant impact on crime rates both now and in the past. Developing

countries are particularly vulnerable to the shocks of natural disasters and it is

important to recognize the full range of consequences that can occur in the aftermath

of disasters. If these findings are taken seriously by policymakers, they could improve

the safety of millions of people after the next environmental shock ravages their

countries (Wetherly,2014).

Local Studies

Index crimes are those committed against a person, such as “murder,

homicide, physical harm, and rape”, as well as those committed against property, such

as “robbery, theft, kidnapping, and cattle rustling.” Non-index crimes are

14
transgressions of particular laws, such as the use of harmful medicines among others.

The violation of municipal or city ordinances is one of the other non-index offenses.

They also make a statement regarding several crime-theory hypotheses that attempt to

explain the factors that lead people to a life of crime. Which are the Rational Choice

theories that describe how criminals often choose their victims depending on their

level of vulnerability, such as the absence of law enforcement, senior persons, and

unsecured buildings (Caba-Ong, Cuevas, Alvarico, Enguito,2015). “That working and

going to school significantly decreased the probability of committing criminal acts.”

This is due to that education and being employed contribute to an individual a

different criminal behavior, and will develop a skill and the necessary assistance to

evade from unnecessary involvement in the criminal justice system. additionally,

going to school and being employed also provide a sense of accomplishment and self-

worth plus it will increase an individual’s financial stability. Also, the studies focused

on identifying the link between crime and labor market condition in the Philippines

from 1970 to the late 2008 using two strategies. While regional-level panel data from

1990 to 2008 shows that wage rate, the rate of labor participation and per head income

have a remarkable effect on crime rate in all categories of crime, national level time-

series data from 1970 to 2008 showed that wage rate and per head income

significantly affect the crime rates over the sample period (Patalinghug, 2011 cited

from Witte and Tauchen,1994).

“Who found out that active use of illegal drugs tends to increase the frequency

of criminal activity.” It is a social problem that damaged the growth of the nation,

given by the current situation, the use of drugs can lead to criminal behavior that can

later be a burden to their financial burden of addiction. If some of an individual who

uses drugs, they will go through a certain length in order to acquire the fund to

15
purchase the drugs. It was revealed in the study that the PDB Project Double Barrel in

the Philippines are effective but unfortunately, only in the province because there is a

slight decrease in the number of crime incidents. Plus, most of the drug surrenderers

which belong to the marginalized sector are the construction worker, jobless and

informal worker.

The project is good at the same time it cost a lot while some are against the

law that was implemented by the previous President Duterte (Dio, Apostol, and

Madrazo ,2019 cited from Nordstrom and Dackis ,2011).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study utilizes the Theory of Change. It was developed and popularized by

Weiss in 1990’s. a method that described how a specified set of interventions and to

be expected to lead or cause a specific development change, constructing a casual

analysis based on accessible proof. From this theoretical perspective, it is favorable

to the performance of the police station on reducing the rate of index and non-index

crime. This depict that the performance is excellent if they may acquire the

anticipated or desired outcome and if not, the respective stations can track the

progress of crime rates in a community in a more clear and concise way. The research

framework of this study utilizes the IPO model which consists of three areas; the

input, the process, and the output.

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 Process Output
Input

FEEDBACK

Figure 1: Theoretical Framework of the study

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework of this study portrays in diagram as indicated in

figure 2. as depicted in the figure below, the dependent variable is Recorded cases of

index and non- index crimes under two police stations while in the other hand, the

independent is the performance of the two Police Stations. Their intervening variable

is the assessment on the recorded crimes of 2 Police Station under ZCPO in terms of

solving index and non-index crime.

Assessment on the
Performance
recorded crimes of 2 Recorded cases of
of two police Police Station under index and non-
index crimes of two
station ZCPO17
in terms
police stations
Solving index and
Non-Index Crime
Independent Variable Intervening variable Dependent Variable

Figure 2: Conceptual Framework of the Study

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

In this study the term “Index crime” is defined as crimes against person and

crimes against property, this are crimes which are severe in nature and which occur

with adequate frequency and regularity such that they can serve index to the crime

situation.

The term “non-index crimes” In this study is define as special law violations

involving reckless imprudence resulting in property damage or bodily harm,

violations against women and children, illegal possession of firearms and drugs,

illegal logging, lasciviousness, and direct assault.

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The term “VAWC” In this study is define as Anti-Violence Against Women and

Their Children Act of 2004.

The term “Cleared crimes” In this study is define criminal offense for which a

suspect has been arrested, charged, and turned over to the court for prosecution.

The term “Solved crimes” In this study is defined as criminal offense that has been

resolved through investigation and the identification and apprehension of suspect.

The term “Rational Choice theories” In this study is defined as rational conclusions

to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own

personal objectives.

The term “R. A 7610” In this study is defined as the Philippine Anti-Child Abuse

Law.

The Term “IPO model” In this study is defined as a way to visually represent the

flow of information, resources, and activities within a system or process.

The term “Input” In this study is defined as the data, information, or resources that

are provided as input to a system or process.

The term “Process” In this study is defined as the operations or transformations that

are performed on the input to produce a desired output.

The term “Output” In this study is defined as the result of the process and represents

the final product, service, or solution produced by the system or process

The term “Project Double Barrel” In this study is defined as the aims to suppressing

the sale and use of illegal drugs through the range of operations against drug

personalities and syndicates.

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 Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter presents the description of the research process. It provides

information concerning the method that will use in undertaking the research, as well

as a justification for the use of the method. Also, in this chapter, it describes the

various stages of the research in which include the selection of participants, the data

collection process and the process of data analysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN

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 The researchers in this study will focus mainly in using Qualitative approach

and will apply a Descriptive research design. The purpose of this study is to determine

the performance in terms of crime ratio of the Police Station in solving Index and

Non-Index Crime. To minimized and reduced crimes in the future.

RESEARCH LOCALE

This study will be conducted within Zamboanga City particularly in the two

selected Police Station under the Zamboanga City Police Office (ZCPO). Police

Station A located at Barangay Divisoria near Maria Clara Lobregat High School,

which about 5.1 km away from Western Mindanao State University and Police

Station B located at Barangay Tetuan.

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 Source: Google Maps

Figure 3.1 Map of Barangay Divisoria and location of Police Station 5.

Source: Facebook Page Zamboanga City Police Station 5

Figure 3.2 Picture of Police Station 5, Divisoria, Zamboanga City.

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 Source: Google Maps

Figure 4.1 : Map of Barangay Tetuan and location of Police Station 6.

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 Source: Google Map

Figure 4.2 Picture of Police Station 6, Tetuan, Zamboanga City.

PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

This study will cover all the data gathered of all recorded cases of Index and

non-index crimes through secondary data in the two selected Police station under

Zamboanga City Police Office

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The data gathering instrument utilized by the researcher to be able to obtain

the information needed and the data is already provided by the selected Police Station.

The acquired data was organized and processed to obtain the exact percentage of the

total crime index committed from 2019-2022.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researcher will seek permission through a written letter addressed to the

Police station A which is located at barangay Divisoria, Zamboanga City and Police

Station B, located at Barangay Tetuan Zamboanga City.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The percentage obtained from the data provided by the Police Station will be

recorded, collected and classified. The data will be analyzed using Frequency and

Percentage. A weighted mean will be computed to represent the Performance of Two

Police Stations on cases of Index and Non-index crimes in Zamboanga City in the

period of Pandemic from 2019-2022

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DATA ANALYSIS

Objectives Hypothesis Analysis

1. To determine the crimes under

index and non-index crimes

No Frequency
between 2 Police Stations in
Hypothesis Percentage
Zamboanga City.

2. To determine percentage rate of

crimes cleared and crime solved No Frequency

over total crimes per Police Hypothesis Percentage

station in each year.

3. To determine the significant

There is no
difference between year 2019 to Frequency
significant
2022 in each Police Station.
Percentage
difference

4. To determine the performance No Frequency

of each police stations selected Hypothesis

Percentage
in terms of crimes cleared and

crimes solved.

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5. To determine the significant

difference between the There is no

Frequency
performance of Police Station 5 significant
and 6. Percentage
difference

6. To determine the significant

There is no
relationship between Crime Frequency
significant
record and covid 19 pandemic.
Percentage
relationship

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27