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1 Discussion on impact of emerging technologies on employment and significance of

robots and its adaptation.

Robotisation is emerging everywhere. Innovations such as robotics, artificial intelligence (AI),

machine to machine Communications, computerized algorithms, autonomous vehicles,
medical sensors are progressively reshaping the world’s economy and even replacing the
labour force.
The advancement of technology reveals that it is affecting the employment. Several tech
firms have created. Sizable economies without hiring many people. For instance, Google is
worth 370 billion dollars but there are now just 5500 workers (2015). There’s several
industries outside technology where manpower is being replaced by technology, which has
burden on middle class employment and income. According to Harold it has been widely
accepted that technology simultaneously creates and destroys jobs. The primary issue is that
technology is replacing the current employment while also entering a new era. According to
Martin Ford (2015). “As technology advances, machine automation will have a Significant
impact on the economy, to the point where wages will no longer be able to adequately
support consumers needs and inspires trust in the future. The outcome and downward
economic spiral may be impacted if this topic is not brought up. Furthermore, he gives a
warning that after many years , machines will be able to perform a Significant portion of
tasks that the typical member of this society may find it difficult to secure employment.
Robots, AI and machine learning are already used by companies to replace work force and
increase operation productivity. Most companies reduced their work forces at the time of
recession due to economic conditions.

Significance
Robots have become more and more popular throughout the advanced economies. Japan is
the leading nation in the world which is using robotics and second position goes to north
America followed by China, South Korea and Germany respectively.

Robots are mentioned in numbers in below table (2015) :-

country Robots
(in use)
Japan 306700
North America 237400
China 182300
South Korea 175600
Germany 175200

Robots are now replaced labour. There are many amazing robots that carry out various tasks
in this magical world. A crucial indicator of how well robots can comprehend speech and
underlying substance and react appropriately. For instance, a hotel in Japan called Hem-na
employs robot to take reservations.
1.2 Case/scenario where robots have replaced the work force and discuss the challenges of
AI and robotics?

The automobile industry is generally identified as where industrial robots have had the most
impact, although it took decades of development for them to get there. Robotics play a
crucial role in today's competitive automobile plants. The number of industrial robots in
China is anticipated to increase significantly as a result of the desire in constructing plants
there. Auto manufacturers have recently purchased more than 50% of the industrial robots
sold in North America.

The robots of today are much more advanced than those of the past. Many use advanced
computer vision technologies to interact in a dynamic environment and seem to be semi-
autonomous. Some can even collaborate with people. There are several indications that a
new industrial robot boom is underway.

Company plant location Number of robots Number of manual workers

Ford India Sanand 453 2500
Hyundai Motor India (TN) 400 4848
Volkswagen India (Pune) 123 2000

At Indian automotive companies, robots are starting to replace people in a variety of tasks.
While Hyundai Motor India, a subsidiary of the Korean automaker, has 400 robots at its
factory in Chennai, Volkswagen India has 123 robots at its Pune facility. In these plants, the
majority of the production line, the entire body shop, and a portion of the final assembly line
are now automated. Robots now carry out tasks including laser application, foundry work,
and welding.

Although Indian automakers are far behind their international counterparts, businesses like
Maruti Suzuki, Royal Enfield, Mahindra and Mahindra, and Tata Motors have raised the level
of automation in their new plants, notably in the body shop. The rise of the robots in the
automobile industry was, inevitable in many ways.  Manufacturing is getting more complex
as cars become more advanced. Additionally, the quality and safety standards have become
more demanding. More and more, consumers are demanding features, concerned about
safety, and hesitant to make price concessions.

Automakers had no choice but to adopt automation in order to keep up. Anil Sinha, vice
president, manufacturing operations, passenger car business unit, TATA Motors, claims that
the demand for automation is being fuelled by "sharp style and employment of new
materials for crash and safety criteria."

Some of the tasks are just impossible for people to carry out. The body components of
automobiles are becoming lighter by the day, thus processes like welding need to be done
more thoroughly to increase the vehicle's resistance to high speeds. humans find it quite
challenging to get into certain areas when welding on an automobile body shell.
Hyundai India automated processes like applying sealants, applying oils, doing pre-paint
cleaning tasks, and loading body panels. An immaculately clean car is guaranteed by a
programmed robot's accuracy and reproducibility. The plant saves money by needing less
climate and air flow control by getting rid of people in paint regions.

According to Sudhakar of Hyundai, "Automation is directly related to quality and cost as

robots assure uniform application of sealant and oil, hence avoiding needless wastage, and
resulting in direct cost savings of 10–20%." He claims that the monotony of the job is not an
issue for robots.

Due to ergonomic issues, businesses like Tata Motors are adopting automation. According to
Sinha, the company uses seven spot welding robots at its framing stations in the Sanand and
Pune factories to ensure stability, repeatability, and safety. According to him, the business
intends to incorporate low cost automation into further vital manufacturing processes.
Robots also help production facilities grow, which is essential for Indian automakers who
also serve a number of international markets. Vehicles from Ford, Volkswagen, Hyundai, and
Nissan India are also exported to nations in Asia, Africa, and some regions of Europe. Scale
necessitates quicker line speeds, according to Kel Kearns, manager of Ford India's Sanand
facility.

It is challenging to produce various variations simultaneously for various markets with small
production runs. According to Abdul Majeed, partner at Price Waterhouse, "carmakers are
under pressure to shorten product life cycles while simultaneously ensuring quality,
dependability, and productivity."

Robots haven't completely replaced manufacturing in auto factories, though. Few processes
in assembly, where a finish crew adds a variety of pieces and features to a car, are
automated. Since duties involving quality checks and visual inspection are best carried out
by people, automation only accounts for 10% of overall assembly-line operations, according
to Sudhakar of Hyundai.

Challenges faced by AI

Organizations working on autonomous vehicles face difficult challenges. However, being

organised can help a lot. Developing and expanding artificial intelligence for automotive
applications has the following five challenges:

1. Fundamentals
Groups who are excited to get going frequently forget to stop and consider the
essentials. Details like how to deliver data to your data collaborator or how you'll view
data from your data partner often get overlooked once you're ready to hire a data
partner to scale your projects. Make sure your data partner can provide complete
support, as well as their knowledge and direction. How will you display the annotated
data after you receive it? How will you make sure it satisfies your quality expectations?

2. Level of complexity
 Similar to the fundamentals, corporations might not be aware of how the degree of
complexity can affect their projects. Using a trustworthy data partner can help you gain
direction and insight because of their knowledge. For instance, the undertaking becomes
more challenging the greater the ontology. This is especially important when taking into
account photographs and videos. A knowledgeable data partner will assist in identifying
how this results in additional time and money and offer solutions that will work for your
overall company objectives.

3. Localization
In the auto sector, localization is very important. To appropriately customise the
customer experience, automotive firms must take into account various linguistic,
cultural, and demographic factors while designing artificial intelligence for automotive
applications. It's a good idea to present localization initiatives to your data partner so
they can use linguist teams to create things like style guides and voice personas (formal,
chatty, etc.) and optimise across several languages.

4. Security
Sensitive data is frequently collected in the automotive sector, necessitating additional
security precautions. To ensure that your data is handled properly, a reliable data
partner will provide a range of security solutions and have strict security guidelines, even
at the most fundamental level. Seek out data partners who provide services like private
cloud deployment, on-premise deployment, SAML-based single sign-on, and secure data
access (important for PII and PHI): For customers working with personally identifiable
information (PII), protected health information (PHI), and other complex compliance
demands, Secure Data Access ensures that all data security regulations are met.

5. Retraining
One-third of AI solutions that are launched need periodic report, according to McKinsey,
to stay current with evolving circumstances like model drift or use case change. This
important stage is often skipped by businesses or entirely neglected. However, the
longer retraining is deferred, the less chance there is of your AI project being deployed
at scale and succeeding long enough to demonstrate ROI. Retraining enables you to
improve your model iteratively, leading to greater accuracy and success. This is best
accomplished by utilising a data partner for relabelling data and offering assistance by
using human evaluators to assess predictions with low confidence.

1.3 Five key issues faced by Industry 4.0

Utilizing cutting edge smart technology and analysis, the fourth industrial revolution, of ten
known as industry 4.0 is the optimization and automation of industrial processes. Numerous
industries including autonomous vehicles, healthcare, infrastructure smart cities like power
grids and other are witnessing enormous opportunities.

The sheer volume of information being used has made it difficult to analyse and translate
that data into business activities. In order to take use of the many advantages, industry 4.0
must overcome following five major issues :-
 a. Abundance of data

These is an enormous amount of data produced by having so many connected devices. As

result there is more noise and only some of the information is actually pertinent at any one
time. This could be resolved by a network relevancy solution by effectively identifying
weather information is relevant to each client using special data structure.

b. Unpredictable loads
It's possible that simulation systems that aren't prepared for this will crash. Dynamic scaling
is a suitable answer to this problem. Here, a system scales over many processors and
physical machines, using more computing power as the simulation's complexity and size
increase.

c. Restricted numbers of connected device

A complex networking model is required for the simulation infrastructure because of the
enormous number of IoT devices driving this transition. Systems without one may be prone
to crashing when there are only a few active connections.
An asynchronous architecture can solve this issue well. It manages hundreds of devices, and
distributed load balancing makes sure the network has enough CPU to handle heavy loads at
all times.

d. latency issues

The flexibility of the cloud offers a variety of benefits, including lower costs and more
powerful processing. However, latency is always increased by the physical separation
between users and the servers. These simulations frequently include time-sensitive
variables, hence a system that can provide real-time data streaming is necessary.

e. disconnected data sources and types

The information gathered in the simulation frequently comes from disparate sources and
varies greatly in its composition. Social media, IoT devices, and supply chain analytics can all
provide valuable insights, but they must be synthesised into a single cohesive structure. The
connectivity of simulations is critical for accurately reporting the complexity of
contemporary workflows.

1.4 Justification of your stance and conclusion.

Robotization is an unavoidable occurrence. People will see more and more robots in their
daily lives, from driverless cars to service robots. Although the introduction of new
technologies, such as robotization, has many dimensions, its effects will range from
structural unemployment to labour income distribution. The first question that arises is what
effect robotization will have on labour demand. Given that new technologies are expected to
boost productivity and thus overall income, the second question is how this increase in
income will be distributed across different skill levels of labour, particularly between low and
high skilled labour. This study focuses on the effects of robotization on structural
unemployment, the implications for labour demand, and the effects on income distribution.

In order to determine the effects of robotization on labour usage, one should look not only
at existing jobs and occupations, but also at potential occupations that robotization may
create in the future. Some occupations are more vulnerable to automation, particularly
those with routine and repetitive tasks. According to Mokyr et al. (2015), technological
advances have created more new jobs than they have displaced. Of course, many jobs are
lost, but the rate of job creation exceeds the rate of job loss.

According to the findings, robotization has a positive impact on employment rather than a
negative impact. However, workers' skill sets must be constantly updated to keep up with
the evolving division of tasks between machines and humans. As a result, the main challenge
for the future of employment is not the number of jobs available; it is the type of jobs and
required skill set, as well as how to acquire those skills, because robotization is likely one of
the causes of the growing disparity in labour income between high and low-skilled workers.
According to the literature, higher wage inequality, i.e. an increasing return to high skilled
workers as a result of robotization, is predicted.