Research On Ferrocement - Global Perspective

.
j
JOU NAL CF
FERRDCEMENT~
APR 05 1991
lnternet:lon•I Ferraaement: lnfar at:lan Cent:er

ISSN 0125- 1759
JOURNAL OF
FERROCEMENT
Abstracted in: Cambridge Scientific Abstract; USSRs Referativni Zhumal; ACI Concrete Abstracts;
Engineered Materials Abstracts; International Civil Engineering Abstracts.
Reviewed in: Applied Mechanics Review
EDITORIAL STAFF
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EDITOR EXECUTIVE EDITOR

Ricardo P. Pama Lllia Robles-Austriaco H. Arthur Vespry
Professor, Structural Engineering and Senior Information Scientist Director, IFIC/Llbrary and
Construction Division IFIC Regional Documentation Center
Vice-President for Development AIT
AIT
EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS
Humayun Iqbal
Information Scientist
IFIC
EDITORIAL BOARD
Mr. D.J. Alexander Alexander and Associates, Consulting Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand.
Professor A.R. Cusens Head, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT,
England, U.K.
Mr. J. Fyson Fishery Industry Officer (Vessels), Fish Production and Marketing Service, UN-
FAO, Rome, Italy.
Mr. M.E.loms Ferrocement International Co., 1512 Lakewood Drive, West Sacramento, CA 95691,
U.S.A.
Professor A.E. Naaman Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Michigan, 304 West Engineering
Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1092, U.S.A.
Professor J.P. Romualdi Professor of Civil Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Professor S.P. Shah Department of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
60201, U.S.A.
Professor D.N. Trikha Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee, U.P., India.
Professor B.R. Walkus Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Czestochowa
Malchowskiego 80, 90-159 Lodz, Poland.
CORRESPONDENTS
Mr. D.P. Barnard Director, New Zealand Concrete Research Association, Private Bag, Porirua, New
Zealand.
Dr. G.L. Bowen P.O. Box 2311, Sitka, Alaska 99835, U.S.A.
Dr. M.D. Daulat Hussain Associate Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
Mr. Lawrence Mahan 737 Race Lane, R.F.D. No. 1, Marstons Mills, Mass. 02648, U.S.A.
Mr. Prem Chandra Sharma Scientist and Project Leader, Drinking Water Project Mission Project, Structural
Engineering Research Centre, Sector 19, Central Government, Enclare Kamla Nehru
Nagu Ghaziabad, U.P., India.
Dr. B.V. Subrahmanyam Chief Executive, Dr. BVS Consultants, 76 Third Cross StreetRaghava Reddy Colony,
Madras 600 095, India.
Mr. S.A. Qadeer Managing Director, Safety Sealers (Eastern) Ltd., P.O. Box No. 8048, Karachi, 29
Pakistan.
.Lo
~ro
IFIC has a leading role to play in the technology transfer of ferrocement

In order to fulfill this role IFIC encourages researches and innovations in
ferrocement technology by publishing quality paper in the Journal ofFerroce-
ment
In this issue Dr. R.P. Pama of the Asian Institute of Technology provided
a global perspective on ferrocement research. A review of the research
activities within the last five years on constituent materials, mechanical
properties, durability and corrosion, terrestrial and marine applications; and
on applications as a repair and strengthening material. Dr. Pama also iden tfied
future research areas. From U.S.A. Dr. Balaguru, Dr. Shah and Dr. Narahari
discussed the ductility of ferrocement bins through a simple analytical model.
The curvature at failure obtained using the model were compared with experi-
mental result. The results indicated that fracture strain and thickness of the
beam affect the ductility more than the other variables.
Innovations on fabrication of ferrocement doors and rainwater storage are
described in details. According to Mr. Baetens and Mr. Guigan a ferrocement
door could become an alternative for a wooden door for urban as well as for
rural houses. The cost of a ferrocement door is approximately US$10/m 2 • The
ferrocement consultants from Singapore propose a simple construction tech-
nique for ferrocement water tanks suitable for rainwater collection in devel-
oping countries. The design and construction of 5 m3 and 16 m3 tanks are
discussed in details.
Advances in research on large span bamboo ferrocement elements for
flooring and roofing are reported by Dr. Vijay Raj. The study results indicated
that large span bamboo ferrocement elements of 1.6 m x 1.3 m of thickness
30 mm and 40 mm meet the serviceability criteria of the Bureau of Indian
Standards for most loading and support conditions.
The quality of the contributions to this issue indicated the interest
generated on ferrocement. The papers publish in the Journal serves as an
essential update on the current research on this technology.
The Editor
iii
Journal of Ferroeemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 349
Ductility of Ferrocement Beamst
P. Balaguru+, S.P. Shah•• and R.K. Narahari•
A simple analytical Tn()del is proposed lo study the ductility offerrocemenl subjected lo flexural
loading. The curvatures al failure, obtained using the Tn()del are compared with experimental
results. A parametric study was conducted lo estimate the influence of: volume fraction of
reinforcement, type of distribution of reinforcement, fracture strain of reinforcement and the
thickness of the beam. The results indicate that fracture strain, and thickness of the beam affect the
curvature at failure (or ductility) Tri() re than the other variables.
INTRODUCTION
The strength aspect of ferrocement beams have been studied by a number of investigators (1-4 ).
The general consensus is that ferrocement beams can be treated similar to reinforced concrete beams
for strength evaluation. The ductility aspect of ferrocement beams has been studied only to a limited
extent, even though ductility is extremely important in failures caused by impact and earthquake
type (low cycle high amplitude) loads. In certain field applications ferrocement could be subjected
to aforementioned type of loads. This paper provides some insight regarding the ductility of
ferrocement subjected to flexural loading.
A simple model is proposed to evaluate the curvature at failure, ~u' which is an indicator of
ductility. The results obtained using the model are compared with the experimental results. The
model is also used to perform a parametric study involving the variables that affect the ductility.
ANALYTICAL MODEL: DESCRIPTION
The proposed model is based on an assumption that the beam failure occurs when the strain in
extreme tension layer reinforcement reaches its fracture strain. The other possible modes of failure
are: by crushing of concrete, or by failure of compression steel. Fracture strain of steel is much
higher than crushing strain of concrete and hence failure of compression steel is not possible before
crushing of concrete. Since most ferrocement beams contain equal amount of compression and
tension steel, in most if not all cases, failure occurs by fracture of tension steel. Therefore, in all
cases, the failure mode is assumed to be by fracture of extreme tension layer steel. The maximum
sµ-ains in mortar at failure seem to be around 0.004 mm/mm, supporting the above hypothesis.
The model is also based on the following well established assumptions:
* The contribution of mortar in the compression zone can be represented by an equivalent
rectangular stress block.
t Reprinted with permission from Ferrocement : Applications and Progress, Proceedings of the 1bird International
Symposiwn on Ferrocement (8-10 December 1988), Roorkee, India
• Professor of Civil Engineering, Rutgers, The State University, New Jersey, U.S.A.
" Professor of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University, Illinois, U.S.A.
• Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Rutgers, The State University, New Jersey, U.S.A.
350 Jo11rnal of Ferrocemi!nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
* The tensile strength contribution of mortar at ultimate load can be neglected.

* The strain distribution across the thickness of the beam is linear.
* The behavior of steel wire meshes can be idealized to elastic-perfectly plastic behavior.
The following computation steps present the gist of the model. The calculations can be done
using a small size computer or a programmable calculator. Fig. 1 presents the sequence of
calculations in a flow chart form.
* Assume a fracture strain forreinforcement. For steel meshes, this strain could vary from 0.01
mm/mn to 0.02 mm/mm depending on whether the meshes are woven or welded, spacing of wires,
START
Input beam dimensions
Input the reinforcement

Details No. of layers
Location of each layer
Area of each layer
Assume neutral axis depth, C;

And fracture strain of steel, fsu
Compute strains in all steel layers

and at the extreme compression
fibre of concrete
Usino the strains compute the

stresses in steel and concrete
Compute the total compressive Cc ,

and tensile forces C5 across the thickness
Adjust No----£
N.A. C
Yes
Calculate the moment capacity and curvature
Print : Max strain in cone., C, Mu , 0u
STOP
Fig. l. Flow chart of sequence of calculations for computing moment and curvature at failure.
,
Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 351
type of manufacture and type of cut (i.e., parallel or perpendicular to the wire mesh roll) [5]. The
authors recommend an average value of 0.015 mm/mm for wire meshes cut longitudinally, with
wire spacing of 13 mm or higher. For 6mm wire spacing 0.010 mm/mm seem to be more appropri-
ate.
* Assume a depth of neutral axis, c. Using a linear strain distribution, the fracture strain, E
and c, compute the strains, stresses and forces in various layers of wire reinforcement and the force
contribution of matrix. In most cases the strain in the extreme compression layer will be greater than
0.002 mm/mm and hence rectangular stress block assumption can be used for computing compres-
sive force contribution of mortar. However if the strains are less than 0.0015mm/mm the behaviour
of mortar might have to be assumed as linearly elastic, resulting in the triangular stress distribution.
After computing the forces in the reinforcement layers and mortar, compare the compression
and tension forces for equilibrium. If they are not equal, adjust the depth of neutral axis, up or down,
to obtain the force equilibrium.
* Use the depth of neutral axis at equilibrium to compute the forces and moments.
* The curvature at failure,<!>. can be written as: (Fig.2.)
f--- b - - ~-----1 ft
Cross section Strain Mortar Reinforcement
diagram
stress and force diagrams
Fig. 2. Distribution of strains, stresses and forces.
- £.ii
<!>u-- (1)
C
where Ecu is the strain in the extreme compression layer and c is the depth of neutral axis
Note that the strain E is computed using an assumed fracture strain, E at the extreme tension
~ cu w
EVALUATION OF THE ANALYTICAL MODEL
The model was evaluated using the experimental results. The following are the pertinent
details of the experimental program.
Number of specimens and details: five beams with 4, 6, 8, 12 and 20 layers of steel with beam
thickness 20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm respectively for welded wire mesh (wire and
spacing 12.7 mm) and five beams with 6, 9, 12, 18 and 30 layers of steel with beam thickness
20 mm, 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm respectively for wovem wire mesh (wire spacing
8.Smm).
Cube strength of mortar: 29.9 MPa.
352 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
Young's modulus of wire mesh: 2 x 1()5 MPa for welded mesh, 1.38 x 1()5 MPa for woven mesh.
Yield strength of wire mesh: 410 MPa for welded mesh and 385 MPa for woven mesh.
Using a computer program developed, based on the algorithm presented in the previous
section, all the beams were analyzed to obtain the ultimate moment and the curvature at failure, <I> •
The computed and experimental curvatures are compared in Fig.3. Based on the results reported by
Nanni and Zollo [5], fracture strains of 0.02 mm/mm and O.oI mm/mm were assumed for half
welded (wire spacing 12.7 mm) and quarter woven (wire spacing 8.5 mm) meshes respectively. It
can be seen from Fig.3, that the model provides acceptable results. Once the model was validated, a
parametric study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various parameters on ductility.
The authors would like to note that a more accurate analysis could be done using the experi-
mental stress-strain curves of mortar and steel meshes, based on the strength model presented in
Ref.2.
• - Welded mesh
t:>. - Woven
•
mesh
1.2
'.'.'.:J45°
1.0
E
~
c 0.8
•
c
'O
~
cu 0.6 •"'
~
cc
<[
. 0.4 • "'
"
6l
• "'
0.2
"'
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0u Experimental, radians /m
Fig. 3 Comparison of experimental and analytical curvatures.
PARAME1RIC STUDY
The variables investigated in parametric study were: (i) fracture strain of reinforcement, (ii)
beam thickness, (iii) reinforcement ratios, and (iv) type of distribution. The results are presented in
Figs. 4, 5 and 6. The fracture strain was assumed to be 0.015 mm/mm for graps presented in Figs. 5
and6.
The following observations can be made based on Figs. 4, 5 and 6.
Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 353
1.2
4 layers (20 WL 4}
1.0
20 mm
E
......
II) Vol. fraction of mesh : 3.62 %
c
:5 0.8
~
:::>
s
~ 0.6
~
:::> Vol. fraction of mesh : 3.62 %
c
~
:::> Beam thickness : 100 mm
(.) 0.4
20 layers ( 100 WL 20)
0.2
0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.018 0.020
Fracture strain of me.sh, mm /mm
Fig. 4. Fracture strain vs. ultimate curvature.
mm
25 50 75
0.8
E 0.7
.,c
......
0
'O
~ 0.6
:::>
Q 0.5
~
:::>
c~ 0.4
:::>
u
0.3
0.2
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Beam thickness, inches
Fig. 5. Curvature vs. beam thickness: uniformly distributed reinforcement.

mm
25 50 75
0.8
4 layers
~ 0.7
"'c:
0
6 layers
'O
~ 0.6
0.5
~
:::i
0
~ 0.4
:::i
u
0.3
0.2
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Beam thickness , inches
Fig. 6. Cwvature vs. beam thickness: reinforcement at top and bottom.
- Variation of ultimate curvature with respect to fracture strain is linear.

- Fracture strain and beam thickness influence the failure curvature (ductility) to a consider-
able extent.
- The number of layers of reinforcement, if more than or equal to 4, has less influence on
failure curvature.
- The type of distribution of reinforcement namely; uniform versus on top and bottom has very
little effect on failure curvature. Here again, the eight (8) results are based on 4 or more layers of
reinforcement and relatively thin beams as compared to normal reinforced concrete beams.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn.
- The proposed model accurately estimates the curvature at failure and hence the ductility of
ferrocement beams.
- The curvature at failure decreases considerably for thicker beams. Since ferrocement is
normally used in thin sections, ferrocement structural components can be expected to be highly
ductile.
- The other variable that influence ductility considerably is the fracture strain. Reinforcement
ratio (for beams with more than 4 layers) and type of reinforcement distribution affects the ductility
only to a small extent.
REFERENCES
1. ACI Committee 549. 1988. Design, construction and repair of ferrocement. ACI Structural
Journal 85(37):325-351.
Joiunal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 355
2. Balaguru, P.; Narunan, A.E.; and Shah, S.P. 1977. Analysis and behavior of ferrocement in
flexure. Proceedings, ASCE Structures Division. 103(10): 1937-1951.
3. Logan, D., and Shah, S.P. 1973. Moment capacity and cracking behavior of ferrocement in
flexure. Journal of ACI 70(21): 799-804
4. Mansur, M.A., and Paramasivam, P.1986. Cracking behavior and ultimate strength of ferroce-
ment in flexure. Journal of Ferrocement 16(4): 405-415.
5. Nanni, A., and Zollo, R.F. 1987. Behavior of ferrocement reinforcement in tension. ACI
Materials Journal. 84(4): 273-277.
JourNJ/ of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 357
Fabrication and Specifications of Ferrocement Doors

T. Baetens• and G. Guigan•
Aferrocement door is easy to make, strong and durable, water resistant and requires very little
maintenance. The cost price (labour + materials) for a ferrocement door is approximately
US$10!m2. This can vary from place to place. Auroville Building Centre, a unit of the Centre for
Scientific Research (CSR), has been developing and testing doors made out of ferrocement since
1986. The following document gives a detailed description of the manufacturing process of
ferrocement doors, the materials and tools needed and details for fixing the hinges and locking
arrangement.
IN1RODUCTION
When saving trees becomes an internationally and nationally acclaimed password, looking for
alternatives or substitutes to wood products is as important and necessary as reafforestation or
conserving forests. With the increasing cost price of wood, it will be necessary to come up with
alternatives to wood products (for urban and rural use) in order to ease the pressure on the
remaining tree population and bridge the time gap for new plantations to get established and be in
full commercial operation.
The following two facts illustrate the potential of ferrocement doors:
- While comparing cost figures for standard wooden doors (2.00 m x 0.90 m) for a low-cost
housing scheme executed in our local area, the manufacturing of 2,000 ordinary standard doors in
"country" wood would have cost US$73,300. To manufacture the same number of doors in
ferrocement an amount of US$ 49,300 would be required. Apart from saving US$24,000 and the
saving of about 167 m3 of wood, the beneficiaries would have received a better and durable product
for a lesser price.
- In 1988, according to a senior engineer responsible for the housing facilities of BHEL, a
company in Hyderabad (India), his company spends yearly more than US$80,000 to replace or
maintain the wooden doors and window shutters of the employees' houses. This figure reflects the
huge expenses involved in maintaining wooden doors, frames and windows in many other big
housing complexes.
These two examples, shows the saving that could be made either in production or in mainte-
nance costs by using ferrocement doors. These indicate the real potential of fcrrocement doors as
replacement product for wooden doors. Considering this potential, its is important to identify the
advantages and disadvantages of the use of ferrocement doors.
The advantages of ferrocement doors are:
- The materials required are commonly available.
- Manufacturing techniques can be taught to semi-skilled labor.
•Auroville Building Centre, Auroshilpam, Auroville - 605 101, India.

358 Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
- Only manual labor is involved in manufacturing the basic ferrocement door panels.
- Ferrocement doors are strong, durable, fireproof, waterproof, termite resistant and easy to
repair.
- Ferrocement doors can be made on any flat surface with ordinary mason tools and are easy to
transport and install.
- A broken ferrocement door can easily be repaired.
The disadvantages of ferrocement doors are :

- The weight of a ferrocement door of 12 mm thickness is approximately 30 kg/m 2 (wooden
doors weigh approximately 18 kg/m 2).
- The hinges and locks have to be installed afterwards which necessitates the use of a powered
hand drill and masonry drill bits of various diameters.
- Although it is possible to conceal the hinges, the lock still has to be surface mounted due to
the thickness of the door panel, this limits the choice of lock.
- After the casting and initial curing are completed care and some experience are required to
avoid breaking the thin panel while lifting it off from the casting surface.
- Extra consumption of cement, whose manufacturing process currently causes air pollution.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Manufacturing Aids and Tools for Ferrocement Doors

Prepare the following:
A flat and smooth casting surface. (i.e. a concrete slab), preferably situated in a shaded
area. There should be no small holes or cracks in the platform.
Shuttering oil or waste engine oil and paint brush.
A masonry trowel of medium size.
A square rammer.
A wiremesh cutter.
A mixing pan.
A string with some chalk powder or paint for marking the dimensions.
Two wooden or aluminium guides or rulers (screeds) cooresponding with the exact re-
quired door thickness (which for us is 12 mm).
A binding hook.
Mesh Preparation
1. Use hexagonal 12 mm x 0.71 mm (22 gauge) galvanized iron (GI) "Chicken mesh" as
reinforcement. Use rolls of either 0.90 m or 1.20 m width.
2. With the help of a string dipped in some water based paint, mark the door size on the
casting platform. Take care to obtain right angle comers. (Fig.I)
3. Cut four separate strips of mesh off with a wiremesh cutter to the door size plus 100 mm all
Fig. I. Marking of the door sire on a casting platform. Fig. 2. Mesh preparation.
t
Fig. 3. Folding of the mesh.
around. Flattened separately on the floor using the square rammer.

4. Then lay four separate layers of wiremesh on top of each other in alternate layers at right
angles to one another (Fig.2). Fold the mesh projecting beyond the door marking so that the final
mesh size is 10 mm less all around than the actual door size. This is to allow for cement cover. As
an aid for folding the mesh use an aluminium or timber straight edge (Fig.3).
5. Correctly bound together the 4 layers with binding wire and lightly flattened the whole
steelmat again with the help of a square rammer (Fig.4-6).
A standard door size of 2.00 m x 0.90 m. needs 3 kg of hexagonal 12 mm x 0.71 mm (22 G)
wire mesh (4 layers) and 200 g of binding wire. Assuming mesh roll of 0.90 m wide the following
sizes will be required: first layer-one of2.20m x 0.9m; second layer- two of 1.10 m x 0.90 m, this is
to be placed at right angles to the first layer, third layer- same as first layer and fourth layer same as
second layer.
360 Jo11TMI of Ft"ocemenJ: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
Fig. 4. Binding of the stecl mat.
Casting Procedure
1. Oil the portion of the casling platfonn lo be used with a paint brush to ensure easy
dcmoulding. Use waste engine oil for this purpose. (Fig.7).
2. Mix the amount of sand, cement and water on a clean surface nearby or even better in a
mixing val
Mixing ratios are very important and should be strictly followed. The water: cement: sand
(W:C:S) ratio for ferrocement doors is 0.40:1:1.5 by weighL Sand and cement are first evenly
mixed, the required quantity of water is added afterwards. e.g.: for a door of 2.00 m x 0.90 m of
12 mm thickness, the approximate amount of water, cement and sand are 8.1 liter 20.0 kg, and
30.0 kg, (dry), respectively.
3. Spread a fine layer of mortar over the oiled surface. The thickness should not be more
then 5 mm. (Fig.8).
4. Softly press the steclmat onto the spread out mortar layer, care must be taken to posilion it
correctly. Place two wooden or aluminium rulers along the two longest sides of the door to facilitate
the filling up of the second layer of mortar and to stay within the exact dimensions of the door
(Fig.9).
5. Then spread the second and last layer of mortar over the steelmat, using the two rulers as
a guiding level for the appropriate dimensions and also the final thickness of the door. (Fig. 9).
6. Obtain a smooth finish by sprinkling a handful of cement and rubbing it in with a mason's
trowel in a circular manner.
Special care is taken to finish the top, sides and edges of the door neatly (Fig. 10-11). The
average thickness of a ferrocement door should be around 12 mm. The rulers have a similar
dimension which helps in maintaining this thickness. Vibration is not required.
7. Leave the finished door untouched until the next day (about 12 hours). Precaution has to
be taken to make sure that nobody steps on it. If needed, lay a plastic cover over it to give some
protection against the hot sun.
Curing Procedure
Curing is a necessary phase in order lo obtain a properly manufactured ferrocement product

Journal cf Ferr<>etfl'U!nt: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 361
Fig. S. Folded edge detail. Fig. 6. Ramming of the steel mat.
- 'I
Fig. 7. Oiling the casting area. Fig. 8. Applying the first mortar layer.
Fig. 9. Placing of the steel mat and applying second mortar layer
362 Journal of F~"octmefll: Vol. 20, No. 4, Octo~r 1990
Since the ferrocement units are usually much thinner than normal concrel.C products, a properly
carried out curing ~edure is even more important.
Curing is the action by which the water trapped in the freshly cast sr:ructure is released slowly
over a period of time. This should take place slowly in order to prevent cracks which would weaken
the product. For this purpose, leave the freshly cast door in place on the casting platform. Then
spread a sand or coirdust layer evenly over the door and sprinkle water several times a day and never
allow to dry out. The sand or coir dust should be kept moist for about 15 to 21 days.
One can also demould from the casting platform aft.er two days and cure elsewhere.
DEMOULDING PROCESS
After a minimum of 20 days, the curing Lime for a ferrocement door is over and the mortar
mixture has attained its full sr:ructural strength.
For demoulding the ferrocemcnt door, carefully insert a large mason's trowel under one of the
long sides of the door and move it slowly under the whole length of the door to separal.C the
ferrocement plate softly from the casting platform. The oil ensures that no bond has taken place
with the mortar during the casting and curing period.
Once the ferrocement door panel is loosened, two or three person could quickly lift it up on
one of its long sides (Fig.13). The door is now ready for the filling and locks.
ASSEMBLING AND FINAL PHASE
Use 300 mm to 460 mm (18 in.) steel T-hinges, tower bolts, aldrops and rim locks. For a door
of 2.00 m x 0.90 m, use three T-hinges of 460 mm (18 in.) to hang the door dircclly on to a brickwall,
a pillar or even a wooden frame. The holes should be premarked for hinges and locks. Use an
electric power drill with a small diameter masonry drill bit to drill the required holes. Afterwards
use a bigger size masonry drill to enlarge the holes to the required size (Fig.14). Attach the three
hinges with bolts, nuts and washers. Fit tower bolts, aldrops and rim locks in the same way.
For making a keyhole several holes are drilled next to each other until the appropriate size for
the key hole is obtained.
PAINTING, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE
Where appearance is important, a smooth finishing of the two surfaces is recommended.

Remove hinges, handles and locks for this purpose. Prepare a mastic paste made from chalk
powder and white cement primer paint and apply on the two surfaces. After Lhe mastic has dried,
sandpaper the door properly for the final paint coats.
Ferrocement doors can be installed without door frames. Fix hinges with plugs in a brick pillar
of wall. Add a cement border afterwards to act as a door rebate. It is even possible to install a
ferrocement door inside an existing wooden doorframe, provided a carpenter makes the necessary
adjustments on the frame for fitting the hinges.
Ferrocement doors need extra handling care. Stack properly after curing so that they do not
slide down. During installation, avoid circumstances where they might be dropped or topple over.
Transport is best done by placing them upwards on Lhe largest side against each other.
lOfUnal of FemxemenJ: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 363
Fig. 10. Striking off the excess mon.ar. Fig. 11. F"utlshing the ferrocement door edges and polishing
the surface area.
Fig. 12. Curing with a wet sand layer.
Fig. 14. Fixing the door hinges. Fig. 13. Lifting the door panel off the casting platform.
364 /011Tnal of Fe"ocUNnl: Vol. 20, No. 4, Oc1ober 1990
If breakage occws, repair the ferrocement door by removing cement around the cracks. Then
clean the exposed wiremesh properly with a wire brush and place the door on a Oat surface, then
cement the cracks with normal mortar mixture.
Cu.re the repaired section for the required number of days. A repaired ferrocement door is as
strong as the original one.
Table I Summary of Technical Details for Ferrocement Doors
Size height= up to 2.50 m

width = up to 1.50 m
Thickness minimum = 8 mm
maximum = 12 mm
Weight maximum average = 30 kg/m1
Reinforcement 4 layers of 12 mm x 0.71 mm (22 G) mesh.

200 g of binding wire.
W:C:S:ratio W = 0.40 (for 12mm thickness per m2 = 4.5 liter)

C = I (for I 2mm thickness per m1 = 11.1 kg)
S = 1.5 (for 12mm thickness per m1 = 16.6 kg)
Curing time 2.5 to 3 weeks
Labor
Preparation of
steel mat I bar bender + 1 helper : 2 hour/m1 •
Casting 1 mason +I helper : 2 hour/m1.
Total 1 mason + 1 helper : 4 hour/m2•
Cost price: not exceeding US$10 per m1 (excluding the fittings)
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS
The construction technique discussed is for the most simple form of ferrocement doors
(Table 1). Once this technique is mastered, several improvements can be undertaken such as:
- Commercial plasticizer can be used to augment the workability of the mortar mix and to
reduce the water content thus enhancing the mortar strength.
- Do away with visible hinges. A technique for incorporating plate hinges in the ferrocement
door was developed at the Auroville Building Centre.
- If a micro-enterprise is envisaged in the manufacture of ferrocement doors, speed up produc-
JowMl of Fe"ocemznJ: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 365
lion by using a plate vibraior IO casL Lhe doors. This would reduce the manufacturing Lime, allow for
a larger production and ensure a better finished product. A small plate vibraior for this purpose is
presently being tested al Lhe Auroville Building Centre.
- Lastly, cure in a natural way by using solar energy with a system of curing dishes and curing
hoods. These are being used at CSR - Biogas Technology for the manufacLurc of ferrocement
biogas plants and water Lanks. Another improved way of curing is by using sLeam. Doors could be
cured and ready wilhin a few days employing this technique.
FerrocemenL doors can be used in a variety of applications:
- They can replace steel doors in induslrial settings and low-cost wooden doors for housing
projects because of their strength, durability and economy.
- They can replace asbestos panel doors in bathrooms, because they are waterproof and do not
pose health or environmental hazards.
- They can be used as balcony or back doors because of their durability, safety, waterproof and
non-warping qualities.
- They can be used as double doors for larger openings.
- They can be manufactured in different shapes and styles for differenL applications and can be
decorated with plaster of Paris ornaments for a superb finish.
CONCLUSIONS
A ferrocement door could become an alternative for a wooden door. What makes it attractive
is that it can fulfill the needs of urban as well as rural houses and other buildings.
The use of the above described technique is not restricted to doors alone; it can also be used IO
produce window shulters, small shelves, covers for water tanks, fixed louvers, and other similar
structures.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The extensive research and application work done in ferrocemem technology for CSR by Mr.
Uli Hauser from West Germany is hereby acknowledged and appreciated.
REFERENCE
l. Paul, B.K., and Pama, R.P. 1978. FerrocemenL Bangkok: International Fcrroccment In-
formation Center.
2. Robles-Austriaco, L. et al. editor. 1985. Proceedings of the Second International Sympo-
sium on Ferrocement. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
3. Kaushik, S.K. and Gupta. V.K. 1988. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium
on Ferrocemenl. Roorkee: Civil Engineering Department, University of Roorkee.
4. Baetens, T., and Hauser, U. 1988. Ferrocement biogas application. In the Proceedings of
the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 175-180. Roorkee: Civil Engineering
Department, University of Roorkcc.
Journal of Ftrrocemtnt: Vol. 20, No. 4 , Oc1o~r 1990 367
Large Span Bamboo Ferrocement Elements for Flooring

and Roofing Purposes
Vljay Raj*
As a part of on-going investigations for utilization ofbamboo grid inferrocement, the develop-
ment oflarge span bambooferrocement (BFC) elementsfor flooring and roofing was undertaken. The
study on BFC elements of size 1.6 mx13 m and of varying thickness (30 mm and 40 mm) indicates
that these elements meet the serviceability criteria laid down in the Bureau of Indian Standards.for
most of the cases of loading and support conditions.
A theoretical analysis by the orthotropic plate theory, using the.finite element approach, was
carried out to predict the structural behavior of BFC elements; and the computed load deflection
curves were compared with experimental ones, to a known degree of accuracy.
Based from the results of this investigation and considering BFC slab costing, the use of
ferrocement slabs is recommended/or flooring and roofing in low cost housing program.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Em = Modulus of elasticity of mortar G1 = Modulus of rigidity ofwiremesh

Vm = Volume fraction of mortar Eb = Modulus of elasticity of bamboo mesh
Gm = Modulus of rigidity of mortar Vb = Volume fraction of bamboo mesh
Cb = Modulus of rigidity of bamboo mesh
~
= Modulus of elasticity of wire mesh
I = Volume fraction of wiremesh
INTRODUCTION
Bamboo fcrrocement (BFC) is a composite obtained by replacing the skeletal steel grid in
ferrocement by bamboo grid. It was established [1] that BFC slabs upto an effective span of 1.5 m can
be constructed for use in residential public buildings. This paper reports the construction, testing and
theoretical analysis of large span BFC elements.
CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING
Constructjon
The bamboo ferrocement slab was 1.6 m x l .3 m in size and 1.6 min length. The length selected
allows for a bearing of 100 mm (50 mm on each end) and an effective span of 1.5 m. The effective
width of the slab was kept similarly to 1.2 m. This was reduced to make the slab less bulky and easy
to handle. The thickness of the BFC slab was kept Lo 30 mm lo attain a serviceability limit,
span/deflection ratio, of I 50 [l). The Bureau of Indian Standards [2] prescribes the span/deflection
ratios as 250 and 350 for buildings with or with out partitions respectively, along with a few other
conditions. The span/deflection ratio for ribbed ferrocemenL element was suggested as 200 by Kaushik
•Assistant Professor, Depanmcnt of Civil Engineering, Madan Mohan Malaviya Engioccring College, Gorakhpur-273010,
India.
368 JourNJ/ of Ft"ocUMnt: Vol. 20, No. 4, Octobtr 1990
et al. [3]. As such, with a view to improve the serviceability limit, it was also decided to test BFC
elements of 40 mm thickness in addition to the 30mm thick slabs. Increase in thickness was achieved
by using bamboo strips of 8 mm to 10 mm. The reinforcement cage is shown in Fig.I.
The size and designation of the two set of slabs so cast, are shown in Table 1, other constituent
details of the slabs are given in Table 2.
Table 1 Size and Designation of B F C slabs.
Size of slabs (mm) Thickness/width

Designation bamboo strips
length width thickness
S10 1600 1300 30 6mm

s40 1600 1300 40 8- IOmm
Table 2 Constituent Details of B F C Slabs
Constituent I Properties Details
Chicken wiremesh 20g

Volume fraction of wiremesh 0.008
Volume fraction of bamboo grid 0.0356
Bamboo species Dendrocalamus strictus
Cube crushing strength of monar 21 MPa
Tangent modulus of monar 2.6x104 MPa
Modulus of elasticity of bamboo l.8x104 MPa
Ultimate tensile strength of bamboo strips 170MPa
Yield strength of wiremesh 301 (approx.) MPa
Ultimate strength of wiremesh 523 (approx.) MPa
Modulus of elasticity of wiremesh 78.48 x I 03MPa
TESTING
Both set of slabs were tested for flexure by supporting them on two/four sides, under monotoni-
cally increasing uniformly distributed load (UDL). The size of slabs being large, UDL was applied
through sand filled gunny bags. The deflections were measured at the middle and quarter points. The
position of dial gauges is as shown in Fig.2
J011Tnal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 369
( 400 )
1
j I
~-- --r ---(f)---

-~-
I : I
----:---4r---+---- ~
---4---~---l1----
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
tl
IO
C\I
"'
Fig. 1. Reinforcement for BFC units. Fig. 2. Dial gauge positions.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The load-deflection curves for the two set of slabs in the elastic range, are shown in Figs. 3
and 4. The significant data obtained from the curves is shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Load Deflection Curve Data for BFC Slabs
Type of Load (kN/m2) Central Effective

building Type of deflection span Span/ Boundary
components slab Service Limit (mm) (mm) deflection condition
load load
Roof ofall 1.5 2.25 2.6 1500 577 All side

buildings 1.5 2.25 1.1 1500 1364 supported
1.5 2.25 3.5 1500 428 Two sides
supported
Floor of s30 2.0 3.0 3.6 1500 416 All sides

residential S.o 2.0 3.0 1.6 1500 937 supported
buildings s.o 2.0 3.0 4.7 1500 319 Two sides
supported
Floor of public s30 5.0 7.5 9.0 1500 166 All sides
building s.o 5.0 7.5 4.0 1500 375 supported
370 Journal of Pt rrocem.ent: Vol. 20 , No. 4, Octobtr 1990
12
5
10
4 .
8
N- 3
E
.
.....
z
0
--·- 1
1
I
! ..J
0
2
4 ::>
\ iS±!-4"..'JOf;b
~ s. o
-0---0- S 3 0
0 4 6 8
2
2 4 6 8 10
Central da flaclion ( b) (mm)
Centro! dellecrion (mm) ( b )
Fig. 3. Load-deflection curves for S, 0 and S, 0• Fig. 4. Load - Deflection Curve for S, 0 BFC Slab supported
on 1wo opposile sides.
DISCUSSION
It may be noted from Fig.3 and Table 3, that at a service load of 5 kN/m 2 the span/deflection ratio
for the S30 and S40 set of slabs are 166 and 375 respectively. As per the code [2] the service loads on
floors and roofs of residential buildings are 2 k:N/m1 and 1.5 kN/m2 respectively and the span deflection
ratio for these cases are 416 and 577 for S30 and 937 and 1364 for S40 slabs respectively.
Thus for the S40 slab, span/deflection ratios are within the prescribed serviceability limit of the
code [2] for all cases discussed, while the 530 slabs satisfy the serviceability criteria for loads on
residential buildings only i.e. service loads of 2 kN/m 2 and 1.5 kN/m 2•
In case, the slabs are supported on two shorter sides, only the S40 slab satisfies the serviceability
criteria for loads on residential buildings. The results for S» slab for this case fall outside the prescribed
limits.
TIIEORETICAL ANALYSIS BY FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD
The limit analysis of ferrocement thin slab and of ribbed ferrocement elements based on
orthotropic plate theory has been presented by Kaushik et al. [4,3). The BFC slab elements was
analysed by the orthotropic plate theory proposed by Mindlin (5). This theory has been used for
analysis of ferrocement plates by Ganga (6). The salient features of this theory are shown in
Figs. 5 and 6.
Formulation of equations for Mindlio's plate theory in which the transverse displacement of the
mid·plane [w] and the relations of lines initially normal to the mid·planc (8, OJ which are treated as
independent variables, is considered. The transverse shear deformations sllown in Fig.5 and theare
average rotations 'P,. and <p1 are expressed as
Jownal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 371
y
My • My,y dy Qy + Oy,y dy
Fig. 5. Shear deformations. Fig. 6. Moments and shears per unit length.
<px =w ,%
- 8x and <p' = w..., - 8, (1.1)
The in-plane strains are given by:
e =u =-z8 ,e =V =-z8 (1.2)

% % ""' ' " '"
and r. 1tJ
=-(u + v')=z(8 + 8)
" %o1 '
(1.3)
where e% = strain in the x-direction

e, = strain in the y-direction
r. - shear strain
u"' : deflection in the x-direction
v = deflection in they-direction
z = displacement of the element of the plate at a distance z from the middle surface in
the z-d.irection.
The equilibrium of the plate element is shown in Fig. 6, the vertical equilibrium is expressed
as
-q (x,y) = Q""' + Q,.,. (1.4)
While the moment equilibrium about the x-axis is
Q =M -M . (1.5)
' '" "'"'
Similarly, moment equilibrium about the y-axis is given by:
Q =M -M . (1.6)
% ""' "'"
372 Journal of Ferrocem£nt: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
These three first order differential equations of equilibrium can be combined to give a second
order equation relating moments to load intensity. Eq. ( 1.5) is differentiated with respect toy, Eq. ( 1.6)
is differentiated with respect to x, and the results substituted into Eq. (1.4) to give:
-q (x,y) = Mx.x:r - 2 M1C'J.xJ +Mm (2)
where q =lateral loading on the plate expressed in terms of x and y

Q",Q' = shear forces per-unit length of sections of a plate acting as shown in Fig. 6
M ",M' = bending moments per unit length of sections of a plate perpendicular to x and y
axes, respectively
M"' = twisting moment per unit length of section.
The constitutive equations for a plate with orthotropic material properties with the (x,y ) axes
positioned parallel to the material property axes are
{M} = [D1 ] {91 } (3)
and {Q'} = [D,] {'P, }

where {M )T =[MM M ]
"' J, "'
v = [Q
l
{Q Q ]
"· J
[D1] =[ D, D, 0
D 1 D1 0
0 0 Dxy
[Dsl =r~"s:]
{9
I
v = [-9 ""'
- 9 9
J.J ""
+ 9 ]
'"'
{<pI V = [w ,X
- 9.z wiJ - 9]
J
3
Ext
Dx=
12 (1-V;iyVy.J
3
E1 t
D,=
12 (1-v;iyv,.J
3
D:xy = G:xyt
2
DI =v ry Dx
E"' = modulus of elasticity in x-direction (longitudanal)

E, = modulus of elasticity in y-direction (transverse)
Gry = modulus of rigidity
= thickness of the plate and v ry
and vJX are Poisson's ratios.
The differential equations of plate bending are obtained by combining the equilibrium and
constitutive equations. Eqs. (3) are differentiated and substituted into Eq. (2.)
FINIIB ELEMENT
The finite element used in the above analysis is the' HEIBRORSIS' element. The details of which
have been presented by Hughes et al, [7]. The BFC slab is divided into the requisite number of finite
elements, depending upon the desired accuracy.
ANALYSIS
Using the above referred plate bending equation and the finite element, the analysis is performed
by the standard procedures of the finite elements method [8]. The entire analysis has been
programmed in FORTRAN 77. To generate the flexural and shear element stiffness matrices, the
modulii of elasticity E J: and EJ and the shear modulus G ry in the elastic range have been calculated by
the law of mixtures as follows:
= V_E,,. + VftEt + VbxEb

= V,,.,E,,. +V"E1.+Vb,Eb
G:xy
The other input data required in the program for analysis is the Poisson's ratio for wiremesh,
mortar and bamboo. These values have been taken as 0.25, 0.15 and 0.00 respectively. Since the
bamboos are located at near neutral axis, and more over they can swell as shrink, the estimate of their
Poission's ratio as zero is suitable.
With these inputs the analysis is performed for the given loading intensity and boundary
conditions.
374 Jo11Tna[ of Ferrocenuml: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
DISCUSSION OF RES ULTS
The output from the program consists of displacements and rotations at nodal points of each
element. Thus, by a proper choice of the size/number of finite elements, the deflection at any desired
point, and consequently the deflected shape of the slab can be predicted to a known degree of accuracy.
Having thus determined the maximum deflection at the critical point in the slab. For a given span and
loading, the span/deflection ratio can be calculated. The output also gives the bending moment, the
twisting moment and the shear forces. Thus, moment curvature curves can also be plotted.
For the purpose of comparison, the UDL versus central deflection curves for the S40 series slab
were computed by the finite element model [9] for different boll(ldary conditions, viz., (a) all four sides
supported (Fig. 7) and (b) two opposite shorter sides supported (Fig. 8).
The comparison of theoretical and experimental results is presented in Fig.8 in the elastic range.
The maximum deviation of theoretical results from the experimental values was 13%. These
theoretical results have been obtained by subdividing the BFC slab into six finite elements. The
accuracy of theoretical prediction depends on how finely the slab is divided. If larger number of finite
elements are selected, the accuracy can be improved further.
4 f!'..!_~_*.9-¥ ~ f,
(--1600~ ~
;; 3
E
--o--<>--0- Theoretical
'z
~
--0--0---0- THEORETICAL
~ Experimental _J 2 --t:r--b--A- EXPERIMENTAL
0
::>
2 4 6 8
2 4 6 8
Central deflection (mm) ( /) )
Central deflection {mm) ( b)
Fig. 7. Central deflection (mm) (5) Fig. 8. Comparison of Result for S40 slab supponed on two
opposite sides.
CONCLUSION
Following conclusions can be drawn from the development work, presented in this paper,
regarding large span BFC elements.
(a) If the performance of the BFC slab is judged on the basis of the existing serviceability
criteria of the code (2) as applicable to reinforced cement concrete, the large span BFC slab (1.6 m x
1.3 m size) should have a thickness of 40 mm to meet the requirements of roofing and flooring elements
of residential buildings, as will as public buildings, carrying a service load upto 5 kN/m 2 •
(b) If however, the limits of serviceability i.e. span/deflection ratio are respecified as suggested
in earlier works [1,3], then the thickness of 30mm will also be suitable. In any case, for residential
buildings only, the 30 mm thick BFC slabs, meet even the existing serviceability limits. This slab
should, however, be used supported on all four sides.
(c) Since both the slabs are well within the elastic range, for all the above cases discussed, they
remain crack free in service.
The relative cost of bamboo ferrocement slab as compared to ferrocement slab can be calculated
on the basis of comparing volume fraction of bamboo skeletal grid with steel skeletal grid. Since
bamboo is cheaper than steel in most developing countries, the cost of bamboo ferrocement slab is
likely to be less than ferrocement slab. For this research activity, the cost of bamboo ferrocement slab
was 70% of the ferrocement slab.
It may be noteworthy to mention that a technology transfer project with the assistance of Council
of Science and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, India has been taken up. The project envisages the
construction of model of low cost houses utilizing BFC elements, and providing technical assistance
to the local population for the construction of such houses.
REFERENCES
1. Vijay Raj. 1989. Development of bamboo based ferrocement roofing element for low cost
housing. Journal ofFerrocement 19(4): 331-337.
2. Bureau of Indian Standards. 1983. National Building Code of India. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian
Standards.
3. Kaushik, S.K.; Trikha,D.N.; Kotdawala,R.P.; and Sharma, P.C. 1984.Prefabricated ferrocement
ribbed elements for low cost housing. Journal ofFerrocement 14(4): 347 -364.
4. Trikha, D.N.; Kaushik, S.K.; and Kotdawala, R.R. 1981. Limit analysis offerrocement thin slabs.
Journal ofFerrocement 11(2).111 -126.
5. Mindlin, R.D. 1951. The effect of transverse shear deformation on the bending of elastic plates.
Journal of Applied Mechanics 18: 31 -38.
6. Ganga, P.K.V. 1985. Finite Element Analysis ofFerrocement Plates, M. Tech. Thesis. Depart-
ment of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
7. Hughes, J .R., and Cohen, M. 1978. The Heterorsis finite element for plate bending. Computers
and Structures 9 : 445 -450.
8. Bathe, KJ. 1982. Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
9. Vijay Raj. 1987. Development ofFerrocement Based Bamboo Reinforced Roofing Elements for
Rural Housing. Ph.D. Thesis, Avadh University, Faizabad (U.P.) India.
Rainwater Storage Using Ferrocement Tanks

in Developing Countries
P.Paramasivam,• K.C.G.Ong,• K.H.Tan• and S.L.Lee•
The main objective of this paper is to propose a simple construction technique offerrocement
water tanks sui.tablefor rainwater collection in developing countries. Based on an analysis ofthe water
tanks and the test results of the mechanical properties offerrocement elements, two cylindrical tanks
of5 rrr and 16 m1 were designed, constructed and tested. The test results and the salient features of
design and construction are presented.
INlRODUCTION
In the rural areas of many developing countries, there is a scarcity of water for drinking and
washing. Traditionally rainwater is collected for such usage therefore there is a need to provide simple
and economical storage facilities which can be constructed with unskilled labor. Although steel tanks
have been commonly used for this purpose, they have disadvantages such as high cost, rusting and
consequent maintenance and limited life-span due to corrosion. The use of reinforced concrete water
tanks poses a problem of different nature such as heavier and more massive construction with the
requirement of form work. In view of the above, the present study is devoted to the application of
ferrocement instead of conventional materials in the construction of cylindrical water tanks.
In recent years, a great deal of interest has been created within the Southeast Asian region on
the potential applications of ferrocement in the fields of agriculture, housing and industry. Extensive
investigations have been carried out on practically all aspects of the mechanical properties, construc-
tion techniques and various possible applications of ferrocement and the basic technical information
for the design and construction offerrocement is now fairly well-established [1-4 ]. Since ferrocement
has a high tensile strength to weight ratio, it is ideally suitable for the construction of thin-walled
structures such as water tanks. Ferrocement tanks of 20 m3 capacity have been in use in New Zealand
since the late 1960's [5].
In this study, two ferrocement cylindrical tanks of 5 m3 and 16 m3 capacities were analysed,
designed, constructed and tested. The salient features of design considerations, construction tech-
niques and test results are discussed.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The adopted water tank design consists of a cylindrical wall rigidly connected to a circular base
plate at the bottom and covered by a truncated conical roof on the top as shown in Fig. I.Two tanks
designated as tank A and tank B were analysed using linear elastic theory for thin shells. Each of these
tanks has a wall height of 1.8 m; the internal diameters arc 2.0 m and 3.6 m for tank A and tank B
• Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

respectively. Both tanks have a wall thickness of 35 mm whilst the base thicknesses are 35 mm and
50 mm for tank A and tank B respectively. In each case, the roof has a thickness of 25 mm and slope
of 1 : 3. An opening of 0.8 m diameter is provided at the center for service requirement.
The analysis was divided into two parts. The first part dealt with the analysis of the cylindrical
wall by imposing appropriate boundary conditions on the junction with the base plate. The second part
dealt with the analysis of truncated conical roof by considering the compatibility conditions governing
the displacement and rotation of the junction between the roof and cylindrical wall. The imposed loads
on the roof consist of a uniformly distributed load of 0. 75 kN/m 2 and a ring load at the top supporting
the ring of 0.6 kN/m. The detailed analysis and results are given in references [6] and [7].
The analysis shows that shear force acting on the bottom of the cylindrical wall due to hydrostatic
load is maxim um at the base of the tank, with magnitude of 1.21 kN/m and 1.72 kN/m for tanks A and
B respectively. The maximum bendingmomentoccursatadistanceof 120 mm and 180 mm from the
base with values of 48.7 Nm/m and 82.6 Nm/m respectively for tanks A and B. On the other hand,
the maximum hoop tension occurs at a location distance of 280 mm and 360 mm from the base with
magnitudes of 13.6 kN/m and 22.6 kN/m respectively for these tanks. The bending moments at the
base of the wall are 11.7 Nm/m and 40.4 Nm/m for tank A and tank B respectively. The bending
moment in the meridional direction and the hoop tension at the top of the wall are 53.5 Nm/m and
5.2 kN/m respectively for tank A and 114.6 Nm/m and 14_.2 kN/m respectively for tank B.
For a ferrocement water tank to fulfill its intended function, not only must it be watertight, its
structural components must also be proportioned to provide adequate resistance against cracking
under service loads. ACI Committee recommends a minimum volume fraction of reinforcement of
1.8% for water retaining structures. On the other hand, from the results of the analysis, it can be
concluded that the bending moment and hoop tension are the two main factors which determine the
thicknesses and reinforcement for the base, wall and the roof. Thus, for an element subjected to bending
moment M and axial force N, the required thickness may be obtained by satisfying the following
criterion:
(1)
where Ne and Mc are respectively the tensile force and the bending moment required to cause cracking
in the element. They can be obtained from tensile and flexural tests respectively. A safety factor of
three has been included in the design criterion.
In view of ACI Committee's recommendation and the design criterion according to Eq. (1), the
reinforcement details for tank A and tank B including the details of connections and roof opening were
selected as shown in Fig.I. It is noted, however, that the roof section has a volume fraction of
reinforcement of 1.4%. This is considered satisfactory as the roof section is not subjected to the
requirements of water-tightness. The properties of the constituent materials are shown in Table 1. The
mortar mix with a cement-sand-water ratio of 1: 1.5:0.4 was selected in view of its porosity, desired
compressive strength and workability [3].
Type 1 ordinary portland cement should be used. Sand used should be clean, hard, strong and
free of organic and deleterious substances.
Journal of Ferrocem£nt: Vol. 20, No. 4. October 1990 379
800
35
1 ..
2000 (Tonk A l ...,
3600 (Tonk B)
(All dimension in mm)
M
M : Welded finemesh , 12.5 x 12.5 mm

spacing, wire size 1.22 mm f/J
R : BRC weldmesh, 150x 150 mm
spacing , wire size 5.4 mm f/J
___; f_29mm
6mm diameter r-, El-
ring reinforcement :; : ~ i
1, 1"'-f
.,.....::;_!/..,,./. -- --
J~ ~~>;
-C_ 25mm
50mm (Tonk B) Legend
1
11 11 35 mm (Tonk A) - - -Welded finemesh,
11111 j .
11 111 ___ ___ 12.5x12.5 mm spocmgJ
11
~
''L.:__________ wire size 122
. mm111
T - -- BRC weldmesh ,
E 150x 150 mm spacing,
wire size 5.4 mm r6
Fig. I. Dimensions and reinforcement details of tanks A and B.

380 JourNJI of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
Table 1 Properties of Constituent Materials
Plain Mortar
Cement : sand : water 1 : 1.5 : 0.4
Crushing strength 35 N/mm 2 -40 N/mm 2
Mododulus of elasticity 2.8 x 104N/mm 2
Fine Wire Mesh

Grid size 12.5 mm x 12.5 mm
Diameter 1.22 mm
Yield Strength 365N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity 2 x 105 N/mm2
Welded Steel Mesh (BRC Mesh)

Grid size 150 mm x 150 mm
Diameter 5.40mm
Yield strength 550N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity 2 x 105 N/mm 2
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE
The site chosen for water tank should have adequate bearing capacity to ensure uniform support
of the base and should not be uncompacted backfill. The ground should be levelled to the desired slope
of 1 : 40 to 1 : 100 to provide for natural drainage of the tank through the scour pipe for cleaning
purposes. A layer of lean concrete, 30 mm to 50 mm thick should be placed on the soil to provide a
clean bed for laying of reinforcement. The sequence of preparation of reinforcement for the base, wall
and roof are discussed with sketches in reference [6]. The reinforcement for the base is placed on the
top lean concrete floor with spacers to ensure proper cover (Fig.2). With the outer layer of wire mesh
of the base untied, the base is plastered to the required thickness. Before plastering, the scour pipe
should be in place and sealed with plumbing sealant to prevent clogging. The entire base should be
plastered, making sure that mortar penetrates into the bottom layers of meshes. After proper curing
for 3 days, the reinforcement for the wall and the roof may be assembled on the the base. Figs. 3 to
10 show the placing of reinforcement and plastering of the tank A and tank B. It should be ensured
that auxilliary fittings such as overflow pipe, outlet pipe and scour pipe should be placed at the proper
positions before plastering. Additional layers of wire meshes may be added around the fittings.
The plastering should be carried out in tiers starting from the base and advancing upwards. After
each tier was completely plastered from the outside the remaining parts were plastered from the inside
ensuring that proper compaction and proper cover of about 5 mm for the reinforcement is provided on
finishing both the inside and outside. Excessive movement of the reinforcement cage should be
avoided during plastering. For the smaller tanks the plastering of the wall and roof may be carried out
in one operation. In the case of larger tanks the roof may be plastered 3 days after the wall has been
properly cured. Some propping of the roof may be necessary for the larger tanks. The tank should be
Journal of Ftmx:t!Mlll: Vol. 20, No. 4, Oc1obtr 1990 381
Fig.2. Assembled reinforcement for the base Fig.3. Wall reinforcement in place after the base has been
cast and aired
Fig.4. Bending outer layer of BRC mesh in the wall on 10 the Fig.5. Wall and roof reinforcement of tank A.
conical roof
Fig.6. Wall and roof reinforcement of Tank B. Fig.7. Plastering of Wall

382 Jo11rNJ/ of Ferroc~nJ: Vol. 20, No. 4, Octol>tr 199()
Fig.8. Applying finishing coat on the wall
Fig.9. Compkted tank A.
Fig.10. Completed tank B.
cured properly for about 28 days. Moist jute or burlap bags soaked in water should be used for curing.
Painting if required should only be carried out after the tank has completely dried out.
TEST RESULTS
After curing for 28 days, the water tanks were filled to the height of 1.6 m and no leakage was
observed for both tanks. The tanks were kept filled for almost two years and the performance was
monitored carefully. It was noticed that there was no leakage or reduction in height of water. It is of
interest to mention that no waterproofing compound was used in this project.
The tanks were instrumented with electrical strain gauges on the exterior surfaces of wall and
transducers were used to measure horizontal deflection. The hoop stresses determwed from strain
readings agree closely with theoretical results as shown in Fig. I I for the tank A and tank B. The
deflections at fuJI capacity were also very small (less than 0.3 mm).
Journal of Ferrocem£nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 383
1.5 - Theoretical
- - - Experimental
E
(Tonk A) (Tonk B)
E
~
m ' ' :..
" 0.5
~
Ci
0 0.5 0 0.5 10
2
Circumferencial stress ( N/mm )
Fig.11. Comparison of theoretical and experimental circum-

ferencial stress
CONCLUSION
The foregoing feasibility study shows that ferrocement can be used as a construction material for
water tanks with simple construction techniques suitable for rural applications. The successful
performance of the prototype tanks of 5 m 3 and 16 m3 capacities confirms the viability of using
ferrocement water tanks of the proposed design which can be developed as a community project in
rural areas of many developing countries.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study was carried out with funds provided by the International Development Research
Centre (IDRC), Regional Office for Southeast and East Asia. The support is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1. ACI Committee 549. 1982. State-of-the-art report on ferrocement. Concrete International:

Design and Construction 4:13-30.
2. Lee, S.L.; Tam, C.T.; Paramasivam,P.; DasGupta,N.C.; SriRavindrarajah,R.; and Mansur,
M.A.; 1984. Ferrocement: Recent research - Ideas tested at the University of Singapore.
Concrete International: Design and Construction 5: 12-16.
3. Paramasivam, P.; Nathan, G.K.; and Lee, S.L. 1979. Analysis, design and construction of
ferrocement water tanks. Journal of Ferrocement 9(2):115-128.
4. Paramasivam, P.,andNathan, G.K. 1981. Prefabricated ferrocement water tank. Journal of
American Concrete Institute 81:580-586.
5. New Zealand Portland Cement Association. 1986. Ferrocement tanks and utility buildings.
1968 Bulletin No. CPIO. Wellington: New Zealand Portland Cement Association.
6. Lee, S.L.; Paramasivam, P.; Ong, K.C.G.; and Tan, K.H. 1986. Study on Ferrocement
Cylindrical Tanks for Rainwater Collection in Rural Areas (Philippines), A report submitted
to the International Development Research Centre, Regional Office for Southeast and East
Asia, Singapore, 1-101.
384 ]011Tna/ of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
7. Lee, S.L.; Paramasivam, P.; Ong, K.C.G.; and Tan, K.H. 1987. Ferrocement cylindrical
tanks for rainwater collection in rural areas. In the Proceedings of Third International
Conference on Rainwater Cistern Systems Cl2-20. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University.
Journal of Femx:eml!nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 385
Research on Ferrocement - Global Perspectivet

R.P. Pama•
The recent researches onferrocement in a global perspective are presented. Researches on

ferrocement within the last five years on its constituent materials, mechanical properties,
durability and corrosion, terrestrial and marine applications, and on applications as a repair
and strengthening material are discussed.
INlRODUCTION
Ferrocement is a type of thin-wall reinforced concrete commonly constructed of hydraulic

cement mortar, reinforced with closely spaced layers of continuous and relatively small diameter
mesh. The mesh may be metallic or made of other suitable materials [1]. Ferrocement is considered
to be an extension of reinforced concrete technology. It is the uniform distribution of the
reinforcement in the resulting composite and its different material performance, strength behavior
and potential applications which creates a distinction from conventional reinforced concrete,
that it must be classified as a separate material.
Ferrocement possesses a degree of toughness, ductility, durability, strength and crack
resistance that it is considerably greater than that found in other forms of concrete construction.
These properties are achieved in structures with a thickness that is generally less than 25 mm, a
dimension that is nearly unthinkable in other forms of concrete construction, and a clear
improvement over conventional reinforced concrete. Surprisingly, good performance can be
achieved in ferrocement with almost primitive field conditions and it does not necessarily
require highly skilled practitioners. One can call it a high technology material, yet its production in
terms of required labor skills and lack of sophistication of its constituent parts could be viewed as a
low technology.
The vast literature shows that ferrocement is a versatile construction material and that it has
already attained worldwide popularity in almost all kinds of applications: housing, sanitation,
agriculture, fisheries, water resources, water transportation both in freshwater and marine
environment, biogas structures, repair and strengthening of other structures, and others. The
recent researches on ferrocement within the last five years are presented.
CONSTITUENT MATERIALS
Ferrocement consists of a Portland cement mortar matrix, reinforcement, admixtures, and

coatings. Recent researches are on orientation and arrangement of wire mesh, mesh overlays, mesh
with larger openings, use of prestressed bars and substitute materials.
1 Keynote Address presented at the First National Seminar on Ferrocement, Malaysia on 16-17 January 1990. Publish with
permission from the author.
*Professor, Division of Structural Engineering and Construction, and Technical Advisor, International Ferrocement Infor-
mation Center, Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand.
Wire Mesh
The effect of the orientation of wire mesh on the behavior of ferrocement in tension and in
flexure are investigated by several researchers. For hexagonal wire mesh, the behavior in tension
and flexure were studied by Walraven and Spierenburg [2] and Al- Rifaie and Trikha [3]; studies
on flexure alone are also made by Naaman and McCarthy [4]. Parameters that they studied include
the orientation, number of layers of mesh and others.
Walraven and Spierenburg [2] found that ferrocement reinforced with hexagonal wire
mesh can be dealt with in the same way as one reinforced with orthogonal mesh. The effective
reinforcement ratio to be used in calculations for the longitudinal direction is dependent on the
number of layers over the cross section, the cross sectional area of a single wire, the thickness of
the member and the length of the side of the hexagon. In the transverse direction, the reinforcement
ratio to be used is 60% of the value for the longitudinal direction.
Naaman and McCarthy [4] found that the efficiency of hexagonal meshes placed parallel to
the loading direction is almost as good as that of square meshes, provided differences on yield
strength of reinforcement are accounted for. A reduction of 30% to 40% in efficiency is expected
when the mesh is placed transverse to the loading direction. Al-Rifaie and Trikha [3] found that
strength of ferrocement with the mesh in the transverse direction is markedly different in flexural
tension and direct tension. They have proposed expressions to estimate the Young's modulus,
flexural tensile strength and direct tensile strength in the transverse direction.
Al-Rifaie and Trikha [5] investigated the effect of arrangement and orientation of
hexagonal wire mesh on the behavior of ferrocement. Simply supported slabs under uniform
loading, with varying number of mesh layers, slab thickness and arrangement were tested under
three different arrangements of mesh reinforcement : (1) all layers oriented in one direction; (2)
alternate layers equally spaced and oriented in orthogonal directions; and (3) twin layers, each
twin layer consisting of two orthogonally oriented meshes in contact with each other. It was
found that the arrangement consisting of twin layers with two meshes orthogonally oriented and
placed in contact is superior to the other two arrangements in terms of load-deflection behavior,
first cracking load, ultimate load and crack patterns at failure. For slabs under biaxial state of
bending, arranging the meshes in twin mesh layers will result in isotropic behavior of the slab and
higher first cracking and ultimate loads.
Paramasivam and Sri Ravindrarajah [6] also investigated the effect of arrangement of rein-
force'llent along the cross section on the behavior of ferrocement in tension and flexure. They
studied the feasibility of using bundled mesh layers placed near the top and bottom surfaces or at
midsection of the ferrocement element. The variables considered are the number of mesh
layers, the thickness of specimens, and the reinforcement arrangement. It was found that under
tension, the strength of ferrocement at first crack and at ultimate is not affected significantly by
the arrangement of the reinforcement. Under simple bending, the first crack strength of ferroce-
ment having bundled reinforcement placed near the top and bottom surfaces is superior than that
having evenly distributed reinforcement arrangement; however, that of ferrocement having
bundled reinforcement placed at the center is similar to that of plain mortar only. Ferrocement
having bundled reinforcement placed near the surfaces also showed reduced crack width and
increased intensity of cracking at failure compared to other arrangements of reinforcement
Kaushik et al. [7] investigated the efficiency of mesh overlaps in ferrocement elements
under flexure. Test specimens with varying length of overlap in square woven meshes and with
different wire diameters and mesh openings were tested in flexure. It was found that the mortar
strength, diameter of the wire and mesh opening influence the overlap length; higher mortar
strength, smaller wire diameter and smaller mesh opening require shorter overlap length. Kaushik
et al. [7] recommended that even if the stress in the fiber is small, it is desirable that a minimum
overlap of 100 mm be provided. To cover shortcomings in quality control at sites, it is
recommended that this value be increased by 25%.
Nanni and Hashim [8] investigated the effect of expanded metal mesh splicing for ferroce-
ment specimens under flexure. The variables tested are beam depth, length of mesh overlapping,
number of reinforcement layers, position of the splice with respect to the continuous reinforcement
layers, type of mesh, and compressive strength of the mortar matrix. As a result of the
investigation, it was recommended to use at least 152 mm total mesh overlapping at joints that
occur in a tensile zone. For 3-layer or more construction, the spliced layer should be
sandwiched between the continuous layers. For 2-layer construction, the spliced mesh should be
positioned closer to the neutral axis than the continuous mesh.
Ballarin and de Hanai [9] investigated the behavior of ferrocement reinforced with welded
wire meshes of larger openings than those usually employed in ferrocement by conducting tension
and flexure tests on test specimens. Specimen deflections, mortar and steel strains and crack
spacing and width were measured at every loading stage up to failure. From the results obtained,
it was found that general ferrocement formulation is not suitable for ferrocement reinforced with
larger openings welded wire meshes.
Wang [10] investigated the mechanical properties of ferrocement reinforced with
prestressed skeletal bars. He proposed a method of calculating the strength of prestressed
ferrocement members and conducted tests on specimens reinforced with pretensioned skeletal
bars and woven square meshes. It was found with prestressed skeletal bars, that better mechanical
behavior of ferrocement such as higher crack load capacity, larger modulus of deformation and
favorable cracking behavior, can be achieved. The proposed method of calculating the strength of
members is in good agreement with experimental results.
Substitute Materials
The substitute materials investigated were bamboo mesh, bamboo skeletal reinforcement, rice
husk ash cement and lime admixture. Chembi and Nimityongskul [11] investigated the use of
bamboo mesh to replace steel wire mesh in ferrocement water tank. A bamboo cement tank of 6
m3 capacity was constructed in 1983. The tank was kept alternatively full and empty of water to
simulate actual field condition and was monitored regularly. After 5 years, they found that the
tank has not shown structural defects. Bamboo reinforcement 0.3 m from the top of the tank
was investigated and found in good condition.
Venkateshwarlu and Raj [12] investigated the use of bamboo to replace skeletal steel in
ferrocement roofing elements. Slabs reinforced with bamboo strips as skeletal reinforcement and
chicken wire mesh were subjected to monotonically increasing uniformly distributed load to
study the load-deflection behavior and to determine its serviceability limit (span/deflection).
The investigation showed that by using bamboo, the cost of roofing elements comes to about
50% of reinforced concrete and 70% of ferrocement elements. The slabs can be prefabricated
in the factory or can be produced at the site manually. The serviceability limit was suggested
as 150 and it was observed, that at deflections up to 10 mm, no cracking occurred. Hence, roofing
elements can be produced up to a maximum span of 1.5 m and can be used in multiples to cover
longer spans.
The Ayuthaya Boat Building College in Thailand has developed bamboo-cement boat [13].
Bamboo splints was used as skeletal reinforcement with hexagonal wire mesh in constructing
ferrocement boats.
Choeypunt et al. [ 14] investigated the use of rice husk ash (RHA) cement for ferrocement. The
RHA cement employed constitute 50% RHA and 50% Portland cement. The properties investi-
gated are compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, heat of
hydration of cement and acidic resistance. The test results showed that RHA cement mortar has
better resistance to acidic attack than Portland cement mortar. RHA in ferrocement improved its
impact strength; however, its compressive, tensile and flexural strength decreased.
Raj [15] investigated the use of lime as an admixture in ferrocement The amount of lime
added was 15% by weight of the cement, applied as fine powder. It was found that during the fresh
state, adding lime in the ferrocement mortar causes the mortar to become more plastic, records
higher slump and increases its workability. The optimum lime dose was found to be between
15%-20% by weight of cement and the lime dose should be added either in the form of fine powder
or putty.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Tension
On the cracking of ferrocement in tension, Grabowski et al. [ 16] and Seed et al. [ 17] made
studies on the measurement and observation of cracks of ferrocement subjected to tension using
different methods.
Grabowski et al. [16] evaluated the possibilities of using moire method to detect and localize
microcracks and determine their width in ferrocement elements subjected to tension. It was found
that the moire method is very suitable for the observation of the crack development in
ferrocement, both for short and long term tests. Seed et al. [ 17] also investigated the use of
linear potentiometers as an accurate means of measuring the first crack strength of ferrocement in
tension. Several tests were perlormed on ferrocement elements with different quantities and types
of wire mesh reinforcement. It was found that linear potentiometers can be used successfully to
detect and, in some cases, measure cracks in ferrocement elements before they were observed
visually.
Several investigations were conducted on the determination of the first tensile crack strength
of ferrocement. Recent studies include Chowdhury [18] and Al-Noury and Huq [19]. Al-Noury
and Huq [19] also studied the modulus of elasticity of ferrocement in tension. According to
Chowdhury [18] the first tensile crack strength of ferrocement can be rationally predicted on the
basis of the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The numerical method suggested can lead to
a better design against cracking for certain applications of ferrocement.
Al-Noury and Huq [19] investigated the behavior of ferrocement in tension. They have
proposed expressions for predicting the first crack strength and modulus of elasticity offerrocement
in the uncracked and cracked range. It was found that the first crack strength of ferrocement in
tension may be predicted on the basis of the strain at the limit of proportionality of mortar and the
uncracked modulus of fcrrocement. The modulus of elasticity of ferrocement in the cracked range
can be predicted on the basis of the behavior of an equivalent composite model with aligned
wires. Beyond first crack, the crack formation mechanism in ferrocement in the cracked range is
related to the matrix-wire interfacial bond.
Investigations on the crack width and crack spacing of ferrocement in tension were
studied by Nedwell and Vickridge [20], Chen and Zhao [21] and Akhtaruzzaman and Pama
[22]. Nedwell and Vickridge [20] investigated the onset of cracking in ferrocement with different
types and quantities of wire mesh subjected to tension. The identification and measurement of
crack positions and sizes was performed by the use of linear potentiometer. Chen and Zhao
[21] performed a study on the calculation of crack width of ferrocement in tension. They studied
the development of cracks in fcrrocement elements with medium or low degree of reinforcement.
Based on experimental results and with triangular tensile stress distribution, a formula was
proposed to evaluate the crack width of fcrrocement elements under standard service loads and in
each stage of crack growth.
Akhtaruzzaman and Pama [22] performed an analytical and experimental investigation on
the crack spacing and crack width of fcrrocement in direct tension. The theoretical investigation
showed that the slip modulus, ultimate bond strength and modulus of elasticity of mortar have
negligible influence on crack spacing while the ultimate tensile strength of the mortar and the
volume fraction and modulus of elasticity of steel have significant influence on crack spacing.
The crack width is greatly influenced by volume fraction, modulus of elasticity of steel and
ultimate bond strength but very small effects from slip modulus, modulus of elasticity of mortar and
tensile strength of mortar. Results of the experimental work was in good agreement with the
theoretical result.
Other investigations undertaken include study on the short and long term behavior of
ferrocement in tension [23] and probabilistic analysis of tensile strength of ferrocement [24].
Desayi and Reddy [25] also studied strength and behavior of lightweight ferrocement in tension.
Compression
Kameswara Rao and Kamasundra Rao [26] investigated the stress-strain curve and
Poisson's ratio of ferrocement in axial compression. It was found that the specific surface is the
only factor which controls the behavior of ferrocement in axial compression. Equations
developed for predicting the increase in strength, strain and modulus of elasticity by regression
analysis were used to generate the stress-strain curve of ferrocement under axial compression.
They have found that ferrocement behaves linearly up to 50%-60% of the ultimate strength in
compression, beyond this limit the behavior becomes non-linear. The value of ultimate strength,
strain at ultimate strength and Young's modulus increase with specific surface area. All parameters
affecting the behavior of fcrrocement under compression can be combined to form a single non-
dimensional factor called the specific surface factor. The Poisson's ratio is found to be constant at
a value of 0.25 up to a stress level of about 60% of the ultimate strength and thereafter increases
fairly linearly with the stress level.
Flexure
Recent studies on the design of ferrocement elements in flexure include limit state of
390 JourNJ/ of Ferrocem£nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
serviceability [27], computerized design and design aids [28], plastic analysis [29], and rigid-
plastic analysis [30]. Karunakar Rao and Jagannadha Rao [31] and Desayi and Balaji Rao [32]
proposed methods for the computation of ultimate moments of ferrocement in flexure.
Kuczynski [27] investigated the limit state of serviceability of ferrocement flexural members.
This limit state of serviceability in flexure is denominated by two phenomena: displacement and
cracking. Equations to determine deflections in short-term and long-term loading were derived
considering rheological influence. Allowable crack widths of ferrocement structures under different
service loads and methods to determine elongation in the tension zones for such loadings are given.
Mansur and Paramasivam [29] proposed a method to predict the ultimate strength of ferroce-
ment in flexure based on the concept of plastic analysis where ferrocement is considered as a
homogeneous perfectly elastic-plastic material. Simple equations are derived for direct design
of a cross-section. An experimental investigation was also conducted to study the behavior and
strength of ferrocement in flexure. It was found that the ultimate moment increase with increasing
matrix grade (decreasing water cement ratio) and increasing volume fraction of reinforcement.
This method can give satisfactory predictions of the ultimate moment capacity of ferrocement.
Naaman and Homrich [28] have proposed flexural design of ferrocement, based on the
concept of reinforced concrete analysis using the principle of equilibrium and strain compatibility,
by computerized evaluation and design aids. They have proposed a general methodology for the
analysis and design of ferrocement flexural elements.
Mansur [30] further investigated the validity of the rigid- plastic model to predict the
ultimate flexural strength of ferrocement. Test results indicated that within the practical range of
member thickness, either welded or woven wire mesh reinforcement furnish sufficient ductility to
justify a rigid-plastic analysis at collapse. Based on experimental observation of the behavior at
ultimate load and a comparison with the available test data, the rigid-plastic concept has been
justified for ultimate strength analysis of ferrocement. Using this method, design charts have
been developed for typical ferrocement sections similar to the one developed by Naaman and
Homrich [28].
Karunakar Rao and Jagannadha Rao [31] proposed a theory to determine the ultimate moment
of ferrocement elements based on the experimental evidence of the crack pattern, extent and
propagation of cracks, which gave an insight into the mechanics of development of moment of
resistance. Desayi and Balaji Rao [32] proposed two methods to predict the ultimate moments of
ferrocement elements. A bilinear method was used to predict the deflections of these elements
at different stages. The computed ultimate moments and deflections at working load level are
found to compare satisfactorily with experimental values of test specimens. Both methods are
found to give satisfactory agreement with test data and can be used in the design of ferrocement
elements in flexure.
Recent studies on cracking of ferrocement elements in flexure include those of Mansur and
Paramasivam [29] and Desayi and Balaji Rao [32]. Mansur and Paramasivam [29] found that the
first crack increase with increasing matrix grade (decreasing water cement ratio) and increasing
volume fraction of reinforcement. Lower matrix grade is more favorable with respect to cracking,
i.e. large number of cracks appear with smaller maximum and average crack widths. Higher
volume fraction of reinforcement provides more effective control of crack width. Desayi and Balaji
Rao [32] proposed a bilinear method to predict the first crack and deflections of ferrocement
elements at different stages. The computed cracking and deflections at working load level are
found to compare satisfactorily with experimental values of test specimens.
Shear
Mansur and Ong [33] investigated the behavior and strength of ferrocement in transverse
shear by conducting flexural tests on simply supported beams under two symmetrical point loads.
Thebeams were reinforced only with welded wire mesh, with the various layers of the mesh
lumped together at the top and bottom. Test results indicate that the diagonal cracking strength of
ferrocement increases as the span-to-depth ratio is decreased and volume fraction of
reinforcement, strength of mortar, and the amount of reinforcement near the compression face are
increased. Ferrocement beams are found to be susceptible to shear failure at small span-to-depth
ratios when volume fraction of reinforcement and strength of mortar are relatively high. In
general, however, shear failure is preceded by the attainment of flexural capacity.
Venkata Krishna and Basa Gouda [34] performed testing on ferrocement beams with
different volume fraction of reinforcement in transverse shear. It was found that the shear strength
depend upon strength of mortar, strength of wire mesh, volume fraction and shear span. Theoretical
expressions were developed for predicting the shear strength at first crack and collapse of ferroce-
ment beams with different type of wire meshes namely hexagonal, woven and welded. The
correlation between the experimental and predicted values was quite satisfactory.
Combined Bending and Axial Loads
Research on the behavior of ferrocement under combined bending and axial loads were
undertaken by Mansur and Paramasivam [35]. A further research by Mansur [36] is on the design of
ferrocement under combined bending and axial loads. Mansur and Paramasivam [35] found that
the conventional reinforced concrete analysis, with little modification, provides satisfactory predic-
tions of the bending-axial load interaction behavior. Test results indicate two distinct modes of
failure - primary compression and primary tension. The former type of failure occurs under
predominant axial loads, while the latter is caused by a moderate compressive load or tension. For
a particular eccentricity of the axial load, the number of cracks and the capacity of the section
increase with increasing volume fraction of reinforcement. Mansur [36] proposed a simple method
to predict the ultimate strength of ferrocement in combined loading applying the familiar rigid-
plastic concept. The rigid-plastic approach is found to be simple, provides good predictions of
the interaction relationship and suitable for the construction of design charts. It is satisfactory for
predicting the strength of ferrocement under combined bending and axial loads. To facilitate
design, non-dimensional charts can be developed for typical ferrocement sections.
Fracture Properties
In recent years, many attempts have been made to determine the fracture parameters which
characterize the fracture behavior of cementitious materials. Kaplan [37] was the first to apply
linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) to determine the fracture toughness of mortar and
concrete. Later attempts have been made to apply elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM)
concepts to characterize the fracture behavior of concrete and other cementitious materials.
Three extensions of LEFM into the elastic-plastic region have been applied to concrete and
fiber reinforced concrete, namely J-integral, critical crack opening displacement (COD) and
R-curve analysis.
392 Journal ofFerrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
Recently, Desayi and Ganesan [38, 39], Gonzales [40] and Sanguansing [41] carried out tests
on notched and double cantilever beams to study the fracture behavior of ferrocement using the
concept of EPFM. They studied the fracture behavior of ferrocement using I-integral and CODc
approaches. They studied the effect of different parameters such as: percentage of mesh reinforce-
ment and initial crack length [38, 39]; notch depth specimen size and percentage of mesh reinforce-
ment [40]; and specimen span length and wire mesh opening [41]. They found that the I-integral
and the crack opening displacement (COD) are suitable fracture criteria for ferrocement. CODc and
R-curves, however, are not suitable fracture criteria.
Fatigue Resistance
The fatigue strength of the wire, as tested in air, is the primary factor affecting fatigue of the
composite. Singh et al. [42] investigated the influence of the reinforcement on the fatigue
behavior of ferrocement. They conducted fatigue tests on ferrocement slabs with different types
of mesh reinforcement, studying the effect of the size of wire, galvanizing of the wire and placing
of wire mesh in layers to the fatigue strength of ferrocement. Samples of the wires were also
fatigue-tested in air and a relationship is developed between the fatigue strength of each type in
air and in the composite. It was found that the fatigue of the wire in air and in ferrocement are
related. Most fatigue failures occurred by fracture of the wires and the range of repeated stress in
the wires gave the greatest influence on the fatigue strength of ferrocement. Ramli [43] also
investigated the fatigue properties of ferrocement composite in a marine environment. The effect
of corrosion fatigue on ferrocement composite was considered with particular attention to fatigue
life cycles of the specimen and to cracking and deflection behavior.
Impact Resistance
Reports attesting the favorable characteristics of ferrocement in collisions involving boats with
each other or with rocks are numerous. The main attributes include resistance to disintegration,
localization of damage, and ease of repair. However, due to experimental complexity associated
with measurement of impact resistance, little quantitative or comparative data exist. Drop-impact
tests on panels indicate that the severity of cracking inflicted varies significantly with the type
of reinforcement, but the fundamental governing parameter are not yet established. Test using
ballistic pendulums to produce the impact, and flow of water through the specimen after testing to
assess the damage show that damage decreases as the strength and specific surface of the mesh
reinforcement increase. However, at present the available information is insufficient to indicate
what constitutes an optimal reinforcing system from the point of view of impact resistance. The
factors which influence first-crack strength such as the type, geometry, and specific surface of
the reinforcement are probably of primary importance.
Snyder [44] introduced a rational definition of impact resistance. He defined the critical
impact resistance as the single strike impact energy required to produce the critical damage
condition in the panel. The critical damage condition of any ferrocement boat hull is considered
to exist when the flow of water under two feet head leaks through the damaged area at the rate of six
gallons per hour. In the last five years Grabowski [45], Achyutha et al. [46] and Raisinghani et al.
[47] made studies on ferrocement under impact. Grabowski [45] performed numerous tests on
ferrocement subjected to impact loads by conducting drop impact test and Charpy impact test.
Achyutha et al. [46] studied the impact resistance of ferrocement slabs by assessing local
Joiunal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 393
damage, by measuring the dimensions of indention caused by impact of a truncated spherical

projectile on the slab. Raisinghani et al. [47] studied the response of ferrocement subjected to
explosive and detonation shock waves under water and in air.
Fire Resistance
A problem unique to ferrocement is potentially poor fire resistance because of the inherent
thinness of its structural form and the abnormally low cover given to the reinforcement. At
present, there is still limited information available on fire tests having been performed on ferroce-
ment.
Basunbul et al. [48] studied the fire resistance of ferrocement load bearing sandwich panels.
The fire resistance of the ferrocement wall was found to be encouraging for designers of ferroce-
ment buildings. Though the thin shell nature of ferrocement has raised questions about its fire
resistance, it was found that ferrocement retains much of the load bearing qualities of ordinary
reinforced concrete. Its heat transmission qualities are not as good as those of reinforced concrete
which would be just under four hours, but this latter consideration is more dependent on the mass of
the wall. Limited problems of spalling of the front face sheets occurred during the early portion of
the test but this spalling was not severe enough to cause serious structural damage during the
period in which the wall satisfied the ASTM E-119 performance criteria.
Creep
Swamy and Spanos [49] studied the creep behavior of ferrocement sections. Tests were
conducted on ferrocement slabs loaded at third points. The type and amount of mesh reinforce-
ment was varied, and both a cement and cement-fly ash matrix were used. Both creep recovery
and the residual flexural strength were determined. It was found that deflection could be a major
design criterion, and that it is the instantaneous rather than the time- dependent deflection that
dominates the behavior of ferrocement. The mesh reinforcement controlled both cracking and
slippage at cracks under sustained loading; cracking under sustained loading was not critical. The
total deformation recovery of ferrocement was about 65% of the total deformation.
DURABILITY AND CORROSION
Durability
When ferrocement is exposed to aggressive environment, its successful performance

depends to a great extent on its durability against the environment than on its strength properties.
The external causes may be physical, chemical or mechanical. They may be due to weathering,
occurrence of extreme temperatures, abrasion, electrolytic action, and attack by natural and
industrial liquids and gases. The extent of damage produced by these agents depends largely on
the quality of the mortar, although under extreme conditions any unprotected mortar will
deteriorate. The internal causes are the alkali-aggregate reaction, volume changes due to the
differences in thermal properties of aggregate and cement paste, and above all the permeability of
mortar. The permeability of mortar largely determines the vulnerability of the mortar to
external agencies, so that in order to be durable the mortar must be relatively impervious.
Although the measures required to insure durability in reinforced concrete also apply to
ferrocement, three other factors which affect durability are unique to ferrocement. First, the
cover is small and consequently it is relatively easy for corrosive liquids to reach the reinforcement.
Second, the surface area of the reinforcement is unusually high, so the area of contact over which
corrosion reactions can take place, and the resulting rate of corrosion, are potentially high. Third,
although many forms of reinforcement used in ferrocement are galvanized to prevent corrosion,
the zinc coating can have certain adverse effects from gas bubble generation. All three factors have
varying importance depending on the nature of the exposure condition. However, in spite of these
unique effects, there is no report of serious corrosion of ferrocement not associated with poor
plastering or poor matrix compaction. To insure adequate durability in most applications, a fully
compacted matrix is necessary. A protective coating may be also be desirable.
The causes of degradation of ferrocement which include the corrosion of the reinforcement
by aggressive external agents and the corrosion of the mortar or microconcrete by aggressions of
external and internal origin were studied by Paillere [50]. The prevention of any degradation
requires, during the design phase, the application of essential principles, viz., optimum compact-
ness, suitable cement proportion, galvanization of reinforcements, and suitable thickness of the
reinforcement covering.
Alexander [51] presented the factors affecting the durability of reinforced concrete, then
based on these, discussed the factors influencing the durability of ferrocement. This is due to
similar behaviors of reinforced concrete and ferrocement with regards to durability where they
differ only in the degree of protection provided by their assembly. The superior resistance of
ferrocement to invading acid ions and gaseous co2 is due to the use of galvanized steel, fine
grained well-graded sands, low water cement ratios, chemical neutralization by the alkalinity of
rich mortars, and to compaction which is readily obtained as a consequence of the reduced
mass of the ferrocement.
Hope and Ip [52] suggested that the pH is not affected by the chloride ion concentration.
However despite this experimental evidence, it is unlikely depassivation of the steel would occur
without a drop in pH. The strongly cathodic protection afforded by galvanized surfaces cauticizes
the wire environment precipitating chlorides as chloro-aluminate salts. These precipitates provide
some blocking of pores.
RILEM Committee 48-FC has undertaken a worldwide survey on durability and mainte-
nance of ferrocement structures [53]. The technical and general information obtained indicates
that ferrocemcnt is a construction material widely used all over the world for many applications.
The survey also confirm that durability of ferrocement seems to be very good particularly where
the fcrrocement elements have been correctly used according to the designers requirements.
Sri Ravindrarajah and Paramasivam [54] investigated the influence of weathering on ferroce-
ment. They reported the results of an investigation into the effects of drying and wetting cycles
using both fresh water and sea water, and of curing in 6% NaCl solution on the strength and
stiffness of ferrocement in direct tension and flexure. The results indicated that the ultimate
strength and stiffness of ferrocement were not affected within the duration of durability tests, i.e.
by 1000 cycles of drying and wetting and by 9 weeks of exposure in 6% NaCl solution.
Baseer et al. [55] described methods to evaluate strength, water permeability and abrasion of
the surface layer of the ferrocement, on site. It was found that due to a wide scatter in strength,
permeability and abrasion for the in situ specimens, testing control samples in the laboratory alone
is not sufficient to estimate the in situ properties. Strength test alone is inadequate to define the
surface durability.
Corrosion
Corrosion is the deterioration of metals or alloy due to interaction with its surroundings. The
most common example of corrosion is the rusting of steel. Corrosion is normally a fairly slow but
complex process; however, due to presence of certain conditions, it may occur very rapidly. Many
of these can occur in ferrocement and avoiding them is one of the biggest problem. All
ferrocement marine structures, by virtue of their marine environment are liable to corrosion
attack. The danger of corrosion is enhanced in ferrocement by the extreme thinness of the cover
of mortar over the steel reinforcement. The corrosion process is often difficult to recognize
until extensive deterioration has occurred. The severity of the attack on structure will depend
basically on how well it has been designed and built, the materials used and what happens to it
when in and out of use.
Bowen [56] found that a hull built of any material will corrode or otherwise deteriorate if it
is improperly constructed or if is not properly maintained. Ferrocement is no exception.
Experiences from repairing ferrocement boats in Hawaii [57] clearly illustrated the problem of
corrosion due to permanent pipe frames in ferrocement boats. When a pipe frame corrodes inside, it
often manifests itself through a crack on the inside of the hull. If these cracks do not weep rust, the
cracks may not be a corrosion related problem but due to concentration of stress which will cause the
plaster to crack.
S. Carlos Group [58] found that all those that experience critical corrosion problems also
exhibit construction faults, deeply carbonated mortar, and excessive contents of calcium chloride.
However, other constructions where calcium chloride was also used do not present problems.
According to Ioms [59], after 20 years of using ferrocement produced by shotcrete laminating
methods, it was found that a 3 mm cover will protect the mesh against corrosion and that several
layers of mesh will in tum protect anything inside it.
According to Chalisgaonkar [60] some factors which control the rate of corrosion under one
set of conditions play a very minor part under other conditions. Such variations in the factors
controlling corrosion account for the complexity of the corrosion problem. These factors are mix
design, cover, carbonation, chlorides, electrolysis, coating and others. Rengaswamy et al. [61]
investigated various surface coatings to concrete and steel based on inhibited cement slurry for a
cantilevered loaded type model slab and found three suitable schemes.
loms [62] used a mixture of galvanized and ungalvanized mesh in the construction of a
towboat. He observed that galvanized lath had been passivated by exposure to the weather or no
visible bubble formation was observed. Lukita et al. [63] investigated the corrosion of wire mesh
in ferrocement specimen subject to simulated corrosive environments. Test results reveal that if
galvanized wire mesh is used a mortar cover of 3 mm could provide sufficient protection for
ferrocement structure subjected to marine environment. For ungalvanized wire mesh 4 mm
mortar cover is required.
The use of galvanized mesh to increase protection against corrosion is common. However,
Paul and Pama [64] and others warn of the danger of generation of hydrogen gas which causes
an expansive pressure on the surrounding mortar creating gas-filled voids. These voids cause a
deterioration of bond between the mortar and the mesh and an increased possibility of corrosion
through voids. loms [65] recommends the passivation of the mortar by the addition of 20 parts per
million of chromium trioxide to the mixing water; other authorities suggest lower or higher dosage.
Rengaswamy et al. [66] investigated the usefulness of rebar potential measurement. Their
396 Jownal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
study included the influence of chloride ion concentration, moisture content, nature of cement
added and richness of the mix. They concluded that monitoring of reinforcement corrosion by
potential measurement is limited due to the influence of moisture content in concrete and the
tolerable limit for chloride is around 1,000 ppm by weight of concrete irrespective of strength of
concrete.
Kaushik et al. [67] also reported the long term corrosion performance of ferrocement structures
cast during the period from 1972 and 1987 and which were subjected to severe environmental
conditions of varying degrees. These structures have been continuously monitored for the incidence
of corrosion in the mesh reinforcement. Rengaswamy et al. [66], Chowdhury and Nimi-
tyongskul [68], Trikha et al. [69] and Kaushik et al. [67] investigated corrosion behavior of
ferrocement. Kaushik et al. [67] found that corrosion resistance of ferrocement elements 12 mm-
15 mm thick was excellent over a period of 14-15 years. Poor compaction and workmanship results
in microcracks in the structures increasing the corrosion rate appreciably. They recommended the
use of mechanical casting process, galvanized iron meshes, well graded sand for mortar, waterproof-
ing coatings and a minimum cover of 4 mm-5 mm for sound ferrocement structures.
FERROCEMENT FOR REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING OF STRUCTURES
Many old structures exist that still were built before any code provision was available or
even if available, proper utilization of the code was not made. Most of these structures are masonry,
usually constructed from brick or concrete blocks or in some cases stone. The problem becomes
more alarming if these structures are located in earthquake prone regions because in a seismic
event, the in-plane and out-of-plane horizontal loads resulting from the earthquake act on the
structure. But masonry structural components are solid planes which are designed primarily to
carry only the vertical loads within the structures. Therefore, they need strengthening to increase
their in-plane and out-of-plane shear capacity. Ferrocement has been employed for strengthening
structural elements like these. It has also found equal number of applications as a repair material,
in sewers, damaged beams, columns, etc.
In many repair or renovation program of civil engineering structures, ferrocement can be
suitably used as a repair or strengthening material due to several reasons [70]: (1) High levels
of performance in ductility, strength and other properties can be achieved even if quality control
is not up to standard; (2) Better cracking behavior; (3) Capability of improving some of the
mechanical properties of the treated structures; (4) Further modification or repair of
ferrocement treatment is not difficult; (5) Imposes little additional dead weight which
requires no adjusunent of the supporting structures; (6) Can withstand thermal changes very
efficiently; (7) Can achieve water proofing property without providing any surface treaunent; (8)
Can be used in repair program without any distortion or downgrading of the architectural concept
of the structure; and (9) Quite flexible for further modification.
Ferrocement has found tremendous applications for repair and strengthening of structures in
recent years. Recent researches were applied to walls, columns and beams in housing, sewers and
tunnels, boats, water tanks, swimming pools, concrete pavements and others.
Yuzugullu [71] investigated the use of ferrocement to increase the lateral resistance of
timber framed rural houses by means of thin ferrocement plates plastered on both faces. The test
results indicated the suitability of ferrocement in strengthening timber frames against lateral loads
such as earthquake, wind etc.
Ferrocement has also been applied for waterproofing and repairing leaking roofs in India.
Ferrocement was used for waterproofing the roof of Gandhi Bhawan Building in Chandigarh [72]
and Khatima Power House [73]. According to Markanda [72], ferrocement application on roofs cost
1.5 times lower than that of tarfelt treatment and at the same time would need lesser maintenance.
Strengthening and/or repair for masonry and concrete walls and columns were conducted by
Reinhorn et al. [74], Reinhorn and Prawel [75], Singh et al. [76], Balaguru [77] and Sharma and
Trikha [78]. Reinhorn et al. [74] and Reinhorn and Prawel [75] reported the suitability of a thin
ferrocement overlay as a seismic retrofit material for masonry walls.
Sharma and Trikha [78] recommended the use of ferrocement encasement for repair of fire
damaged concrete and masonry walls and columns while Singh et al. [76] reported the suitability
of ferrocement for strengthening brick masonry columns.
Balaguru [77] investigated the behavior of plain concrete cylinders confined in ferrocement
shells. He found that the wire mesh provided effective confinement, resulting in increase of
compressive strength and increase in ductility. The increase in the number of wire mesh resulted
in consistent increase in both strength and ductility.
The strengthening of reinforced concrete beams by encasing with ferrocement were studied
by Rosenthal and Bljuger [79], Lub and van Wanroij [80] and Anwar [81].
Rosenthal and Bljuger [79] investigated the flexural behavior of concrete beams encased in
ferrocement. They found that reinforced concrete beams encased in a ferrocement skin has shown
superior crack and strength performance compared to ordinary reinforced concrete beams. Lub
and van W anroij [80] strengthened existing beams in reinforced concrete building structures by
means of shotcrete-ferrocement. It was found that the wire mesh is fully effective and a monolithic
condition of the shotcrete layer and the original concrete beam is attained. The wire mesh was found
to act as excellent shear force reinforcement.
Anwar [81] investigated the use of ferrocement in the rehabilitation of beams. He studied
the effect of the amount of wire mesh and geometrical configuration of the ferrocement
encasement on the behavior of beams after rehabilitation. Encasement was done either at the
bottom only or on the three sides. It was found that rehabilitation of beams using ferrocement is
satisfactory and can be adopted practically.
Romualdi [82] discussed the application of ferrocement for infrastructure rehabilitation with
specific forms on relining of liquid containment structures, relining of tunnels and sewers and
rehabilitation of deteriorated structures and structures of insufficient seismic resistance.
Vickridge and Nedwell [83] have suggested design procedures for the ferrocement linings to be
used in repairing/rehabilitating existing sewers. Singh et al. [84] investigated the use of
ferrocement for renovating sewers. They performed an extensive theoretical, laboratory and field
testing programme undertaken in collaboration with the Water Research Engineering Centre
(U.K.) to help assess ferrocement and produce specifications and design procedures for in situ
coatings and precast linings for sewers. Attention was drawn to the need for type testing because
of the inadequacies of the mathematical methods for predicting crack widths. It was found that
the dominant criterion for design is steel stress related and not crack related. The system developed
has proved to be particularly adaptable for use in sewers with variations in alignment and cross
section. The conclusions drawn from the work have led to Ferro-Monk system being accepted and
classified as established system in ferrocement.
Paramasivam and Fwa [85] and Vasan et al. [86] investigated the use of ferrocement overlays
for repairing surface deteriorated concrete pavements. Paramasivam and Fwa [85] studied the
398 Journal o/Ferroceml!nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
flexural behavior of beams constructed with three types of overlays - plain cement mortar, steel
fiber mortar and ferrocement overlays. It was found that ferrocement overlays exhibited superior
flexural performance than plain cement mortar and fiber mortar overlays, regardless of the types
of bonding provided.
Vasan et al. [86] investigated the use of ferro-fibro concrete overlays in concrete pavement
resurfacing. It was found that steel fiber reinforced ferro-fibro concrete can be advantageously used
as an overlay material. Overlay constructed with the composite matrix exhibits a significant
reduction in stresses, deflections and crack widths. It also distributes the cracks over a large
surface with the result that severity of damage to the pavement is reduced and the cracks remain
tightly closed even after ultimate load stage. The performance of overlay can be further improved
by using optimum fiber contents up to 1.25% by volume.
APPLICATIONS
Housing Applications
Ferrocement has found widespread applications in housing particularly in roofs, floors, slabs
and walls. Some researches were also made on the use of ferrocement in beams and columns.
Ferrocement roofs investigated included shell roofs, folded plates and channel shaped roofs,
sandwich panels, box girders and secondary roofing. Ferrocement shell roofs have been investi-
gated by Parameswaran et al. [87], Lakshmipathy et al. [88], Espiritu [89]. Jagadish and
Radhakrisna [90] and Kaushik et al. [91 ]. Lakshmipathy et al. [88] have performed an experimen-
tal investigation on the development of precast ferrocement panels for easy generation of cylindri-
cal shell. The precast panel developed was rectangular and singly curved (a portion of a cylinder).
The experimental investigation showed that the precast ferrocement panel was able to withstand
the required load carrying capacity and the developed shape can conveniently generate cylindrical
shells.
Espiritu [89] developed an interactive microcomputer program for the design of prestressed
ferrocement cylindrical shell roof. The program can analyze symmetrical cylindrical shells
under uniform loading for the following simple span cases: single barrel shells without edge beams,
if L/R > 5 and interior shells of multiple system, if L/R >2.
Kaushik et al. [91] investigated the behavior of ferrocement cylindrical shell units as roofing
elements and found that they can be used as roofing elements for low cost housing and satisfy
Indian requirements of loading, deflections and crack width with economy.
Parameswaran et al. [87] investigated the behavior of ferrocement groin roofing for single
story structures under the action of uniformly distributed load. Finite element analysis of the shell
using the SAP-IV program was also developed. The experimental results showed the excellent
performance of the shell roof even under the action of a load nearly three times the normal service
load for which such shell roofs are designed.
Jagadish and Radhakrishna [90] investigated the suitability and effectiveness of using ferroce-
ment hyperbolic paraboloid shell roofing units for short spans of 4 m. The results of the
experimental investigation showed that they are adequate. For low cost housing with short spans
up to 5 m, it was also recommended that, ferrocement hyperbolic paraboloid shells with two layers
of chicken mesh is quite adequate.
Folded plates and channel shaped roofing elements were studied by Kalita et al. [92, 93], Desai
and Desai [94], Kaushik et al. [95], Desayi et al. [96] and Jagannath and Shekar [97].
Kalita et al. [92, 93] found from an experimental investigation on segmental shell and
trough-shaped ferrocement roofing elements that the strengths of the elements are structurally
acceptable and can be adopted for low cost housing. The segmental elements are also found to be
more economical than trough-shaped elements.
Desai and Desai [94] studied the behavior of ferrocement trough, corrugated and folded plate
type roofing sheets and concluded that folded plate type ferrocement sheets exhibit more stiffness;
failure occurs by yielding of wires first followed by progressive fracture of the chicken mesh; and
the cost is 15%-25% less than the asbestos corrugated sheets.
Kaushik et al. [95] performed an experimental investigation on folded plates of spans 3.0 m
and 5.0 m. The experimental results compared well with the theoretical results, and a load
factor of 1.5 is recommended for ferrocement folded plate roofs.
Based from the results of an experimental investigation by Jagannath and Chandra Shekar
[97], it was found that the L-pan ferrocement precast roof element is suitable for low cost housing.
It satisfies the requirement of strength, stiffness and economy apart from being light, easy to
prefabricate and erect. Cost saving of about 39% can be attained compared to conventional rein-
forced concrete roof and an addition of 2% GI fiber reinforcement would be sufficient for low cost
fibrous ferrocement elements.
Desayi et al. [96] performed a study on roofing of a shed of size 5.73 m x 4.28 m using
pretensioned trapezoidal-section ferrocement elements. The elements were designed to carry a
live load of 1.5 kN/m 2 over an effective span of 5.5 m. Lintel cum chaija units over door and
window openings were also designed in ferrocement and used.
Other elements investigated for roofing are sandwich panels [98], secondary roofing slabs
[99, 100] and box girders [101, 102].
For floors and structural slabs, different researchers have undertaken theoretical and experi-
mental investigations and has recommended the suitability of the following:
* Cored slabs [103, 104, 105, 106]
* Precast ferrocement and reinforced concrete composite [107, 108]
* Slabs/plates [109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114]
Researches on the application of fcrrocement to wall elements were done by Lee et al. [115],
Swamy and El-Abboud [116] and Yuzugullu [117]. The first two researches were on sandwich
wall panels and the third one on box wall elements.
Investigations on ferrocement columns were conducted by Rosenthal [118] and Chocka-
lingam et al. [119] while those on beams were conducted by Jiang [120] on T-beams, Desayi and
Ganesan [121] on I-joists, Desayi et al. [122] on prestressed T-beams, Desayi and Sudhakar Rao
[123] on beams with undulating flanges, and Al-Sulaimani and Ahmad [124] on I- and box beams.
Other Applications
Ferrocement applications to water resources structures are numerous. Ferrocement has been
used for:
* Water tanks [125, 126, 127].
* Canal linings [128, 129, 130].

* Aqueducts [131]
* Pipes [ 132, 133]
* Ferrocement gates [134]
* Culverts [135, 136]
Ferrocement has been widely accepted as suitable building material for biogas structures and
for marine applications, such as boats, ships, barges, pontoons, treatment plant ships, floating
docks, etc. This is specially evident in countries like China, New Zealand, U.S.S.R. and Southeast
Asia. Because of this wide acceptance and application of ferrocement in these applications, not
much research had been done.
However the use of ferrocement in other applications such as ferrocement wells [137],
swimming pools [138], and retaining walls [139] have also been reported.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The paradox associated with ferrocement is that it is both the oldest and newest form of
reinforced concrete, and therefore, research needs comprise those common to conventional
reinforced concrete and those peculiar to ferrocement. The researches presented in this
keynote address represent only part of the researches done and ongoing to understand better the
behavior of ferrocement.
Ferrocement has gained widespread use and acceptance, particularly in developing countries
and has already attained worldwide popularity in almost all kinds of applications: marine, housing,
water resources and sanitation, grain and water storage, biogas structures, and for repair and
strengthening of structures. Widespread use of ferrocement is evident in countries like China,
U.S.S.R., India, Cuba, Southeast Asia and others. There are several reasons for its widespread
use. On the construction side: It can be fabricated into almost any shape; Skill needed for the
construction can easily be acquired; Heavy plant and machinery is not required; and Easy to repair.
On the material side, ferrocement possesses a degree of toughness, ductility, durability,
strength and crack resistance that is considerably greater than that found in other forms of
concrete construction.
However, there are still areas of applications where ferrocement is not widely used. This
may be due to insufficient understanding on the behavior of ferrocement. Hence, more
researches still have to be done. Lack of design codes is also one of the reasons. ACI has just
completed the "Guide for the Design, Construction and Repair ofFerrocement" [140]. U.S.S.R. and
China already have codes on ferrocement. And in other countries like Brazil, India and Cuba,
committees are now formed to prepare a code or design guide on ferrocement.
Ferrocement is still not known in some places. Technology transfer and information dissemina-
tion activities should be intensified to promote ferrocement technology and its applications. The
International Ferrocement Information Center (IFIC) and several international, government and
non-government institutions worldwide are actively promoting the use of ferrocement. Training
courses, seminars, conferences, symposia, and others are being conducted to help in the promotion
of ferrocement, aside from publications and researches.
Some of the possible future areas of research include the following:

1. Studies on "special ferrocements" such as fibrous ferrocement, polymer ferrocement,
polymer-fibrous ferrocement, lightweight ferrocement, etc.
2. Reduction in the cost of ferrocement by using substitute materials and to suggest possible
combinations for cheaper ferrocements for an acceptable reduced life span, examining
the tradeoff of strength, stiffness and durability properties.
3. Studies on the application of fracture mechanics to cracking, crack propagation, fracture,
failure and damage of ferrocement.
4. Studies on the strength and deformation of ferrocement under different combinations/
conditions of loading to define the constitutive relations for use in the analysis of ferroce-
ment structures.
5. Effects of marine environment, sea waves, hydrostatic pressure, etc. on the strength
and durability of ferrocement in examining its application to offshore structures and as
a protecting cover to offshore structures.
6. Development of limit state design procedures for structural ferrocement elements.
7. Probabilistic analysis and design of ferrocement structural components, studies on safety,
reliability, risk of failure, etc. with respect to serviceability and rupture limit states.
8. Prestressed ferrocement elements to cover larger spans and spaces.
9. Development of standards for testing of ferrocement and for design of ferrocement
products.
10. Application of ferrocement as a strong/durable outercasing to cheaper/weaker core struc-
ture to obtain "composite-structure" of satisfactory performance.
11. Application of ferrocement to improve the resistance of the structures to seismic and blast
loads.
12. Application of ferrocement to strengthening, repair and rehabilitation of damaged struc-
tures.
13. Developments in the methods of manufacturing ferrocement units in a precast
factory suited to different capacities and investments.
14. Application of ferrocement to structures related to hydraulic, water supply, sanitary,
highway and airport pavement, marine and nuclear containment structures.
There are widespread research, development and application of ferrocement on different
directions. Ferrocement is already an accepted material for different constructions. And its use
is already evident not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. And due to
its widespread use, it became more important to prepare Codes and Design Guides to guide
researchers engineers and builders in their design and construction. Ferrocement has become
accepted widely, that in most applications, ferrocement structures were built by experience without
analysis and design. And most of the developments were not documented, particularly on the
builder/user level. The researches available, however, only represent part of the researches done
worldwide and spread of technology is through publications, seminars, training courses and,
through symposia. Organizations such as the International Ferrocement Information Center (Bang-
kok), SERC (India), ACI (U.S.A.) and others, have also helped a lot to spread the use of ferrocement
technology.
402 Journal of Ferrocem£nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
This keynote address only included some of the researches within the last 5 years. There are
actually more, both documented and non-documented, but it is not possible to cover all. But the
discussion here prove the many researches done on ferrocement and the future research thrusts on
ferrocement.
REFERENCES
1. ACI Committee 549. 1988. State-of-the-Art Report on Ferrocement. Detroit: American

Concrete Institute.
2. Walraven, J.C., and Spierenburg, S.E.J. 1985. Behaviour of ferrocement with chicken
wire mesh reinforcement. Journal of Ferrocement 15(1): 1-13.
3. Al-Rifaie, W.N., and Trikha, D.N. 1987. Experimental investigation of secondary
strength of ferrocement reinforced with hexagonal mesh. Journal of Ferrocement 17(3):
215-222.
4. Naarnan, A.E., and M.R. McCarthy, M.R. 1985. Efficiency of ferrocement reinforced
with hexagonal mesh. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferroce-
ment, 121-134. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
5. Al-Rifaie, W.N ., and Trikha, D.N. 1988. Effect of arrangement and orientation of hexago-
nal mesh on the behavior of two-way ferrocement slabs. In Proceedings of the Third
International Symposium on Ferrocement, 219-233. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
6. Paramasivam, P., and Sri Ravindrarajah, R. 1988. Effect of arrangements of reinforce-
ments on mechanical properties of ferrocement. ACI Structural Journal 85(1): 3-11.
7. Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; and Rahman, M.K. 1987. Efficiency of mesh overlaps of
ferrocement elements. Journal of Ferrocement 17(4): 329-336.
8. Nanni, A., and Hashim, S. 1988. Splicing of expanded metal mesh in ferrocement. In
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 66-73. Roorkee:
University of Roorkee.
9. Ballarin, A.W., and de Hanai, J.B. 1988. Mechanical properties of ferrocement reinforced
with large openings welded wire meshes. In Proceedings of the Third International Sym-
posium on Ferrocement, 29-36. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
10. Wang, K.M. 1985. Study on ferrocement with prestressed bars. Journal of Ferrocement
15(3): 235-246.
11. Chembi, A., and Nimityongskul, P. 1989. A bamboo reinforced cement water tank.
Journal ofFerrocement 19(1): 11-17.
12. Venkateshwarlu, D., and Raj, V. 1989. Development of bamboo based ferrocement roof-
ing elements for low cost housing. Journal of Ferrocement 19(4): 331-337.
13. Kanchanawong, S., and Konganan, S. 1988. Bamboo-cement boat. Journal of Ferroce-
ment 18(1): 13-16.
14. Choeypunt, C.; Nimityongskul, P.; and Robles-Austriaco, L. 1988. Rice hull ash cement
for ferrocement. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement,
43-51. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
15. Raj, V. 1988. Utilization of lime for improving durability of ferrocement. In Proceedings
JourNJJ of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 403
of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 153-158. Roorkee: University of

Roorkee.
16. Grabowski, J.; Jastrzebski, P.; Lutomirski, S.; and Wichniewics, S. 1985. Application of
Moire Method in the analysis of microcracking of ferrocement. In Proceedings of the
Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 271-280. Bangkok: International Fer-
rocement Information Center.
17. Seed, J.P.; Nedwell, P J.; and Vickridge, I.G. 1989. Accurate crack measurement in ferro-
cement. Journal ofFerrocement 19(1): 1-10.
18. Chowdhury, S.M.M.I. 1985. A Method for Predicting the Crack Strength ofFerrocement.
M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology.
19. Al-Noury, SJ., and Huq, S. 1988. Ferrocement in axial tension. Journal ofFerrocement
18(2): 111-137.
20. Nedwell, P.J., and Vickridge, LG. 1988. Crack Onset and Subsequent Behavior in
Reinforced and Plain Mortar and Ferrocement in Tension. Research Report, The Univer-
sity of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
21. Chen, X.B., and Zhao, G.F. 1988. The calculation of crack width in ferrocement under
axial tension. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 12-
20. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
22. Akhtaruzzaman, A.K.M., and Pama, R.P. 1988. Cracking behavior of ferrocement in
tension. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 1-11.
Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
23. Walkus, B.R. 1988. Short and long term behaviour of ferrocement subjected to uniaxial
tension. The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 10
(2): 125-128.
24. Desayi, P., and Balaji Rao, K. 1988. Probabilistic analysis of tensile strength of ferroce-
ment. The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 10(1):
15-25.
25. Desayi, P., and Reddy, V. 1985. Strength and behavior of lighweight ferrocement in
tension. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 61-73.
Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
26. Kameswara Rao, C.B., and Kamasundra Rao, A. 1986. Stress-strain curve in axial com-
pression and Poisson's ratio of ferrocement. Journal ofFerrocemen 16 (2): 117-128.
27. Kuczynski, W. 1985. Limit states of serviceability analysis of ferrocement flexural
members. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 247-
260. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
28. Naaman, A.E., and Homrich, J.R. 1986. Flexural design of ferrocement Computerized
evaluation and design aids. Journal of Ferrocement 16(2): 101-116.
29. Mansur, M.A., and Paramasivam, P. 1986. Cracking behavior and ultimate strength of
ferrocement in flexure. Journal ofFerrocement 16(4): 405-415.
30. Mansur, M.A. 1988. Ultimate strength design of ferrocement in flexure. Journal of
Ferrocement 18(4): 385-395.
31. Karunakar Rao, P., and Jagannadha Rao, V. 1988. Theory for computation of ultimate
moment in ferrocement structural elements in flexure. In Proceedings of the Third Inter-

national Symposium on Ferrocement, 83-89. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
32. Desayi, P., and Balaji Rao, K. 1988. Prediction of cracking and ultimate moments and
load-deflection behaviour of ferrocement elements. In Proceedings of the Third Interna-
tional Symposium on Ferrocement, 90-98. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
33. Mansur, M.A., and Ong, K.C.G. 1987. Shear strength of ferrocement beams. ACI Struc-
tural Journal 84(1): 10-17.
34. Venkata Krishna, H.V., and Basa Gouda, P. 1988. Some studies on the behaviour of
fcrrocement in shear. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium Ferrocement,
99-105. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
35. Mansur, M.A., and Paramasivam, P. 1985. Ferrocement under combined bending and
axial loads. International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 7(3):
151-158.
36. Mansur, M.A. 1987. Design of fcrrocement under combined bending and axial loads.
The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete 9(4): 229-
233.
37. Kaplan, M.F. 1961. Crack propagation and the fracture of concrete. Journal of the
American Concrete Institute, Proceedings 58(5): 591-610.
38. Desayi, P., and Ganesan, N. 1986. Fracture behaviour of ferrocement beams. Journal of
Structural Engineering 112(7): 1509-1525.
39. Desayi, P., and Ganesan, N. 1986. Fracture properties of ferrocement using double
cantiliver beam specimens. The International Journal of Cement Composites and Light-
weight Concrete 8(2): 121-132.
40. Gonzales, A.D.C. 1987. Fracture Properties of Ferrocement. M.Eng. Thesis, Asian Insti-
tute of Technology.
41. Sanguansing, S. 1988. Further Investigaton on the Fracture Properties of Ferrocement.
M.Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology.
42. Singh, G.; Bennett, E.W.; and Fakri, N.A. 1986. Influence of reinforcement on fatigue of
fcrrocement. The International Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete
8(3): 151-163.
43. Ramli, M. 1988. Fatigue strength of fcrrocement in a marine environment. Journal of
44. Snyder, P.G. 1973. The Impact Resistance of Modified Ferrocement Panels. M.S. Thesis,
Massachussetts Institute of Technology.
45. Grabowski, J. 1985. Ferrocement under impact loads. Journal ofFerrocement 15(4): 331-
341.
46. Achyutha, H.; Mathews, M.S.; and Srinivasa Rao, P. 1988. Assessment of impact
resistance of fcrrocement slabs. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium
Ferrocement, 359-361. Roorkce: University ofRoorkee.
47. Raisinghani, M.; Sai, A.S.R.; and Thomas, P.C. 1985. Blast load tests on ferrocement. In
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 35-45. Bangkok:
International Ferrocement Information Center.
48. Basunbul, I.A.; Nuh, S.M.; and Williamson, R.B. 1989. Fire resistance of fcrrocement
load bearing sandwich panels. Journal ofFerrocement 19(2): 109-123.
49. Swamy, R.N., and Spanos, H. 1985. Creep behaviour of ferrocement sections. In Pro-
ceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 103-118. Bangkok:
50. Paillere, A.M. 1985. Durability and repair of fcrrocement. In Proceedings of the Second
International Symposium on Ferrocement, 673-679. Bangkok: International Ferrocement
Information Center.
51. Alexander, D. 1989. Factors influencing the durability of ferrocement. Journal of Ferro-
cement 19(3): 215-222.
52. Hope, B.B., and Ip, A.K.C. 1987. Corrosion of steel in concrete made from slag cement.
ACI Materials Journal 84(6): .
53. Shah, S.P.; Lub, K.B.; and Ronzoni, E. 1985. A summary of ferrocement construction and
a survey of its durability. RILEM Committee 48-FC, Materiaux et Constructions 19(112):
297-321.
54. Sri Ravindrarajah, R., and Paramasivam, P. 1986. Influence of weathering on ferrocement
properties. Journal ofFerrocement 16(1): 1-11.
55. Baseer, P.A.M.; Lau, D.K.T.; Montgomery, F.R.; and Long, A.E. 1988. Determination of
surface durability of ferrocement on site. In Proceedings of the Third International
Symposium on Ferrocement, 134-141. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
56. Bowen, G.L. 1983. Corrosion and corrosion prevention in ferrocement hull. Journal of
57. Bowen, G.L. 1987. Some thoughts about corrosion and corrosion prevention in ferroce-
ment boat. In Ferrocement Corrosion: Proceedings of the Correspondence Symposium.
Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
58. S. Carlos Group. 1985. Steel corrosion of fcrrocement: Some notes about older construc-
tions in S. Carlos, Brazil. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on
Ferrocement, 607-619. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
59. Darwin, D.; Manning, D.G.; Hognestad, E.; Rice, P.F.; and Ghowrwal, A.Q. 1985.
Crackwidth, cover and corrosion. Concrete International: Design and Construction 7(5):
20-50.
60. Chalisgaonkar, R. 1987. Corrosion of steel in concrete and ferrocement. In Ferrocement
Corrosion: Proceedings of the Correspondence Symposium, 21-29. Bangkok: Interna-
tional Ferrocement Information Center.
61. Rengaswamy, N.S.; Srinivasan, S.; and Mohan, R.S. 1987. Evaluation of protective
coating for reinforced concrete. In Ferrocement Corrosion: Proceedings of the Correspon-
dence Symposium, 63-71. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
62. lams, M.E. 1987. Prevention of fcrrocement corrosion. In Ferrocement Corrosion: Pro-
ceedings of the Correspondence Symposium, 91-93. Bangkok: International Ferrocement
Information Center.
63. Lukita, H.; Robles-Austriaco, L.; and Nimityongskul, P. 1987. Corrosion behaviour of
wiremesh in fcrrocement. In Ferrocement Corrosion: Proceedings of the Correspondence
Symposium, 3-19. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
406 Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, Oclober 1990
64. Paul, B.K., and Pama, R.P. 1978. Ferrocement. Bangkok: International Ferrocement
Infonnation Center.
65. Iorns, M.E. 1984. Corrosion and corrosion prevention in ferrocement hull. Journal of
66. Rengaswamy, N.S.; Balasubramanian, T.M.; Saraswati, N.; and Sarawathi, R. 1987.
Monitoring of reinforcement corrosion by potential measurement In Ferrocement Corro-
sion: Proceedings of the Correspondence Symposium, 31-53. Bangkok: International
Ferrocement Infonnation Center.
67. Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; Tiwari, V.K.; and Shanna, P.C. 1988. Corrosion perfonn-
ance of ferrocement structures 1972-1987. In Proceedings of the Third International
Symposium on Ferrocement, 142-152. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
68. Chowdhury, S.M.M.I, and Nimityongskul, P. 1985. Some aspects on corrosion of
galvanized wire mesh in ferrocement under simulated adverse environments. In Proceed-
ings of the Second International Conference on Ferrocement, 669-670. Bangkok: Interna-
tional Ferrocement Infonnation Center.
69. Trikha, D.N.; Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; Tewari, T.K.; and Shanna, P.C. 1985. Studies
on corrosion behaviour of ferrocement structures. In Proceedings of the Second Interna-
tional Symposium on Ferrocement, 621-632. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Infor-
mation Center.
70. Chowdhury, S.M.M.I, and Robles-Austriaco, L. 1986. Ferrocement for repair and
strengthening of structures. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Concrete Technology
Conference '86, 20.1-20.15. Singapore: Institute for International Research.
71. Yuzugullu, 0. 1988. Ferrocement to increase the lateral resistance of timber framed rural
houses. Journal ofFerrocement 18(1): 35-39.
72. Markanda, P.C. 1985. Economics of ferrocement for waterproofing - A case study. In
International Ferrocement lnfonnation Center.
73. Ram, G., and Shanna, P.C. 1985. Ferrocement treatment for repairing leaking roof
gutters of Khatima Power House. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium
on Ferrocement, 665-671. Bangkok: International Ferrocement lnfonnation Center.
74. Reinhorn, A.M.; Prawel, S.P.; and Zi-He Jia. 1985. Experimental study of ferrocement as
a seismic retrofit material for masonry walls. Journal ofFerrocement 15(3): 247-260.
75. Reinhorn, A.M., and Prawel, S.P. 1985. Ferrocement for seismic retrofit of structures. In
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 157-172. Bangkok
International Ferrocement Infonnation Center.
76. Singh, K.K.; Kaushik, S.K.; and Prakash, A. 1988. Strengthening of brick masonry
columns by ferrocement. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Ferrocement, 306-313. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
77. Balaguru, P. 1988. Use of ferrocement for confinement of concrete. In Proceedings of the
Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 52-58. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
78. Shanna, P.C., and Trikha, D.N. 1988. Use of ferrocement for repair of fire damaged walls
and columns. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 580-
582. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
JourNJI of Ferrocem£n/: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 407
79. Rosenthal, I., and Bljuger, F. 1985. Bending behaviour of ferrocement-reinforced con-
crete composite. Journal ofFerrocement 15(1): 15-24.
80. Lub, K.B., and van Wanroij, M.C.G. 1988. Strengthening of reinforced concrete beams
with shotcrete-ferrocement. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Ferrocement, 477-485. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
81. Anwar, A.W. 1989. Rehabilitation of Structural Elements Using Ferrocement. M.Eng.
Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology.
82. Romualdi, J.P. 1987. Ferrocement for infrastructure rehabilitation. Concrete Interna-
tional: Design and Construction, 9(9): 24-28.
83. Vickridge, I., and Nedwell, P. 1988. The current and potential use of ferrocement as a
structural repair material. Structural Engineering Review (1): 173-178.
84. Singh, G.; Venn, A.B.; Ip, L.; and Xiong, G.J. 1989. Alternative material and design for
renovating man-entry sewers. In Proceedings, NO-DIG 89: 2.3.1-2.3.7.
85. Paramasivam, P., and Fwa, T.F. 1988. Ferrocement overlay for concrete pavement resur-
facing. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 453-460.
86. Vasan, R.M.; Godbole, P.N.; Kaushik, S.K.; and Goel, D.C. 1988. Performance evalu-
ation of ferro-fibro overlays. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Fcrrocement, 549-600. Roorkee: University of Roorkce.
87. Parameswaran, V.S.; Thandavamoonthy, T.S.; Balasubramanian, K.; and Mani, A.C.
1985. Ferrocement groin shell roofing for single storey structures. In Proceedings of the
Second International Symposium on Fcrrocement, 431-443. Bangkok: International Fer-
rocemcnt Information Center.
88. Lakshmipathy, M.; Kosalram, K.; and Ramakrishnan, S.S. 1985. A novel method of
generating cylindrical shells using precast ferrocement panels. In Proceedings of the
Second International Symposium on Ferroccment, 375-383. Bangkok: International
Ferroccmcnt Information Center.
89. Espiritu, E. 1987. An Interactive Microcomputer Program for the Design of Prestressed
Fcrroccmcnt Cylindrical Shell Roofs. M. Eng. Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology.
90. Jagadish, R., and Radhakrishna, K. 1988. Ferrocement hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof
clements - An experimental investigation. In Proceedings of the Third International
Symposium on Ferrocemcnt, 414-421. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
91. Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; and Mahendra Pal 1988. Investigation on ferrocement cylin-
drical shell roofs. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement,
537-543. Roorkcc: University ofRoorkee.
92. Kalita, U.C.; Nambiar, M.K.C.; Borthakur, B.C.; and Baruah, P. 1987. An investigation
on the strength of fcrroccment roofing elements for low-income housing. In Building
Materials for Low-Income Housing, 19-27. London: E. & F.N. Span Ltd.
93. Kalita, U.C.; Nambiar, M.K.C.; Borthakur, B.C.; and Baruah, P. 1985. Experimental
studies on ferroccmcnt roofing clements. In Proceedings of the Second International
Symposium on Ferroccmcnt, 405-413. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information
Center.
94. Desai, J.A., and Desai, M.D. 1988. Ferrocemcnt roofing elements for low cost housing.
In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fcrrocement, 422-429. Roorkcc:

University of Roorkce.
95. Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; and Singhal, A.K. 1988. Behaviour of ferrocement folded
plate roofs. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocemcnt, 335-
343. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
96. Desayi, P.; Nanjunda Rao, K.S.; and Reddy, V. 1988. Experimental roofing with pre-
tensioned fcrroccmcnt clements. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Ferrocement, 405-413. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
97. Jagannath, V., and Chandra Shckar, U. 1989. Precast L-pan roof clements for low cost
housing. Journal of Fcrroccmcnt 19(4): 353-361.
98. Basunbul, I.A.; Al-Sulaimani, G.J.; Saleem, M.; and Al-Mandi!, M.Y. 1988. Behaviour
of ferrocement roof panels. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Ferrocemcnt, 258-265. Roorkce: University of Roorkcc.
99. Prakhya, K.G.V.; Rahul, T.; and Adidam, S.R. 1988. Ferroccmcnt plates with lightweight
topping. Journal of Fcrrocemcnt 18(4): 405-411.
100. Lee, S.L.; Paramasivam, P.; Tam, C.T.; Ong, K.C.G.; and Tan, K.H. 1988. Fcrroccmcnt
secondary roofing slabs. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Fcrroccmcnt, 389-396. Roorkee: University of Roorkcc.
101. Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; and Sehgal, V.K. 1988. Performance evaluation of fcrrocc-
mcnt box girder clements for roofs and floors. Journal ofFcrroccmcnt, 18(4): 413- 420.
102.Sehgal, V .K.; Bhandari, N.M.; and Kaushik, S.K. 1988. Fcrroccment box girder clements
for roofs and floors. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Ferrocemcnt, 551-560. Roorkee: University of Roorkce.
103. Trikha, D.N.; Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; and Mini, S. 1985. Behavior of fcrroccmcnt
cored slabs. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Fcrroccmcnt, 135
143. Bangkok: International Fcrroccmcnt Information Center.
104. Kaushik, S.K.; Gupta, V.K.; Trikha, D.N.; and Mini, S. 1986. Investigations on fcrrocc-
ment cored slabs. Journal ofFcrroccmcnt 16(3): 227-237.
105. Aramraks, T. 1988. Prefabricated fcrroccmcnt slab. In Proceedings of the Third Interna-
tional Symposium on Fcrrocemcnt, 397-404. Roorkcc: University ofRoorkee.
106. Dcsayi, P., and Reddy, V. 1988. Pretensioned fcrroccmcnt floor clements of channel
cross-section. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fcrroccmcnt,
314-323. Roorkcc: nivcrsity of Roorkee.
107. Karunakar Rao, P., and Jagannadha Rao, V. 1987. Development and application of
precast fcrrocemcnt and concrete roofing/flooring system. In Proceedings of the First
International Conference on Materials, Science and Engineering, 6 pp. Versailles.
108. Tam, K.H., and Ong, K.C.G. 1989. Flexural shear behaviour of fcrrocement-steel com-
posite plates. In Proceedings of the Second East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural
Engineering and Construction, 131-136. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.
109. Raisinghani, M., and Sai, A.S.R. 1985. Experimental yield criterion for fcrrocemcnt
slabs. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Fcrroccmcnt, 179-194.
Bangkok: International Fcrroccmcnt Information Center.
110. Clarke, R.P., and Sharma, A.K. 1988. Anisotropic-laminated plate theory for fcrroccmcnt
slabs. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposiwn on Ferrocement, 243-250.

I I I. Kotsdawala, R.R.; Kaushik, S.K.; and Trikha, D.N. 1988. Performance of ferrocement
two-way restrained slabs. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on
Ferrocement, 362-368. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
112. Mansur, M.A., and Alwis, W.A.M. 1988. Strength of two-way ferrocement slabs
containing patch reinforcement. Journal of Ferrocement, 18(2): 139-151.
113. Lohtia, R.P., and Sarma, M.V.G.S. 1988. An experimental study of ferrocement slabs. In
114. Shanmugam, N.E., and Paramasivam, P. 1988. Ferrocement panels under in-plane and
lateral loading. In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement,
Roorkee, 274-281. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
115. Lee, S.L.; Mansur, M.A.; Paramasivam, P.; Ong, K.C.G.; and Tam, C.T. 1986. A study of
sandwich wall panel. Journal of Ferrocement 16(3): 295-313.
116. Swamy, R.N., and El-Abboud, M.I. 1988. Application of ferrocement concept to low cost
lightweight concrete sandwich panels. Journal of Ferrocement 18(3): 285-292.
117. Yuzugullu, 0. 1988. Behaviour of box shaped precast ferrocement wall elements under
compressive loading. Journal ofFerrocement 18(2): 101-110.
118. Rosenthal, I. 1986. Precast ferrocement columns. Journal of Ferrocement 16(3): 273-
284.
119. Chocklingam, S.; Raghunath, P.N.; Ramanathan, R.; and Kannappan, K. 1988. Strength
and failure modes of ferrocement columns. In Proceedings of the Third International
Symposium on Ferrocement, 344-351. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
120. Jiang, E.D. 1985. Cracking and deformation behaviour of T-beam with tensile ferroce-
ment flange. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement,
3-15. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
121. Desayi, P., and Ganesan, N. 1987. Prediction of spacing and maximum width of cracks in
ferrocement built-up I-joists. Journal of Ferrocement 17(2): 117-130.
122. Desayi, P.; Srinivasan, G.; and Chandra. D. 1986. Prestressed ferrocement T-shaped
elements. In Tenth International Congress of the FIP, 469-4 73. New Delhi: Institution of
Engineers (India).
123. Desayi, P., and Sudhakar Rao, L. 1986. Prestressed ferrocement beams with undulating
flanges. In Tenth International Congress of the FIP, 475-478. New Delhi: Institution
of Engineers (India).
124. Al-Sulaimani, G.J., and Ahmad, S.F. 1988. Deflection and flexural rigidity of ferroce-
ment I- and box-beams. Journal ofFerrocement 18(1): 1-12.
125. Lee, S.L.; Paramasivam, P.; Ong, K.C.G.; and Tan, K.H. 1987. Ferrocement cylindrical
tanks for rainwater collection in rural areas. In Proceedings of the Third International
Conference on Rain Water Cistern Systems, Cl2.l-Cl2.20. Khon Khaen: Khon Khaen
University.
126. Patel, J.K., and Sheth, M.M. 1988. Water tanks with ferrocement techniques. In Proceed-
410 Journal of Ferroce~nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, Oclober 1990
ings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 190-198. Roorkee: Univer-

sity of Roorkee.
127. Abang Abdulrahim, A.A.; Mohd. Razali, A.K.; and Sinin, H. 1989. Ferrocement techno-
logy for domestic water tank. In Proceedings of the Conference on Concrete Engineering
and Technology, VI-9-Vl-16. Shah Alam: Institut Teknologi Mara.
128. Nimityongskul, P., and Koentjoro, H. 1985. Application of ferrocement linings for
irrigation. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement, 325-
340. Bangkok: International Ferrocement lnfonnation Center.
129. Sekar, R.; Chokalingham, S.; and Sethunarayan, R. 1988. Ferrocement for canal lining.
In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 199-206. Roorkee:
130. Sudhindra, C.; Suri, S.B.; Varshney, J.P.; and Tewani, R. 1988. Tentative recommenda-
tions for ferrocement field channels of one cusec capacity. In Proceedings of the Third
International Symposium on Ferrocement, 181-189. Roorkee: University ofRoorkee.
131. Tang, T.; Li, S, and Zhao, G 1985. Cost analysis and operational performance of
ferrocement U-aqueducts. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on
Ferrocement, 559-564. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
132. Lee, T.S. 1989. Ferrocement pipes for subsurface drainage. Journal of Ferrocement 19
(1): 29-35.
133. Zhen, J., and Yan, C. 1985. Prestressed-self-stressing ferrocement high pressure pipe. In
International Ferrocement Infonnation Center.
134. Zhao, L.G., and Yuan, S.Q. 1988. Ferrocement gate with reversed hyperbolic flat shell.
In Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 251-257. Ro-
orkee: University of Roorkee.
135. Gschwind, C.A. 1985. Ferrocement folded arch culverts. In Proceedings of the Second
International Symposium on Ferrocement, 291-301. Bangkok: International Ferrocement
Infonnation Center.
136. Debs, M.K.E. 1988. Application of ferrocement in culverts construction. In Proceedings
of the Third International Symposium on Ferrocement, 529-536. Roorkee: University of
Roorkee.
137. Winter, SJ. 1988. Construction manual for a ferrocement well. United Nations Develop-
ment Programme. Eastern Caroline Islands: Appropriate Technology Enterprises.
138. Rivas, H.W. 1988. Ferrocement swimming pools. In Proceedings of the Third Interna-
tional Symposium on Ferrocement, 234-242. Roorkee: University of Roorkee.
139. Migliore, A.R. Jr., and de Hanai, J.B. 1988. Ferrocement precast retaining walls. In
140.ACI 549. 1988. Guide for the Design, Construction and Repair ofFerrocement. Detroit:
American Concrete Institute.
Iffi II Iffi IL II (Q) CGr JE&IFIBI II CC

ILII§T
This list includes a partial bibliography, with keywords, on ferrocement and related topics.
Reprints and reproductions, where copyright laws permit, are available at a nominal cost (see
page 484) by quoting the accession number and availability given at the top of each reference.
All information collected by IFIC are entered into a computerized database using CDS/ISIS.
Stored information can be retrieved using keywords, author names, titles, etc. Specialized searches are
performed on request.
101-RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Material Properties
3892 Mackiewicz, A.{1981. Wplyw Obciazen Dlugotrwalych NaZachowanieSie Siatkobe-

tonu Przy Rozciaganiu. 168 pp. Warsaw: Instytut Tcchniki Budowlanej.
experimentation I ferrocement I strength I tests
3864 Bin-Omar, A.R.; Abdel-Rahman, H.H.; Al-Sulaimani, G.J. {1989.

Nonlinear finite element analysis of flanged ferrocement beams. Computers and Structures 31(4):
581-590.
analysis I beams I ferrocement I finite element method !mathematical model
3872 Florentino, E.F.Ferrocement applications for low-income housing. In National Science

and Technology Week 1987, 26 pp.
construction I design I ferrocement I housing I low cost !mixing I properties
3916 Haynes, H.H.; Lawrence, F.K.; Stachiw, J.D.American Society of Civil Engineers.{Apr/
1971. Concrete Hulls for Undersea
Applications. Journal of Structural Division (514): 1283-1303.
concrete I domes(structuralforms) I hulls(structures) I offshore structures I shells(Structural Forms)
I Structural Engineering I Under water construction
Housing Applications
3932 Khaidukov, G.K. {197-. Development of armocement structures. Bulletin of the Infor-
mational Association for Shell Structures (36): 85-97.
ferrocement I roofs I shells (structural forms) I thin walled structures
412 Journal of Ferrocem£nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
General
3897 lorns, M.E. 19-. Ferrocement-Does this Material Have Real Promise for Commercial Use?.
5 pp.
boats I corrosion I durability I low cost I mesh I mortar lpozzolana I yatch I Ferrocement
China I Cuba I England I New 'Zealand I USA I USSR
3922 _ _ .19. Instructions for Building a Ferro-Cement Boat. 24 pp.

boats I construction I design I development I ferrocement !materials I mortar (material) I tests
3888 Edwards, D.; Keller, K. 1982. (A) Workshop Design for Rainwater Roof Catchment
Systems. 76+iii pp.: Bureau for Science and Technology (Health Office).
construction I design I documentation I ferrocement /reports I tanks (containers) I training I water
storage
3865 International Ferrocement Information Center (Bangkok, Thailand). 1987. Background

Paper for Her Royal Highness the Crown Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. 21 pp. Bangkok:
bins I boats I ferrocement I pontoons I roads I roofing /tanks (containers)
3866 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (Vienna, Austria). 1989. Non-de-
structive material testing. Advances in Materials Technology:Monitor, No.15, 118 pp. Vienna:
United Nation Industrial Development Organization.
ceramics I composite materials I heat I temperature !Nondestructive tests IX ray analysis
201-CONSTITUENT MATERIALS
Mortar Preparation and Plastering
3883 Odler, I.; Robler, M.1985. Investigations on therelationshipbetwecnporosity, structure

and strength of hydrated portland cement pastes - II. Effect of pore structure and degree of
hydration. Cement and Concrete Research 15: 401-410.
hydration I porosity I port/and cement pastes I strength !water cement ratio I Cement pastes
3890 McCarter, W.J.; Afshar, A.B. 1985. A study of the early hydration of Portland cement.
Proceeding of Institution of Civil Engineers, Part II 79(September): 585-604.
cement paste I hardening (material) I hydration I microstructure I port/and cements
3867 Foy, C.; Pigeon, M.; Banthia, N. {1988. Freeze-thaw a durability and deicer salt scaling
resistance of a 0.25 water-cement ratio concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 18(4): 604-614.
compressive strength I corrosion Ifreeze-thaw durability I salt water! scale (Corrosion) I test I water-
cement ratio
Substitute Materials for Mortar Preparation
3919 Cook, DJ.; Pama, R.P.; Darner, S.A. ( 1976. Rice husk ash as a pozzolanic material. In New
Horizons in Construction Materials, 431-442.
cement I chemical tests I pozzolans I rice husk ash I strength I strength I volume change Developing
Countries I Thailand
3877 Spence, R. 1987. (A) field guide to the use ofpozzolana as an alternative cement. Gate (2):
11-14.
cements I mixing I mixing I port/and cement I pozzolana I production
3862 Day, R.L.; Huizer, A.; Quinonez, J. 1989. Mortar and grout for masonry units produced from
natural pozzolanas. Housing Science 13(4): 283-289.
blocks I clays I low cost I masonry I mortar I pozzolana Bolivia I Canada I Guatemala
Admixtures
3935 Rohm & Hass Company (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.). 1967. Rhoplex E-330 Cement Mortar
Modifier. 7 pp. Pennsylvania: Rohm & Hass Company.
admixtures I freeze traw durability I mortar I physical properties
301-MARINE APPLICATIONS
Construction and Testing
3928 Brigham, R. 197-. Down to the Sea in Cement. 71-73.

construction I ferrocement I plastering I yachts
3931 Fyson, J.F.{1968. Ferrocement Construction for Fishing Vessels .. 8 pp. London: Food
and Agricultural Organization.
boats I construction I design I ferrocement I mixing I properties I ships
3933 Gardner, J. 1968. Ferrocement moves from backyard to shop - New methods are required in
production. National Fisherman (October): 2 pp.
barges I construction I fabrication I ferrocement
3902 Jay R. Benfordand Associates, Inc. (Washington, USA). 1971. Design and Services. 1-15.
Washington: Jay R. Benford and Associates, Inc ..
boats I construction I costs I design I ferrocement I ships I specifications
3869 Kerr, R.N. 1972. Requirements for the construction of ferrocement boats. Hull
Construction, 7 pp. Wellington: Marine Department.
applications I boats I coatings I construction I design I ferrocement I mixing I standards
3929 Withholz, C. 1972. 53' Ferrocement-Cruiser. 1 p.

cruiser I hulls (structures)
3925 Robertson, A. 1975. One man's plastering. News Bulletin (31): 4-5.
boats I ferrocement I plastering I scaffolds
Australia
3889 Mahati, L. 1978. Ferrocement dreams part 6. Sea Worthy Dreams 3(1): 39-44.
boats I construction I ferrocement I hull (structures) I plastering I schooners
3926 Bowen, G.L. 1984. Seven Years oflife aboard a ferrocement boat. Ferro-Cement Commu-
nique (1): 1-7.
boat I ferrocement I hulls (structures) I plastering
New Zealand
3907 New Zealand Ferro-Cement Marine Association, Inc. (Auckland, New Zealand).1985.
Materials, methods and maintenance. Ferro Cement Communique (2): 11-13.
boats I construction I maintenance I production methods I repairs
Feasibility Studies, Rules and Classification
3901 Mullins, A.F.J.1970. Power for small boats ... Massproduction canmeettheneed. Fishing
News International : 79-83.
advantages I applications I boats I ferrocement I ships I trawlers
Developing countries I Sri Lanka
Journal of Ferrocemen/: Vol. 20, No. 4, Oc/ober 1990 415
3927 Turner, J. 1979. Observations on ferrocement in the marine industry. Ship Boat Interna-
tional : 52-53.
boat I corrosion I ferrocement I hull (structures) I workability
Is ferrocement a proposition?. Ferro Cement Communique: 24-28.
advantages I boats I ferrocement I ships
General
3894 Ministerio De la Industria Pesquera (Havana, Cuba). 198-. Catalogo general de proyectos
construidos. 200 pp. Havana: Ministerio de la Industria Pesquera.
boats I properties I specifications I vessels
3903 Protacio, A.C. {1971. Ferrocement Boat Building.

applications I boats I construction I drawings I ferrocement I shipyards Philippines
3915 Hagenbach, T.M.Seacreted, Ltd. (Norfolk, UK). 1971. Top Seacrete. 4 pp.
advantages I boats I ferrocement I hulls (structures) I properties
3917 Fiber Steel (West Sacramento, California, USA). 1971. Fiber Steel Progress Report. 11 pp.
West Sacramento: Fiber Steel.
boats I hulls (Structures) I ships I Ferrocement I Yacht
3918 Food and Agricultural organization of the U.N. (Rome, Italy). 1973. Seminar on the
Design and construction ofFerro-CementFishing Vessels. FAO Fisheries Report, 27pp. Rome: FAO
boats I construction !fiber reinforced composites I steel structures I wooden structures I Ferrocement
Inspection of ferro boats before plastering. Ferro Cement Communique (2): 14-15.
boats I inspection I performance I quality control I standards
3909 New Zealand Ferro-Cement Marine Association, Inc. (Auckland, New Zealand). 1985.
Ferrocement in boat building. Ferro Cement Communique (2): 16-18.
applications I boats I construction I ferrocement I hulls I strength
3923 Southern Ports Shipbuilding Co., (Iran). Builders in Ferrocement, Corrosion and
Maintenance.
boats I construction I corrosion I design I fire resistance I impact I maintenance I Ferrocement
3924 Hammond, A. Feb/1972. Ferrocement Rachel and Ebenezer to be coasting schooner replica.
National Fisherman (Feb.): 3 pp.
boats I bulkheads I construction I ferrocement I schooners
401-TERRESTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Housing and Building
3878 _ _ . 198-. Description of Load Tests of Wall Panels. 7 pp.

analysis I compression I load (forces) I load tests I mesh I panels I stress I tests I walls
3879 Structural Engineering Research Center (Madras, India). 1980. Ferrocement service
core units. Journal of the Institution of Engineer (India) 30(3): 1 p.
construction I ferrocement I housing I mesh I mortars (Material) I walls India
3871 Yom-tov S.198? Ferrocement: wonderful building technology. Israel: 13-16.

applications I construction I ferrocement I housing I shells
3912 Multi Con (Wastington, USA). Multicon Construction System. 15 pp.

concrete constructions I concrete structures !ferrocement I roofs I shells (structuralforms) I structures
I Structural forms
Water Resources Structures
3891 National Economic and Social Development Board (Bangkok, Thailand). 198-. Manual
for the Construction of Cement Jar. 10 pp. Bangkok: National Economic and Social Development
Board.
construction I manuals I mortars (material) I production methods I water storage
Thailand.
3895 Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (Bangkok, Thailand). 1977.
Construction of Ferrocement Structure (Construction of Water Tank). 13 pp. Research: Thailand
Institute of Scientific and Technological Research.
construction I ferrocement I production methods I water tanks
Journal of Ferrocem£nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, Oclober 1990 417
3874 Development Information Center (Washington, DC., USA). 1982. Designing a household
cistern. Water for the World Technical Note, No. RWS. 5.D.1., 8pp. Washington: Development
Information Center.
design I ferrocement I specifications I tanks (containers) I water storage
3875 Development Information Center (Washington, D.C., USA). 1982. Constructing a

Household Cistern. Water for the World Technical Note, No. RWS. 5.C.1, ?pp. Washington:
Development Information Center.
construction I ferrocement I tanks I voids I water storage
3884 Bingham, A. 1984. Modular approach for Indonesia's national programme. World Water
(August): 31-32.
housing I water I water pipes I water supply Indonesia
3876 Webber, E.S. 1985. Rainwaterroof collection as a household water supply. In South Pacific
Regional Worshop on Housing, 1-7.
construction materials I design I roofing I water I water storage I water supply
3868 AIT Alumni Association (Thailand). 19-. Construction Manual of a Ferrocement Tank.
48 pp.: AIT ALumni Association (Thailand).
construction I costs I design I ferrocement I tanks
Miscellaneous Structures
3934 Arms,J.1972. The egg bed. Sunset(June): 134-135.

applications I construction I curing I ferrocement I shells (structural form)
3930 _ _ . 1979. Wire panel combines benefits of wood, concrete. California Builder & Engineer
(Nov.): 85-86.
concrete I panels I sound transmission I warehouses I wood I Prefabrication IFIC
Ferrocement as a sculptural material. Ferro Cement Communique (2): 9-10.
advantages I applications I ferrocement
3863 Singh, G.; Venn, A.B.; Ip Lilian 1989. Alternative material and design for renovating man-
entry sewers. No-Dig: 1-4.
applications I crack width I ferrocement I precast concrete I sewers I stress concentration
UK
Construction Techniques
3900 Fyson, J.F. 1970. Building a Sawn Frame Fishing Boat. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper
No. 96, 54+IV pp.
boat I construction I drawings I frames I ships I specifications
502-PROTECTION AND RELATED TOPICS
Coatings and Surface Treatment
3886 Singh, S.M.; George, J.{ 1984. Cement paints. Building Research Note, 3 pp. Roorkee:
Central Building Research Institute.
coatings I durability I finishes I paints I protective coatings
603-FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Natural and Organic Fiber Composites
3893 _ _ . 19-. Sisal-Cement Water Jar. 85-89.

construction I mortar I sisal fibers I water storage
3921 Sambell,R.A.S.;Bowen, D.H.; Philips, D.C.1972. Carbon fibre composites with ceramic
and glass matrices - Part I Discontinous fibres. Journal of Material Science (7): 663-675.
carbon fibers I ceramics I glass I properties
3873 Evans, B.1986. Understandingnaturalfiberconcreteitsapplicationas a building material.

44+ii pp. Rugby: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd ..
construction I durability I housing I installing I manufacturing I natural fibers I roofing I strength
I tests I toughness Srilanka
3881 Mwafongo, F.G.1987. Sisal-reinforced cement.Batiment IntemationalBuildingResearch

and Practice (CIB) 15(4): 241-242.
construction I housing I low cost I mixing I production I roofing I sisal fibers
Polymer Composites
3887 Ohama, Y .; Moriwaki, T.; Notoya, K. 1984. Accelerated Carbonation of polymer-modified

mortars by carbon dioxide pressuring method. CAJ Review: 288-291.
experimentation I mix design I mortars (material) I Carbonation I Polymer
38% Choy, C.L. (ed)1984. High Modulus Polymers and Composites. 395 pp. Hong Kong: The
Chinese University Press.
composite materials I composites I creep properties I fatique (materials I fiber reinforced I
mechanical properties I modulus of elasticity I polymers I strength I toughness
Journal of Ferroceml!nt: Vol. 20, No. 4, .October 1990 419
General
3882 Balaguru, P.N.; Shah, S.P. {1985. Alternative reinforcing materials for less developed
countries. International Journal for Development Technology 3: 87-105.
bagasse I bamboo I bending I bonding I coconut fibers I columns (supports) I compression I
ferrocement I housing I jute fibers I low cost I natural fibers I properties I sisal fiber I slabs I tension
Africa I Australia I China I Developing Countries I Europe I India I Philippines I Thailand
3885 Ji, Xing; Liu, Xi-Rui; Chou, Tsu-Wei 1985. Dynamic stress concentration factors in
unidirectional composites. Journal of Composite Materials 19(May): 269-275.
dynamic characteristics I fiber reinforced composites I numerical analysis I stress concentration
3899 _ _ . 1987. Fibermesh - a plastic solution. New Zealand Concrete Construction 31: 21-24.
bleeding (concrete) I crack initiation I toughness I Fiber reinforced composites
New Zealand
701-GENERAL
State-of-the-Art Studies
3937 ACI Committe 549. 198-. State-of-the-Art Report on Ferrocement. 90+iii pp. Detroit:
ACI
construction materials I crack spacing I crack width I ferrocement I impact I mechanical properties
Technology Transfer
3870 Robles-Austriaco, L.; Pama. R.P. 1981. Technological transfer - Demand, transfer,
diffussion: The case for construction materials. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Technological Tranfer - Demand, Transfer, Diffusion, 1-22.
applications I construction materials I ferrocement I prestressed concrete I technology transfer
3936 Nimityongskul, P.; Choeypunt, C.; Karasudhi, P.{ 1981. Ferrocement Field Evaluation
Survey in Indonesia. 57+iii pp. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.
applications I ferrocement I surveys I technology transfer I trainings
Indonesia
800-Related Materials
3911 Portland Cement Association (Chicago, USA). 1951. Concrete Grain Storages for the
Farm. 16 pp.: Portland Cement Association.
bins I concrete structions I grain storage I silos
3914 Portland Cement Association (Illinois, USA). 1965. Handbook for Concrete Fruit and Vege-
table Storages. 13 pp. Illinois: Portland Cement Association.
concrete I construction I food storage I panels I roofs
3913 Portland Cement Association (Illinois, USA). 1970. Design and Construction of Concrete
Feedlots. 8 pp. Illinois: Portland Cement Association.
concrete I construction I design I pavements I slabs
3880 Kanok-Nukukhai, W.; Karasudhi, P.; Nishino, F.; Brotton, D.M.Advances and practice
in East Asia and the Pacific. In Proceedings of the First East Asian Conference on Structural
Engineering and Construction. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.
bridges I buildings I computer programs I computers I concrete I construction I construction
methods I design I ductility I foundations I reinforced concrete I stability I strength
4084 Ellen, P .E. 1985. Concrete mix design - Basic philosophy. Lecture Notes, Short Course on
Design and Construction of Ferrocement Structures, 207-241. Bangkok: International Ferrocement
Information Center.
concrete I mix design I water cement ratio I micro cracks
4085 Roeder, T. 1990. Update on admixtures. Concrete Quarterly (Autum): 10-11.

additives I concretes I mortars (materials) I superplasticizers I retardants
4086 A pens, J. 19-. Binders, Alternative to Portland Cement. Lou vain: ATOL.
port/and cements I cements I materials
4087 International Ferroccment Information Center. 1990. Ferrocement Floating House Project,
Executive Summary. Bangkok: International Ferrocement Information Center.
housing I ferrocement I construction I /owcost
Journal of Ferroceffll!nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 421
INFC and IFIC Databases
The INFC and IFIC databases will save your time and effort in finding current information on
ferrocement and related construction materials. These databases are created and maintained by the
International Ferrocement Information Center (IFIC), Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok,
Thailand using UNESCO's Computerized Documentation Service/Integrated Set of Information
Systems (CDS/ISIS).
The highly specialized construction materials included in the databases are directed to answer
the needs of the low-income people in the developing countries. They cover ferrocement, the
form of reinforced concrete which uses hydraulic cement mortar, and closely spaced layers of
continuous and relatively small diameter wire mesh reinforcements; and related construction
materials, such as steel fiber composites, bamboo fiber composites, natural and organic fiber
composites, and polymer composites.
IFIC regularly reviews over 100 journals, magazines, newsletters, digests and bulletins, in
addition to numerous monographs, reports, conference proceedings, theses, and materials supplied
directly by ferrocement builders and researchers. From these publications, articles on ferrocement
and related construction materials are identified, abstracted, indexed, and entered into the
bibliographic databases.
Each record contains primary information: author, title, source, abstract and keywords; and
secondary information: availability, date, language and type of publication.
INFC and IFIC databases contain over 3,500 records and these are expanding at the rate of
300 records per year. From these records, IFIC provides computerized bibliographic search
services for requests on particular aspects of ferrocement technology and related materials at the
following rates:
Subscriber: US$40.00 per contact hour

US$ 10.00 up to 50 references
US$ 0.07 for each additional reference above 50
Non-Subscriber: US$ 60.00 per contact hour
US$15.00 up to 50 references
US$ 0.10 for each additional reference above 50
Precise description must accompany requests for search service so as to minimize costs.
Requests (particularly for letter and telex requests) must include the following: (a) brief but clear
summary of the research topic; (b) list of keywords and synonyms; (c) expected number of
references; (d) cost limitations; (e) output specifications (date and language restrictions); and
(f) degree of urgency of the request. The search print out contains a list of references, which may
include abstracts if requested.
Materials listed in the bibliographic search print out are available from IFIC, but subject to
copyright restrictions. By quoting the accession number given at the top of each reference,
photocopies and/or microfiches of any document can be ordered at the rates given in page 446.
JourNJJ of FtrroctrMnt: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 423
THE SECOND FIN COORDINATORS

WORKSHOP AND STUDY-VISIT
The Second Ferrocement Infonnation Net-

work (FIN) Coordinators Workshop and
Study-visit was held 9-15 September 1990 in
Indonesia and was sponsored by the Interna-
tional Development Research Centre (IDRC)
Canada. The host was the FIN (Indonesia) based
at the Development Technology Center (DTC),
Research Institute, Institut Teknologi Bandung
(ITB). The participants al the Citanduy secoodary canal obsetving
The participants were Lilia Robles-Austri- the cons1ruction of a ferrocement aqueducL
aco, FIN international coordinator; Professor The participants visited the projects of ITB and
Abang Abdullah Abang Ali, national coordinator held discussions in Bandung, Citanduy and
FIN (Malaysia); Professor D.N. Trikha, national Lampung Indonesia. In Bandung, the partici-
coordinator FIN (India); Engr. Edgardo Santi- pants were briefed by Dr. Bambang Bintoro
banez, representative FIN (Philippines); Ir. An- Soedjito, director, Development Technology
shori Djausal, Ir. Oemar Handojo, Ir. Anna R. Center (DTC) on the objectives and outreach ac-
Gani and Dr. Puri Tamin, coordinators FIN tivities of DTC-ITB. Problems of technology
(Indonesia). transfer in Indonesia and their solutions were dis-
The Workshop and Study-Visit included cussed. Ir. Oemar Handojo, DTC-ITB, presented
five days of discussions and visits to project sites. the ferrocement activities of DTC-ITB with em-
The first ferrocemenl boat constructed al ITB in 1977 e.xhi~ Ferrocemenl Mural, the main gale of the Indonesia Mini-
iu no corrosion and structural defecu. atu~ Parle.
424 JowNJJ ofFt"oceme/IJ: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
At the FIN (Indonesia) office.
phasis on activities of FIN (Indonesia). In Citan-

duy, the participants had discussion with Ir. Susilo
Soekardi, head of project. Citanduy Project.
The panicipanu in lhe Masjid Jun. Nurul Falah. Water Directorate, Water Resources Directorate
General, Department of Public Works and his
team of engineers. Citanduy project manage-
T, ment has collaborated with FIN (Indonesia) in or-
" . ganizing the end-users training held 11-22 June
'..'.!'~ ~1 111"
-- -
1990. Currently, five aqueducts and five foot-
·o· . bridges for the secondary canal and 4km ferroce-
mcnt canal lining for tertiary canal arc being con-
structed in the project. In Larnpung, Sumatra, the
participants had discussion with Mr. Alhusniduki
Hamim, rector of the Universitas Lampung and
Mr. Akum Ginting, the manager of the Associa-
tion Indonesia Coffee Exporter (AICE) about
their experiences with ferrocement. The Univer-
Due1mion wilh Mr. Alhumi~ Hunirn, rector, Univeni- sitas Lampung is strengthening its faculty exper-
1a1 Lampung. tise on ferrocement through training and short
A ride in "Ganesh&" a fenocement fishing boll. The tidal gate at Lampl.Rig Shrimp fann.
JOllTlllJi of Ftmx:tmenJ: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 425
courses.
The participants were impressed by the vari-
ety of projects and the effectiveness of the trans-
fer of technology.
Among the recommendations of the partici-
pants were:
- Preparation ofa methodology for end users
training; a primer for decision makers; and audio-
visual material.
- Three layer approach Lo technology trans-
fer.
- Establishment of local national standards
on ferrocemenL for the Optimisation of Prestrenssed Concrete
- Standardize management structure for all Box Girder Bridges."
national nodes. Engr. Gregorio T. Estrada, (above) regional
technical director, Environment and Protected
Areas Service, Department of Environment and
VISITORS AT IFIC Natural Resources, Region XI, Davao City. Phil-
ippine, visited IFIC and discussed fcrrocemcnt
Dr. K. Ghavami (below lefl) is a professorof applications for his projects.
Civil Engineering at the Pontificia Universidade Mr. Hans Hcijnen (below) senior informa-
Catolica do Rio de Janeirio and resource person tion officer of the International Reference Centre
of the IFIC Reference Center at the University. for Community Water Supply and Sanitation
He auended an IDRC Meeting in Singapore and (IRC), the Hague, the Netherlands, visited IFIC
visited AIT on 17 September 1990. He con- recently. For the last seven years, he was as-
ducted a Seminar on Non-Conventional Con- signed to Nepal and Sri Lanka as project manager
struction Materials. of water supply and sanitation projects. During
Dr. D.N. Trikha (below right) is a professor this tenure, he successfully addressed informa-
and Head of the Department ofCivil Engineering tion issues as they arose at the project level by es-
at the University of Rookee, India. Dr. Trikha is tablishing and maintaining an extensive project
also editorial board member of the Journal of library on appropriate levels of rural water supply
Ferrocement and co-coordinator of the Fcrroce- and sanitation, by encouraging the publication of
ment Information Network (FIN) India. technical manuals on vernacular and by enabling
Dr. Trikha conducted a seminar on 18 Sep- the introduction and applications of new ideas
tember 1990on "lntegratedFEM-SLPApproach such as the use of ferrocement.
426 JourNJ/ of Ft"ocemen.1: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
AUSTRALIA gate, all without downgrading the environment

The gases produced are combusled inter-
Waste Materials into Aggregates nally and only cleaned, cooled gases are re-
leased into the abnosphere.
A new Australian process called "Neu- Called 'Neutralite', the aggregate is said to
tralysis" turns garbage into ceramic rock aggre- give the building industry superior engineering,
gate with some interesting properties. Garbage acoustic and thermal insulation properties over
is a primary source. The dream of conservation- conventional aggregate, along with savings in
ists and idealists and the fervent hope of belea- handling and construction costs.
guered municipal authorities the world over. Because the recycling plants are ideally
Swamped with millions of tonnes of dcr siled within urban areas and because of the
mestic and industrial waste annually, the world lightweight of the aggregate, transportation
is running out of places to dump the refuse of costs are lower. As an example, the weight of a
civilization. Ecological and environmental con- standard concrete building block, can be re-
cerns have virtually stopped swamp and fore- duced by a third when manufactured using Neu-
shore reclamation and traditional dumps are fast tralite.
filling with no viable replacements available. Sydney-based concrete technologist, Mick
The ideal answer to this worldwide prob- Ryan, said there is a growing need in built-up
lem would be one which not only disposed of areas to reduce the dead-weight of building
garbage economically, but one which produced components to make them easier to transport
a saleable end product Just such a solution was and erect At the same time, these lightweight
announced recently in Queensland, with not just structures can be built with a fire resistance at
one, but three saleable end products and it has least the equal of conventional material.
authorities all over the world clamouring for the Neutralysis Industries general manager ,
right to use the technology. Peter Thorley, said that the response from local
Called Neutralysis, the patenled process is government instrumentalities and entrepreneurs
no theory. The system, which has been devel- Crom all over the world has been very strong
oped to an advanced state, is being proven since the project was officially announced.
through a pilot plant operating in the Brisbane Thorley said trade displays at the Hanover
suburb of Rocklea. Technology Fair in West Germany and the Chi-
The process produces scrap metal which is cago International Waste Expo in the US had
separated from raw garbage, while surplus en- generated considerable interest.
ergy from the plant can be used for steam or The company, currently negotiating the
electricity generation. But the most important possibility of licence agreements in the United
feature of the plant is its production of a light- Kingdom, has opened an office in the US.
weight, inert, ceramic aggregate. According to Thorley, many enquiries
The recipe consists of one tonne of solid were from people that are not just interested in
waste as it comes from household rubbish bins, the profits the system will be able to generate,
mixed with one tonne of clay and 300 litres of but also in terms of the environmental solutions
liquid waste. These are fired in a rotary kiln at that it offers.
temperatures of up to 1200'C, with the waste For further information: Neutralysis In-
itself used as fuel.
dustries Pty Ltd, 2 Leeds Street. RockJea, Q/d
This produces l .3t of ceramic rock aggre- 4106. Ph (07) 274 1277. FAX (07) 2741174.
Journal of Fe"ocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 427
INDIA Stagewise Ferrocement Flooring Slab System

(SWF)
Ferrocement Boat Construction Workshop in
India The Academy of Development Science
(ADS), an organii:ation working in use of ferro-
A national workshop on ferrocement boat cement in housing, in collolaboration with Mr.
construction was held in Vizakhapatnam, India's Hemant Vaidya, has introduced a new stage wire
main fishing port on the east coast between 15 ferrocement flooring slab system recently.
and 20 March 1990. The workshop was organ- As the name suggests it is precast "compo-
ized by the Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical nents in parts" of sizes which can be easily
and Engineering Training (CIFNE1) in associa- handled and prefabricated. Following prefabri-
tion with FAO, and was predominantly attended cation, the components are later connected so that
by representatives of the private sector fishery the whole assembly acts as a single unit. The
industry associations including fishermen, boat primary benefits of SWF slab system are quick
owners and boat builders. construction compared with conventional rein-
There is a growing appreciation of the ur- forced concrete construction.
gent requirement for alternative boatbuilding The system has been successfully used in
materials to timber in India due to an awareness the construction of the building of the Academy
of the need, not only to protect the environment, of Development Science but its intended applica-
but also to sustain the fishing fleet catching tion is in rural housing schemes.
capacity. In India timber costs have increased
For more details contact:
dramatically since the 1970's.
Mr. Hemant V. Vaidya
The nature and suitability of ferrocement Anushree, S. No.40110
was illustrated by practical construction and Near Paud Phata
repair demonstrations together with films and Erandawana {i,e 411 038
lectures featuring the construction and subse- India
quent operation of three ferrocement vessels
constructed in south India by CIFNET with F AO
technical assistance. The workshop laid empha- National Course on "Low Cost Building
sis on the requirement for experienced supervi- Materials and Construction Techniques"
sion, good quality materials and adequate facili-
ties, and attempted to dispel the notion that ferro- Structural Engineering Research Centre
cement is a "do-it-yourself' technology. (SERC) organized a national course on "Low
The workshop concluded with requests and Cost materials and construction techniques"
recommendations that the technology should from 20-23 August 1990 at SERC, Ghaziabad in
now be transferred to the commercial sector, and collaboration with Central Building Research
that to assist acceptances financial incentives Institute, Roorkee. Discussion on ferrocement
should be made available to purchasers of fishing covered the various aspects in great detail. The
vessels constructed of alternative materials to 40 participants consist of engineers, technicians,
timber. and volunteers. An exhibition was also organ-
(Informationfrom Mr. J.M. Turner, Fishery ized in which Central Building Research Insti-
Industry Officer (Vessels), UN-FAO, Rome, It- tute, Centre Road Research Institute, and Struc-
aly). tural Engineering Research Centre participated.
A large number of engineers and technicians
428 Jo11Tnal of Fe"ocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
visited the exhibition. Ferrocement covered the zation. Copies of this video can be purchased
largest floor area in the display. IFIC publications from: Duffill Watts & King, PO Box 5269,
were displayed in a separate section and IFIC Dunedin, New 'Zealand. Phone 777-133.
activities were explained to the visitors. (Source: Hudson, K.C. 1990. Pavements
(Information from Mr. P.C. Sharma, Scien- Engineer, Cement & Concrete Association)
tist, SERC Ghaziabad, /ndia).
Diamond Wire Saw - The In-depth Solution
NEW ZEALAND As a cost-effective means of deep cutting in

concrete, the diamond wire saw seems all set to
Cement/Lime Stabilization repeat the success it achieved within the stone
industry. With UK construction applications
Examples of stabilized pavements in New clearly on the increase, "Industrial Diamond
Zealand date back over half a century. The Review" recently looked at examples and at the
success of early projects, together with the assis- growing technology behind the wire itself.
tance of the Road Research Unit (RRU) and The success achieved in this direction by
Robin Dunlop in the 1970's has lead to todays Belgium-based Diamant Board is no longer
situation where stabilization is common practice. news. But what is significant is the wire saw's
In New Zealand today there is a lot of usage growth within the construction, building
experience with stabilization for sealed and un- and civil engineering industries.
sealed roads, industrial areas, and in particular (Industrial Diamond Review).
experience with insitu stabilization for road
pavement rehabilitation. These stabilized pave-
Correspondence Course
ments have performed very successfully from
both the economic and technical points of view.
The Cement and Concrete Association of
A questionnaire initiated by the Pavements New Zealand (NZ) continues to offer a corre-
Committee of the RRU showed many Roading spondence course on Concrete Construction and
Authorities felt that there was a need for further Technology.
training in stabilization. Based on this result the
The Course is in two parts (General Prin-
Committee commissioned an Engineering Con-
ciples and Practical Applications) and is based on
sultant to arrange a New Zealand wide series of
the City and Guilds of London Institute (CGLI)
stabilization workshops.
Course. The CGLI examinations can be taken in
The main presenter at these workshops was New Zealand, leading to the award of a widely
Laurie McDonald, then of Cook County. Other recognized certificate throughout the western
presenters included Bruce Simmons (Fulton world.
Hogan) Dennis Todd (Palmerston North City),
Each part of the course consists of 36 lec-
Peter Rolls (McDonalds Lime), Keith Willis
tures, supported by technical bulletins and a
(Duffill Watts & King), and Ken Hudson (Ce-
number of extracts from relevant NZ Standards.
mentand Concrete Association). The workshops
The material is issued over a nine month period,
proved very popular; typically attendances were
commencing in July, and each lesson contains a
around 40-50 people, but over 100 people at-
summary, self test assignment and a written as-
tended at Takapuna.
signment to be sent to the C&CA for marking.
As part of these workshops, Duffill Watts &
Applications are now open for the current
King produced (on behalf ofRTEC and theRRU)
year. The fee for each part of the Course if $
a training video on Cement and/or Lime Stabili-
450.00 including GST.
Further information and application forms greater understanding and knowledge of all as-
are available from the C&CA, Private Bag, pects of structural and architectural concrete.
Porirua, New 'Zealand. Entries must be of projects substantially
completed within the last two years. For the
The Joint For Quality Floors Concrete Award they should illustrate a signifi-
cant achievement in the advancement of concrete
practice in design, research, construction or
The weakest part of concrete floors are the
rehabilitation of any work.
joints. The joints are often submitted to high
repetitive loads and stresses causing damage and In respect of the Prestressed Concrete
high maintenance costs. Award, entries should be of projects in which
prestressed concrete fulfils a major role in its
1REMIX have developed a precastconcrete
structural performance and/or visual appeal.
joint that solves many of the problems that design
engineers and owners face today. The 1REMIX All entries accepted for judging in the
TreForm Rail is cast into the floor. The high Awards will be published in the October issue of
strength concrete joint minimises the risk of the journal of New Zealand Concrete Construc-
damage to the finished floor. tion. This will give projects and those associated
with them wide publicity throughout New Zeal-
The 1REMEX TreForm allows production
and and also in many overseas countries.
of finished floors that have high flatness toler-
ances. The TreForm acts as a screed rail which is Entry forms and rules for the Award are
levelled to the finished floor surface. The Tre- available from the NZCS, PO Box 17-268
Form replaces conventional wood and steel Wellington, New 'Zealand.
forms and end stops.
1REMIX TreForm rails are an integral part Robots Assist With Beam Assembly
of the 1REMIX system of laying high quality
concrete floors. The full method involved dewa- Taisei Corporation of Tokyo has developed
tering concrete by the vacuum process, thereby a robot for automatically assembling beam rein-
reducing excess water and decreasing the water/ forcing bars for reinforced concrete buildings
cement ratio known as the TRFR-01 (Taisei Reinforcingbar
For further information Fabricating Robot).
Ready Mixed Concrete Ltd. When the robot was used to make 1000
PO Box 282, Hamilton beam reinforcing bars for the B building of the
New 'Zealand Okawabata River City 21 in Tokyo, it increased
Tel. (071) 492889 production efficiency by 50% compared to
FAX. (071) 491291 skilled manual labor.
The mobile cart is operated by one worker
and assembles the reinforcing bar while moving
N.Z. Concrete Awards
on the rails. The reinforcing bar is assembled in
the following order:
The New Zealand Concrete Awards, are
now open for submission of entries for the 1990 1. The main reinforcing bars are set on
scheme. the upper and lower main reinforcing bar support
arms.
The Awards the Concrete Award and the
Prestressed Concrete Award, offered and run by 2. The stirrup bars are set inside the
the New Zealand Concrete Society, are designed mobile cart.
to further its principal aim of encouraging the 3. The type of reinforcing pattern is se-
430 Journal of Ferrocemen.I: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
lected by pushing the selection button on the solution of the problems of arid regions in Paki-
control panel. The automatic operation button is stan for the last twenty five years. The variety of
then pushed. aspects of their area of work includes tree planta-
4. The mobile cart moves forward, and tion, drip irrigation, fodder development, water
while setting the stirrup bars, automatically binds pumping, windmill installation in the desert area
the stirrup bars to the upper main reinforcing and the use of surplus water. Merin Ltd. have at
bars, one after the other. their disposal a small experimental farm where
numerous tests with many crops under varying
5. After all the stirrup bars have been
conditions are performed. The organization is
bound to the upper main reinforcing bars, the
now able to present on a commercial basis, under
lower main reinforcing bar support arm.
operating conditions, a variety of equipments and
6~ While moving backward, the mobile systems which are focussed on the target of
cart automatically binds the stirrup bars to the producing profitable utilization with minimal
lower moves downward main reinforcing bars water supply and using local resources. A new
one after the other. term 'OFIT has been coined to represent this
7. When the setting and binding of all the combination of organic farming and intermediate
stirrup bars has been completed, the completion technology. Ferrocement is also use as of the
lamp is lit to inform the operator. construction material in the farm for biogas plant,
The following are the main features of the well lining and others.
Taisei-developed robot
I . The entire fabrication process can be PHILIPPINES
carried out by one operator, who need not be a
skilled rebar worker. Ferrocement Boats Come of Age in the Philip-
2. High product quality can be main- pines
tained.
The l 980's saw unprecedent increase in the
3. The stirrup bars are set and bound to
costs of building ships for various purposes like
the reinforcing bars automatically.
pushing, passenger ferites etc. The escalating
4. The binding wire is automatically prices of building new ships, led most of the
supplied from a reel. probable owners to look for used second hand
5. The robot can handle several types of boats rather than attempting to build new ships.
reinforcing patterns. Keeping the situation in view, the government of
On the basis of the technology used in devel- the Philippines has been making efforts to bring
oping this robot, Taisei will carry out research to about economic stability to local ship building
develop a completely automatic production line industry by establishing joint venture type pro-
for columns and beams in prefabrication plants. grams for ship building with developed coun-
tries. The government of the Philippines also
(New Zealand Concrete Construction, April
1990)
made efforts to encourage the promotion of new
methods and construction techniques in ship
construction. A part of this promotion scheme is
PAKISTAN to encourage the development of non-conven-
tional ferrocement vessels. The ferrocement
Organic Farming and Intermediate Technol- boats are not only low cost in construction but
ogy have proved to save on repair costs also compared
with conventional ship construction. Plans and
Merin (Pvt) Limited has been engaged in the detailed specifications are developed and distrib-
uted under this program to construct ferrocement blocks has been implemented and promoted as
boats, 30 ft (9.15m) in length, to be used as low cost building materials in rural areas by many
passenger boats. the vessel has a capacity to carry government agencies under the supervision of
40 passengers. A detailed report has been pre- TISTR. The plain or solid blocks have been
pared with emphasis on practical aspects of ferro- modified to become interlocking blocks aiming
cement boat construction, covering all details to achieve more structural stability and aesthetic
right from outlining to the final finishing opera- sense.
tion. Using the guidelines in the report, the In 1986, the stabilized soil cement block has
construction of a model ferrocement vessel was been recognized as a suitable building materials
started on July 15 of this year at Sandoval Ship- for government staff housing application by the
yard and the overall configuration of the reinforc- Budget Bureau, Prime Minister Office, accord-
ing structure was completed on September 30. ing to the Civil Work Department's public hous-
Periodic inspection by Marina counter part (the ing standards.
organization to promote ship building), main-
BTD conducted a three-year jointly coop-
tained a schedule of systematic inspections to
erative research project with Government Indus-
ensure that the construction of the vessel is in
trial Research Institute, Kyushu (GIRIK), Japan.
accordance with the specified rules and regula-
The main research activities are as follows:
tion of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS),
and internationally recognized classification a) Survey and assessment of agro-wastes
society. The vessel is expected to be launch soon. and relevant materials.
(lnformationfromEngr. Jose Ariel L. Bala- b) Quality improvement of raw materials.
sabas, Sr. Shipbuilding Specialist, Engineering c) Investigation on the utilization of agro-
Research and Development Division, Technical wastes for building materials.
Services Office, Maritime Industry Authority, d) Techno-economical assessment of the
Philippines). production process and products.
Research results so far can be summarized
as follows:
TIIAILAND 1. Each year some 4 million tons of rice
husk, one of the agro-wastes abundantly avail-
Research and Development at Thailand Insti- able in Thailand, i.e. about 20 percent of the total
tute or Scientific and Technological Research paddy crop, remain after the rice is processed for
(TISTR) and Building Technology Depart- consumption. A small amount of this husk is up
ment (BTD). to use as cattle fodder, fuel, etc. So far, it has been
a waste material posing difficult problem of dis-
TISTRandBTD has recently been conduct- posal everywhere it is produced.
ing research on low cost building materials 2. When rice husk is burnt, about 20% by
through utilization of waste and natural re- weight of the husk remains as ash which is
sources. characterized by high Si02 content The si02
Utilization ofWaste and Natural Resources. content of Thai rice husk ash generally exceeds
Two separate studies have been made on 90% by weight when the husk is well burnt.
low cost building materials. One of them deals 3. Rice husk ash (RHA) retains the skeleton
with agro wastes (e.g. rice husk, com-cob, etc.) of celluar structure, which makes its porosity and
and the other with indigenous resources (lateritic surface area high. Amorphosity of RHA can be
soil, cement blocks, bamboo, low-grade wood controlled by varying burning conditions. The
etc.). Result of the study on stabilized soil cement lower burning temperature and shorter burning
period give amorphous silica. the higher tem- develop the appropriate construction technology
perature and longer period of burning accelerate for constructing the house of low-medium in-
its crystallization into cristoblite and tridymite. come people in urban area, in order to make the
4.RHA cement can be produced by mixing use of building materials more efficient and
ground RHA with lime and/or portland cement. lower the cost of construction and materials.
Silica contained in RHA reacts with lime in the Also,ademonstration house of two-story is being
presence of water to fonn calcium silicate hy- built at TISTR complex, to illustrate the utiliza-
drates which function as binder in RHA cement. tion of the building component manufactured
When portland cement is used lime liberated locally and the application of new building
during hydration reacts with silica in RHA. Since component developed by BTD, such as window
RHA cement hardens mostly at ambrient tem- and door frame, stair case and purlin. The basic
perature, calcium silicate hydrates thus fanned material for such components are concrete.
remain in amorphous or poorly crystalline stages Implementation of Research Findings
which are identifies as C-S-H and C-S-H(I). Following the success of TISTR's research
5. When the reaction of silica and lime takes into the development of low-cost materials for
place in an autoclave under a saturated steam housing construction like soil cement blocks,
pressure at elevated temperatures ranging fonn several other cooperative projects were also
l 70"C too 200"C, well crystalline calcium silicate undertaken during 1987-1989. These included
hydrates are obtained such as xonotlite (C6S6H) the low-cost rural demonstration house project in
and llA tobennorit (C5S6H5). Such reaction is C,humpuang District, Nakhon Ratchasima Prov-
know as hydrothennal reaction. Xonotlite and ince, which was carried out with AIT and PGCHS
tobennorite constitute a matrix of calcium sili- University of Leuven, Belgium in 1987.
cate insulation materials, which can be widely For 1988 and 1989 TISTR worked with the
use in industry for energy saving and in construc- Military Forces of Prachin Buri Region and the
tion of highrise buildings for fire-proofing. rural people in the area to build a Children's
6. Replacement of rice husk ash by ground Daycare Center. In this project, TIS TR had the
quartz is possible to a certain extent to obtain well opportunity to train the rural people and military
developed xonotlite crystals in size. In this case, personnel in low-cost construction techniques by
the reaction conditions, such as the mixing ratio using soil cement blocks.
with lime, the reaction temperature and time,
should be chosen experimentally to reach the
optimum preparation. U.K.
Development of Bamboo for House con-
struction. Measuring Loads on Staircases
The project was the application of bamboo
Data for the actual loads exerted by people
for house construction by using simple technol-
on stairs, balconies and handrails will soon be
ogy for rural people. A simple method used in the
available as the result of full-scale tests commis-
project is named bamboo lath and plaster, The
sioned by BRE. The figures currently given in the
plaster is the mixture of lime, sand, and chopping
main structural loading code (BS6399 Part 1) and
rice straw added up with water under the specific
the code for protective barriers (BS6180) are
process. The bamboo lath with both sides plaster-
based on assumptions and have not previously
ing can be applicable as a durable external panel.
been fully checked against practice. Recently
Research and Development of Housing there have been conflicting criticisms about the
Construction Technology on Industrial Scale requirements for loading by people, some groups
The objective of this research is to find and claiming that the loads were too high, others that
Journal of Ferroceml!nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 433
loads were being underestimated.

postgraduate study. The Composites Club will be
BRE contracted Taywood Engineering to the interface between the institute and industry.
build a test rig to find out the facts. The rig
In addition to the organizing liaison be-
comprised sections of steel staircase, with vary-
tween the university, industry, professional bod-
ing steepness, which could be arranged into a
ies and other educational establishments it is
number of different sizes and layouts. Sixty
envisages that the club will:
members of a local sports club, including a heavy
rugby team, were brought in to form a typical - Provide a forum for direct contact;
mixed crowd. They walked and ran up and down - Publish a regular quarterly newsletter;
the stairs, and stood in a bunch on the platform. - Organize seminars and discussions;
Stress and strain readings were recorded by - Identify research opportunities; and
46 load cells built into thin section supports on
- Promote collaborative research.
which the staircase was mounted. Readings were
recorded against a real time signal so that they Professor Mike Owen, who will act as direc-
could be synchronised with a video tape of the tor of the club, said that in order to launch the
crowd movement venture properly at least 20 member companies
are needed. Each company will join for an initial
A preliminary assessment of the results
period of two years paying L500 a year.
indicates that, in general, a higher load is likely to
occur on a staircase from a static crowd than from For further information, contact: Professor
a moving one. It is too early to give a comparison MJ. Owen, Department of Mechanical Engi-
with the existing British Standard, but loads as neering, The University of Nottingham, Univer-
high as 12kN have been detected in certain cir- sity Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; te/:0602-
cumstances. 484848, extn:2627; fax:0602-422354.
A report should be published by BRE within
the next 12 months, and the data will also be
incorporated into British and European codes and Performance of Limestone-Filled Cements
into Building Regulations.
For more information, contact The first results of collaborative research on
BRE Technical Consultancy limestone-filled cements were recently made
Garston, Watford WD2 7JR available to the industry and specifiers in a semi-
nar at BRE. Broadly, two-year data suggest that
Tel: 0923 664800
concrete made with these cements has similar
performance to that of OPC concrete of equal
strength grade. Care will need to be taken, how-
Nottingham University Launches Composites ever, in specifying filler-cement concrete to en-
Club sure durability.
Limestone-filled cements, which are com-
A composites club to bring industry and monly used in Europe, are among the cement
academia together to promote knowledge of types included in the European Prestandard for
modem composite materials was launched by Cement(prENVl 97),andmay soon be produced
Nottingham University, UK, in May 1990. in the UK. All cements, including OPC, would be
The university says that it has also formed a permitted to contain up to 5% of minor additional
Composites Institute which will bring together constituents, one of which could be limestone;
the expertise of academics in several departments the new cement type known as Portland-filler
to promote research, short course provision, and cement would contain up to 20% of limestone
with a minimum calcium carbonate content of Sculptures, Irish Concrete Society Awards
75% by mass.
To provide data on the effects of limestone The following four concrete sculptures by
fillers on concrete performance in UK condi- Irish artists were submitted for the 1989 Award.
tions, BRE re-convened a Working BRE Party, "A Walk Around Stone", by MichaelBulfin,
originally set up in 1974, involving BRE the is situated on the left shoulder of an approach
British Cement Association, and cement manu- road to the Ballymum round-about, and was
facturers. The Working Party set up a substantial designed for that specific site. Artistically, the
research program to examine the effects of fillers concept is of a modem day megalithic stone
on cement properties and on the strength and alignment contrasting man-made stone with the
durability of concrete. natural granite which the original inhabitants
The findings so far are: used, and of which there were many examples in
the Ballymun-Finglass area before building be-
- Concretes made from cements containing
gan.
up to 50% of limestone filler are virtually indis-
tinguishable from traditional OPC concretes. The piece, believed to be the largest con-
crete sculpture in Ireland, is also designed as a
- Strength for strength, concrete made from
children's play sculpture with seats, steps, King-
cement with 20% filler has a carbonation rate
of-the-Castle detail, and niches in the concrete
similar to pure OPC concrete. However, these
elements for hide-and-seek. Weight of the largest
cements have lower 28 day strength than OPC
concrete element is 9 tons, and of the larges
and higher cement contents will be needed to
granite element, 12 tons.
achieve equivalent strength. Thus specifying
only minimum cement content and maximum Katy Goodhue, who works mainly with
water/cement ratio, as proposed in the European animal forms and often on a large scale, has
prestandard for concrete ENV206, will not guar- produced "Watchdog", using concrete because it
antee durability in concrete containing fillers: the is not expensive and needs little equipment to
specification should also include minimum produce a strong durable finished piece. An
strength grade. armature of welded mild steel bars incorporating
fixing points to which expanded metal is securely
- In laboratory freeze-thaw tests, filler-
attached, provides the framework for the piece,
cement concretes do not perform so will as OPC
the shape of which is resolved using a 4: 1 sand
concrete unless they are air-entrained, which
and cement mix applied by trowel and spatula.
would normally be recommended in practice.
"Watchdog" is to be found at Femhill Gar-
- Permeability is generally lower than in
dens, Sandyford, Co Dublin, and is described by
non-filler concretes.
the artist as illustrating "a decorative use of con-
- Sulphate resistance depends primarily on crete in a natural environment."
the composition of the parent cement
The sculptor for "Aquaduct", a fountain-
- Data on depth of chloride penetration are type water piece in white ferrocement, is Niall
inconclusive so far. O'Neill. The five upright forms, in Nutley
For more information, contact Square, Donnybrook, Dublin, are arranged in a
BRE Technical Consultancy spiral configuration, each form at right-angles to
Carston, Watford WD2 7JR the next and diminishing in height from the
(Tel: 0923 664800) tallest, at 7ft (2.13m) high, to the smallest, at 4ft
Journol of Ferrocem11nl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 435
(1.22m). Water is pumped up the tallest column, Polarii.ation Resistance Measurement (LPRM)
bubbles out the top and flows in a stream drop- technique. Applying a small over-potential to the
ping from form to form. It then drops into a rebar and measuring the resultant current indi-
central pool and flows out into the outer pool, cates the corrosion condition relative to other
where it is pumped back up again. areas. Using a conversion factor gives an esti-
The concept in this piece is that there should mate of the corrosion rates.
be a combination of auditory and visual sensa- Although this method has been used before,
tions. For example, on a sunny day the sun on the Dr. John believes that CAPCIS' applied research
water is reflected on waved patterns up the sides has eliminated some of the previous pitfalls of
of the columns, to the sound of the water splash- LPRM. The biggest problem has been to achieve
ing and cascading down the piece. an electrically conductive path through the con-
Niall Walsh explains that his entry, 11Roller- crete to the reinforcement The accepted method
Coaster11, was submitted because it uses concrete to date has been to use a sponge or towel soaked
in a way that is intrinsic to the properties of in a suitable ionic solution to provide a conduc-
reinforced concrete. The sculpture is part of a tive path between the surface of the concrete and
private collection at Killiney, Co Dublin, and is the external electrode. Unfortunately, this wets
described as 11 a wave-like creation 11 by those who the concrete thereby reducing the resistivity and
have seen it. affecting the test results.
The new system overcomes this problem by
using a conductive foam-faced electrode.
Taking Measures to Stop Steel Corrosion Another problem overcome by the ROCC
system is estimating the area of polarized rebar.
Corrosion & Protection Centre Industrial Calculating the corrosion rate requires precise
Services (CAPCIS) is launching a Rate of Con- measurement of the area as any error leads to a
crete Corrosion (ROCC) detection system devel- similar inaccuracy in the rate.
oped from research carried out at the University Charge leakage along the bar makes esti-
of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology mating the area of polarized steel difficult and, in
(UMIST). the past, a limiting ring has been used to control
ROCC as its name suggests, enables engi- the spread of charge. Research by UMIST and
neers to ascertain the rate of corrosion in rein- CAPCIS showed that using a larger electrode
forcement at the time of measurement It uses a negates the effects of this leakage.
surface-mounted probe to measure currents that The trials with the ROCC method showed it
result when a small over-potential is applied to a to be much more sensitive than potential map-
rebar. ping.
Until now, assessment of the condition of To make the corrosion rate date truly useful
reinforced concrete structures has been based on it was necessary to predict when corrosion in
visual inspections, coring and isopotential map- concrete would cause cracking. CAPCIS has
ping. Co-ordinator of CAPCIS' Civils and Con- developed a test using cores taken on site that
struction Division Dr. Gareth John believes that indicate how much deterioration of rebar can be
these methods have their merits but that the tolerated within the concrete. But accelerated
ROCC approach allows a faster and more precise corrosion testing is not particularly accurate and
definition of problems. can also be slow, taking several months to com-
The ROCC system relies on the Linear plete.
U.S.A. Hornaday, Publishing Director, The Aberdeen

Group, 426 South Westgate, Addison, Illinois,
The Concrete Trader Changes Hands 60101. Telephone J-800-837-0870, ext. 186.
(Outside the continental U.S., call 708-543-
The Aberdeen Group, Addison, Illinois, 0870.)
purchased the Concrete Trader from the Concrete
Trader, Inc., Dublin, Ohio. The Aberdeen Group
assumes responsibility for publishing the
Seismic Performance of Buildings
monthly tabloid magazine effective with the
September 1990 issue.
Damage to buildings during the LomaPrieta
The Aberdeen Group, publishes Aberdeen's earthquake, while less spectacular than that to
Concrete Construction magazine, to serve the transportation facilities, is widespread and perva-
information needs of concrete contractors, gen- sive. Serious structural damage was observed
eral contractors, and specialty contractors who over a considerable area in the epicentral region,
work with concrete. The Concrete Trader will especially in unreinforced masonry and wooden
address the producer segment of the concrete structures. Signhificant damage was also ob-
industry. Established in 1983, The Concrete served throughout the greater San Francisco Bay
Trader includes information on finance, manage- Area, especially on sites underlain by deep de-
ment, industry news, association news, adver- posits of clay. In these areas, damage was ob-
tiser profiles, and other topics reach with a con- served in wooden structures, unreinforced ma-
trolled circulation of9 ,000 ready mixed concrete sonry buildings, older steel and concrete framed
producers, pipe, precast, and prestressed con- ~uildings (including those with masonry infills),
crete producers, concrete masonry manufactur- and, occasionally, modem concrete and steel
ers, and others involved in the concrete products structures. Soil conditions surrounding the bay
industry. contributed significantly to the observed damage
This year, The Aberdeen Group launches intensity and distribution by amplifying ground
two new publications, Aberdeen's Concrete motions to levels that would normally be associ-
Repair Digest and Aberdeen's Construction ated with a much closer seismic event. In all
Marketing Today. And in May 1990, the west areas, major damage was also noted to nonstruc-
suburban Chicago publisher announced the ac- tural systems including suspended ceilings,
quisition of two bimonthly publications, Pave- sprinkler systems, partitions, windows, and con-
ment Maintenance magazine and Parking Area tents.
Maintenance & International Sweeper, and a Since the earthquake, Earthquake Engineer-
trade show, the National Pavement Maintenance ing Research Center (EERC) researchers have
Exposition, from Clairmont Corporation, Nash- taken part in detailed surveys and inspections of
ville, Tennessee. damaged buildings. Earthquake data, including
The Aberdeen Group also publishes Aber- structural drawings, damage descriptions, and
deen's Magazine of Masonry Construction, and several thousand photos, have been gathered.
produces Aberdeen's World of Concrete, an in- These investigations have uncovered much more
ternational construction trade show that annually damage than was apparent immediately follow-
attracts some 800 exhibitors and more than ing the earthquake. Current estimates indicate
20,000 delegates. The company also offers pre- that more than 27 ,000 buildings were signifi-
filed product catalogs, postcard mailings, direc- cantly damaged during the earthquake, with more
tories, and other construction publications. than 1,400 of these already demolished or sched-
uled for demolition. The economic losses asso-
For more information, contact Charles D. ciated with this structural damage, combined
Jownal of Fe"ocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 437
with the concomiLant disruption of public serv- World of Concrete, 17th Anniversary
ices, interruption of businesses, and damage to
inventories, contents, and equipment, have made July 1990 marks the 17th anniversary of
this one of the major natural disasters in U.S. World of concrete, the largest annual interna-
history. tional construction industry exposition in the
One of the main lessons of the Loma Prieta United States. The exposition is scheduled for
earthquake is that effort must redouble to mit.i- January 28 through February 1, 1991; and the Las
gate the haz.ards posed by existing seismically Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
deficient structures. While considerable research USA will host the event.
remains to be done to develop reliable retrofitt.ing The 1991 show will, afford international
procedures, the performance of previously visitors an opportunity to gather and conduct
retrofitted buildings during this earthquake can business in the World of Concrete "International
provide in sight into theeflicacy of variousretrof- Business Center." This gathering point offers a
ining techniques. central location for delegates from all over the
An NSF supported study is currently being world to register for the show, arrange for semi-
supervised by Prof. Stephen Mahin in which nars, familiarize themselves with products and
existing retrofitted buildings are being surveyed equipment being offered by exhibitors or to
and analyzed. More than 500 retrofitted unrein- simply relax.
forced masonry buildings have been inspected For more information on the exposition, or
since the earthquake. This survey indicates that for a brochure listing each seminar plus an in-
most of the retrofitted buildings in the affected depth description of the exposition, write: World
area have only been partialI y upgraded and often of Concrete Registrar, 426 South Westgate ,
only on an ad hoc basic. More than 70 unrein- Addison, IL 60101, USA; or FAX at 708.
forced masonry buildings have been identified 543.3112. Telex "754256 WOC VD".
where a more comprehansive approach to retrof-
itting has been taken. While most of these per-
Morgen Improves Articulation on 32-Meter
formed very well during the earthquake, 16 ex-
Reach Boom
hibited significant localized damage. One of
these damaged buildings is currently being stud-
ied in detail to reconcile observed damage with Morgen has increased the articulation of the
analytical predictions, todetennine what retrofits 32-meter reach boom available on Morgen
would be required by modem guidelines, and to 115SV and 140SV truck pumps. Morgen engi-
assess the potential behavior of these various neers have increased the articulation of the 3rd
retrofits during an even larger seismic event. stage by 45 degrees, from 180 degrees to 225
A related study is also under way regarding degrees.
the performance of retrofitted reinforced con- Improved articulation means increased ver-
crete buildings. Difficulties have been encoun- satility for placing concrete in harder lO reach
tered in this and other studies in gaining access to areas. With the new 225 degree joint, the boom
many damaged buildings due to owner sensitiv- is able to reach farther in under obstructions and
ity or pending legal proceedings. inside the framing of buildings for floor pours.
For more information contact: And, unlike comparable roll and fold booms,
there is no sacrifice in horizontal reach.
Professor Stephen Mahin
EERC. University of California The 32-meter and 28 meter Morgen booms
Berkeley, California 94720 now have state-of-the-art IO micron absolute in-
U.S.A . line pressure filters in the boom elevation and
438 Journal of Ferroce~nt: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
articulation circuit. in the high capacity mode. The Morgen

Both booms still feature continuous rota- 115SV105 truck pump has an 88 m3/hour capac-
tion, and are the only placing booms in this size ity, with 62 bar pressure on the concreie in the
range to use a hydraulically-driven heavy-duty high capacity mode.
turntable bearing. There are no hose connections Morgen is the specialist in concrete placing
between the turret and the pedestal. That means equipment, with truck and trailer mounted
there are no twisted hoses. The added versatility pumps, conveyors for concrete and granular
of continuous rotation allows the boom to swing maierials and adjustable masonry scaffolding.
in either direction, directly to the pour area.
Proportional control valves are also standard on For more information contact Morgen
both booms. Manufacturing Company, P.O. Box 160, Yank-
The Morgen 140SV105-truck pump has a ton, U.SA.SD57078-0J60. Telephone605-665-
107 m3/hour capacity, with 62 bar on the concreie 9654. Telex910-668-3601. FAX 605-665-7017.
The Morgen 115 SV.

CALL FOR PAPERS

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FERROCEMENT
22-25 October 1991
Havana, Cuba
CONFERENCE THEME SHORT COURSE

" Ferrocement : Its Role in Construction
Short course will be organized on 17-19
Development"
October 1991 covering several broad areas on
COVERAGE ferrocement like:
• Mechanical Properties
• Mechanical Properties of
• Research and Development Ferrocement
• Standards and Codes • Structural Analysis and Design
• Construction Technology • Past, Present and Future
• Use ofFerrocement in Housing Applications of Ferrocement
• Use ofFerrocement in Marine • Practical Works in the Construction

Projects of Ferrocement Items for Houses
and Pools
• Use ofFerrocement in Rural Projects
• Reservoirs and Pools
LANGUAGES
• Other Uses
The officail language of the Symposium and
• National Experiences
Short Course are English and Spanish.
ROUND TABLE MEETINGS CALL FOR PAPERS

Three round tables will be organized on the Prospective authors are requested to submit
following topics: two copies of their abstracts (not exceeding
• Ferrocement Ships: Construction, 500 words) not later than December 1990.
Maintenance and Durability Authors will be confirmed of the acceptance of
their abstracts by January 1991. The final paper
• Ferrocement Houses: Present and should not exceed ten pages. Two copies of the
Future Perspectives final paper should be submitted before April
• Standards and Specifications: 1991. Confirmation of the final acceptance of
International Standard papers will be on June 1991.
For further Information, write to:

International Conference Center
Calle 146, Entre 11 Y 13, Playa
P.O. Box 16046, La Habana
Cuba
440 Journal ofFerrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, Oclober 1990
CALL FOR PAPERS

Special Issue on
Ferrocement for Strengthening and Rehabilitation

of Structures
Journal of Ferrocement 1991 July Issue
Ferrocement has been identified to be appropriate for repair and strengthening of structures.
IFIC aims to provide this opportunity for ferrocement to be proven effective in this application through
the Journal of Ferrocement Special Issue on Ferrocement for Strengthening and Rehabilitation
of Structures. Papers are invited on research, developments and construction procedure for this
special ferrocement application. Intending authors are requested to submit two copies of abstracts in
English of not more than 500 words. A preliminary acceptance will be made on the basis of the abstract
and the final acceptance will be based on the full-length manuscript.
DEADLINES
Submission of title
and abstracts 1 October 1990
Notification of
preliminary acceptance 15 November 1990
Submission of
completed manuscript 1 February 1991
Notification of
final acceptance 1March1991
For further information write to:

The Editor
International Ferrocement Information Center (IFIC)
Asian Institute of Technology
G.P.O. Box 2754
Bangkok 10501
Thailand
IIJFIICC
CC(Q)JN§UJILTAJNT§
IFIC consultants are individuals who are willing to entertain referral letters from IFIC on their field
of expertise.
ARGENTINA Mr. Graeme John Tilly Mr. A.K.M. Syeed-ul-Haque

32 Hayes Terrace Housing and Building Research
Mr. Horacio Berretta Mosman Park, WA 6012 Institute
lqualdad 3600 Australia Dams-Salam
Villa Siburu Mirpur, Dhaka
Etafeta 14 Mr. Robert John Wheen Bangladesh
5003 Cordoba School of Civil and Mining
Argentina
Engineering BELGIUM
University of Sydney
AUSTRALIA Sydney, N.S.W. 2006
Australia Mr. Valere V.A. Debeuckelaere
Mr. Denis Backhouse B-8550 Zwevegem
Griffith University Belgium
Nathan 4111 BANGLADESH
Queensland Mr. Paul Tuts
Australia Ellestraat 44
Mr. Kazi Ata-ul Haque B-8550 Zwevegem
Mr. Jim Dielenberg Housing and Building Research Belgium
Middle Park 3206 Institute
Victoria Dams-Salam
Mr. Jean Paul Sterck
Australia Mirpur, Dhaka
Bangladesh 14, Ruitersolreef
B-8550 Zwevegem
Mr. James Douglas Couston
Belgium
21 Brighton Ave. Dr. Md. Daulat Hussain
Toronto, N.S.W. 2283 Faculty of Agricultural
Australia BRAZIL
Engineering
Bangladesh Agricultural
Dr. Russell Quinlin Bridge
University Mr. Walter Caiaffa Hehl
School of Civil and Mining Mymensingh
Engineering Rua Alagoas 515/146
Bangladesh 01242 Sao Paulo
University of Syney
Sydney, N.S.W. 2006 Brazil
Australia Mr. Muhammad Misbahuddin
Khan Mr. Alexandre Dulio Vieira
Dr. John Lindsay Meek Housing and Building Research Diogenes
Civil Engineering Department Institute Rua Monsenhor Bruno
University of Queensland Dams-Salam 810 Fortaleza-Ceara
Brisbane, Queensland Mirpur, Dhaka CEP: 60,115
Australia Bangladesh Brazil
Mr. Mounir Khalil El Debs CHINA DENMARK

Escola de Engenharia de Sao
Carlos Mr. LI Hui-Xiang Mr. Michael Edward Freddie
Departamento de Estruturas Building Design Institute The School of Architecture
Universidade Sao Paulo China National New Bldg.
Av. Dr. Carlos Botelho Institute of Building Science
Materials Corp. Koagens Nytorv I
13,560 Sao Carlos P.O. Box 2815, Beijing
Brazil DK-1050 Copenhagen K.
China
Denmark
Dr. Joao Bento Hanai Mr. Wang Kai-Ming
Esco la de Engenharia de Sao Mr. Arne Damgaard Jensen
North-Western Institute of
Carlos Technological Institute
Architectural Engineering
Universidade Sao Paulo Building Technique
Av. Dr. Carlos Botelho Xian
Gregersensvej
13,560 Sao Carlos China
P.O. Box 141
Brazil DK-2630 Taastrup
Mr. Xiaoyong Zhang
Denmark
Dr. Luis Alberto de Melo 10 Lane 694 Bansongyuan Rd.
Carvalho Shanghai
Rua Antonio Augusto China DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
947 Fortaleza-Ceara WEST INDIES
CEP: 60,000 Prof. Guofan Zhao
Brazil Structural Laboratory Mr. Antonio Jose Guerra
Civil Engineering Department Calle Jose D. Valverde 53
Prof.Dr. Dante A.O. Martinelli Dalian Institute of Technology Santo Domingo
Rua Campos Salles 1516 Dalian 116 024 Dominican Republic, West Indies
13,560 Sao Carlos China
Brazil
ETHIOPIA
Mr. Fausto C. Tarran Mr. Zhu Yuankang
P.O. Box 20')01 5, Jiaotong Road Dr. Haila Giorgir Workneh
0100 Sao Paulo Fuzhou, Fujian Province P.O. Box 1296
Brazil The People's Republic of China Addis Ababa
Ethiopia
CANADA
Fill ISLANDS
COLOMBIA
Dr. Colin Deane Johnston
Department of Civil Engineering Dr. Fabrizio Cortelazzi
University of Calgary
Mr. Cipriano Londono P.O. Box 4685
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4 A.A. 52816 Lautoka
Canada Medellin Fiji Islands
Colombia
Mr. Angus D. Galbraith FRANCE
Box 518, Lake Cowichan
British Colwnbia VOR 260 Mr. Alain Armane Dupuis
Canada CUBA
SARL Chantier Naval de St. Jean
D'Angle
Mr. Ernest W. Watchor Mr. Hugo Wainshtok Rivas 17620 Saint Agnant
CEFER Designs Ltd. Cento de Estudio Construccion France
8991 River Road de Arquitectura Tropical
Richmond Calle 127 s/n Cuaje
Mr.J.Fyson
B.C. V6X 1Y6 Mariano, Ciudad de la Habana Grand Rue
Canada 53570 Correos (Var)
Cuba France
Mr. Rene Lepee Mr. Madhu Sudan Acharya Dr. N. Ganesan

SARL Chantier Naval de St. Jean Agricultural Engineering Civil Engineering Department
D'Angle Directorate of Extension Regional Engineering College
17620 Saint Agnant Education Calicut 673601
France University of Udaipur India
Udaipur (Raj)
Mr. Adam Michel India Mr. V.G. Gokhale
9 rue la Perous
Bombay Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
75 784 Paris Cedex 16 Dr. H. Achyutha
France CASTONE - Precast Concrete
Structural Engineering Division
Laboratory 129 Mahatma Gandhi Road
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF Department of Civil Engineering Bombay 400 023
GERMANY Indian Institute of Technology India
Madras 600 036
Dr. Edwin Bayer India Mr. S. Gopalakrishnan
c/o Bauberatung Zement Structural Engineering Research
Weisbaden Dr. N. Balasubramanian
Centre
Friedrich-Bergius-StraBe 7 Everest Building Products Ltd.
D-6200 Weisbaden 12 CSIR Campus
21B Peenya Phase II
Germany TTTI, Tharamani P.O.
Bangalore 560 058
Madras 600 113
India
India
GREECE
Dr. B.S. Basavarajaiah
Dr. Tassios Theodossius Department of Civil Engineering Mr. Man Bahadur Gurung
Chair of Reinforced Concrete Karnataka Regional Engineering
c/o Chief Engineer
National Technical University of College
Power Department
Athens Surathkal
Gangtok, Sikkim
42 Patission St. P.O. Srinivesnagar 574 157
India India
Athens
Greece
Mr. Shiv Shanker Bhargara Mr. D. Hariharan
GUATEMALA Institute of Engineering and Rural COSTED
Technology ITT-Madras
Allahabad, U.P. Madras 600 036
Mr. Francisco Javier Quinonez
India India
4a Calle 9-13, Z. 7
Guatemala C.A. Mr. Alex Jacob
Mr. Bhartendu Bhushan
F-178 Naroji Nagar 136 Kalashetra Colony
HONGKONG New Delhi 110 029 Besant Nagar
India Madras 600 090
Mr. Peter E. Ellen India
Peter Ellen and Associates Ltd. Dr. Prakash Desayi
20/F, 167-169 Hennessy Road Department of Civil Engineering
Hong Kong Mr. Ashok Kumar Jain
Indian Institute of Science
MIS Ashok and Associates
Bangalore 560 012 314/69 Mirza Mandi, Chowk
INDIA India Lucknow 226 003
India
Mr. E. Abdul Karim Mr. D.S. Ramachandra Murthy
Structural Engineering Research Structural Engineering Research
Centre Centre Mr. S.C. Jain
CSIR Campus CSIR Campus Institute of Engineering and
TTTI, Tharamani P.O. TTTI, Tharamani P.O. Rural Technology
Madras 600 113 Madras 600 113 Allahabad
India India India
Mr. Nagesh Govind Joshi Mr. N.V. Raman Mr. H.V. Venkata Krishna
NS Adinath Structural Engineering Research Kamataka Regional Engineering
Antop Hill, Wadala Centre College
Bombay 400 037 CSIR Campus Surathkal (D.K.) Srinivasnagar
India TITI, Tharamani P.O. Kamataka 574 157
Madras 600 113 India
Dr. U.C. Kalita
India
Applied Civil Engineering
Division INDONESIA
Regional Research Laboratory Mr. Kanechamkandy
Council of Scientific and Ravindran Mr. Anshori Djausal
Industrial Research Fishing Technology Division Civil Engineering Department
Jorhat 785 006 (Asam) Central Institute of Fisheries Universitas Lampung
India Technology Lampung
Cochin 682 029 Indonesia
Dr. Surendra Kumar Kaushik India
Civil Engineering Department
Dr. Nilyardi Kahar
University of Roorkee Mr. K.K. Singh
Roorkee 247 667 Lembaga Fisika Nasional-UPI
India JI. Cisitu-Kompleks LIPI
University of Roorkee
Bandung
Roorkee 247 667
Mr. Ramesh Ranchhodlal Indonesia
India
Kotdawala
L.D. College of Engineering Mr. A. Subramanian Iyer Mr. Ron Van Kerkvoorden
Ahmedabad 380 015 C-15 Yugdharma Complex Rural Water Supply Project
India 27 Central Bazar Road West Java Indonesia
Nagpur-10 JI. Banda 25
Dr. A.G. Madhava Rao India Bandung
Structural Engineering Resarch Indonesia
Centre Dr. B.V. Subrahmanyam
CSIR Campus Dr BYS Consultants Mr. Aji Hari Siswoyo
TITI, Tharamani P.O. 76, 3rd Cross Street PT. WAS ECO TIRTA
Madras 600 113 Raghava Reddi Colony Consultants for Water Supply,
India Madras 600 095 Sanitation and the Environment
India JI. Aditiawarman 28
Dr. S.C. Natesan P.O. Box 116/KBT
Department of Civil Engineering Mr. G.V. Surya Kumar Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta
P.S.G. College of Technology Indonesia
Structural Engineering Research
Coimbatore 4641004 Centre
India Mr. David James Wells
CSIR Campus
P.O. Box410
TITI, Tharamani P.O.
Mr. N.P. Rajamane Jayapura, Irian Jaya
Madras 600 113
Structural Engineering Research Indonesia
India
Centre
CSIR Campus Mr. Winarto
Mr. H.K. Nanjunda Swamy P.O. Box 19 Bulaksumur
TITI, Tharamani P.O.
Madras 600 113 287, Kanapura Road Yogyakarta
India 7th Block, Jayanagar Indonesia
Bangalore 560 082
Dr. S. Rajasekaran India ISRAEL
Department of Civil Engineering
Mr. S.P. Upasani Dr. Fiodor (Efraim) Bljuger
P.S.G. College of Technology
Coimbatore-4 R-11, N.D.S.E. Part-II Building Research Institute
Tamil Nadu 641 004 New Delhi 110 049 Technion City
India India Haifa32000
Israel
JourNJJ of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 445
Dr. Zvi Reichverger Ship Structure Division Akita-shi 010

Geula Str. 28(2 Ship Research Institute Japan
Kfar-Sava Ministry of Transport
Israel 6-38-1 Shinkawa
Mitaka-Shi, Tokyo 181 KENYA
Dr. Elisha Z. Tatsa Japan
Faculty of Civil Enginering
Technion Israel Institute of Dr. R. B. L. Smith
Dr. Makoto Kawakami
Technology Department of Civil Engineering
Akita University University of Nairobi
Technion City, Haifa 32000 1-1, Tegata Gakuen-Cho
Israel P.O. Box 30197
Akita-Shi 010 Nairobi
Mr. Simcha Yom-Tov Japan Kenya
Kibutz Dalia 18920
Israel Mr. Yuki Kobayashi
KOREA
Ship Structure Division
ITALY Ship Research Institute
Ministry of Transport
Dr. Hun Chol Kim
6-38-1 Shinkawa
Mr. Vittorio Barberio Mitaka-Shi, Tokyo 181 P.O. Box 1
Via Ombrone 12 Japan Daeduk Science Town
00198 Roma Chung Nam, Korea.
Italy Mr. Yoshitaka Mimorl
Sayama-City-Heits No. 307 MALAYSIA
Dr. Fabrizio Cortelazzi
lrumagawa 3-10-Z
c/o Cantiere Navale IDSEA
Sayama City, Santima Mr. Abang Ali Abang Abdullah
Via Ponserone 5-16037
Riva Trigoso (GE) Japan Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Italy
Dr. Jiro Murata Faculty of Engineering
104-7, Ozone Minato-Ku Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
Mr. John Forbes Fyson 43400 UPM, Serdang
Fishery Industries Officer Yokohama-shi
Sclangor
Division Japan Malaysia
FAO, Via delle Terme di
Caracalla Mr. Juhari bin Rusin
Rome Prof.Dr. Yoshihiko Obama F acuity of Fisheries and Marine
Italy Department of Architecture Science
College of Engineering University of Agriculture
Prof.Dr. Franco Levi Nihon University Malaysia, Mengabang Talipot
Koriyama K. Trengganu, Trengganu
Departarnento Ingegneria
Fukushima-Ken, 963 Malaysia
Strutturale
Politecnico Japan Mr. Syed Mansur bin Syed J unid
Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Department of Civil and
10129 Torino Mr. Atsushi Shirai Environmental Engineering
Italy Department of Housing and Faculty of Engineering
Planning Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
Dr. Enrico Ronzoni Faculty of Home Economics 43400 UPM, Serdang
ISMES S.P.A. - Viale Giulio Tokyo Kasei Gakuin University Selangor
Cesare 29, 24100 Bergamo 2600 Aihara-Machi Malaysia
Itay Machida, 194-02
Japan Dr. John Chow Ang Tang
Structural Concrete Sdn. Bhd.
JAPAN Dr. Hiroshi Tokuda No. 44 Jalan Radin Anum 2
Department of Civil Engineering Seri Petaling, 57000 Kuala
Akita University Lumpur
Mr. Hajime Inoue Malaysia
1-1, Tegata gakuen-cho
Mr. K. H. Lub Mr. Olusequn Adedeji

MEXICO University of Technology Segun Adedeji Associates
Edinhoven , Faculty of P.O. Box 1969
Mr. Alfonso Cardoso Medina Architecture, Group Structure Shomolu, Lagos
Apartado Postal 2325-B Durango Postvak 7, Postbo 513-5600 MB Nigeria
DGO. C.P. 34000 Edinhoven, Netherland.
Mexico PAKISTAN
Mr. Cees Pieck
NEPAL Public Health and Environmental
Engineering Department Mr. Mahmood A. Futehally
DHV Consulting Engineers Merin Limited, Data Chambers
Mr. Piyadasa Kulatunga Breukclen, Orttswarande 22 M.A. Jinnah Road
c/o UNDP Office 3621 XP P.O. Box 4145, Karachi-2
P.O. Box 107 The Netherlands Pakistan
Kathmandu
Nepal Ir. Caspar L.P.M. Pompe Mr. Sahibzada Farooq Ahmad
Bottelroos 8 Rafeeqi
Mr. Krishna Raj Pandey 2651 XH Berkcl en Rodenrijs Civil Engineering Department
Chalaatirth Gaon Panchayat The Netherlands NED University of Engineering
Alkatar-6, Lamjung District and Technology
Nepal Dr. Piet Stroeven Karachi 75270
Pakistan
H. Casimirstraat 154
Mr. Bijaya Gopal Rajbhandari Vlaardingen
P.O. Box 1187 PAPUA NEW GUINEA
The Netherlands
UNICEF
Kathmandu Mr. Jette Waltevs Mr. Robert Hawkins
Nepal FCS, P.B. 3090 Local Government
9701 DB Groningren Engineering Sect.ion
Mr. Raj Dass Shrestha The Netherlands Dept. of Works and Supply
Research Centre for Applied P.O. Box 636 Lae
Science Papua New Guinea
NEW ZEALAND
and Technology (RECAST)
Tribhuvan University Mr. Steve Layton
Kirt.ipur Mr. Douglas Alexander
VIRTU
Nepal Alexander and Associates Box 378, ARAWA
P.O. Box 74-167 North Solomons
Markel Road Papua New Guinea
THE NETHERLANDS
Auckland 5
New Zealand Mr. Charles Nakau
Mr. Chris J.A. Hakkaart Appropriate Technology
Sirnonsstraat 88, 2628 TJ Mr. Brian William Donovan Development Institute
P.O. Box 798
Delft 30/109 Mt. Smart Road Lae, Morobc Province
The Netherlands Onehunga Papua New Guinea
Auckland 6
Mr. H. Hofman New Zealand
PHILIPPINES
Stadhouderslaan 83
3116 HL Schiedam Mr. Everard Ralph Sayer
Mr. Vicente S. Traviha
The Netherlands P.O. Box 3082 Aquaculture Department
Onerahi, Whangerei Southeast Asian Fisheries
Mr. Leewis New Zealand Development Center
P.O. Box 3231 Tigbauan, lloilo 5928
5203 De's Hertogenbosch NIGERIA Philippines
The Netherlands
Mr. Rodolfo Torrefranca Tolosa RWANDA South Africa

Tolosa Builders Inc.
Las Palmas Subdivision SRI LANKA
Jaro, Iloilo City Mr. Theo Schilderman
Philippines Intermediate Technolgy Mr. M.F. Marikkar
Development Group, Ltd. 54 Davidson Road
POLAND Myson House Bampalapitiya, Colombo 4
Railway Terrace Sri Lanka
Dr. Lech Czarnecki Rugby CV21 3HT
Rwanda
Institute of Technology and
Organization of Building SWEDEN
Production SAUDI ARABIA
Civil Engineering Department Ms. Kerstin Kohler
Warsaw Technical University John Ericssonsgatan 4
Dr. Islem Ahmed Basunbul
Al. Armii Ludowej 16 112 22 Stockholm
00-637 Warszaw, Poland Civil Engineering Department Sweden
King Fahd University of
Dr. Jan Grabowski Petroleum and Minerals
Ferrocement Research Laboratory Box 617, Dhahran 31261
Saudi Arabia SWITZERLAND
Technical University of Warsaw
ul. Stupecka 7m 35 Dr. Ghazi J. AI-Sulaimani Mr. Mueller Heinrich
02-309 Warszawa
Poland Civil Engineering Department c/o SKAT Varnbuelstrasse 14
King Fahd University of CH- 9000 St. Gallen
Petroleum and Minerals SwitzerIan
Dr. Andrzej Mackiewicz
Box 617, Dhahran 31261
Bonifraterska lOB/54 Saudi Arabia
00 213 Warszawa Mr. Hans D. Sulzer
Poland Mineraltech - H.D. Sulzer
SINGAPORE 485 Hohlstrasse
Dr. Jan Michajlowski 8048 Zurich
Prominskeigo 29/43 Dr. P. Paramasivam Switzerland
93-281 Lodz Department of Civil Engineering
Poland National University of Singapore TANZANIA
Kent Ridge 0511
Dr. Michal Sandowicz
Singapore Mr. Michael Henry Leach
Ferrocement Research Laboratory
Technical University of Warsaw Mbega Melvin Consulting
ul. Warskiego 25 Engineering
02-645 Warsawa SOUTH AFRICA P.O. Box425
Poland Arusha
Tanzania
Dr. S.W. Norton
Dr. Grzegorz Strzelecki P.O. Box 168 Dr. A.A. Makange
Olimpijska 3m 48 Halfway House 1685
94-043 Lodz South Africa Tanzania Portland Cement Co.,
Poland Ltd.
Mr. Ian Pearson P.O. Box 1950
Mr. Jan Scibior Division of Water Technology Dar-Es-Salaam
u.I Warchalowskiego 11 m 34 CSJR, P.O. Box 395 Tanzania
02-726 Warszawa Pretoria 0001
Poland South Africa
THAILAND
Dr. Bernard Rys1.ard Walkus Mr. J.L. Rivett Carnal
Technical University of Appropriate Technology Mr. Sorapoj Kanjanawongse
Czestochowa Information
P.O. Box 11070 Amphur Muang
Malachowskiego 80 PY A Nakom Sri Ayuthaya
10-159 Lodz Dorpspruit. Pietermaritzburg
3206 Natal Thailand
Poland
Prof. Worsak Kanok-:'lukulchai TONGA Mr. Patrick J. Jennings

Division of Structural NCL Stewart Scott Ltd.
Engineering and Construction Mr. Lloyd Howard Belz 192-198 Vauxhall Bridge Road
Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 908, Nukualofa London SWl V 1DX
G.P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501 Tonga U.K.
Thailand
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Mr. Brian Malcolm Jones
Dr. Pichai Nimityongskul
BarFab Reinforcements
Division of Structural Mr. Richard Patrick Clarcke Alma Street
Engineering and Construction 46 Belle Eau Road Smethwick, Warley
Asian Institute of Technology Belmont West Midlands B6 6ZRR
G.P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501 Port-of-Spain U.K.
Thailand Trinidad, West Indies
Mr. Robert Gowan MacAiister
Mr. Jens Overgaard UGANDA MacAlister Elliott and Partners
United Nations ES CAP
Bangkok 10200 Ltd.
Mr. Bijaya Gopal Rajbhandari 56 High Street
Thailand
P.O. Box 7047 Lymington, Hants S041 9AH
UNICEF, Kampala U.K.
Dr. Ricardo P. Pama Uganda
Vice-President for Development
Asian Institute of Technology Mr. Paul Nedwell
U.K. Department of Civil and
G.P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501
Thailand Structural Engineering
Dr. A.A. Alwash UMIST, P.O. Box 88
Mrs. Lilia Robles-Austriaco 17 Bakehouse Lane Manchester M60 lQD
International Ferrocement Barnsley, South Yorkshire U.K.
Information Center U.K.
Asian Institute of Technology Mr. John Michael Pemberton
Dr. E.W. Bennett
G.P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501 Restrock Ltd.
Thailand The University of Leeds
Department of Civil Engineering 36 Alder Hill Grove
Leeds LS2 9IT Leeds LS7 2PT
Mr. Suddhisakdi U.K. U.K.
Samrejprasong
Building Materials Laboratory Mr. AJ.K. Bisbrown Mr. Derek Vincent Russel
Thailand Institute of Scientific Storage Department Astmore House
and Technological Research Tropical Development and 194 Abbey Hey Lane
196 Phahonyothin Road, Bangkok Research Abbey Hey, Manchester MJ8
Thailand London Road, Slough Berks 8TW
U.K.
U.K.
Mr. Narong Sukapaddhanadhi
Metallurgical and Ceramic Mr. Colin Brookes
Mr. Theo Schilderman
Engineering Laboratory Hartley and Brookes Boat Design
Thailand Institute of Scientific Ltd. Intermediate Technology
and Technological Research Heybridge Basin Development Group Ltd.
196 Phahonyothin Road Maldon, Essex Myson House, Railway Terrace
Bangkhcn, Bangkok U.K. Rugby CV21 3HT
Thailand U.K.
Mr. Peter Finch
Mr. Michael Verrier Dr. Ramnath Narayan Swamy
437a Pode Rd.
c/o Mrs. Chantana lsrangkul Department of Civil and
590 Moo 2, Sukhumvit I 07 Brank some
Poole, Dorset Structural Engineering
Soi Bcrring, Samul Prakarn I 0270 University of Sheffield,Mappin
Thailand U.K.
St.,Shcffield SI 3JD, U.K.
Mr. Jeremy Martin Morrison Prof. Antoine E. Naaman Dr. Gajanan M. Sabnis
Turner Department of Civil Engineering 13721 Town Line Rd.
Lamas Manor The University of Michigan 304 Silver Spring, MD 20906
Norwich NRlO 5JQ 2340 G.G. Brown U.S.A.
U.K. Ann Arbor, MI 48109
U.S.A. Mr. Stevie Smith
5100 Channel Ave.
Prof. Charles Bryan Wilby Mr. Louis Pevarnik Jr. Richmond, CA 94804
Schools of Civil and Structural P.O. Box 683 U.S.A.
Engineering Latrobe, PA 15650
Prof.Dr. Michael A. Taylor
University of Bradford U.S.A.
Bradford, Yorkshire BD7 lDP
University of California at Davis
U.K. Dr. S.P. Prawel Jr. Davis, CA 95616
Department of Civil Engineering U.S.A.
U.S.A. State University of New York at
Buffalo Mr. Lois L., Jr. Watson
231 Ketter Hall 1708 Ferndale Circle
Dr. Perumalsamy N. Balaguru Buffalo, NY 14260 West Sacramento
Department of Civil Engineering U.S.A. CA 95691
Rutgers The State University of
U.S.A.
New Jersy Mr. Steven Iddings
Box 909 5825 Horsehoe Bend Road
Piscataway, NJ 08854 Prof. Robert Brady Williamson
Ludlow Falls, OH 45339
U.S.A. U.S.A. Department of Civil Engineering
University of California
Mr. Russell J. Bartell 773 Davis Hall
Mr. Guruvayur Subramaniam Berkeley, CA 94720
615 SW St. Lusie St. Ramaswamy U.S.A.
Stuart, FL 33497
U.S.A. Dr. Ronald F. Zollo
University of Arizona
Tuczon, AZ 85721 Department of Civil Engineering
Dr. Gary Lee Bowen U.S.A. University of Miami
P.O. Box 2311 Coral Gables, FL 33124
Sitka, AK 99835 Dr. Andrei Reinhorn U.S.A.
U.S.A. Department of Civil Engineering
State University of New York at
Mr. John R. Gusler Buffalo VANUATU, SOUTH PACIFIC
6893 S Sectionline Road 231 Ketter Hall
Delaware, OH 43015 Buffalo, NY 14260
U.S.A. U.S.A. Mr. Gerald James Neuburger
P.O. Box 240
Dr. George C. Hoff Mr. Eldred Hiter Robinson III Santo
Mobil Research and Development 6055 Flamingo Dr. Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific
Corp. s14, Roanoke
P.O. Box 819047 Virginia
Dallas, Texas 75381 U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Dr. James Romualdi
Mr. Martin E. Iorns
Ferrocement Laminates Carnegie-Mellon University
1512 Lakewood Drive
U.S.A.
W. Sacramento, CA 95691
U.S.A.
IFJE JE,JE,(Q) CD JEJMIJENT

IINJF CO) IBJMI&TIT CO) N
NJETW(Q)JE,1[
The Ferrocement fuforrnation Networks was established to facilitate and to accelerate the flow of
information among users in developing countries. Each node serves as repository of documents on ferrocement
and as redistribution point within the country. Each node offers user orientation in ferrocement, i.e. introduces
advantages of ferrocement, familiarizes users with its applications, etc.; conducts training courses at the local level
in ferrocement use; and adapt IFIC information materials to local needs.
BANGLADESH INDIA MEXICO
Bangladesh University of
University of Roorkee Instituto Mexicano del Cemento
Engineering and Technology
Department of Civil y del Concrete
Engineering A.C. (IMCYC)
Dhaka 1000
Roorkee 247667 Insurgentes Sur 1846
Bangladesh India 01030 Mexico, D.F.
Coordinators: Coordinators: Mexico
Dr. A.M. Taufiqul Anwar Dr. DN. Trikha
Dr. S.K. Kaushik Coordinator:
Ing. Julio Ernesto Lira
CHINA INDONESIA
Institut Teknologi Bandung
Dalian University of Center for Research on
Technology PAKISTAN
Technology
Structural Laboratory Institute for Research NED University of Engineer-
Dalian, 116024 P.O. Box 276
Bandung
ing and Technology
China
Coordinator: Indonesia University Road
Professor Zhao Guo/an Coordinating Committee: Karachi - 75270
Dr. W. Merati Pakistan
Mr. Ansori Djausal Coordinator:
Mr. Umar Handajo
CUBA Dr. Sahibzada Farooq Ahmed
Ms. Anna R. Gani
Dr. Puti Tamin
Technical Information PHILIPPINES
Center MALAYSIA
Empresa de Proyectos de Obras University of the Philippines
para el Transporte College of Engineering
Oficios 172, La Habana 1 Universiti PertanianMalaysia Diliman, Quezon City 1101
Cuba Faculty of Engineering Philippines
Coordinator: Serdang, Selangor Coordinator:
Mr. Fidel Delgado Malaysia Professor Jose Ma. de Castro
Coordinator:
Prof. A. A. Abang Ali
SAUDI ARABIA UNITED KINGDOM VIETNAM
King Abdul Aziz University of Manchester Institute of Communication

University Institute of Science and and Transport
Department of Civil Technology (UMIST) Ferrocement Center
Engineering Department of Civil and Cau giay, Hanoi
Jeddah 21413 Structural Engineering Vietnam
Saudi Arabia P.O. Box 88, Manchester Coordinator:
Coordinator: U.K. M60 lQD Mr. Do Toan
Dr. SJ. Al-Noury Coordinators:
Mr. Ian Vickridge VIRGIN ISLANDS
TRINIDAD, WEST INDIES Mr. Paul Nedwell
University of the Virgin
Islands
University of the West Indies
Water Resources Research
Department of Civil
Center
Engineering
St. Thomas, U.S. V.1.00802
St. Augustin, Trinidad (W.1.)
Coordinator:
Coordinator:
Dr. J.H. Khrishna
Dr. A.K. Sharma
Dr. R. Osborne
452 Journal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No.4, October 1990
IIJF II CC TI&JE JF JE IffiJE NCC JE

CCJENTJETI&§
Ferrocement basic reference collection is available in the following IFIC Reference Centers. Each
Center has a resource person who will entertain queries on ferrocement.
ARGENTINA BRAZIL
Universidad Nacional del Sur Associacao Brasileira de Cimento Portland

Civil Engineering Department (Concrete Arca) Av. Torres de Oliveira, 76
Avda. Alem 1253 05347 Sao Paulo/Sp
(8000) Bahia Blanca Brazil
Argentina Resource Person: Mr. Adriano Wagner Ballarin
Resource Person: Prof Ing. Rodolfo Ernesto
Serralunga Bionatura Community
Rua Rui Barbosa 11
AUSTRALIA 69980 Cruzeiro do Sul
(Acre), Brazil
Australia Ferroceruent Marine Association Resource Person: Mr. Jorge Almeida
10 Stanley Gve.
Canterbury, 3126 Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio
Victoria de Janeirio
Australia Civil Engineering Library
Resource Person: Mr. Kevin Duff Rua Marcpues de Sao Vicente 225
Gavea 22.453, Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
BANGLADESH Resource Person: Prof K. Ghavami
Bangladesh Institute of Technology (B.l.T.) Universidade Catolica de Pelotas

Civil Engineering Department Laboratory of Material Resistance/
Khulna Construction Materials
Bangladesh Rua Felix de Cunha, 423
Resource Person: Mr. A.K.M. Akhtaruzzaman Caixa Postal 402, Pelotas
RS, Brazil
Bangladesh University of Engineering Resource Person: Mr. Sergio Lund Azevedo
and Technology (B.U.E.T)
BURKINA FASO
Dhaka 1000
Bangladesh Comite Interafricain D'etudes Hydrauliques
Resource Person: Dr. A.M.M.T. Anwar B.P. 369, Quagadougou
Journal of FerrocemenJ: Vol. 20, No.4, October 1990 453
Burkina Faso COLOMBIA

Resource Person: Mr. A. Cisse
Universidad del Cauca
Facultad de Ingenieria Civil
CHILE Popayan
Colombia
Resource Person: Prof. Rodrigo Cajiao V.
Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Chile
Laboratorio de Resistencia de Materiales
Departamento de Ingenieria de Construccion CUBA
Escuela de Ingenieria
Technical Information Center
Vicuna Mackenna 4860
Empresa de Proyectos de Obras para el
Casilla 6177, Santiago
Transporte
Chile
Oficios 172
Resource Person: Dr. Carlos Videla Cifuentes
Cuba
Resource Person: Mr. Fidel Delgado
Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria
Main Library ECUADOR
Casilla 110-V, Valparaiso
Chile Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador
Resource Person: Professor Pablo Jorquera Facultad de Ingenieria
Apartado 2184
12 de Octubre y Carion, Quito
CHINA
Ecuador
Resource Person: Sr. Valentino Carlderon V
Dalian Institute of Technology
Structural Laboratory
Dalian, 116024 EL SALVADOR
China
Resource Person: Professor Zhao Guofan Universidad de El Salvador
Civil Engineering School
Research Institute of Building Materials Facultad de Ingenieria y Arquitectura
and Concrete final 25 Av. Norte
Guanzhuang, Chaoyang District Ciudad Universitaria
Beijing San Salvador
China El Salvador
Resource Person: Mr. Lu lluitang Resource Person: Ing. Roberto 0. Salazar M.
Suzhou Concrete and Cement Products ETHIOPIA

Research Institute University of Addis Ababa
Information Research Department Faculty of Technology
State Administration of Building Materials Department of Civl Engineering
Industry P.O. Box 385
Suzhou, Jiangsu Province Addis Ababa
China Ethiopia
Resource Person: Mr. XuRuyuan Resourse Person: Dr. 'Zawde Berhane
454 Jownal of Fe"ocemenl: Vol. 20, No.4, October 1990
GHANA Auroville 605 104

TamilNadu
University or Science and Technology India
School of Engineering Resource Person: Mr. Gilles Guigan
Kumasi
Ghana BAIF
Resource Person: Prof M. Ben-George Information Resource Center
Pradeep Chambers
GUATEMALA Bhandarkar Institute Road
Pune411006
Centro de Estudios Mesaomericano sobre India
Technologia Apropriada (CEMA T) Resource Person: Ms. Radhika Subramanian
Cemat's Documentation Center
la Av. 32-21Zona12
Calicut Regional Egnineering College
Guatemala
P.O. Calicut Regional Engineering College
Resource Person: Mr. Edgardo Caceres
Calicut 673601, Kevala
India
Centro de Investigaciones de Ingenieria Resource Person: Dr. K. Subramania Iyer
Edificio T-5
Faculdad de Ingenieria, USAC Malaviya Regional Engineering College
Ciudad Universitaria, Zona 12 Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan
Guatemala India
Resource Person: Ing. Javier Quinonez Resource Person: Dr. M. Raisinghani
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala Univer sity or Roorkee

Central Library Architecture Department of Civil Engineering
Facultad De Arquitectura USAC Roorkee 247667
Ciudad Universitaria, Zona 12 India
Guatemala City Resource Person: Dr. S.K. Kaushik
Guatemala
Resource Person: Lie. Raquel P. de Recinos
INDONESIA
HUNGARY Hasanuddin University

Heavy Laboratory Building
Central Library or the Technical University Faculty of Engineering
or Budapest JI. Mesjid Raya 55, Ujung Padang
H-111 Budapest Indonesia
Budafoki UL 4 Resource Persons: Ir. J.B. Manga
Hungary Jr. M. Amin Hayat
Resource Person: Dr. Eng. Im.re Lebovits
Institut Teknologi Bandung
INDIA Center for Research on Technology
Institute for Research
Auroville Building Centre P.0.Box276
Auroshilpham Bandung
Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No.4, October 1990 455
Indonesia Resource Person : Ir. Mahyuddin Ramli

Resource Person: Dr. Widiadnyana Merati
Ir. Oemar Handojo Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Dr. Puti Tamin Faculty of Engineering
Karung Berkunci 791
Petra Christian University 80990 Johar Bahru, Johar
Jalan Siwalankerto 121-131 Malaysia
Tromolpos 5304, Surabaya Resource Person: Dr. Mohd. Warid Hussin
Indonesia
Resource Person: Mr. Hurijanto Koentjoro MEXICO
University Lampung Instituto Mexicano del Cemento y del

Civil Engineering Department Concreto, A.C.
Kampur Gedung Menang Insurgentes Sur 1846
Bandar Lampung C.P. 01030, Col. florida
Indonesia Deleg, Alvaro Obregon
Resource Person: Mr. Ansori Djausal Mexico, D.F.
Resource Person: Ing. Ernesto Lira
LAOS
Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon
National Centre of Documentation and Civil Engineering Institute
Scientific and Technical Information
Civil Engineering Faculty
P.O. Box 2279
Apdo, Postal 17
Vientiane
San Nicolas de los Garza
Laos, P.D.R.
Nuevo Leon
Resource Person: Ms. Sisavanh Boupa
Mesico
Resource Person: Professor Dr. Raymundo
MALAYSIA Rivera Villareal
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia MOROCCO

Faculty of Engineering
Serdang, Selangor Centre National de Documentation
Malaysia BP 826 Charii Maa Al Ainain
Resource Person: Prof. AA. Abang Abdullah Haut-Agdal, Rabat
Morocco
Universiti Pertanian Malaysia Resource Person: Miss Karima Frej
Pusat Pengajian Sains Gunaan
Kampus Bintulu NEPAL
Peti Surat 396 97008
Bintulu, Sarawak
Malaysia Royal Nepal Academy of Science and
Resource Person: Mr. IsmailAdnanB. A. Malek Technology
P.O. Box 3323
Universiti Sains Malaysia
School of Housing, Building and Planning New Baneswor, Kathmandu
11800 USM, Minden, Penang Nepal
Malaysia Resource Person : Mr. Anil Adhikari
456 JowMI of Ferrocerru!nt: Vol. 20, No.4, October 1990
NIGERIA Central Philippine University

College of Engineering
University of Ibadan Jaro, Iloilo City 5000
Department of Civil Engineering Philippines
Ibadan ResourcePerson:Engr.PrudencioL. Magallanes
Nigeria
Resource Person: Dr. G.A. Acade Mindanao State University
Regional Adaptive Technology Center
University of Dorin Marawi City
Department of Civil Engineering Philippines
P.M.B. 1518, Ilorin Resource Person: Dr. Cosain Derico
Nigeria
Resource Person: Dr. O.A. Adetifa MSU-lligan Institute of Technology
PAKISTAN Department of Civil Engineering
9200 Iligan City
University of Engineering and Technology Philippines
Faculty of Civil Engineering Resource Person: Prof Daniel S. Mostrales
Lahore 31
Pakistan Philippine Council for Industry & Energy
Resource Person: Professor Ziauddin Main Research & Development (PCIERD)
Rm. 513, 5th Floor Ortigas Building
PAPUA NEW GUINEA Ortigas A venue, Pasig
Metro Manila, Philippines
Village Industry Research and Training Resource Person: Mr. Edgardo P. Santibanez
Unit (VIRTU)
Box 14, Kieta Tulungan sa Tubigan Foundation
North Solomons Province 2nd Floor, Dona Maria Building
Papua New Guinea 1238 EDSA, Quezon City
Resource Person: Gitti Bentz Philippines
Resource Person: Ms. Mediatrix P. Valera
PERU University of Nueva Caceres
Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Peru Naga City, Philippines
Laboratorio de Resistencia de Materials Resource Person: Engr. Andrie P. Frue/
Dpto. de lngenieria
Apartado 12534, Lima 21 University of the Philippines
Peru College of Engineering
Resource Person: Ing. Juan Harman In/antes Diliman, Quezon City
Metro Manila 3004
PHILIPPINES Philippines
Resource Person: Professor Jose Ma. de Castro
Capiz Development Foundation
Indorporated PUERTO RICO
P.O. Box 72, Roxas City
Capiz, Philippines University of Puerto Rico
Resource Person: Engr. Lorna Berna/es Materials Laboratory
Journal of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No.4, October 1990 457
Faculty of Engineering, Mayaguez 00708 SOUTH AFRICA

Puerto Rico
Resource Person: Professor Roberto Huyke Division of Information Services
CSIR
REPUBLICA OOMINICANA P.O.Box 395
Pretoria 0001
Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra South Africa
Santiago de los Cabaleros Resource Person: Mrs. SA. Townsend
Republica Dominicana
Resource Person: Professor Ing. 0. Franco Portland Cement Institute
P.O. Box 168
Halfway House 1685
REPUBLIC OF UGANDA South Africa
Resource Person: Engr. BJ. Addis
Integrated Rural Development Center
P.O.B. 31, Lake Katkie
Republic of Uganda SRI LANKA
Resource Person: Mr. John Baptist
National Building Research Organization
Ministry of Local Government, Housing
ROMANIA
and Construction
99/l Jawatte Road
Institutul Politechnic
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Laboratorul de Beton Annal
Resource Person: Mr. J.S. Pathirana
Str. G. Baritiu nr. 25, Cluj Napoca
Romania
Resource Person: Ing. Ladislau Szigeti TANZANIA
Water Resources Institute

SAUDI ARABIA
P.O. Box 35059
King Abdulaziz University Dar es Sa laam
Department of Civil Engineering Tanzania
P.O. Box 9027, Jeddah 21413 Resource Person: Benedict P. Michael
Saudi Arabia
Resource Person Dr. SJ. al-Noury THAILAND
King Mongkut's Institute of Technology,

SIERRA LEONE
Thonburi
Water Supply Division Faculty of Engineering
Leone House (3rd floor) 91 Suksawasdi 48, Bangmod, Resburana
Siaka Stevens Street Bangkok 10140
Freetown, Sierra Leone Thailand
Resource Person: A.E. Harleston Resource Person: Dr. Kraiwood Kiattikomol
458 Jowrnal of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No.4, October 1990
Nakom SriThumraj Technical College Dokuz Eylul Universitesi

Nakom Sri Thumraj Shipbuilding Center Muhendislik-Mimarlik Facultesi
Amphur Muang Insaat Muhendisligi Bolumu
Nakom Sri Thumraj Bomova-Izmir 35100
Thailand Turkey
Resource Person: Mr. Sorapoj Karnjanawongse Resource Person: Dr. Bulent Baradan
Nongkhai Industrial and Boatbuilding UNITED KINGDOM

Training Centre
AmpurMuang University of Leeds
Nongkhai 43000 Civil Engineering Department
Thailand Leeds LS2 9JT
Resource Person: Mr. Songsawat Tiphyalwngka U.K.
Resource Person: Dr. G. Singh
Prince of Songkla University
Department of Civil Engineering University of Manchester Institute of
P.0.Box2 Science and Technology (UMIST)
Korhong Hatyai P.0.Box88
Songkla 90112 Manchester M60 lQD
Thailand U.K.
Resource Person: Dr.Vachara Thongcharoen Resource Person: Mr. Ian Vickridge
Mr. Paul Nedwell
Yasothon Technical College
VIETNAM
Amphur Muang
Yosothon 35-000
Institute of Communication and Transport
Thailand
Ferrocement Center
Resource Person: Mr. Surasak Arporntewan
Hanoi, Vietnam
Resource Person: Mr. Do Toan
TRINIDAD and TOBAGO
Polytechnic University of Ho Chi Minh
University of the West Indies 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, QlO
Department of Civil Engineering Ho Chi Minh City
St. Augustine Vietnam
Trinidad and Tobago Resource Person: Mr. Do Kien Quoc
Resource Person: Mr. Robin W.A. Osborne
ZIMBABWE
TURKEY
Cukurova University University of Zimbabwe

Civil Engineering Department Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture P.O. Box MP 167
Adana Mount Pleasant. Harate
Turkey Zimbabwe
Resource Person: Dr. Tefaruk Haktanir Resource Person: Dr. A.G. Mponde
Jowl'IOJ of FerrocerMnl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 459
A 11JTIBI CQ) JE§ 0

JPIffi, CQ) JF IT IL JE
Tency BAETENS (Thailand) and Consultants to a number of engi-

neering finns in the Philippines, U.S.A. and
Mr. Baetens is affili- Singapore. Currently, he ·is chairman of the
ated since 1989 with the Au- Editorial Board, Engineering Journal of Sin-
roville Building Centre, a gapore and member of the Editorial Board of the
centre specializing in pro- Journal of Ferrocement. Professor Lee is a fel-
motion and training of ferro- low of ASCE, Institution of Civil Engineers,
.cement and mud technol- London and Institution of Engineers, Singapore.
ogy. He has been working in India since 1977 He is also member of many professional organi-
in the field of afforestation, renewable technol- zations like ASEE, IABSE and IASS.
ogy and appropriate building technology. He
has been working with ferrocement since 1983.
P. PARAMASIVAM
Together with Mr. Uli Hauser, he developep/the
ferrocement prefabricated biogas plants in
Dr. Paramasivam is an
1986.
associate professor of the
Civil Engineering Depart-
Seng-Lip LEE ment at the National Uni-
versity of Singapore, Sin-
Dr. Lee is professor gapore. He obtained a
and head, Deparunent of Bachelor of Engineering
Civil Engineering, National and Master of Science in Engineering with First
University of Singapore, Class -Honors in 1964 and 1966 respectively
Singapore. He holds a from Madras University and Doctor of Philoso-
B.Sc. in Civil Engineering phy from Indian Institute of Technology,
from the Mapua Institute of Technology, Ma- Kanpur in 1969. He worked as research associ-
nila, Philippines; a M.S.E. from the University ate at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Can-
of Michigan, Ann Arbor and a Ph.D. from the ada before joining the National University of
University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. He Singapore in 1971. He has published numerous
is author and co-author of more than one papers in the field of ferrocement and fiber rein-
hundred and forty research papers. He has forced materials, computer applications of static
served as professor and vice chairman for and dynamic analysis of building frames, finite
Graduate study, Civil Engineering Department, element and grid framework model analysis of
Northwestern University (U.S.A.), professor complex plate structures. He is a member of
and chairman, Structural Engineering and Me- Institution of Civil Engineers, London, Institu-
chanics Division, Asian Institute of Technology tion of Engineers, India and Singapore.
460 Jo11rn.al of Ft"ocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, Octobtr 1990
Ricardo P. PAMA interest include development of cost effective

and energy efficie:-:t building materials and
Dr. Pama is the vice technologies.
president for development
of the Asian Institute of
K.H. TAN
Technology and the techni-
cal advisor to the Interna- Dr. Tan is a senior
tional Ferrocement Infor-
lecturer in the Department
mation Cent.er. Dr. Pama obtained his Bachelor
of Civil Engineering, Na-
of Science in Civil Engineering from the Mapua tional University of Sin-
Institute of Technology, Philippines; his Master
gapore. He received his
of Engineering, major in Structural Engineering
MEng. from NationJ Uni-
from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bang-
versity of Singapore and Dr.Eng. from the Uni-
kok, Thailand and his Ph.D. from the University
versity of Tokyo. His current research activities
of St Andrews in Scotland. He was with the include topics on ferrocement and fiber-rein-
teaching staff at St Andrews before joining the
forced concrete, shear and torsion in partially
AIT as assistant professor, then associate pro-
prestressed concrete members and behavior of
fessor, associate chairman and professor of the reinforced concrete beams with large transverse
Structural Engineering and Construction Divi-
openings.
sion. He has been actively involved in the or-
ganization of various conferences, workshops
and seminars and has authored three books, K.C.G.ONG
more than 50 technical papers and edited three
volumes of conference proceedings. Dr. Ong is a senior
lecturer in the Department
VijayRAJ of Civil Engineering at the
National University of
Dr. Raj is an assistant Singapore. He received
professor in the Civil Engi- his B.Eng. degree from the
neering Department of ~
University of Singapore
Madan Mohan Malviya and his Ph.D. from the University of Dundee.
Engineering College, Gora- '» His research interests are mainly in the fields of
khpur, (India). He obtained 'J composite materials, durability and appraisal of
his Bacholer's Degree in 1976 from Indian Insti- concrete structures.
tute of Technology, Kanpur and his Ph.D. from
Avadh University in 1987. Prior to his present P.N. BALAGURU
appointment, he worked with the Bureau of In-
dian Standards for over seven years; where he Dr Balaguru is a pro-
was responsible for standardization in timber fessor of civil engineering
and other related products. For his doctorate re- at Rutgers The State Uni-
search, he worked on the development of bam- versity of New Jersey,
boo ferrocement, a new composite material. He New Jersey, U.S.A. He re-
has lakcn up presently an on-going research ceived his B.E. (Honours),
program on the "Utilization of bamboo for civil M.E. (with Distinction),
engineering purposes" and has guided several and Ph.D. degrees from University of Madras,
master degree thesis on the topic. His fields of India; Indian Institute of Science; and Univer-
Journal of Femxemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 461
sity of lllinois at Chicago Circle, U.S.A. respec- nois at Chicago and at Mas-
tively. His main research interests are cost opti- sach useus Institute of
mum design, time dependent and fatigue behav- Technology. He has more
ior of ferrocement, reinforced and prestressed than 100 publications deal-
concrete structures and structural mechanics. ing with properties of con-
He has over 50 publications in the area of his re- crete; behavior of rein-
search interest Dr. Balaguru is a member of the forced concrete members,
Board of Direction of the New Jersey American and fiber reinforced con-
Concrete Institute, and member of the American . crete. He is chairman of
Concrete Institute (ACI) Technical Committee ACI Committee on Fatigue of Concrete Struc-
215 on Fatigue of Concrete. He is the chairman tures, and RILEM committee on Ferrocement;
of the ACI Technical Committee 549 on Ferro- also past chairman of the ASCE-EMD commit-
cement. tee on Properties of Materials. He is on the
editorial board of four international journals and
S.P. SHAH a fellow of the American Concrete Institute. He
was the 1980 RU.EM Gold Medal awardee and
Dr. Shah is professor of civil engineering was a guest professor at Delft Institute of Tech-
and director of the Center for Concrete and Geo- nology. His current research interests include:
materials at Northwestern University and edito- constitutive relations of concrete, application of
rial board member of the Journal of Ferroce- nonlinear fracture mechanics to rocks and con-
menl. He received his Ph.D. from Cornell Uni- crete; impact loading, fiber reinforced concrete
versity. He has taught at the University of Illi- and bond between steel and concrete.
462 Journal ofFerrocem£nt: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
FP 150 DUCTILITY OF FERROCEMENT BEAMS

KEY WORDS: Curvature, Ductility, Ferrocement, Flexure, Fracture Strain
ABSTRACT: A simple analytical model is proposed to study the ductility of ferrocement
subjected to flexural loading. The curvatures ~t failure, obtained using the model are compared with
experimental results. A parametric srudy was conducted to estimate the influence of: volume fraction
of reinforcement, type of distribution of reinforcement, fracture strain of reinforcement and the
thickness of the beam. The results indicated that fracture strain, and thickness of the beam affect the
curvature at failure (or ductility) more than the other variables.
REFERENCE: Balaguru, P.: Shah, S.P.; andNarahari, R.K. 1990. Ductility ofFerrocementBeams.
Journal ofFerrocement 20 (4): 357-365.
FP151 FABRICATION AND SPEClFICATIONS OF FERROCEMENT DOORS

KEYWORDS: Doors, Fabrication, Ferrocement, Specifications
ABSTRACT: A ferrocement door is easy to make, strong and durable, water resistant and requires
very little maintenance. The cost price (labour+ materials) for a ferrocement door is approximately
US$10/m2. This can vary from place to place. Auroville Building Centre, a unit of the Centre for
Scientific Research (CRS), has been developing and testing doors made out of ferrocementsince 1986.
The following document gives a detailed description of the manufacturing process of ferrocement
doors, the materials and tools needed and details for fixing the hinges and locking arrangement.
REFERENCE: Baetens, T. and Guigan, G. 1990. Fabrication and Specifications ofFerrocemcnt
Doors. Journal ofFerrocement 20 (4):367-376.
FP152 LARGE SPAN BAMBOO FERROCEMENT ELEMENTS FOR FLOORING AND

ROOFING PURPOSES
KEYWORDS: Bamboo, Construction, Deflection, Ferrocement, Flooring, Large Span, Roofing,
Reinforcement
ABSTRACT: As a part of on-going investigations for utilization of bamboo grid in ferrocement,
the development of large span bamboo ferrocement (BFC) elements for flooring and roofing was
undertaken. The study on BFC elements of size 1.6 m x 1.3 m and of varying thickness (30 mm and
40mm) indicates that these elements meet the serviceability criteria laid down in the Bureau of Indian
Standards, for most of the cases of loading and support conditions.

A theoretical analysis by the orthotropic plate theory, using the finite clement approach, was
carried out to predict the structural bchaviorof BFC clement; and the computed load dcflec- ti on curves
were compared with experimental ones, to a known degree of accuracy.
Ba<>cd form the results of this investigation and considering BFC slab costing, the use of
fcrroccmcnt slabs is recommended for flooring and roofing in low cost housing program.
REFERENCE: Raj, V. 1990. Farge Span Bamboo Fcrroccmcnt Elements for Flooring and Roofing
Purposes. Journal of Fcrroccmcnt 20 (4): 367-374.
FP 153 RAINWATER STORAGE USING FERROCEMENT TANKS IN DEVELOPING

COUNTRIES
KEYWORDS: Construction, Fcrroccmcnt, Tanks
ABSTRACT: The main objective of this paper is to propose a simple constuction technique of
fcrroccmcnt water tanks suitable for rainwater collection in developing countries. Based on an
analysis of the water tanks and the test results of the mechanical properties of fcrroccmcnt clements,
two cylindrical tanks of 5 m3 were designed, constructed and tested. The test results and the salient
features of design and construction are presented.
REFERENCE: Paramasivam, P.; Ong, K.C.G.; Jan, K.H.; and Lee, S.L. 1990. Rainwater Storage
Using Fcrroccmcnt Tanks in Developing countries. Journal ofFcrroccmcnt 20 (4): 377-384
FP154 RESEARCH ON FERROCEMENT-GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

KEYWORDS: Applications, Construction, Durability, Mechanical Properties, Repair,
Strengthening
KEYWORDS: The recent researches on ferroccment in a global perspective are presented.
Researches on ferrocement withing the last five years on its constituent materials, mechanical
properties, durability and corrosion, terrestrial and marine applications, and on applications as a repair
and strengthening material are discussed.
REFERENCE: Pama, R.P. 1990. Research on Ferroccmcnt-Global Perspectives. Journal of
Ferrocement 20 (4): 385-410
IINTJEIBN.&TII(Q)N.&IL
™I JE JE 1rII N CG§
January 7-12, 1991: Constitutive Laws for En- 1991: 2nd Regional Conference on Computer
gineering Materials, 3rd International Con- Applications in Civil Engineering - RCCACE
ference, Tucson, U.S.A. Contact: Office of '91, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Contact: Organiz-
Engineering and Professional Development, ing Secretary RCCACE '91, Faculty of Civil
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
U.S.A. Karung Berkunci 791, 80990 Johor Bahm, Ma-
laysia.
January 28-February 1, 1991: Aberdeen's
World of Concrete'91 , Las Vegas, U.S.A : March 14-15, 1991: Asia-Pacific Conference
Contact: World of Concrete Centre, 426 South on Masonry, Singapore. Contact: Engr. John
Wes(8ate, Addison, IL 60101 U.S.A. S.Y. TanCI-PremierPte.Ltd., 1500rchardRoad
#07-14, Orchard Plaza, Singapore 0923. Tel:
January 18-19,1991: International Confer- 7332922; Fax: 2353530; Telex: RS 33205.
ence on Durability of Reinforced and
Prestressed Concr_ete Structures, Jodhpur, April 4-5, 1991: Third International Confer-
India. Contact: Prof. S. Divakaran, Conference ence on Structural Failure-ICSF 91, Sin-
Director, Department of Structural Engineering, gapore. Contact: Dr. K.H. Tan, Department of
M.B.M. Engineering College, Jodhpur-342 001, Civil Engineeering, National University of Sin-
India. gapore, 10 KentRidge Crescent, Singapore051 l.
Tel.: 7722260; Fax: (65) 7791635; Telex:
UNISPO RS33943; Telegram: UNIVSPORE.
February 8-10, 1991: International Confer-
ence on Bridges and Flyovers, Hyderabad,
April 7-11, 1991: Development and the Envi-
India. Contact: Bureau of Industrial and Re- ronment, Tasmania, Australia. Contact: The
search & Development, Jawaharlal Nehru Tech- Conference Manager, the Institution of Engi-
nological University, Mahaveer Marg, Hydera- neers, Australia, 11 National Circuit, Barton Act,
bad-500 028, India. Australia 2600. Tel.: (06)2706549; Fax: (06)
2706530; Telex: AA62758.
February 10-15, 1991: International Sympo-
April 8-11, 1991: Conference on Deformation,
sium on Polymer Materials Preparation Yield and Fracture of Polymers, Cambridge,
Characterization and Properties, Melbourne, England. Contact: Plastics and Rubber Institute,
Australia. Contact: RACI Polymer Division, Conference Department, 11 Hobart Place, Lon-
P.O. Box 224, Belmont Victoria, Australia 3216. don, England SWlW OHL.
April 14-18, 1991: Sixth International Sym- August 4-9, 1991: International Conference
posium: Tunnelling '91, London, U.K. Con- on Durability of Concrete, Montreal, Canada.
tact: The Conference Office, Institution of Min- Contact: Mr. H.S. Wilson, P.O. Box 3065, Sta.
ing and Metallurgy, 44 Portland Place, London, C., Ottawa, Canada KIY 413.
U.K. WIN 4BR.
August 20-22, 1991: Computational Struc-
April 21-25, 1991: International Conference tures Technology, Edinburgh, U.K. Contact:
on Computational Engineering Science, Pa- Edinburgh Conference Centre Limited (Forth
tras, Greece. Contact: Prof. S.N. Atluri, Compu- Rail bridge Centenary Conference), Heriot-Watt
tational Mechanics Center, Georgia Tech., At- University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, U.K. EH14
lanta, GA 30332-0356, U.S.A. 4AS, Tel.: 031-4495111 Ext.3117; Fax: 031-
4513199.
Apri/23-26, 1991 :The Third East Asia-Pacific
Conference on Structural Engineering and August 25-30, 1991: Composite Polymeric
Construction (EASEC - 3), Shanghai, China. Material, New York, U.S.A. Contact: Mr. R.S.
Contact:EASEC - 3 Secretariat, Mr. H.F. Xiang/ Turner, ACS Division of Polymeric Materials,
Mr. D.H. Jiang, Tong.ii University, 1239 Siping Building 82, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, NJ
Road, Shanghai 200092, China. Tel.:5455080- 14650, U.S.A.
3420; Cable:3658; Fax:0086-02 l-5458965;
Telex:33488 TJIDC CN. September 3-6, 1991: Diagnosis of Concrete
Structures, Czechoslovakia. Contact: Doc. Inc.
June 3-7, 1991: 11th FIP Congress, Ham- Tibor JAVOR, Dr.Sc. VUIS Lamacska 8, 81714
burg, West Germany. Contact: FIP Office, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.
The Institution of Structural Engineers, 11 Upper
Belgrave Street, GB-London, United Kingdom October 22-25, 1991: International Sympo-
SWlX 8BH. sium on Modern Application of Prestressed
Concrete, Beijing, China. Contact: Professor
June 10-13, 1991: 5th Annual Technical Con- Liu Yongyi, China Academy of Building
ference on Composite Materials, Michigan, Research (CABR), P.O. Box 752, Beijing
U.S.A. Contact: Dr. L.T. Drzal, American Soci- 100013, China.
ety for Composites, BlOO Research Comples,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824-1326, U.S.A. December 4-6, 1991: ACI International Con-
ference on Evaluation andRehabilitation of
June 27-28, 1991: New Dimensions in Bridges Concrete Structures and Innovations in De-
and Flyovers, Singapore.Contact: Engr. John sign, HongKong. Contact: Mr. William R.
S.Y. TanCI-PremierPte.Ltd., 1500rchardRoad Tolley, American Concrete Institute, 22400 W.
#07-14, Orchard Plaza, Singapore 0923. Tel: Seven Mile Road, Detroit, MI 48219-1849,
7332922; Fax: 2353530; Telex: RS 33205. U.S.A.; Fax:(313)532-0655.
July 29-31, 1991: Fourth International Con- May 3-8, 1992: International Conference on
ference on Computing in Civil/Building Engi- Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzo-
neering, Tokyo, Japan. Contact: Mr. Junichi lans in Concrete, Istanbul, Turkey. Contact:
Yagi, Managing Director, Office of Japan, Soci- Mr. H.S. Wilson, P.O. Box 3065, Station C.
ety of Civil Engineers, Yotsuya 1-0, Shinjukuku, Ottawa, Canada Kl Y 413
Tokyo, Japan.
466 JourNJI of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
CONTENT LIST
Volume 20 contains four issues and this partial list of contents includes all technical articles
including papers on research and development, applications and techniques, tips for amateur builders
and news and notes published in the Journal of Ferrocement during 1990.
Number 1, January 1990
PAPER ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Structural Behavior ofFerrocement Load Bearing Wall Panels 1

IA. Basunbul and G.J. Al-Sulaimani
PAPER ON APPLICATION AND TECHNIQUES
Ferrocement Farm Irrigation Structures 11

J.P. Narayan, \'. V.N. Murty and P. Nimityongskul
Ferrocement Overlay for Concrete Pavement Resurfacing 23
P. Pamarasivam and T.F. Fwa
Ferrocement Precast Retaining Walls 31
A.R. Migliore Jr. and J.B. de Hanai
TIPS FOR AMATEUR BUILDERS
Upgrading a Ferrocement Boat Stern Tube 39

GL.Bowen
DISCUSSION
Ferrocement vs. Hard Chine Steel Vessels 45
NEW &NOTES 58
Fourth International Symposium on Ferrocement to be Held in Cuba 59
International Conference for Editors 59
Ferro Systems Europe 60
Substituting Cement With Steel Slag 61
Experts Examine Impact of New Technologies on Third World 61
Ferrocement Tank Manual 62
Ferrocement Caution and Sign Boards 62
Ferrocement Water Storage Tanks Installed at High Altitude Locations 63
National Seminar on Special Concretes 63
Precast Ferrocement Bridge Deck Slabs 64
Tough Metallic Fibers 65
Ferrocement Water Tanks 65
Bolidt Develops a New Product Range for Concrete Damage Repair

and Concrete/Steel Protection 66
New Cement Sets Firm Standards 67
One-Sample Testing to Cut Costs 68
Morgen Swing Value Pumps and Placing Booms 69
Optical Strain Measurement of Deformation 69
World of Concrete'90 to Present New Management Seminars 70
Number 2, Aprll 1990
Natural Fibers as Reinforcement 109

E.E. Sera, L. Robles-Austriaco and R.P. Pama
PAPERS ON APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES
Construction and Use of Ferrocement Paving Blocks 125

B.M. Garrote
Ferrocement floating House for Low-Income Families of Klong Toey
Bangkok, Thailand 133
I.EL. Sigit-Arifin, Yap Kioe Sheng and P. Nimityongskul
Ferrocement, Prefabrication, Self-Help for Low Cost Housing 143
R. Mattone
Some Properties of Bamboo for Consideration as Ferrocement Reinforcements 149
Lee Teang Shui
DISCUSSION
Factors Influencing the Durability of Ferrocement 159
NEW AND NOTES
IDRC Board of Governors Visited AIT 177

ASEAN Conference on Technological Development 178
IFIC Visitors 179
New Chairman for ACI Committee 549 179
Training Course on Ferrocement 180
Ferrocement Overhead Water Tank 181
SERC to Participate in 35 point Action Plan 181
Ferrocement Tanks in Sri Lanka 183
Ferrocement Yacht 183
U.K. Centre for "Sick" Buildings 184
ACI Forms Educational/Research Foundation 184

Course on Information Repackaging and Consolidation 185
Number 3, July 1990
PAPERS ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Effect of Arrangement and Orientation of Hexagonal Mesh on the Behavior of

Two-Way Ferrocement Slabs 219
W N. Al-Rifaie and DN. Trikha
Thermal Behaviour of Ferrocement 231
MNA. Hawlader, MA. Mansur and M. Rahman
The Water-Demand and the Gap-Volume of Aggregate for Ferrocement 241
Nguyen Huu Thanh
Improvement in Flexural Behaviour and Impact Resistance

of Ferrocements by Use of Polymers 257
A. Shirai and Y. Ohama
Technological Development of Low Cost Materials in ASEAN Countries 265

R. Agustin a'nd L. Robles-Austriaco
NEW AND NOTES
Auroville Building Centre 295

Vietmanese Officials Study Tour 295
Ferrocement Structures in Central Sulawesi 296
Constro 1991 298
Ferrocement Door-Shutters 298
Training-Cum-Demonstration Program 299
Ferrocement Tanks 300
Artificial Cement-Based Slate 300
Transportable Ferrocement Water Tank 300
Western Samoa Taps the Sky 301
Training of Ferrocement Gosifier 302
Ferrocmeent Monk 303
Cement for Repairs Above and Under Water 304
FRP Rebar Replaces Traditional Steel Applications 304
Ferrocement Walls Which 'Open' to Explosive Blasts 305
Automatic Compression Machine 306
Environmental SEM Revelas Nature of Wet Cement 307
Microcalorimeter Enables Study of Cement Hydration 307
Morgen Introduces New Concrete Pumps and Mobile Placer 307

Profometer 308
Three New Concrete Pulverizer Models 308
Vicat Apparatus 309
Wheel Trencher 309
MAKEBASE - An Information Retrieval System in Structural Mechanics for Mainframes
and Personal Computer 309
Number 4, October 1990
Ductility of Ferrocement Beams 349

P. Balaguru, S.P. Shah and R.K. Narahari
Fabrication and Specifications of Ferrocement Doors 357

T. Baetens and G. Guigan
Large Span Bamboo Ferrocement Elements for Flooring and Roofing Purposes 367
V.Raj
Rainwater Storage Using Ferrocement Tanks in Developing Countries 377
P. Paramasivam, K.C.G. Ong, K.H. Tan and SL. Lee
SPECIAL FOCUS
Research on Ferrocement - Global Perspectives 385

R.P.Pama
NEWS AND NOTES
The Second FIN Coordinators Workshop and Study Visit 423

Visitors at IFIC 425
Waste Materials into Aggregates 426
Ferrocement Boat Construction Workshop in India 427
Stagewise Ferrocement Flooring Slab System (SWF) 427
National Course on "Low Cost Building Materials and Construction Techniques" 427
Cement/Lime Stabilization 428
Diamond Wire Saw - The In-depth Solution 428
Correspondence Course 428
The Joint for Quality Floors 429
N.Z. Concrete Awards 429
Robots Assist with Beam Assembly 429

Organic Farming and Intermediater Technology 430
Ferrocement Boats Come of Age in the Philippines 430
Research and Development at Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological
Research (TISTR) and Building Technology Department (BTD) 431
Measuring Loads on Staircases 432
Nottingham University Launches Composites Club 433
Performance of Limestone - Filled Cements 433
Sculptures, Irish Concrete Society Awards 434
Taking Measures to Stop Steel Corrosion 435
The Concrete Trader Changes Hands 436
Seismic Performance of Buildings 437
World of Concrete, 17th Anniversary 437
Morgen Improves Articulation on 32-meter Reach Boom 437
Volume 20, January/April/July/October 1990
Contributions to the Journal of Ferrocement are indexed in three categories:

Author Index
Title Index
Subject Index
Volume 20 contains four issues namely:

No. 1 January 1990 1-108
No. 2 April 1990 109-218
No. 3 July 1990 219-348
No.4. October 1990 349-484
AUTHOR INDEX
Agustin, R. Bowen, G.L.
Technological DevelopmenJ of Upgrading a FerrocemenJ Boat Stern
Low Cost Materials in ASEAN Tube de Hanai, J.B. 39
CounJries 265 FerrocemenJ Precast Retaining Walls. 31
AI-Rifaie, W.N. Fwa, T.F.
Effect ofArrangemenJ and OrienJation FerrocemenJ Overlay for Concrete PavemenJ
of Hexagonal Mesh on the Behaviour Resurfacing 23
of Two-Way Slabs 219 Garrote, B.M.
AI-Sulaimani, G.J. Construction and Use of FerrocemenJ Paving
Structural Behavior of FerrocemenJ Blocks 125
Load Bearing Wall Panels 1 Giugan. G.
Baetens, T. Fabrication and Specifications of
Fabrication and Specifications of FerrocemenJ Doors
FerrocemenJ Doors. Hawlader, M.N.A.
Balaguru, P. Thermal Behaviour of FerrocemenJ 231
Ductility of FerrocemenJ Beams 349 Lee, S.L.
Basunbul, I.A. Rainwater Storage Using FerrocemenJ
Structural Behavior of FerrocemenJ Tanks in Developing CounJries 377
Load Bearing Wall Panels 1
472 JourNJ/ of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
Lee Teang Shui in Developing Countries. 377

Some Properties of Bamboo for Rahman,M.
ConsideraJion as Ferrocement Thermal Behaviour of Ferrocement 23 i
Reinforcement i49
Raj, V.
Mansur, M.A. Large Span Bamboo Ferrocement Elements for
Thermal Behaviour of Ferrocement 23i Flooring/Roofing Purposes 367
Mattone, R. Robles-Austriaco, L.
F errocement, Prefabrication, Self Help * Technological Development of Low Cost
for Low Cost Housing i43 Materials in ASEAN Countries 265
Migliore, A.R. * Natural Fibers as Reinforcement i09
Ferrocement ?recast Retaining Walls 3i Shah, S.P.
Murty, V.V.N. Ductility of Ferrocement Beams 349
Ferrocement Farm irrigaJ ion Structures ii Sera, E.E.
Narahari, R.K. Natural Fibers as Reinforcement i09
Ductility of Ferrocement Beams 349 Shirai, A.
Narayan, J.P. improvement in Flexural Behaviour
Ferrocement Farm irrigaJ ion Structures ii and impact Resistance of Ferrocements
Nimityonskul, P. by Use of Polymers 257
Ferrocement Farm irrigaJion Structures ii Sigit-Arilin, I.E.L.
Ferrocement Floating House for Ferrocement Floating House for
Low-income Families of Klang Toey, Low-income Families of Klang Toey,
Bangkok, Thaila~ 133 Bangkok, Thailand 133
Obama, Y. Tan,K.H.
improvement in Flexural Behaviour Rainwater Storage Using Ferrocement Tanks
and impact Resistance of Ferrocements by in Developing Countries 377
Use of Polymers 257
Thanh, Nguyen Huu.
Ong, K.C.G. The Water-Demand and the Gap-Volume of
Rainwater Storage Using Ferrocement Tanks Aggregate for Ferrocement 24i
in Developing Countries. 23
Trikha, D.N.
Pama,R.P.
Effect ofArrangement and Orientation
Natural Fibers as Reinforcement 109
of Hexagonal Mesh on the Behaviour
Research on Ferrocement - Global
ofTwo-Way Ferrocement slabs 2i
Prespectives 385
Paramasivam, P. Yap,K.S.
Ferrocement Overlay for Concrete Pavement Ferrocement Floating House for
Re surfacing 23 Low-income Families of Klang Toey,
Rainwater Storage Using Ferrocement Tanks Bangkok, Thailand 133
SUBJECT INDEX
Walls Ferrocement 1, 11, 23, 31, 39, 45, 62, 63,
Bearing~ 125, 133, 143, 149, 159, 181, 219,231,
Load - Panels 1 241,257,269,349,357,367,377,385
Retaining walls 31
Bearing - System 141 Irrigation 11
Cost First Crack

- analysis 18,35, 128 - ing load 223,224,228
Low- 133, 143 - stress 228
materials - 265 Thermal
Flexure - behaviour 231
-Behaviour 257,259 - conductivity 237
-Tests 23,24,25,259 Water-Demand 241
- Strength 26 Gap-VOiume 241
Tests Specific surface 245
1,3,4 Polymers
- Results 117, 222 257,
Aging- 118 . - dispersions 258
Accelerated aging - 119 Stuctural system 32,33,34
Impact- 155,259 Boat
Materials 3, 150, 257 - Stern 39
Structures Meshes 46-
Drop- 12 Hemagonal mesh 219
Reinforcement 15,258 Fibers
Bamboo- 152 Metallic - 65
Curing 17 Natural- 109
Strength Wood- 112
Compressive - 25 Bamboo- 113
Torsional Strength Bagasse- 116
ASH Palm- 300
Rice Husk - 118 Tanks
KlongToey 133 water - 65
Analysis 134 Ferrocement - 300,377
Housing Irrigation Outlet 15
- systems 141 Curing 17
Low Cost- Testing
Bamboo Hydraulic - 18,
149,267 Structural - 18
- reinforcement 152,367 - Procedure 222
moisture content of - 153 Pavement
Absorption and Shrinkage of - 153 Concrete - 23
Properties 149 - Blocks 125
Mortar padestrian - 128
-Mix 151 Canada 58
Compressive Strength 151 Cuba 59
Canal Lining 155, 11 Australia 61
Durability 159, 118 Austria 61
Galvanizing 159 India 62,295,298
Sri Lanka 183 Colombia 62
U.K. 184,303 Construction
U.S.A. 184,304 125
U.S.S.R. 305 - cost 140
Ultimate load 223,224,229 Incremental - 141
474 Journal of Ferroceme111: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
Applications Pacific Island 301

128,267,269,274,277,357 Thailand
-proposal 143 Corrosion 41
Sound Band 130 Gasifiers 302
Low income 133 Fireness factor 247
Floating House 133 Repairs 304
Impace Resistance 261 Steel 304
Soil cement block 271, 272, 273 Explosive blasts 305
Pozzolanas 276 Rebar 304
Indonesia 296 Design 127
Kenya 300 Prefabrication 143
New Zealand 300, 45 Specific gravity 153
TITLE INDEX
Construction and Use of Ferrocement 125 by Use of Polymers 257

BM.Garrote A. Shirai and Y. Ohama
Ductility of Ferrocement Beams 349 Large Span Bamboo Ferrocement Elements for
P. Balaguru, sP-. Shah and R.U. Narahari Flooring/Roofing Purposes 367
Effect of Arrangement and Orientation of V.Raj
Hexagonal Mesh on the Behaviour of Two Natural Fibers as Reinforcement 109
Way Ferrocement Slabs 219 E.E. Sera, L. Robles-Austriaco
WN. Al-Rifaie and DN. Trikha and RP.Pama
Fabrication and Specifications of Ferrocement Rainwater Storage Using Ferrocement Tanks in
Doora 357 Developing Countries 377
T. Baeten.s and g. Guigan
P. Paramasivam, K.C.G. Ong, KH. Tan
Ferrocement Farm Irrigation Structures 11 and SL.Lee
JP. Narayan, V.V N. Murty and
P. Nimityongskul Research on Ferrocement-Global
Perspectives 385
Ferrocement Floating House for Low-Income RP.Pama
Families of Klong Toey, Bangkok,
Thailand 133 Some Properties of Bamboo for consideration
I.EL. Sigit-Arifin, Yap Kioe Sheng as Ferrocement Reinforcements 149
Lee Teang Shui
and P. Nimityongskul
Structural Behavior of Ferrocement Load
Ferrocement Overlay for concrete Pavement
Bearing Wall Panels
Resurfacing 23
IA. Basunbul and BJ. Al-Sulaimani
P. Pamasivam and T.F. Fwa
Technological Development of Low Cost
Ferrocement Precast Retaining Walls 31
Materials in ASEAN 265 Countries Thermal
A.R. Migliore Jr. and J.B. de Hanai
Behaviour of Ferrocement 231
Ferrocement, Prefabrication, Self Help for Low MN A. Haw Lader, MA. Mansur
Cost Housing 143 and M. Rahman
R. Mattone
The Water-Demand and the Gap-Volume of
Improvement in Flexural Behaviour Aggregate for Ferrocement 241
and Impact Resistance of Ferrocements Nguyen Huu Thanh
'(~(~~ !
I (!}'LJ[S I
001 FERROCEMENT 003 FERROCEMENT, A VERSA TILE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL: ITS
B.K. Paul and R.P. Pama INCREASING USE IN ASIA
This publication discusses every aspect of Edited byR.P. Pama, Seng-Lip Lee andNoelD.
ferrocement technology: historical background, Vietmeyer
constituent materials, construction procedures,
mechanical properties and potential applications. This report is the product of the workshop
The flexicover edition includes over 75 literature "Introduction of Technologies in Asia -
references on the subject. 149 pp., 74 illus. Ferrocement, A Case Study", jointly sponsored
by the Asian Institute of Technology (Ain and
Surface mail Air mail the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS).
Subscribers US$12.00 US$14.00 Thirteen case studies on the 'State-of-the-Art' of
Non-subscribers US$15.00 US$17.00 ferrocement technology and applications in nine
countries in Asia and Australia are presented.
106 pp., 59 illus.
Surface mail US$2.00

Air mail US$4.00
002 THE POTENTIALS OF FER-
ROCEMENT AND RELATED 004 FERROCEMENT AND ITS
MA TE RIALS FOR RURAL APPLICATION· A BIBLIOGRAPHY,
INDONESIA • A FEASIBILITY
STUDY Volume 1
R.P. Pama and Opas Phromratanapongse It presents a comprehensive list of references

covering all aspects of ferrocement technology
The report recommends seven potential and its applications. This first volume lists 736
applications of ferrocement and related materials references classified according to subject and
found particularly suitable for rural Indonesia. author indices. All listed references are available
Good reference for volunteer groups and at IFIC which can provide photocopies on request
government officers involved with rural at nominal cost. Ideal for researchers and
development amateur builders. 56 pp.
Surface mail US$2.00 Surface mail US$2.00

Air mail US$4.00 Air mail US$4.00
005 DO IT YOURSELF SERIES 007 SLIDE PRESENTATION SERIES
To accelerate transfer of ferrocement Construction of Ferrocement Water Tank

technology to developing countries, IFIC has - Series No. 1
published the following eight Booklets in the Do An Introduction to Ferrocement
It Yourself Series: - Series No. 2
Ferrocement -A Technology for Housing
- Series No. 3
Ferrocement Grain Storage Bin- Booklet No. 1
Historical Development of Ferrocement
Ferrocement Water Tank - Booklet No. 2
- Series No. 4
Ferrocement Biogas Holder - Booklet No. 3
Introducing Bamboo as Reinforcement
Ferrocement Canoe - Booklet No. 4
- Series No. 5
Cost per Booklet Each set contains 30 color slides with a
Surface mail US$2.00 description of each slide on an accompanying
Air mail US$4.00 booklet. Additional background information are
included where appropriate. The slide sets listed
Ferrocement Roofing Element - Booklet No. 5 are intended for use in schools, colleges, training
Ferrocement Biogas Digester - Booklet No. 6 centers and will be equally useful for
Ferrocement Canal Lining - Booklet No. 7 organizations involved in rural development.
F errocement Pour-Flush Latrine- Booklet No. 8
Cost per Series Air mail
Cost per Booklet Developing countries US$15.00
Surface mail US$4.00 Developed countries US$20.00
Air mail US$6.00
008 FERROCEMENT APPLICATIONS:
The descriptive text in each booklet is in a STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEWS
nontechnical language. Material specifications,
Volume 1
material estimations, construction and post-
construction operation of each utility structure This volume is the compilation of the State-
are well discussed. Construction drawings and of-the-Art Reviews published in the Journal of
construction guidelines to ensure better Ferrocement. A valuable source volume that
workmanship and finished structures are summarizes published information before
presented. Also included are additional readings January 1982.
and sample calculations.
Surface mail US$ 8.00
Air mail US$10.00
006 FOCUS
009 HOUSING BIBLIOGRAPHY
This pamphlet introduces ferrocement as a
highly versatile form of reinforced concrete used Specialized Bibliographies Vol. 1
for construction with a minimum of skilled labor. Housing Bibliography includes all
Published in Bengali, Burmese, Chinese, references available at IFIC on housing,
English, French, Hindi, Indonesian, Japanese, constructed in situ and prefabricated.
Nepalese, Pilipino, Portuguese, Singhalese,
Spanish, Swahili, Tamil, Thai, Urdu. These Surface mail US$2.00
pamphlets could be obtained FREE of Charge. Air mail US$4.00
JourNJ/ of Ferrocemenl: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990 477
010 INTERNATIONAL DIRECTORY OF 012 LECTURE NOTES: SHORT COURSE

FERROCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
AND EXPERTS 1982-1984 OFFERROCEMENTSTRUCTURES
This directory is an indispensable source for This is a compilation of the lecture notes of
decision making to select firms/experts for the Short Course on Design and Construction of
ferrocement related design, construction and Ferrocement Structures held at the Asian
engineering services. Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand,
226 firms and experts present their 8-12 January 1985. This publication contains
capabilities and experience. In addition, they are every aspect of ferrocement from its historical
indexed by types of services performed and by background and constituent materials to the
geographic location of their offices. construction procedures. An important feature of
the lecture notes is the design criteria for
Surface mail Air mail ferrocement including examples of analysis
For Experts and Firms US$ 5.00 US$ 7.00 problems based from the "ACI Design Guide for
listed in the directory Ferrocement."
List price US$15.00 US$17.00
List price: US$45.00

011 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND (surface postage included)
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON
FERROCEMENT Air mail postage
Asia US$ 5.00
Edited by: L. Robles-Austriaco, R.P. Pama, K. Others US$12.00
Sashi Kumar and E.G. Mehta.
The proceedings provide an opportunity to 013 FERROCEMENT ABSTRACTS

review and update the existing knowledge and
further understand the latest developments and Each volume contains 300 abstracts on
progress made in ferrocement technology. ferrocement technology. Each abstract is
numerically coded and indexed by keywords,
List price: US$ 60.00 authors and titles.
(surface postage included)
Volume 1 Volume 2
Air mail postage
Asia US$ 5.00 Surface mail US$4.00 US$6.00
Others US$12.00 Air mail US$6.00 US$8.00
478 JourNJI of Ferrocement: Vol. 20, No. 4, October 1990
JOURNALOFFERROCEMENT
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
The annual subscription rates in US$ for the Journal of Ferrocement (inclusive of postage by
surface mail) are as follows:
Region Status Rate

A. North America, Europe, Australia, Individual 36.00
New Zealand, Middle East and Japan Institutional 70.00
B. Countries other than those listed in Individual 22.00
Region A Institutional 40.00
Multi-year Subscription Discounts
AIT Alumni Others

1to2 years: 15% 1to2 years: 10%
3 to 4 years: 18% 3 to 4 years: 15%
5 years: 20% 5 years: 20%
We encourage subscription to the Journal of Ferrocement through air mail, in which case the
following extra charges in US$ are to be added to the annual subscription rates as specified above:
Region Additional charge
Asia US$ 6.00
Oceania, Europe and Africa US$10.00
America US$12.00
MODES OF PAYMENT
All payments (subscription fees, advertisement fees and service fees) are to be paid in advance
and can be made by bank draft, cashier's cheque or international money order in US dollars in favor
ofIFIC.
BACK ISSUES * Agricultural Applications

(Vol. 12, No. 1, January 1982)
Special Issues * Prefabricated Ferrocement Housing
* Marine Applications (Vol. 13, No. 1, January 1983)
*Water Resources Structures
(Vol. 10, No. 3, July 1980) (Vol. 14, No. 1, January 1984)
* Housing Applications * Prefabrication & Industrial Applications
(Vol. 11, No.I, January 1981) (Vol. 16, No. 3, 1986)
*Water Decade *Fiber Reinforced Cement Structures
(Vol. 1, No. 3, July 1981) (Vol. 18, No. 3, 1988)
Cost per issue* Cost per issue*
Surface mail Air mail Surface mail Air mail
Individual US$ 6.00 US$ 8.00 Individual US$ 7.50 US$ 9.50
JnstitUlional US$12.50 US$14.50 InstitUlional US$15.00 US$17.00
Regular Issues Vol. 16 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4)

Vol. 17 (all issues)
Vol. 8 (all issues)
Vol. 18 (No. 1, No. 2, No. 4)
Vol. 9 (all issues)
Vol. 10 (No. 1, No. 2, No. 4)
Cost per issue*
Vol. 11 (No. 2, No. 4)
Individual Institutional
Cost per issue* Developing countries US$5.50 US$10.00
Individual Institutional Developed countries US$9.00 US$17.50
Developing countries US$3.75 US$ 7.50
Developed countries US$6.00 US$12.50
Vol. 7, Nos. 1 and 2 are out of print
Vol. 12 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4) Photocopies of individual articles from these
Vol. 13 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4) issues could be ordered at US$0.15 per page for
Vol. 14 (No. 2, No. 3, No. 4) developing countries and US$0.20 per page for
Vol. 15 (all issues) developed countries. Cost inclusive of surface
postage.
Cost per issue*
Individual Institutional
Developing countries US$4.50 US$ 9.00 * Inclusive of surface mail postage
Developed countries US$7 .50 US$15.00 Add US$2.00 per issue for air mail postage
PLEASE POST SUBSCRIPTION FORM TO:
The Director
International Ferrocement Information Center
P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand
Enclosed is a cheque/draft/money order in the amount of US$ for one/two/three year(s)

subscription to the JOURNAL OF FERROCEMENT from January _ _ to December __ by air
mail/surface mail. (Please strike out as applicable)
INDIVIDUAL SUBSCRIPTION:
Name:
Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Date: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Signature: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIPTION:
Name of I n s t i t u t i o n : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
ContactPerson: --------------------------~
Position: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Date: - - - - - - - - - - - - Signature:
OTHER PUBLICATIONS:
Enclosed is a cheque/draft/money order in the amount of US$ ___ for the following:
Item Quantity Remarks Amount
Name:
Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Subscriber YES D NOD

ADVERTISING RATES
Number of consecutive years 1 2 3
Class Type area Rates in U.S. Dollars*
Whole page 71;211 x 51;211 150 240 315

(190 mm x 140 mm)
Half page 3s; x 51; 11

II
80 128 168
8 2
(92 mm x 140 mm)
11
Quarter page 35/ 8 x 25/8" 50 80 105
(92 mm x 67 mm)
* A reduction of 30% for four or more years will be allowed.
FEES FOR IFIC SERVICES

Reprographic Service Fees:
Developing Developed
Countries Countries
A. Photocopy -
Xerox US$0. l 5/page US$0.20/page
Microform/Printer US$0.30/page US$0.30/page
B. Microforms -
Microfiches+ US$3.00/fiche US$3.00/fiche
(60 pages)
AIT Publications* -
AIT M.Eng. Thesis, Doctoral US$0.15/page US$0.20/page
Dissertation & AIT Research
Report
Black & White Colored
Photograph -
Postcard size US$0.25/copy US$0.40/copy
Hourly Rate
First Hour (there after)
Reference Service Fee US$10.00 US$5.00
5% Discount for subscribers to the Journal of Ferrocement.

+ Including air mail.
*Service Charge: US$5.00 per publication.
Al/fees include surface mailing charges.
PLEASE POST SUBSCRIPTION FORM TO:
The Director
International Fe"ocement Information Center Tel: 5290100-13, 5290091-93 Ext. 2871
Asian Institute of Technology Telex: 84276 TH
G.P.O. Box 2754 Fax: (66-2) 5290374
Bangkok 10501, Thailand Cable: AIT Bangkok
Enclosed is a cheque/draft/money order in the amount of US$ for one/two/three/four/five

year(s)subscription totheJOURNALOFFERROCEMENTfromJanuary-- to December-- by
air mail/surface mail. (Please strike out as applicable)
INDIVIDUAL SUBSCRIPTION:
Name:
Address:---------------------------~
INSTITUTIONAL SUBSCRIPTION:
Name of I n s t i t u t i o n : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
ConmctPerson: ------------------------~
Position: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Da~: - - - - - - - - - - - Signature:
OTHER PUBLICATIONS:
Enclosed is a cheque/draft/money order in the amount of US$-- for the following:
I~m Quantity Remarks Amount
Name:
Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Subscriber YES D NOD
(For IF/C publications listed at the back of this page, orders can be marked directly on the box
provided in each publication.)
PUBLICATIONS PRICE LIST AND ORDER FORM
Mark the box in froot of the publication to order. Prices are in US Dollars (US$).
Air Surface Air Surface

mail mail mail mail
D 001 Ferrocement D 009 FERROCEMENT ABS1RACT

Subscriber 14.00 12.00 D Volume 1 6.00 4.00
Non-Subscriber 17.00 15.00 D Volume 2 8.00 6.00
D 002 The Potentials of Ferrocement and D 010 FOCUS (available in 19 languages,
Related Materials for Rural Indonesia indicate language) Free
- A Feasibility Study 4.00 2.00
D 011 SLIDE PRESENTATION SERIES
D 003 Ferrocement, A Versatile Construction D Construction of Ferrocement
Material: It's Increasing Use in Asia Water Tank, Set No. 1
4.00 2.00 D An Introduction to Ferrocement,
D 004 Ferrocement and Its Applications - A Set No. 2
Bibliography, Volume 1 4.00 2.00 D Ferrocement - A Technology for
Housing, Set No. 3
D 005 DO IT YOURSELF SERIES
D Historical Development of
D Ferrocement Grain Storage Bin
Booklet No. 1 4.00 2.00 Ferrocement, Set No. 4
D Ferrocement Water Tank D Introducing Bamboo as
Booklet No. 2 4.00 2.00 Reinforcement, Set No. 5
D Ferrocement Biagas Holder Cost per Set (only Air mail)
Booklet No. 3 4.00 2.00 Region A 20.00
D Ferrocement Canoe Region B 15.00
Booklet No. 4 4.00 2.00 D 012 VIDEO PRESENTATION SERIES
D Ferrocement Roofing Element (Available in PAL, NTSC, or SECAM
Booklet No. 5 6.00 4.00 System)
D Ferrocement Biagas Digester D Introducing Ferrocement, Series
Booklet No. 6 6.00 4.00 No. I
D Ferrocement Canal Lining Cost per tape (Air mail)
Booklet No. 7 6.00 4.00 Region A• 30.00
D Ferrocement Pour-Flush Latrine Region B• 20.00
Booklet No. 8 6.00 4.00
D 013 Ferrocement Corrosion (Proceedings
D 006 Ferrocement Applications: State-of-the- of the International Correspondence
Art Reviews, Volume 1 10.00 8.00 Symposiwn onFerrocement Corrosion)
D 007 International Directory ofFerrocement 20.00 15.00
Organizations and Experts, 1982-1984 D 014 Proceedings of the Second International
ListPrice 17.00 15.00 Symposium on Ferrocement
For Experts and Firms Asia 65.00 60.00
listed in the directory 7.00 5.00 Others 72.00 60.00
D 008 SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHIES D 015 Lecture Notes: Short Course on Design
D Housing Bibliography, and Construction of Ferrocement
Volume 1 4.00 2.00 Structures
D Marine Bibliography, Asia 50.00 45.00
Volume 2 4.00 2.00 Others 57.00 45.00
• Region A North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Middle East and Japan
Region B Countries other than those listed in Region A
Ferrocement Design Service
* Mesh Reinforced Ferrocement

* HT Wire Reinforced Ferrous Ferrocement
* Pre-stress Ferrocement - Fibre Concrete for application on
* Off-Shore Structures,
* Tanks - Water, Fish Farms etc.,
* Floating Wharves, Pontoons.,
* Housing & Commercial Buildings,
* Cladding,
* Ships & Barges.
Services include:
Design, Specification, Implementation,
Technology Transfer.
ALEXANDER & ASSOCIATES

Consulting Engineers
P.O. Box 74-167
Auckland
New Zealand Phone 5203-198
Yes' I would like to know more about UM! Article Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~
Clearinghouse. I am interested in electronic ordering Title _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

through the following system(s):
Institution/Company _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
D DlALOG/Dialorder c::; ITT Dialcom
D OnTyme 0 OCLC ILL Subsystem Departmen~-----------
D Other (please specify) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
0 I am interested in sending my order by mail.
City_ __ State _ _ zip _ _ __
D Please send me your current catalog and user
instructions for the system(s) I checked above. Phone( _ _ )_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Mail to: University Microfilms International

300 North Zeeb Road. Box 91 Ann Arbor. MI 48106
·Improve your expertise
Learn more about management of specialized information centres/services
Gain rapid promotion
AIT/LRDC invites you to attend
COURSE ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
AND COMPUTERIZED LIBRARY SERVICES
This three·mon1h course will provide an un· For details contac1:
derslanding of lhe major theories and princi· Oireclor
pies for loday's library and automaled infor· Library and Regional Documentation Center
ma1ion services, giving librarians and subject Asian lnstituie of Technology
specialists an opportunity 10 upgrade their P.O. Box 2754
knowledge and experience with modem com· Bangkok I050 I , Thailand
puterized informalion management technolo· Tel. 5290100.13
gy. Telex: 84276 TH
NICMAR
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
A quarterly journal devoted to the study and practice of management in
construction indust ry. The journal focuses on the management aspects of
civil works. Its areas of interest include:
• Energy • Infrastructure
• Safety • Transportation
• Habitat • Social Services
• Buildings • Communications
• Irrigation • Rural Development
• Environment
Subscription Rate
Indian : Rs. 160 per annum
Foreign : US$ 60 per annum
(including postage and bookpost airmail abroad)
For su bscriptions and advertisements, please write to:
Publication Officer,
Documentation Centre,
National Institute of Construction Management and Research,
Walchand Centre, Tardeo Road,
BOMBAY 400 034, India.
eru 11a1
LET IFIC ANSWER YOUR QUERIES ...
FER.R.OCEMEN'T
HOW AND
WHY?
Ever think about using ferrocement for a
house, boat, storage tank, channel, pipe?
Contact:
INTERNATIONAL
FERROCEMENT
INFORMATION
CENTER (IFIC)
G.P.O. Box 2754
Bangkok 10501, Thailand
Telephone: 5290100-13,
5290091-93 Ext. 2871
Telex: 84276 TH
Fax: (66-2) 5290374
Cable: AIT Bangkok
~IA mtnfillk ffwrr
CIC9®~'9ctrilIDn~ tnll
~®ll W~!l®IDSJ ~
the
ASIAN information center for
EEUTElltiNlllAL
ENEINEEIUNE provides
_
-
_ , __
-
Current Awareness o n News on Ongoing Geo technical

Geotechnical Topics Geotechnical Projects Bibliographies
For efficie nt, eco nomical reference & reprographic services,
AGE • Soil Mechanics,

offers • Rock Mechanics,
a computerized
database for • Foundation Engineering,
information on • Engineering Geology,
• Earthquake Engineering.
Contact: The Director, AG!E, AIT, G.J!>.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand
• Tel. 5290100-13 ext. 2869 • lFax: (66-2) 5290374
• Cable: AIT-BANGKOK • Telex: 84276 TH
JOURNAL OF FERROCEMENT
Volume 20, Number 4, October 1990
CONTENTS
ABOUTIFIC
11111fi I llffil l IH II~
202799 ii
EDITORIAL iii

Ductility of Ferrocement Beams 349
P. Balaguru, S.P. Shah and R.K. Narahari

Fabrication and Specifications of Ferrocement Doors 357
T. Bactens and G. Guigan
Large Span Bamboo Ferrocement Elements for Flooring and Roofing Purposes 367
V.Raj
Rainwater Storage Using Ferrocement Tanks in Developing Countries 377
P. Paramasivam, K.C.G. Ong, K.H. Tan and SL. Lee
SPECIAL FOCUS
Research on Ferrocement- Global Perspectives 385
R.P.Pama
Bibliographic List 411
Fast Lookup 421
News and Notes 423
Call for Papers 439
IFIC Consultants 441
Ferrocement Information Network 450
IFIC Reference Centers 452
Authors' Profile 459
Abstracts 462
International Meetings 464
Content List (Vol. 20) 466
Index (Vol.20) 471
IFIC Publications 475
Advertising Rates and Fees for IFIC Services 482
Advertisement 483
Discussion of the technical material published in this issue is open until 1 January 1991 for publication in the Journal.
The Editors and the Publishers are not responsible for any statement made or any opinion expressed by the authors in the
Journal. No pan of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher. All
correspondences related to manuscript submission, discussions, permission to reprint, advertising, subscriptions or change of
address should be sent to: The Editor, Journal of Ferrocement, IFIC/AIT, G.P.O. Box 2754, Bangkok 10501, Thailand.
The International Ferrocement Information Center (IFIC) was founded in October 1976 at
the Asian Institute of Technology under the joint sponsorship of the Institute' s Division of Structural
Engineering and Construction and the Library and Regional Documentation Center. IFIC was
established as a result of the recommendations made in 1972 by the U.S. National Academy of
Sciences' Advisory Committee on Technological Innovation (ACTI). IFIC receives financial support
from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the International
Development Research Center (IDRC) of Canada.
Basically, IFIC serves as a clearing house for information on ferrocement and related materials.
In cooperation with national societies, universities, libraries, information centers, government
agencies, research organizations, engineering and consulting firms all over the world, IFIC attempts
to collect information on all forms of ferrocement applications either published or unpublished. This
information is identified and sorted before it is repackaged and disseminated as widely as possible
through IFIC's publications, reference and reprographic services and technology transfer
activities. All information collected by IFIC are entered into a computerized data base using ISIS
system. These information are available on request. In addition, IFIC offers referral services.
A quarterly publication, the Journal of Ferrocement, is the main disseminating tool of IFIC.
IFIC has also published the monograph Ferrocement, Do It Yourself Booklets, Slide Presentation
Series, State-of-the-Art Reviews, Ferrocement Abstracts, bibliographies and reports. FOCUS, the
information brochure ofIFI C, is published in 19 languages as part of IFIC' s attempt to reach out
to the rural areas of the developing countries. IFIC is compiling a directory of consultants and
ferrocement experts. The first volume, International Directory of Ferrocement Organizations and
Experts 1982-1984, is now being updated.
To transfer ferrocement technology to the rural areas of developing countries, IFIC organizes
training programs, seminars, study-tours, conferences and symposia. For these activities, IFIC acts
as an initiator; identifying needs, soliciting funding, identifying experts, and bringing people together.
So far, IFIC has successfully undertaken training programs for Indonesia and Malaysia; a regional
symposium and training course in India; a seminar to introduce ferrocement in Malaysia; another
seminar to introduce ferrocement to Africans; study-tour in Thailand and Indonesia for African
officials; the Second International Symposium on Ferrocement and a Short Course on Design and
Construction of Ferrocement Structures, and the Ferrocement Corrosion: An International
Correspondence Symposium. IFIC has successfully established the Ferrocement Information
Network (FIN), the IFIC Reference Centers network and the IFIC Consultants network. IFIC has
promoted the introduction of ferrocement technology in the engineering and architecture curricula of
144 universities in 50 countries. Currently, IFIC is involved to strengthen the outreach programs of
the nodes of FIN.
11
JOURNAL OF FERROCEMENT
Aims and Scope

The Journal ofF errocement is published quarterly by the International Ferrocement Information Center
(IFIC) at the Asian Institute of Technology. The purpose of the Journal is to disseminate the latest research
findings on ferrocement and other related materials and to encourage their practical applications especially in
developing countries. The Journal is divided into four main sections:
(a) Papers on Research and Development
(b) Papers on Applications and Techniques
(c) Technical Notes
(d) Bibliographic List, News and Notes, International Meetings, Book Reviews, and Abstracts.
Notes for the Guidance of Authors

Original papers or technical notes on ferrocement and other related materials and their applications are
solicited. Manuscripts should be submitted to:
The Editor
Journal of Ferrocement
IFIC/AIT
G.P.O. Box 2754
Bangkok 10501
Thailand
Papers submitted will be reviewed and accepted on the understanding that they have not been published
elsewhere prior to their publication in the Journal of Ferrocement. There is no limit to the length of contributions
but it is suggested that a maximum length of 12,000 word-equivalent be used as a guide (approximately
15 pages).
1. The complete manuscript should be written in English and the desired order of contents is Title,
Abstract, List of Symbols, Main Text, Acknowledgements, References and Appendices. The Standard
International System of Units (SI) should be used.
2. The manuscript should be typed on one side of the paper only (preferably 81!2" x 11" bond paper)
with double spacing between lines and a 1 1/2 in. margin on the left.
3. Two copies of the manuscript and illustrations (one set original) should be sent to the Editor.
4. The title should be brief (maximum of 150 characters including blank in between words or other non-
alphabetical characters) and followed by the author's name, affiliation and address.
5. The abstract should be brief, self-contained and explicit. The suggested length is about 150 words.
6. Internationally accepted standard symbols should be used. In the list of symbols Roman letters
should precede Greek letters and upper case symbols should precede lower case.
7. Each reference should be numbered sequentially and these numbers should appear in square brackets
] in the text.
Typical examples are:
1. Broutman, L.J., and Krock, R.H. 1967. Modern Composite Material. London: Addison-
Wesley Publishing Co.
2. Daranandana, N.; Sukapaddhanadhi, N.; and Disathien, P. 1969. Ferrocement for Construction
of Fishing Vessels, Report No. 1, Applied Scientific Research Corporation of Thailand,
Bangkok.
3. Naaman, A.E., and Shah, S.P. 1972. Tensile tests offerrocement. AC/ Journal 68(9): 693-698.
4. Raisinghani, M. 1972. Mechanical Properties of Ferrocement Slabs, M.Eng. Thesis, Asian
Institute of Technology, Bangkok.
8. Graphs, charts, drawings, sketches and diagrams should be drawn in black ink on tracing or white
drawing paper. Illustrations should preferably be drawn on 81!2" x 11" sheets. Photographs should be black
and white prints on glossy paper and preferably 3 1!2 in. x 7 in. size.
9. Illustrations should be numbered consecutively and given proper legends and should be attached to
the end of the manuscript.
Published by the
International Ferrocement Information Center
Asian Institute ef Technolo9y
G.P.O. Box 2754, Ban9kok 10501, Thailand
No. 79/90, October 1990
PRINTED 8Y THAI WATAHA PANICll PRUS 00 •• I.TD •• 891 R.UIA I ROAD 0 llANQKOK. MR. THIRA T. SUWAN, PRINTER, B.E. 2533

Research On Ferrocement - Global Perspective

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research On Ferrocement - Global Perspective

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

.

lnternet:lon•I Ferraaement: lnfar at:lan Cent:er

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EDITOR EXECUTIVE EDITOR

IFIC has a leading role to play in the technology transfer of ferrocement

Ductility of Ferrocement Beamst

P. Balaguru+, S.P. Shah•• and R.K. Narahari•

ANALYTICAL MODEL: DESCRIPTION

* The tensile strength contribution of mortar at ultimate load can be neglected.

Input beam dimensions

Input the reinforcement

Assume neutral axis depth, C;

Compute strains in all steel layers

Usino the strains compute the

Compute the total compressive Cc ,

Calculate the moment capacity and curvature

Print : Max strain in cone., C, Mu , 0u

Fig. 2. Distribution of strains, stresses and forces.

EVALUATION OF THE ANALYTICAL MODEL

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Fig. 3 Comparison of experimental and analytical curvatures.

0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.018 0.020

Fracture strain of me.sh, mm /mm

Fig. 4. Fracture strain vs. ultimate curvature.

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Fig. 5. Curvature vs. beam thickness: uniformly distributed reinforcement.

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Fig. 6. Cwvature vs. beam thickness: reinforcement at top and bottom.

- Variation of ultimate curvature with respect to fracture strain is linear.

Fabrication and Specifications of Ferrocement Doors

•Auroville Building Centre, Auroshilpam, Auroville - 605 101, India.

The disadvantages of ferrocement doors are :

Manufacturing Aids and Tools for Ferrocement Doors

around. Flattened separately on the floor using the square rammer.

Fig. 4. Binding of the stecl mat.

Curing is a necessary phase in order lo obtain a properly manufactured ferrocement product

Fig. S. Folded edge detail. Fig. 6. Ramming of the steel mat.

ASSEMBLING AND FINAL PHASE

PAINTING, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

Where appearance is important, a smooth finishing of the two surfaces is recommended.

Fig. 12. Curing with a wet sand layer.

Table I Summary of Technical Details for Ferrocement Doors

Size height= up to 2.50 m

Weight maximum average = 30 kg/m1

Reinforcement 4 layers of 12 mm x 0.71 mm (22 G) mesh.

W:C:S:ratio W = 0.40 (for 12mm thickness per m2 = 4.5 liter)

Curing time 2.5 to 3 weeks

Cost price: not exceeding US$10 per m1 (excluding the fittings)

DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS

Large Span Bamboo Ferrocement Elements for Flooring

Em = Modulus of elasticity of mortar G1 = Modulus of rigidity ofwiremesh

CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING

Table 1 Size and Designation of B F C slabs.

Size of slabs (mm) Thickness/width

S10 1600 1300 30 6mm

Table 2 Constituent Details of B F C Slabs

Constituent I Properties Details

Chicken wiremesh 20g

~-- --r ---(f)---

Fig. 1. Reinforcement for BFC units. Fig. 2. Dial gauge positions.

Table 3 Load Deflection Curve Data for BFC Slabs

Type of Load (kN/m2) Central Effective

Roof ofall 1.5 2.25 2.6 1500 577 All side

Floor of s30 2.0 3.0 3.6 1500 416 All sides