MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

Mathematics
Internal Assessment
MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE

Within all aspects of sports, mathematics plays an extremely large role, be it with
determining average plays and statistics ranging towards even the basis of numbers in using. I
have always had a very large interest towards all sports however in particular running has
been always something that I have had a large passion and drive towards as it has allowed me
to maintain a healthy lifestyle whilst simultaneously allowing me to maintain a competitive
aspect as the idea of constantly improving time and pace plays a part.

Therefore, this brought about the idea of how running brings the challenge of improving pace
and speed and the notion of to what extent does the Body Mass Index of an individual relate
towards the speed at which they run 100 meters and 1000 meters. The notion of the changing
distances enables a wider bodied set of results as it allows for the postulation that as the
distance a runner has covered increases it shall lead to a decrease or maintenance of pace over
time whilst simultaneously observing the BMI of an individual as their BMI is potentially
higher it will result in a slower pace and speed.

As a runner it has allowed me to formulate the notion that maintaining a common speed over
100m and 1000M would be of extreme difficulty as through first-hand experience it has been
witnessed that as the distance run increases at maximum effort the speed run work upon an
inverse relationship thus meaning that as distance increases it will lead to decreases in speed
It can be viewed that this inverse relationship is affected by the factor of fatigue supporting
the notion of the inverse relationship as fatigue increases the level of output and efficiency
decreases therefore, they will run at a slower pace. Furthermore, the notion of BMI as drawn
in within the lens of my personal perspective displays the idea that an individual with a lower
BMI will be able to run at a faster pace.

Additionally, within the lens of the two distances tested: 100m and 1000m the aspect of
differing methods of output affect the pace as expenditure of energy within the 100m run
would utilize anaerobic energy without the use of oxygen vs the 1000m run that would utilize
aerobic expenditure. The theory behind this puts forth the notion of the anaerobic speed being
of a quicker pace than the aerobic as, aerobic cell respiration is roughly 18 times more
efficient than anaerobic cell respiration (Edu Website , n.d.)

Therefore the correlation between these aspects of running fascinated me to a large extent and
led to me utilizing two aspects of my life that are of extreme importance and happiness,
mathematics and fitness to create a theoretical and practical exploration into what manner are
they truly related to allow me to attain an improved understanding of both events.

In conclusion combining both aspects of my life with a large emphasis on my true passion,
fitness, there will be an exploration and extrapolation of data with real life considerations to
deduce the correlation and relationship between distances run and the pace at which it is
achieved.
MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

AIM AND APPROACH

As evident within the introduction the main objective held within this exploration is to investigate the
correlation between the BMI of individuals in relation to average speed km/h for runners partaking in
100m and 1000m runs to explore whether or not speed will decrease or increase and to view the
correlation between BMI and average speed run. Within the context of running speed is defined as the
period of distance a runner completes or is expected to complete i.e. a 100m or 1-kilometer run
divided by the time it takes

The BMI or body mass index of the runners or individuals within this experiment will be measured by
utilizing height and weight of the individuals where the the formula is BMI = kg/m2 where kg is a
person's weight in kilograms and m2 is their height in metres squared. Therefore, the idea is that an
individual with a lower BMI will attain towards faster speed. Within the exploration the data observed
will range from the BMI and the pace of the runners when comparing the 100m vs 1000m run and the
variance in split paces. The calculation of speed will be done through an external method by which
the distance run and time taken will be utilized to determine the so-called speed within which the
distance was run.

The exploration will be approached through the collation of primary data through the use of
individuals partaking within a measured and a timed 100-meter run and 1000-meter run whilst
simultaneously calculating their height and weights to calculate BMI to quantify results and explore
the correlation between BMI and speed run.

I will be exploring the use of Models to predict whether or not the speed of an individual athletes
running pace will be slower or faster in relation towards their BMI. Additional data will be utilized to
view proportionate changes within the various lengths run. Additionally, the distances used will be
varied from 100m to 1Km. This exploration will most potentially depict the notion that as a runners
BMI increases the speed and pace within which they run will decrease

Within the utilization of two distances run the pace for the 100 meters and the pace for the 1000 meter
run will be calculated separately to display a larger variety of data analysis thus enabling a more
reliable and consistent final result.
MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

MATHEMATICAL INVESTIGATION

COLLATED DATA :

TABLE 1: DISPLAYING ASCENDING ORDER BMI COLLATED FROM SUBJECTS

WITH THE AVERAGE SPEED IN KM/H FOR 100M and 1000M

Avg speed Avg Speed

Km/h :100 Km/h : 1000
Individual BMI Meters Meters Cumulative Average Speed
1 18,9 30,8 11,9 21,4
2 19 30,4 12,2 21,3
3 19,3 30,2 11,4 20,8
4 19,9 29,6 11,2 17,6
5 20,3 29,3 11 20,2
6 20,8 29,1 10,7 18,2
7 21,4 28,7 10,4 19,6
8 21,7 28,4 10,1 19,3
9 21,8 27,9 9,9 18,9
10 22,2 27,6 9,9 18,8
11 22,5 27 9,8 18,4
12 22,9 26,2 9,5 17,9
13 23 27,3 9,3 18,3
14 23,6 25,9 9,4 17,7
15 23,8 25,7 9,2 17,5
16 24 25,7 8,9 17,3
17 24,2 25,3 9,3 17,3
18 24,7 25,2 8,6 16,9
19 25,5 24,6 8,7 16,6
20 25,8 24 8,5 16,2
F
F
MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

GRAPH 1.A: DISPLAYING THE DOWNWARD TREND OF AVERGAE SPEED AS BMI

INCREASES:

GRAPH DISPLAYING CORRELATION BETWEEN BMI AND RUN SPEED

23

22
CUmmulative run speed in Km/h

21

20

19

18

17

16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Athletes BMI

CALCULATION OF PEARSONS CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

- Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient is utilized within mathematics to indicate the strength of the
relationship between two variables in this instance the BMI of an individual athlete and the
average speed taken to run 100m and 1000m.Within my exploration the independent variable
x will be represented by the BMI of the athletes whilst the dependent variable y will be
represented by the average speed in Km/h of the athletes. I have employed the utilization of
the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient in order to determine the strength of the relationship
between the two variables within my exploration in an attempt to determine the correlation of
results and the association within the two. It is given by the following formula.

r=
S xy
√SxSy
where S x =
√ ∑ ( x−x )2 , S = √∑ ¿ ¿ ¿
n
∑ xy
y

¿ S xy is the covariance −x y
n
MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

TABLE 2: VALUES OF PMCC

X Y ( X −X ) ² (Y −Y )²

18.9 21.4 14.44 7.29

19 21.3 13.69 6.76
19.3 20.8 11.56 4.41
19.9 17.6 7.84 2.89
20.3 20.2 5.76 2.25
20.8 18.2 3.61 1.44
21.4 19.6 1.69 0.81
21.7 19.3 1 0.36
21.8 18.9 0.81 0.04
22.2 18.8 0.25 0.01
22.5 18.4 0.04 0.09
22.9 17.9 0.04 0.64
23 18.3 0.09 0.16
23.6 17.7 0.81 1
23.8 17.5 1.21 1.44
24 17.3 1.69 1.96
24.2 17.3 2.25 1.96
24.7 16.9 4 3.24
25.5 16.6 7.84 4.41
25.8 16.2 9.61 6.25
∑=445.3 ∑=374.7 ∑=88.23 ∑=47.41
X =22.27 Y =18.7

X −M x Y −M y (X −M x )² (Y −M y ) ² (X −M x )(Y −M y )
-3.365 2.790 11.323 8.352 -9.725
-3.265 2.290 10.660 7.784 -9.109
-2.965 -0.910 8.791 5.244 -6.790
-2.365 1.690 5.593 0.828 2.152
-1.965 -0.310 3.861 2.856 -3.321
-1.465 1.090 2.146 0.096 0.454
-0.865 0.790 0.748 1.188 -0.943
-0.565 0.390 0.319 0.624 -0.446
-0.465 0.290 0.216 0.152 -0.181
-0.065 -0.110 0.004 0.084 -0.019
0.235 -0.610 0.055 0.012 -0.026
0.635 -0.210 0.403 0.372 -0.387
0.735 -0.810 0.540 0.044 -0.154
1.335 -1.010 1.782 0.656 -1.081
1.535 -1.210 2.356 1.020 -1.550
1.735 -1.210 3.010 1.464 -2.099
1.935 -1.610 3.744 1.464 -2.341
2.435 -1.910 5.929 2.592 -3.920
3.235 -2.310 10.465 3.648 -6.179
3.535 12.496 5.336 -8.166

Mx = 22.26 My = 18.510 Sum = 84.446 Sum = 43.818 Sum = -53.833

MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

RESULT DETAILS & CALCULATION:

∑( X−M x )²=SS x=84.446

∑( Y −M y )²=SS y=43.818

∑=( X−M x )(Y −M y )=−53.833

( X−M y ) ( Y −M x ) −53.833
r= = =−0.885
√( S S x )( S S y ) √( 84.446 )( 43.818 )
∴ r=−0.885

∴ The value of r ² the coefficient of determinationis=0.7832

- Within my calculated results, as observed the r value within my calculations has been
deduced as - 0.885 thus displaying an extremely strong negative correlation within the
data results therefore displaying the notion of as an individuals or athletes BMI (x) increases
the speed (y) in Km/h within which they are able to run 100m and 1000m averaged out
decreases. This strong negative correlation may be in relation due to the factor of an increased
weight in relation to an increased BMI thus putting forth the notion of an increased BMI
decreasing the efficiency and speed within which one can run.
- Furthermore, the calculation of the coefficient r ² = 0.7832 indicates a strong association of
data within the results due to 0.7 ≤ r ²<1
- This result of r ² within the standard table of coefficient determinates places the result within
a “very strong” category
- Because the r value is found to be -0.885 we can conclude that the correlation present here
will be strong and also negative. This confirms the hypothesis, which is that as incomes
increase, the rate of obesity decreases. Using this r value we can now use it to model and
graph the correlation between income and obesity, for the purpose of this investigation I will
be using a linear model to determine the shape of the graph, the reason for this is
because through analyzing the scatter graph

CALCULATION OF THE LEAST SQUARES OF REGRESSION

A least square of regression identifies the relationship between the independent variable within an
experiment: x and the dependent variable: y. Within my exploration the independent variable x will be
represented by the BMI of the athletes whilst the dependent variable y will be represented by the
average speed in Km/h of the athletes. The reason for the utilization of a regression formula within
this aspect of the exploration is as it enables the deduction of whether the speed of an athlete or an
individual is dependent or independent in relation towards the calculated BMI of the individual due to
the correlation deduced from the use of the PMCC.
MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

It is given by the formula

s xy ∑ xy ∑ x²
y− y= ( x−x ) where s xy= −x y ∧S x ² =√ −x ²
sx 2 n n

X Y XY X²

18.9 21.4 385.2 357.21

19 21.3 404.7 361
19.3 20.8 401.44 372.49
19.9 17.6 405.96 396.01
20.3 20.2 410.06 412.09
20.8 18,2 413.92 432.64
21.4 19.6 419.44 457.96
21.7 19.3 418.81 470.89
21.8 18.9 412.02 475.24
22.2 18.8 417.36 492.84
22.5 18.4 414 506.25
22.9 17.9 409.91 524.41
23 18.3 420.9 529
23.6 17.7 417.72 556.96
23.8 17.5 416.5 566.44
24 17.3 415.2 576
24.2 17.3 418.66 585.64
24.7 16.9 417.43 610.09
25.5 16.6 423.3 650.25
25.8 16.2 417.96 665.64
∑=445.3 ∑=373.8 ∑=¿8260.49 ∑=9006.21
X =22.27 Y =18.5 x y=413.02 x ²=450.31
MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

X −M x Y −M y ( X −M x )² ( X −M x )(Y −M y )
-3.365 2.790 11.323 -9.725
-3.265 2.290 10.660 -9.109
-2.965 -0.910 8.791 -6.790
-2.365 1.690 5.593 2.152
-1.965 -0.310 3.861 -3.321
-1.465 1.090 2.146 0.454
-0.865 0.790 0.748 -0.943
-0.565 0.390 0.319 -0.446
-0.465 0.290 0.216 -0.181
-0.065 -0.110 0.004 -0.019
0.235 -0.610 0.055 -0.026
0.635 -0.210 0.403 -0.387
0.735 -0.810 0.540 -0.154
1.335 -1.010 1.782 -1.081
1.535 -1.210 2.356 -1.550
1.735 -1.210 3.010 -2.099
1.935 -1.610 3.744 -2.341
2.435 -1.910 5.929 -3.920
3.235 -2.310 10.465 -6.179
3.535 12.496 -8.166

Mx = 22.27 My = 18.510 Sum = 84.445 Sum = -53.833

Equation for Regression = y=bx+ a

MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

SP ( ∑ of products ) 53.83
b= = =0.63749
SSx 84.45

a=M y −b M x =18.51−(−0.64 x 22.27 )=32.70

y=0.64 x+32.70

GRAPH DISPLAYING EQUATION OF LINE OF REGRESSION

23

22
CUmmulative run speed in Km/h

21

20

19

18

17

16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Athletes BMI

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

MATHEMATICS IA NABEEL RANDEREE

Within the investigation there were certain limitations to the data collection and sample size, one
being that whilst the data did display a negative correlation between BMI and run speed it can be
argued that within certain situations a higher BMI can result in a faster run pace as evident within
professional athletes an increased muscle mass may attain towards a higher and more efficient output
and higher muscle mass may lead towards a higher BMI therefore this displays a certain limitation
towards the results.

The collation of this data again displays a certain limitation in regard to the sample size as due to the
sample size only maintaining a minor proportion in regard to others it displays the notion of a certain
level of unreliability as it does not account for the entire population.

However, in contrast to this a strength that can be observed within this experiment was that the
collation and use of data was through primary means thus increasing the validity and reliability as it
enabled unbiased and misjudged data and statistics.

CONCLUSION DISCUSION

Moving forth and applying the calculated results towards the hypothesized notion towards the
relationship between both the BMI (body mass index) of an individual and the correlation between
whether or not it affects an individual’s speed and pace when running, it can be deduced that there is a
correlation between the two variables. Through this exploration it was possible for me to determine
that from the aim of the investigation which is, “ to what extent is there a correlation between an
athletes or individuals BMI in relation to the speed at which they are able to run” that there is a
negative correlation between the two as from my gathered sample size of 20 individuals a majority
displayed that those with a higher BMI ran a specific distance within a slower time frame. From my
results

I have confirmed my hypothesis of individuals maintaining a higher BMI were able to run at a slower
pace. To further elaborate upon this I initially calculated the Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient is
utilized within mathematics to indicate the strength of the relationship between two variables in this
instance the BMI of an individual athlete and the average speed taken to run 100m and 1000m. From
this data it calculated a “r” value of -0.885 which determines a strong negative correlation between the
data thus indicating that as Variable X which represented the athletes BMI increased Variable Y
decreased therefore demonstrating a negative correlation.

Following the analysation of these results the most efficient and best method to model these results
was through the use of a least squares of regression which identifies the relationship between the
independent variable within an experiment: x and the dependent variable: y and thus further utilizing
the calculations and results I was able to plot my results and equation of y = 0.64x + 32.70 to plot my
results upon a scatter graph to display the negative correlation between the sets of data. Within the
data and upon reflection I was able to determine the negative correlation and the dependence of the
variables upon each other. Finally displaying the notion of there being a correlation between BMI and
run speed.