ASPA ARA A

1ST YEAR – BLOCK G

READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
10/19/22

Part 1
1. Otley Beyer
2. The Negritos
3. Homonhon Island
4. F. Landa Jocano
5. The Illocanos
6. British
7. Hospitality
8. “Bahala na”
9. Mañana Habit
10. Bicolanos

Part 2
1. Filipinos place a high value on “pakikisama,” or making an effort to get along with
other group members. They would go out of their way to please each person, doing
what everyone else does, being kind, taking care of them, spending time with them, etc.
This is such a huge concern to them that anyone who dares to voice a different opinion
or refrain from acting in a way that the group wants him to is labeled as someone who
lacks social skills or walang pakisama
Utang na loob, or a sense of obligation to express thanks, is another positive quality
that can evolve into a flaw. In our society, expressing thanks to people who support or
care about us is highly valued. Some generous people take advantage of this by giving
generously to others so that they will feel obligated to them. He would then pressure or
compel this individual to perform things that he might not want to do, that might be
against the law or are simply excessive.
 2. Yes, the following characteristics keep us from reaching the status of a developed
nation:
Crab mentality: We would take actions to thwart others’ advancement if they appeared to be
making more progress than we are. Us Filipinos trying to harm or undermine the reputation of
our countrymen abroad is much more clear. Despite the fact that we are a people group with a
lot of potential, this is one of the key reasons why we don’t dominate. Other nations may also
display this, but Filipinos appear to take it a step further by spending a lot of time criticizing
others. If only we would start working on bettering ourselves and concentrating on making
great contributions to society, we might do so much.
Corruption and the padrino system – Despite our brilliance, we are unable to advance
since the highest posts are consistently filled by individuals who are mediocre, lazy, inept, or
corrupt. We place more importance on getting along than on doing things properly, to the point
where those who are deemed to be less competent are bullied or shunned. While some of the
privileges that come with becoming a leader in other nations are enjoyed, at least those leaders
make sure that they add something worthwhile. Our nation’s corruption is so blatant that
millions of dollars may be charged for phantom or nonexistent enterprises.

3. Before the entrance of the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Philippines’
varied cultures referred to the lowest social class as the “alipin.” The equivalent social
classes were called oripun, uripon, or ulipon in Visayan languages.The word Is typically
translated as “servant” or “slave,” in contrast to the higher ranks of the
timawa/maharlika (warrior class) and the tumao/maginoo (noblemen). In contrast to
Western and Islamic slavery, which involves the real purchase of a person, the notion of
the alipin in ancient Philippine culture depended on a complicated structure of
obligation and payback through labor. Indeed, those members of the alipin elite who
had their own homes were closer to the serfs and commoners of medieval Europe
The phrase “Servant in the corners [of the master’s house]” (aliping sa gigilid)
describes unmarried alipin without a home, whose survival is entirely dependent on the
goodwill of their masters and insufficiently unpleasant. In Visayan, they are also referred
to as hayohay, ayuey, or tomataban. They can only get married with their existing
master’s permission (rarely given for female aliping sa gigilid). Once married, an aliping
sagigilid changes to an aliping namamahay since the master is no longer required to
provide for the master’s family’s needs (such as food and housing). They can also sell or
transfer their obligations (i.e., services) to another master. The majority of those in this
class are either unmarried children of aliping namamahay parents or unredeemed
captives captured in battles or raids.