BIRZEIT UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
ENEE3102
Engineering Simulation’s laboratory
Negative Feedback & Modular Design using ORCAD Experiment Prelab
_______________________________________________________________

Shehadeh, J 1180519

Supervised by:
Dr. Seyam, J
T.A: Eng. Rahhal, R

Jan,5th 2023
Table of Contents
Effects of load value .................................................................................................................................. 5
Part Two: Open Loop Multi-stage Amplifier ................................................................................................. 7
Effects of load resistance .......................................................................................................................... 9
Amplifier Results Comparison..................................................................................................................... 11
Load Value Effects on Closed Loop Multi-stage Amplifier Design .......................................................... 11
Load Value Effects on Open Loop Multi-stage Amplifier Design ............................................................ 11

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Closed Loop Multistage Amplifier Topology .................................................................................. 3
Figure 2: Output Voltage Waveform Simulation – closed loop, 10k load ..................................................... 3
Figure 3: Vin/Iin Waveform – closed loop, 10k load ..................................................................................... 3
Figure 4: Shorted Voltage at Output Topology ............................................................................................. 4
Figure 5: V/I Waveform – closed loop, voltage source ................................................................................. 4
Figure 6: Output Voltage Waveform – closed loop ...................................................................................... 4
Figure 7: Closed Loop Multi-Stage Amplifier Circuit with 100 ohm Load Topology ................................. 5
Figure 8: Output Voltage Waveform – Closed loop, 100 ohm load .............................................................. 5
Figure 9: Vin/Iin Waveform – closed loop, 100 ohm ..................................................................................... 5
Figure 10: Shorted Voltage at Output Topology – closed loop, 100 ohm ..................................................... 6
Figure 11: Vin/Iin Waveform – Z-out , closed loop, 100 ohm ..................................................................... 6
Figure 12: Output Voltage Waveform – closed loop, 100 ohm .................................................................... 6
Figure 13-Open Loop Multistage Amplifier Topology ................................................................................ 7
Figure 14: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop, 10 kohm ...................................................................... 7
Figure 15: Vin/Iin Waveform – open loop, 10kohm ...................................................................................... 7
Figure 16: shorted voltage source output load Topology – open loop ......................................................... 8
Figure 17: Vin/Iin Waveform – Zout, open loop, 10k .................................................................................... 8
Figure 18: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop, 10k ............................................................................... 8
Figure 19: Open Loop Multistage Amplifier Topology with Load Equals 100Ω ............................................ 9
Figure 20: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop, 100 ohm....................................................................... 9
Figure 21: Vin/Iin Waveform – open loop, 100 ohm ..................................................................................... 9
Figure 22: open loop topology with shorted voltage source on the load ................................................... 10
Figure 23: V/I Waveform – open loop, shorted load ................................................................................... 10
Figure 24: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop ..................................................................................... 10
Part 1: Closed Loop Multi-stage Amplifier
The multi-stage amplifier topology was circuited over the ORCAD software. And the following
signals were simulated

Figure 1: Closed Loop Multistage Amplifier Topology

Figure 2: Output Voltage Waveform Simulation – closed loop, 10k load

The gain is equal to 9.2 volts and from it AV-mid can be determined (AV-mid = gain)
Next Vin/Iin signal was simulated in order to acquire the Zin value:

Figure 3: Vin/Iin Waveform – closed loop, 10k load

Next the input voltage was shorted and the V/I signal was simulated to maintain the Zout value:

Figure 4: Shorted Voltage at Output Topology

Figure 5: V/I Waveform – closed loop, voltage source

The value of Zout was measured to equal 1.1 ohm

Next the output voltage was simulated in order to measure the amplitude of the gain /√2 which
equals the value of the cutoff frequency

Figure 6: Output Voltage Waveform – closed loop

Fc was found to be 6.5 volts making the value of the bandwidth equal to 3.25 MHz
Effects of load value
The load value was changed to 100 ohms and the simulations above were repeated:

Figure 7: Closed Loop Multi-Stage Amplifier Circuit with 100 ohm Load Topology

Next the gain and AV-mid values were determined

Figure 8: Output Voltage Waveform – Closed loop, 100 ohm load

Gain = AV-mid = 8.9 volts

Next the Zin value was acquired by simulating the Vin/Iin signal and found to be 83.7 kilo ohms

Figure 9: Vin/Iin Waveform – closed loop, 100 ohm

To determine Z-out, the load was replaced by a shorted input voltage of the same value

Figure 10: Shorted Voltage at Output Topology – closed loop, 100 ohm

Vin/Iin signal was simulated again and the value of Z-out was determined to 1.1 ohm

Figure 11: Vin/Iin Waveform – Z-out , closed loop, 100 ohm

The cutoff frequency can be found at the amplitude of the gain /√2on the output voltage
simulation:

Figure 12: Output Voltage Waveform – closed loop, 100 ohm

The cut-off frequency held a value of 6.3 volts making the bandwidth equal to 2.3 MHz
Part Two: Open Loop Multi-stage Amplifier
The amplifier’s topology was connected over the OrCAD software as follows:

Figure 13-Open Loop Multistage Amplifier Topology

The output voltage was simulated in order to acquire the gain:

Figure 14: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop, 10 kohm

The AV-mid value is equal to the gain (131.6 Volts) .The value of Zin was determined by
simulating the Vin/Iin signal (Zin = 8.8 kilo ohm):

Figure 15: Vin/Iin Waveform – open loop, 10kohm

In order to acquire the value of Zout, the load was replaced with a shorted input voltage of the
same value, and the simulation was run:

Figure 16: shorted voltage source output load Topology – open loop

In accordance with the following figure, the value of Z-out was measured to be 600 ohm

Figure 17: Vin/Iin Waveform – Zout, open loop, 10k

The value of the cut-off frequency can be found at the amplitude value of the gain /√2,

Figure 18: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop, 10k

The cut-off frequency had a value of 93 Volts making the bandwidth 176.4 KHZ
Effects of load resistance
The value of the load was changed to 100 ohm and the previous simulations were repeated over
the new load value:

Figure 19: Open Loop Multistage Amplifier Topology with Load Equals 100Ω

Figure 20: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop, 100 ohm

Figure 21: Vin/Iin Waveform – open loop, 100 ohm

AV-mid = Gain = 19.2 Volts and Zin = 8.8 Kilo Ohm

Z-out was maintained by replacing the load value with a shorted input voltage and running the
V/I simulation:

Figure 22: open loop topology with shorted voltage source on the load

Figure 23: V/I Waveform – open loop, shorted load

Z-out = 600.1 ohm

Bandwidth was determined from the output voltage waveform as follows:

Figure 24: Output Voltage Waveform – open loop

Fc = gain /√2 = 13.6 Volts, Bandwidth = 174.3 KHz

Amplifier Results Comparison
The open loop design delivers a noticeable higher gain than its closed loop counterpart design.
This is due to the likely hood of the open loop signal to deteriorate as it is not bounded by any
feedback. The input impedance of the closed loop is much larger than that of the open loop while
the output impedance holds an opposite relationship. The closed loop multi-stage amplifier
design also holds a larger bandwidth than that of the open loop design as it is stable over a larger
span of signals.

Load Value Effects on Closed Loop Multi-stage Amplifier Design

The gain, bandwidth and the input impedance of the design hold a positive correlation with the
load while the output impedance is neutral to load changes.

Load Value Effects on Open Loop Multi-stage Amplifier Design

The gain, bandwidth and the input impedance of the design hold a positive correlation with the
load while the output impedance is neutral to load changes