BIRZEIT UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
ENEE3102

Control & Power Electronics’ laboratory

Diode Uncontrolled Rectifiers
_______________________________________________________________

Shehadeh, J 1180519

Supervised by:
Dr. Shehadeh, H
T.A: Eng. Ismail, B

Dec,13th 2022
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze and reconfirm on the working principles of the step-up and step-
up/step-down converters and inspect the PWM technique used to control them. This paper also
attempts to measure and interpret various parameters of the step-up and step-down/step-up
converters and validate the theoretical relationships between output and input parameters.

Apparatus
- 735 65 Rectifier B6 3X400V, 10A
- 735 09 Load, Power Electronics
- 735 18 Fuse, Three-Fold, Super fast
- 735 095 Capacitor, 2 X 100 uF / 385 V
- 735 341 Control Unit PWM, PFM
- 734 02 Setpoint Potentiometer
- 735 342 Field-Effect Transistor MOSFET
- 735 346 IGBT
- 735 02 Diode
- 537 34 Rheostat 100 Ohm
- 537 35 Rheostat 330 Ohm
- 726 80 Transformer 45/90, 3N
- 726 86 Stabilized Power Supply ± 15V/3A
- 501 02 BNC Cable, 1m
- 727 10 RMS Meter
- 524 013S Sensor-CASSY 2 – Starter
- 500 59 Safety bridging plugs, black set of 10
- 500 851 Safety connections leads, 32 A, set of 32
- 500 852 Safety connections leads, yellow/green, set of 10
- 500 59 Safety bridging plugs, black, set of 10
Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Apparatus ................................................................................................................................ 2
Table of Figures .............................................................................................................................. 3
Theory ............................................................................................................................................. 4
Step-Down/Step-Up (Buck-Boost) Converter ............................................................................ 5
Procedure, Data & Analysis ............................................................................................................ 6
Connection of the Controller ...................................................................................................... 6
Step-up (Boost) Converter with PWM and Ohmic Load............................................................ 6
Step-Down/Step-up (Buck-Boost) Converter with PWM and Ohmic Load .............................. 8
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 11
References & Citations ................................................................................................................. 11
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 12

Table of Figures
Figure 1: boost converter layout ..................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Buck-Boost converter circuit........................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: Configuration of the Control Equipment for a DC-DC Chopper .................................... 6
Figure 4: Equivalent Power Circuit of a Step-up (Boost) Converter Implementing a MOSFET ... 6
Figure 5: MOSFET Voltage (Black) and Current (Red) -at 70% Duty Cycle- .............................. 7
Figure 6: Step-up converter Characteristics behavior with k.......................................................... 8
Figure 7: Equivalent Power Circuit of a Step-up (Boost) Converter Implementing an IGBT ....... 8
Figure 8: IGBT Voltage (Black) and Current (Red) -at 70% Duty Cycle- ..................................... 9
Figure 9: Step-up/Step-down converter Characteristics behavior with k ..................................... 10
Theory

Step-Up (Boost) Converter

The step-up converter serves as a DC power shifter from a low direct voltage source to supply a
load of higher direct voltage requirements. The load is usually ohmic with a voltage that depends
on the operating data of the DC chopper. The typical topology of a step-up converter is displayed
below:

Figure 1: boost converter layout

The circuit layout of the Boost converter is constructed from two semiconductors (a MOSFET
and a diode), an inductor, a capacitor, and a load resistor, this converter steps up the input
voltage Vin to a higher output voltage Vout by switching on and off S1, the inductor current
increases and decreases. The magnitude of these current ripples depends on the input voltage, the
duty cycle, the inductor and the switching frequency of the transistor. This current will then
charge the output capacitor, which accumulates the energy transferred from the inductor (Ancay
2021).
The input to output voltage relation of the boost converter follows this formula:
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
1−𝑘
And the input to output current relation of the boost converter is as follow:

𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (𝐼𝑖𝑛) ∗ (1 − 𝑘)
Where k symbols the duty cycle of the used switch. The formula suggests a minimum output of
V when k =0 and a maximum theoretical output of infinity when k = 1.
Step-Down/Step-Up (Buck-Boost) Converter
A buck-boost converter is a cascade combination of a buck converter circuit and a boost
converter circuit. A buck-boost converter is a dc-to-dc converter by which obtains an output
voltage greater or lesser than the input voltage. The polarity of the output voltage is opposite to
that of the input voltage. The circuit topology of the buck-boost converter is displayed below:

Figure 2: Buck-Boost converter circuit

The input voltage source is connected to a solid state device. The second switch used is a diode.
The diode is connected, in reverse to the direction of power flow from source, to a capacitor and
the load and the two are connected in parallel. The controlled switch is turned on and off by
using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). PWM can be time based or frequency based
(Electrical4U 2022).
The input to output voltage relation of the boost converter follows this formula:
𝑘
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
1−𝑘
And the input to output current relation of the boost converter is as follow:
1−𝑘
𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (−𝐼𝑖𝑛) ∗
𝑘
As the equations suggests: the behavior of the operation depends on the value of k in such
manner:

Step-down operation behavior when 𝑘 < 0.5

Inverting operation behavior when 𝑘 = 0.5

Step-up operation behavior when 𝑘 > 0.5

Procedure, Data & Analysis

Connection of the Controller

Firstly the controller was set up to control the converter and a DC power supply to provide +/-
15V, a setpoint potentiometer to vary the duty cycle and control unit were configured together as
displayed below:

Figure 3: Configuration of the Control Equipment for a DC-DC Chopper

The set-point potentiometer was adjusted to 5V and the frequency of the control unit was set to
10 kHz.

Step-up (Boost) Converter with PWM and Ohmic Load

A step-up (Boost) Converter equivalent circuit implementing a MOSFET as a switch was
configured in accordance with the following figure:

Figure 4: Equivalent Power Circuit of a Step-up (Boost) Converter Implementing a MOSFET

The transformer was delta wined to produce 45 V line-to-line input voltage and a fuse was
connected at the lower side of the input to the boost as a protection practice.
 The CASSY-Lab software parameters were set to align with the measured variables. The probes
were connected across and through the MOSFET to measure its voltage and current at a 70%
duty cycle controlled by the potentiometer. The captured results were as follows:

Figure 5: MOSFET Voltage (Black) and Current (Red) -at 70% Duty Cycle-

The time parameter is as follows (were emitted for space purposes). The plot shows that the
voltage across the MOSFET has a magnitude of zero during its on time while a voltage appears
across when its off as it acts as an open circuit during that period. Ton was found to be 9 ms
while the measured period time was 12 ms (Measurements weren’t accurate) resulting in an
experimental value of 0.6923 for k.
Next the set-point potentiometer was adjusted to vary the duty cycle from 80% to 15% while the
output current was maintained at 0.6 A by the varying value of the ohmic load. The following
measurements and calculations were conducted:

Set-point potentiometer (𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡 ) [𝑉] 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.5

The average input voltage of the boost [V] 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 68
The average output voltage of the boost [V] 250 196 148 122 103 90 79 76
The average input current of the boost [V] 2.96 2.2 1.56 1.25 1.05 0.9 0.79 0.74
𝑡𝑜𝑛 [µ𝑠] 74.4 66.8 55.4 45.1 35.0 24.4 14.0 10.5
Calculated duty cycle; 𝑘 = 𝑡𝑜𝑛 /𝑇 [%] 74.4 66.8 55.4 45.1 35.0 24.4 14.0 10.5
Calculated (theoretical) average output
320 217 165 134 112 97.1 85 80
voltage of the boost [V]
Calculated (theoretical) average input
3 2 1.5 1.2 1 0.86 0.75 0.71
current of the boost [A]
Table 1: The Effect of Duty Cycle on the Step-up Converter characteristics at I-out = 0.6A

Next the measured parameters were plotted on the excel software and the results were as follows:
 300

250

200
Vin
150
Vout

100 Iin

50

0
74.4 66.8 55.4 45.1 35 24.4 14 10.5

Figure 6: Step-up converter Characteristics behavior with k

The plot of the captured data suggests a positive logarithmic correlation between the output
voltage and duty cycle value. It also suggests a juxtaposed behavior of the current to that of the
voltage: when the voltage increases the current decreases under the same proportion. The output
voltage constantly holds a value higher than that of the input due to the nature of the relation
between them under the constraints of this circuitry. The minimum possible output voltage is
equal is to the input voltage value. The experimental values are relatively close to the theoretical
expected values with a slight fixed difference that may be coming from the inner circuitry of the
controller or the over-all power loses throughout the topology.

Step-Down/Step-up (Buck-Boost) Converter with PWM and Ohmic Load

A step-down/step-up (Buck-Boost) Converter equivalent circuit implementing an IGBT as a
switch was configured in accordance with the following figure:

Figure 7: Equivalent Power Circuit of a Step-up (Boost) Converter Implementing an IGBT

 The transformer was delta wined to produce 45 V line-to-line input voltage and a fuse was
connected at the lower side of the input to the boost as a protection practice.

The CASSY-Lab software parameters were set to align with the measured variables. The probes
were connected across and through the IGBT to measure its voltage and current at 5kHz
frequency and a 70% duty cycle controlled by the potentiometer. The captured results were as
follows:

Figure 8: IGBT Voltage (Black) and Current (Red) -at 70% Duty Cycle-

The time parameter is as follows (were emitted for space purposes). The plot shows that the
voltage across the IGBT has a magnitude of zero during its on time while a voltage appears
across when its off as it acts as an open circuit during that period. Ton was found to be 16 ms
while the measured period time was 22 ms (Measurements weren’t accurate) resulting in an
experimental value of 0.727 for k.
Next the set-point potentiometer was adjusted to vary the duty cycle from 70% to 3% while the
output current was maintained at 1 A by the varying value of the ohmic load. The following
measurements were taken and calculation following the base buckboost formula and a T of 22ms
were conducted:

Setpoint potentiometer (𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑡 ) [𝑉] 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3

The buck-boost average input voltage [V] 63.1 64 62.8 63 64 63 62 63 63
The buck-boost average output voltage [V] -165 -130 -95 -72.6 -59.2 -47.9 -38.1 -30.8 -22.6
The buck-boost average input current [V] 0.36 0.48 0.58 0.76 0.91 1.1 1.35 1.65 2.07
𝑡𝑜𝑛 [µ𝑠] 15.9 14.7 13.2 11.8 10.6 9.5 8.38 7.22 5.81
Calculated duty cycle; 𝑘 = 𝑡𝑜𝑛 /𝑇 72.3 67.0 60.2 53.5 48.1 43.2 38.1 32.8 26.4
Calculated (theoretical) average output
-147 -119 -94.2 -77.0 -64 -51.5 -41.3 -33.9 -27
voltage of the buck-boost [V]
Calculated (theoretical) average input
2.33 1.86 1.5 1.22 1 0.82 0.67 0.54 0.43
current of the buck-boost [A]
Next the measured parameters were plotted on the excel software and the results were as follows:

100

50

0
72.3 67 60.2 53.5 48.1 43.2 38.1 32.8 26.4 Vin
-50 Iin
Vout
-100

-150

-200

Figure 9: Step-up/Step-down converter Characteristics behavior with k

The plot of the captured data again suggests a positive logarithmic correlation between the output
voltage and duty cycle value. The only difference is the current ability of the output voltage to
take values lower than that of the input due to the dual nature of the buck-boost converter: Shall
K take a dip below the value of 0.5 the buck-boost will start behaving as a step-down converter
generating outputs lower than the inputs and the positive correlation will proceed to exist on the
negative half of the plain.
The plot also suggests a juxtaposed behavior of the current to that of the voltage: when the
voltage increases the current decreases under the same proportion. The experimental values are
relatively close to the theoretical expected values with a slight fixed difference that may be
coming from the inner circuitry of the controller or the over-all power loses throughout the
topology.
Conclusion
The paper studies the operating principle and behavior of a dual set of voltage converters and
reconfirms the theoretical concepts roaming around them. The experiment ran smoothly with no
major complications. All inspected topologies were circuited and tested in accordance with the
instructions as provided in the control electronics lab manual. The behavior of different input and
output parameters were inspected in accordance with each relation with the constant k. The paper
concludes that the output of a boost and a buck-boost converters hold a positive correlation with
the input voltage to these circuits. The paper also concludes that the output current holds a
juxtaposed correlation with the output voltage as governed by the general current-voltage
relation. All acquired results were accepted as the experiment ran with no major complications.

References & Citations

1) base, J. A. is a development engineer at I. O. the knowledge, Notes, H. I. an A. C. to N.,
& Topics, E. on a B. V. of. (2021, August 27). Step-up boost converter. Imperix.
https://imperix.com/doc/implementation/step-up-boost-converter
2) Electrical4U. (n.d.). Buck Boost Converter | Electrical4U.
Https://Www.electrical4u.com/. https://www.electrical4u.com/buck-boost-converter/
3) Buck-Boost Converter - Circuit Diagram, Working & Applications. (2022, September
14). https://www.electronicsmind.com/buck-boost-converter/
4) ENEE (2022). Control & Power Electronics Lab Manual – Exp 6. Birzeit Univerity
Appendices