(Converging Lens)

Mirror and
Magnification
Equation
Mirror Equation
The mirror equation expresses the quantitative
relationship between the object distance (do),
the image distance (di), and the focal length
(f).It is express as:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒊
Magnification Equation
The magnification equation relates the ratio of
the image distance (di) and objects’ distance
(do) to the ratio of the image height (hi) and
object height (ho). It can be written as:
𝒉𝒊 𝒅𝒊
M= =−
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐
The +/- Sign Convention
The sign (+/-) of the different quantities
(variables) will help us identify the
characteristics of the image formed in spherical
mirrors.
The +/- Sign Convention
The focal length (f) will help us identify the
type of mirror used:
If f is positive (+) the mirror is concave
If f is negative (-) the mirror is convex
The +/- Sign Convention
The distance of the image (di) will help us
identify the location and type of the image
formed:
If di is positive (+) the image is real and is
located on the object’s side of the mirror
If di is negative (-) the image is virtual and is
located behind the mirror
The +/- Sign Convention
The height of the image(hi) will help us
identify the orientation and the size of the
image formed:
If hi is positive (+) the image is upright
If hi is negative (-) the image is inverted
*Note that the value of hi will tell us whether the image is
enlarged, reduced or have the same size as the object.
The +/- Sign Convention
The Magnification (M) will help us identify the
orientation, size and the type of the image
formed:
If M is positive (+) the image is virtual and
upright/erect
If M is negative (-) the image is real and
inverted
The +/- Sign Convention
If M is equal to 1, then the image is the same
size as the object.
If M is greater than 1, then the image is
enlarged.
If M is less than 1, then the image is reduced.
Thin Lens Equation and Magnification
Equation

thin lens equation Magnification equation

 Use if the problem is all about the relationship between wavelength and
frequencies
Use if the problem is all about the relationship between Energy and
frequencies

Use if the problem is all about the relationship between Energy and
wavelength

Constant
Speed of Light (c) = 3.0 x 108 m/s
Planck’s Constant (h) = 6.63 x 10-34 J!s