Types of statements

Statement is of two types.Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal
logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science
investigating how conclusions follow from premises in a topic-neutral way. When used as a countable
noun, the term "a logic" refers to a logical formal system that articulates a proof system. Formal logic
contrasts with informal logic, which is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and
argumentation theory. While there is no general agreement on how formal and informal logic are to be
distinguished, one prominent approach associates their difference with whether the studied arguments
are expressed in formal or informal languages. Logic plays a central role in multiple fields, such as
philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.

Depiction of inference using modus ponens

Logic studies valid forms of inference like the modus ponens.

Logic studies arguments, which consist of a set of premises together with a conclusion. Premises and
conclusions are usually understood either as sentences or as propositions and are characterized by their
internal structure; complex propositions are made up of simpler propositions linked to each other by
propositional connectives like

∧\land (and) or

→\to (if...then). The truth of a proposition usually depends on the denotations of its constituents.
Logically true propositions constitute a special case since their truth depends only on the logical
vocabulary used in them and not on the denotations of other terms.

Arguments can be either correct or incorrect. An argument is correct if its premises support its
conclusion. The strongest form of support is found in deductive arguments: it is impossible for their
premises to be true and their conclusion to be false. Deductive arguments contrast with ampliative
arguments, which may arrive in their conclusion at new information that is not present in the premises.
However, it is possible for all their premises to be true while their conclusion is still false. Many
arguments found in everyday discourse and the sciences are ampliative arguments, sometimes divided
into inductive and abductive arguments. Inductive arguments usually take the form of statistical
generalizations while abductive arguments are inferences to the best explanation. Arguments that fall
short of the standards of correct reasoning are called fallacies.

Systems of logic are theoretical frameworks for assessing the correctness of reasoning and arguments.
Logic has been studied since Antiquity; early approaches include Aristotelian logic, Stoic logic, Anviksiki,
and the mohists. Modern formal logic has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such
as Gottlob Frege. While Aristotelian logic focuses on reasoning in the form of syllogisms, in the modern
era its traditional dominance was replaced by classical logic, a set of fundamental logical intuitions
shared by most logicians. It consists of propositional logic, which only considers the logical relations on
the level of propositions, and first-order logic, which also articulates the internal structure of
propositions using various linguistic devices, such as predicates and quantifiers. Extended logics accept
the basic intuitions behind classical logic and extend it to other fields, such as metaphysics, ethics, and
epistemology. Deviant logics, on the other hand, reject certain classical intuitions and provide
alternative accounts of the fundamental laws of logic.

1 ]Simple statement: The statement which declares one thing at a time is called a simple statement. A
simple statement cannot be divided in two or more than two statements. A simple statement is denoted
by p,q,r,s, etc

Examples-p: Ram is a doctor.

q: 4+3<11

2]Compound statement: when two or more than two simple statements are combined to form a
statement, it is called compound statement. Simple statements are combined to form compound
statement by using words or phrases, called connectives or logical connectives.

The simple statements are called components of the compound statement. Truth value of a compound
statement depends on the truth value of the component statements. Examples:

p)Ram is a doctor and sita is a nurse.

q)3+7<4 or 4+11>20