DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND

FORENSIC SCIENCES

Lecture 1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Date: January 30th, 2023
Presenter: Prof. Jens Andersen
January 31st, 2023
Venue: BIUST Auditorium
 General Chemistry II

Welcome to
CHEM 102
Professor Jens Andersen
Office B3/F37
 Agenda

• Module overview
• Requirements to Duly Performed (DP) certificate
• Continuous assessment (CA)
• Textbooks
• Introduction to organic chemistry
• Electronic structure
• Orbitals
• Hybridization
 Learning objectives

After this lecture, you should be able to:

1. Organise your work such that you can follow the module
effectively
2. Explain the electronic structure of carbon
3. Explain and make a drawing to explain the shape of the
carbon orbitals
4. Explain the meaning of ground state and excited state
5. Explain and make a drawing to explain the hybridization
and bonding of carbon atoms
6. Explain how bonds are formed in organic chemistry
 Module Oveview
6 weeks or Organic Chemistry: January 30 – March 10
Week 1: Orbitals, structures, classifications, hydrocarbons, nomenclature
Week 2: Alkanes, isomerism, stereochemistry, nomenclature
Week 3: Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, reactions of alkenes, nomen-
clature
Week 4: Alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenols, ethers,
nomenclature
Week 5: Ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines,
amides
Week 6: Repetitions
TEST 1: Thursday March 09, 2023 at 6:30 pm – 08:00 pm (Tentative)
6 weeks of Physical Chemistry: Dr. Stephen Majoni, March 20 – April 28
TEST 2: Wednesday April 12, 2023 (Tentative)
 Behaviour in Class

• It is expected that students will behave in a manner which

does not impede the ability of other students to carry out
their work in class

• This includes eating or drinking in class, any kind of noisy

or disruptive behaviour, talking in lectures, using cell
phones in any class is forbidden, receiving calls or sms or
replying to calls or sending any kind of message, and the
use of iPODs or any other listening device

• Covid protocol, social distancing, washing hands,

facemask, monitoring skin temperature, registration etc.
 Lectures and Tutorials

• Students are expected to write their lecture notes during lectures.

You may also be given summarized hand-outs or soft copy of

lecture notes, which may be accessible through Black-Board. You

are expected to make detailed notes from your own independent

reading.

• You will not be allowed into the lecture theatre and tutorial

classrooms if you arrive later than 15 minutes into the sessions.

This prevents disruptions especially during a lecture.

 Lectures and Tutorials

• Students are expected to actively participate in tutorials

as they are discussion sessions. However, students
should understand that good behaviour should be
maintained during the tutorial. It is upon the student to
ask questions and get clarifications in these sessions.
 DULY PERFORMED (DP) CERTIFICATES

To obtain a DP Certificate in first year Chemistry, a student must have

attended all lectures and performed all the assigned tutorials, practical
work satisfactorily. Students are expected to provide reasons in writing
for any absences using an official 'Leave of Absence' form.
 DULY PERFORMED (DP) CERTIFICATES cont’d

• Students will not be allowed to sit for final examination in any

module unless the Head of the Department in which they have
studied that module has certified that they have met the DP
requirements for the specified module

• Students have to attain at least 90% attendance of lectures,

practicals, and tutorials and 35% for continuous assessment

• Such DP certification shall be valid only for the examinations,

including Supplementary examinations
 Continuous Assessment

• Final Examination will weigh 50% to 50% of

Continuous Assessment for Tests and Practicals.

• The 50% CA is split into 25% for Tests and 25%

Laboratory Exercises.
 Recommended Textbooks

• Hart D., Craine D., Hadad C. and Hart H., Organic Chemistry a
short course, 13th ed., Brookes/Cole Cengage Learning, 2013,
ISBN-13 978-1-111-42624-8

• J. McMurry, Organic Chemistry: A Biological Approach, 2nd Ed,

Brookes/Cole Cengage Learning, 2011
Let’s do Chemistry

INTRODUCTION
TO
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
 Definition

• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds (except CO,

CO2, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates, carbides and cyanides)
obtained from natural sources or synthesized in the laboratories.

• Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in

which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms
of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.

• The few carbon-containing compounds not classified

as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides
 Electronegativity

https://byjus.com/chemistry/electronegativity-chart/
 Organic chemistry:

• About 20 million organic compounds have been

identified
• C is a unique atom among the elements
➢It is relatively small
➢It forms strong covalent bonds with itself
➢It can form up to 4 bonds with other atoms
➢It forms single, double and triple bonds
➢It is moderately high in electronegativity (2.5)
➢It forms strong bonds with C, H, O, N, S, the halogens,
and some metals
 Organic Chemistry cont’d

In organic chemistry, we make substances!

• Flavorings
• Pharmaceuticals
• Polymers
• Fuels
• Solvents and cleaners
• Paints and adhesives
• DNA and proteins
• Cosmetics
and much more……!!!
 General properties of Organic Molecules

➢ Ionic bonds means that electrons of the bond are displaced towards

to more electronegative atom in the bond

➢ Covalent bonding gives organic compounds properties that are quite

different from those of ionic compounds

➢ Intermolecular forces between individual organic molecules are

relatively weak, and organic compounds therefore have generally

lower melting and boiling points

 Solubility in Water

➢ Most organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents (i.e like

dissolves like).

➢ Hydrocarbons & other non-polar organic compounds are NOT

soluble in water

➢ Only a few small polar molecules, such as glucose, acetic acid,

sulphonic acids, amino acids and ethanol are water soluble only

if they contain a nitrogen/oxygen/sulphur atom that can form a

hydrogen bond with water.

Ability to form four strong covalent bonds

• Electronic configuration of carbon

(ground state) : 1s22s22p2

Carbon (ground state)

 Electron Configuration

•Each carbon atom has four unpaired electrons

when it is excited to the first exited state

•Tend to form four strong covalent bonds

Carbon (first excited state)

 Formation of Bonds-Hybridization of
Carbon

Hybridization is the combination of two or more atomic orbitals

forms a new set of atomic orbitals, the so-called hybrid orbitals.

We study three types of hybrid atomic orbitals:

– sp3 (one s orbital + three p orbitals give four sp3 hybrid
orbitals)
– sp2 (one s orbital + two p orbitals give three sp2 hybrid
orbitals)
– sp (one s orbital + one p orbital give two sp hybrid orbitals)

Overlap of hybrid orbitals can form two types of bonds, depending on

the geometry of the overlap:
• σ bonds are formed by “direct” overlap.
• π bonds are formed by “side-by-side” overlap
 FORMATION OF SINGLE BONDS

C (6 ) - 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2p x 1 , 2 p y 1 , 2 p z 0
lowest energy
state

C (6) - 1s 2 , 2s 1 , 2p x 1 , 2p y 1 , 2p z 1
Excited state

4 sp3 Hybridization

Orbitals and
Electron densities + + +
2s 2py 2px 2pz 4 X sp3
sp3 hybridized carbon has a Tetrahedral
geometry

109.50
H
C H
H
H

sp3 hybridized carbon

4 equivalent C-H bonds (s-bonds)
All purely single bonds are called s-bonds
 FORMATION OF DOUBLE BONDS

C (6) - 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p x 1 , 2p y 1 , 2p z 0

Excited state 2 1 1 1 1
C (6) - 1s , 2s , 2p x , 2p y , 2p z

Hybridization: 3 sp2
p-bond

Three s-bonds
 sp2 hybridised carbon has trigonal planar
geometry

Ethene/ethylene

ATOMIC MOLECULAR

sp2 hybridized carbon

2 equivalent C-H bonds
2 C-C bonds (1 s-bond and 1 p- bond)
 FORMATION OF TRIPLE BONDS

C (6) - 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p x 1 , 2p y 1 , 2p z 0

Excited state C (6) - 1s 2 , 2s 1 , 2p x 1 , 2p y 1 , 2p z 1

Hybridization: 2 sp 2 p-bond
Two s-bonds
sp hybridised carbon has linear geometry

Ethyne or

ATOMIC

MOLECULAR

sp hybridized carbon
1 C-H bond (s-bond)
3 C-C bonds (1 s-bond and 2 p- bond)
 Hybridization of orbitals

We deal with three types of hybrid orbitals

sp3 (one s orbital + three p orbitals) single bond

sp2 (one s orbital + two p orbitals) double bond
sp (one s orbital + one p orbital) triple bond

Overlap of hybrid orbitals can form two types of bonds

depending on the geometry of overlap
σ bonds are formed by “direct” overlap
π bonds are formed by “parallel” overlap
 Conclusions

1. Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table and it has

two core electrons and four valence electrons
2. Carbon forms bonds through hybridization of orbitals by
means of four unpaired electrons in the first excited state
3. Carbon can form single bonds (sp3), double bonds (sp2)
and triple bonds (sp)
4. Carbon may form chains of molecules containing both
single bonds, double bonds and triple bonds
For more information contact:

Prof. Jens Andersen

Faculty of Sciences
Department of Chemical & Forensic Sciences

Tel: (+267) 4931537

E-mail: andersenj@biust.ac.bw