托福阅读 TPO1-54 固定词组搭配集锦

OG
Applied airs and fine arts
Tend to 倾向于做某事
Refer to 指的是
In terms of 就.,.而言；从…的角度来看=from the point of view of …
Divide …into …categories 分成几类
There is no way around the fact 不可置疑=undoubtedly
Be bound be the law of physics 受到物理法则的制约
Pertain to 跟。。。有关
Regardless of 不管…=in spite of
In traditional sense 从传统的角度来看
完整句子，+So much so that…（前面的事情程度）如此之深以至于
Depart from the norm 于惯例不一样
Recognize A as being different from B
Be taken for granted 被当做是理所当然的（人们意识不到其难能可贵）
This is also true for …同样的道理也适用于。。。
 
 

TPO1

By far =到目前为止
Known as = 被认为是
Spread out = 展开
Either … or… = 要么… 要么… [二选一]
As x as y = 和 y 一样 x
Vary from x to y = x 和 y 各不相同
Prevent x from y = 阻止 x 发生 y
Emerge out of … =从…中产生
Attribute x to y = 把 x 归因于 y
As a result = 所以
Act out = 付诸行动
See/think of x as y = 把 x 看作 y
Lead to =导致，形成
Neither x nor y =既不 x 也不 y
Admire x for y=因 y 崇拜 x
Rather than=而不是
Set forth by… = 由…提出
Reshape A into B = 把 A 重塑成 B
from A to B = 从 A 到 B
Grow out of… = 从…中生长出来

TPO2

Result in = 导致
As a result of.. = 作为...的结果
So that = 所以
Result from = 由...导致
As well as... = ...也一样
Consist of... = 由...组成
Too... to... = 太...以至于不能...

TPO3

In order to… = 为了…

In relation to… = 与…有关
Not only... but also.. = 不仅...而且...
In the face of... = 面对...
Over time = 长久以来
In comparison to... = 与...相对

TPO4

Not A until B =直到 B 才 A

Appear to... = 似乎...
Seem to = 似乎...
In addition to... = 除...之外
That is = 也就是说

TPO5

Capable of ... = 能够做...

Subject A to B = 让 A 遭受 B
Remove A off B = 把 A 从 B 拿开
Contrary to... = 与...相反
Depend on... = 取决于

TPO6

Powering the industrial revolution

Dramatic change 巨大的改变

Only the last of these 只有最后一个

Suited at all 完全适合

Located on 坐落于

In short 总的来说

Intend them to 趋势他们去

Be Accustomed to do sth 习惯于做…

Starve for 急需…

Motive force 驱动力

Lay close on hand 近在咫尺

William Smith

at its height 处于顶峰

never had trouble telling the fossil apart 不难分辨出化石

Infantile Amnesia

Account for it 解释清楚它

mutually exclusive 互斥的

TPO7

The geologic history of Mediterranean

With question such as these clearly before them 带着这些清楚摆在他们前面的问题

Drill into 钻入

So…that… 如此以至于
Ancient Rome and Greece

Lie in 存在于

A sense of …的感觉

Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples

Adapt it to… 使之适应…

Been set in motion 被…启动

Dry up 干涸

Be introduced around 被引入…

Moved right into 直接过渡到。。。。

TPO8

The Rise of Teotihuacán

In turn 轮流 相继

lay about 大致坐落于

take place 发生
trade in 贸易某物

result in 导致

Extinction of the Dinosaurs

Associate with 与…有关

resulting from 由…导致

preserved in 保存于…

pull back 撤回

kick up 扬起/激起（尘土）

Running Water on Mars

The extent of …的范围

Merge into larger 合并成更大的

Go even further 做的更深入

may have been 可能曾经是

point to 声称 支持 = point out

Aside from 除了 = except for

TPO9

Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast

Not…until 直到…才

stretching from…to… 从..延展至。。。

received additional support from the fact 从…证据中得到了更多的证实

except for 除了 = aside from

Reflection in teaching

Take through 参加、使熟悉

benefit from 受益于

interested in doing.. 感兴趣做…

over several years 几年来（状语）

too great to bridge 太宏伟以至于不能实现

were taken through 需要通过…

cope with 解决 = handle = work out

The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii

By means of these 通过这些方式

far removed from … 远离了…

had been carried in 被带到…

greatly enhanced over… 大大超越了…

washed up on… 被冲刷到…

TPO10

Chinese Pottery

Result in 导致

fall into three broad types 分为三大类

introduced new forms and different technologies 引入新的图案和不同的技术

a range of 一系列的

Variations in the Climate

To the extent 在某种程度上

a growing body of opinion 大量的观点

vary of its own accord 自行改变

go back far enough 追溯到那么久远

drilled out of 挖掘出..

can do only so much 只能仅仅做

Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth

Lift … out of …. 使某人、某物摆脱。。。

At first glance 第一印象看来

brought more land into cultivation 投入更多的土地到耕种中

took advantage of 得益于…

TPO 11

Ancient Egyptian Sculpture

in order to do ... 为了做...

It is vital to do ... = It is important/ significant/essential to do ... 做...非常重要
concerning ... = in relation to ...= about...= regarding ... 关于...
compare A with B 把 A 与 B 相比较
A has nothing to do with B and everything to do with C A 与 B 完全无关而是与 C 密切相关
the majority of ... 大多数的...
neither A nor B 既不是 A 也不是 B
in isolation 单独地，孤立地
be related to ... = be concerned with ... 与...有关
not ... but ... 不是...而是...
play a primary role in ... = play a key role in ... 在...中起到关键作用
so that + 句子 因此；为了
from a practical aspect 从实用的角度
by contrast 相比之下
either A or B 要么 A 要么 B
apart from ... = aside from ... = other than ... = in addition to ... 除了...
a wide range of ... = a broad spectrum of ... 广泛的，一系列的...
carry out 执行，实施

Orientation and Navigation

not A so much as B 与其说是 A 倒不如说是 B

in the direction of ... 朝着...的方向
surmise that + 句子 猜测...
according to 根据
under these circumstances 在这些情况下
at the time 在那时
with respect to ... = concerning ... = in relation to ... 关于...
serve as ... = act as ... 充当...
as long as 只要
no matter + how/what/when/who .... 无论怎样/什么/何时/谁...
whether A or B 无论是 A 还是 B
have trouble doing ... 做...有困难
in other words, +句子 = that is, +句子 换句话说
compensate for ... 补偿，赔偿，弥补...
some sort of ... 某种...
There is accumulating evidence indicating that ... 有越来越多的证据表明...
a wide/great variety of ... = various 各种各样的
under investigation 在调查研究中
back up ... 支持，证实...

Begging by Nestlings

impose on ... 施加于，强加在...上

give ... away 泄露，分发...
in fact 实际上
further evidence for ... 对...的进一步证据
be vulnerable to ... 容易受到...伤害的；面对...是脆弱的
associated with ... = connected with ... = related to ... 与...有关
reduce the potential for ... 减少...的可能性
yield a prediction 得出了一个预测
given that +句子 鉴于，考虑到
derive from ... = 源于...
in relation to ... = related to ... = regarding ... = concerning ... 关于...
compete for ... 为...竞争
capable of ... 有...能力的
on the basis of ... = based on ... 基于...
make judgments about ... 对...作出判断
benefit from ... 从...获益
result in ... 导致...
The answer lies not in ... but rather in ... 答案不是...而是...
in effect 实际上
at the expense of ... = at the cost of ... 以...为代价
leave behind ... 留下...

TPO 12

Which Hand Did They Use?

trace ... back in history 在历史中追踪到...

vice versa 反之亦然
assist in 帮助
make the assumption that +句子 作出...的设想
as if +句子 犹如，仿佛...
prefer to do ... 更喜欢做，宁愿做...
tend to do ... 倾向于做...
as long ago as .... 早在...就
date to ... 追溯到...
A consist of B = A be composed of B = A comprise B = A be made up of B A 由 B 组成
it is possible to do ... 做...是可能的
in sequence 按顺序，依次，逐一
identical to ... 与...完全相同
responsible for ... 对...负责的，是...原因的

Transition to Sound in Film

so far 到目前为止
motion picture 电影
come close to ... 接近...
be regarded as ... 被认为是...
lie between A and B 介于 A 与 B 之间
a host of +可数名词复数 许多，大量...
in many instances 在许多实例中
beyond that 除此之外
try out 尝试，试验
A overshadow B A 使 B 蒙上阴影，A 使 B 相形见绌
convert to ... 转换成...
put off ... 推迟...
from a later perspective 从后来的角度看
a strain of 一种
fade from sight 淡出人们的视线
link A with B 把 A 和 B 连接在一起
off the mark 不相关，不准确
neglect to do ... 忽视做...
take ... into account = take account of ... 考虑到...
in a sense 在某种意义上
take no for an answer 善罢甘休

Water in the Desert

be absent 不存在 （反：be present 存在）

flats and depressions 平地和洼地
A make up B A 组成 B
be known as ... = be regarded as ... 被认为是...
sustain life 维持生命
compare to ... 与...相比
vary with ... 随着...而变化
present difficulties with ... 给...带来困难
not ... but ... 不是...而是...
large amounts of ... = large quantities of ... 大量的...
a small fraction of ... 一小部分的...
a vague idea of ... 对...的概念模糊
at great depths 在很深处
no longer ... 不再...
TPO 13

Types of Social Groups

out of ... 从...中，由于...

in the course of ... 在...期间，在...的过程中
social interaction 社会互动，社交
be bound 被束缚，密切相关
commit oneself to ... 投身于...
association with ... = connection with ... 与...的联系
a sense of ... 一种...感
cooperate with ... 和...合作
instead of ... = rather than ... 而不是...
achieve some goal = reach some end 达到某种目的
endow A with B 把 B 赋予 A，认为 A 具有 B
build on ... 基于...，以...为基础，依靠...
view A as B = perceive A as B 把 A 视为 B，把 A 看作 B
A entail B = A involve B A 牵涉到 B，A 必须需要 B
be involved in ... 参与...，卷入...，涉及到...
a number of ... 许多... （辨析：the number of ... ...的数量）
find it difficult to do ... 发现做...很困难
mill about （人群）乱转
have a better chance to ... 有更好的机会去...
establish rapport with ... 和...建立友好关系
size up 估计
in close physical proximity 近距离地
interact with ... 和...互动；和...相互影响
be fundamental to ... 对...是基础
be critical to ... 对...至关重要
norms and values 规范和价值观
equip A for B 为了 B 装备 A，使 A 有准备以便 B
deviate from ... 偏离...
bring ... into line 使...一致
provide A with B 给 A 提供 B
elicit ... from ... 从...中得出...
conform to ... = accord with ... = comply with ... 符合...，遵守...，依照...
Biological Clocks

be coordinated with ... 与...相协调，与...相一致

be of importance 很重要
the key question is ... 关键问题是...
be driven by ... 被...驱动
be dependent on ... = depend on ... = rely on ... 依赖，依靠...，取决于...
isolate A from B 使 A 与 B 隔离，使 A 从 B 中分离
for instance = for example 比如，举个例子
attest to ... = prove ... 证明...
on a daily schedule 每天地
be found to do ... 被发现去做...
deprive A of B 使 A 失去 B，剥夺 A 的 B
range from A to B 范围从 A 到 B
with great precision = precisely 精确地
even when ... 即使当...时候
be subjected to ... 遭受到...，经受...
be expected to do ... 被期待做...，有望做...
further evidence for ... 对...的进一步证据
over great distances 远距离地
as a result = as a consequence = consequently 因此，所以
relative to ... 与...相关联的，与...相对的；关于...的
mismatch between A and B A 与 B 之间不匹配
jet lag 时差，飞行时差
synchronize with ... 与...同步
not only ... but also ... 不仅...而且...
day after day 日复一日
genetically built-in ... 基因上嵌入的...，基因上固定的...
burst of light 强光
keep ... in step 使...步调一致，保持...紧跟步伐
navigate with ... 以...为导航前进

Methods of Studying Infant Perception

be used to do ... 被用来做... （辨析：be used to doing ... 习惯于做...）

responses to ... 对...的反应
fill out ... 填写...
and so forth = and so on 等等，诸如此类
prior to ... 在...之前
the occurrence of ... ...的发生，...的出现
at some level = to some extent 在某种程度上
in that +句子 由于...，因为...
due to ... 因为...，由于...
rely on ... = depend on ... 依赖...，依靠...
conclusive evidence 决定性证据
over and over 反复，一次又一次地
in slow motion 慢动作
attention to ... 对...的注意
preference for ... 对...的偏好，对...的偏爱
come into vogue 开始流行起来
fail to do ... = be unable to do ... 没能做...
far more ... than previously suspected 远比之前猜想的更...

TPO 14

Children and Advertising

be trusting of ... 轻信...的

commercial advertisements 商业广告
be accused of ... 被指责为...
take advantage of ... 利用...，占...的便宜
criticize A for B 因为 B 批评 A，因为 B 指责 A
in an effort to do ... 试图...，为了...
general concern about ... 关于...的普遍担忧
be centered on ... 集中在...，以...为中心
at the expense of ... = at the cost of ... 以...为代价
as to ... = about ... 关于...
be accompanied by ... 伴随着...，伴有...
have difficulty doing ... 做...有困难
interpret A to mean that +B 句子 = interpret A as B 把 A 解读成 B，把 A 理解为 B
X-oriented 以 X 为导向的
be likely to do ... 可能会...
aim at ... 以...为目标，瞄准...，针对...
nine out of ten 十之八九
distinguish between A and B = distinguish A from B 区分 A 和 B
in the recent past 最近
be conflated with ... 与...混为一谈
blend A with B 把 A 与 B 混合，使 A 与 B 融合
be knowledgeable about ... 在...方面知识渊博
Maya Water Problems

think of A as B 把 A 看作 B
prove to be ... 结果是...，证明是...
properly speaking 确切地说，严格来说
all year round 一年到头，全年
focus on ... 聚焦于...，关注于...
attempt to do ... = make an attempt to do ... = try to do ... 尝试去做...，试图去做....
making matters worse 更糟糕的是
deal with ... = cope with ... 解决...，处理...，对付...
next to ... 紧邻...
meet the needs of ... 满足...的需求
in deep trouble 深陷困难
rather than 而不是

Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia

be based on ... = be on the basis of ... 基于...，在...基础上

have a profound impact 产生深远的影响
in particular = particularly 特别是，尤其是
all else being equal 其他条件都相同的情况下
a strong tendency toward ... 对...的强烈倾向
it is no accident that +句子 ...是绝非偶然的，...是不出意外的
the most striking sign of ... ...的最显著标志
ancestral to ... ...的祖先
in part = to some extent = to some degree 在某种程度上
take up ... 开始从事...；占据...
subject A to B 使 A 遭受 B，使 A 经受 B
on the move 在移动中，在行动中
afford to do ... 能负担得起做...
by and large 大体上，总的来说
too ... to do ... 太...而不能...
TPO 15

A Warm-Blooded Turtle

when it comes to ... 当提到...时

in some ways 在某些方面
seem to be ... 似乎是...
pick up ... 捡起...；获得...；不费力地学会...
cool off 冷却；冷静
sheer bulk/number/scale （强调）大的体积/大的数量/大的规模
not enough to do ... 不足以去做...
supplement A with B 用 B 增补 A，用 B 补充 A
risk doing ... 冒险做...
allow ... to do ... 允许...去做...
draw ... away 拉开...；引开...
the rest of ... 其余的...，剩下的...
adj. + enough to do ... 足够...去做...
back and forth 来回地，往返地
course through ... = run through ... 流经...，穿过...
apply to ... 适用于...
switch from A to B 从 A 转换到 B
mode of life 生活方式

Mass Extinctions

an interval of time 一段时间

attract attention 吸引关注
die out 灭绝，消失
in progress 在进行中
bring about 带来，引起，造成
cooperation between A and B A 与 B 之间的合作
take place 发生
over an extended period 长期，持续较长时间
account for ... 解释...
point to ... 指向...，表明...
recur periodically 周期性反复发生，周期性重现
a whole series of ... 一系列的...
give rise to ... 引起...，使...发生，造成...
deflect A from B 使 A 从 B 改变，使 A 从 B 偏斜
collide with ... 与...碰撞
large amounts of ... 大量的...
lead to ... 导致...
... of all kinds 各种各样的...
be based on ... 基于...，以...为基础
even though ... 即使...，尽管...
even if ... 纵然...，即使...
to date 迄今为止

Glacier Formation

transform A into B = convert A into B 把 A 变形成 B，使 A 转变成 B

intermediate between A and B 介于 A 与 B 之间的，A 与 B 中间状态的
be governed by ... 被...控制，被...制约，被...统治
lose A to B 被 B 夺去 A，失去 A 到 B 中
A is essential/ crucial for B to do ... A 对于 B 做...是至关重要的
be classified by ... 被...分类
be classified as ... 被分类为...，被界定为...
be second only to ... 仅次于排名第一的...的
the total amount of ... ...的总量
lock up ... 锁定...
in contrast = on the contrary 相反
be involved in ... 涉及到...，被卷入...中，参与到...中
in the meantime = meanwhile 与此同时，期间
at the present time 现在，目前
in the recent past 最近，不久前
in the much more distant past 很久以前，在遥远的过去
a third of ... 三分之一的...
Tpo16-1

Trade and the Ancient Middle East

Restricted by 受。。限制
Demand for 要求。。。
Trace。。。back to 追溯到。。。
Due to 由于
Set up 创立，建立
Reliance on 对。。。的依赖
In the hands of 由。。。控制
under the tutelage of 在。。的监护下
side by side 并肩（合作）
be bound to 被。。绑定/ 一定要
allow for 顾及，考虑到
make a difference 有影响
have a great advantage in…在。。。有优势
in high demand 需求量大
have in common with 和。。有相同之处
Miss out 漏掉
Draw on 利用，凭借，动用
Take risks 冒险
Lack of control over.. 缺乏对于。。的控制

Development of the Periodic Table

In order of 按照。。。的顺序
Search for 寻找。。
Put forth to 提出
So as to 以便于。。
In fact 事实上
Lend support to 支持
In advance 事先，提前
Appear to 看起来像
Fit into 属于。。 适于。。。
Be unwilling to 不愿。。。
Analogous to 与。。相似
Break up 拆分，分裂

Planets in Our Solar System

The hub of …的中心

Consist of 由。。组成，包括
Make up 构成，组成
Under the control of 在。。的控制下
Fall into…groups/categories 分为。。。
Be known as 被认为是。。/以。。。知名
There appears to be+n. 似乎。。/看起来。。
Be responsible for 对。。负责/ 形成。。。的原因
Be divided into 被分成。。
Base on 基于
On the other hand 另一方面
By comparison 相比之下
At best 最多，至多
Be void of 没有。。。，缺乏。。。

Tpo17-1 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia

A number of 许多的
Fall out of 从。。掉下来
In the context of 在。。。情况下/ 在。。。的背景下
To a lesser extent 在较小程度上
The sheer scale of …的巨大规模
Put into use 使用
The means for…的方法
Map out 规划，安排，设计

Tpo17-2 Animal Signals in the Rain Forest

Vary with 随着。。。变化

The amount of 。。。的数量
Hide from 躲避。。。
A (full) riot of 大量，很多
Take into account 考虑/顾及
Tend to 倾向于
Rely on 依赖
In comparison with 与。。比较
Mean to do 本意想要做。。。/打算做。。
Take advantage of 利用
Make use of 利用
draw attention to 促使。。。注意

Tpo17-3 Symbiotic Relationships

An interaction between。。。之间相互作用
At the expense of 以。。。为代价
Huge expanses of 一大片，广阔
In contrast to 和。。。不同
Feed on 以。。。为食
Prey on 捕食
Tpo18-1 Industrialization in the Netherlands and

Scandinavia

lag behind 落后
in view of 考虑到
in the course of 在。。期间/ 在。。。过程中
take advantage of 利用
with respect to 关于/至于
in return for… 作为。。。回报
take place 发生
in the main 大体上
stake out 明确表明，清楚界定
account for （数量或比例上）占/ 导致，解释
take over 接管

Tpo18-2 The Mystery of Yawning

Lack of 缺乏
Fail to 未能。。
About the closest 最接近
Cast doubt on 质疑
Clear out 清理
Out of place 不适当，不适时
Have nothing to do with 和。。。没关系
In turn 反过来
In support of 支持。。
Argue against 反对
Not the case 并非如此
Tpo18-3 Lightning

Take place 发生，产生

A stream of 一连串。。。
At the base of 在。。。的底部
In the form of 以。。。形式
Consist of 包含

Tpo19-1 The Roman Army's Impact on Britain

Impact on 对。。。对影响
In the wake of 随着。。。而来，紧随着。。
incorporate into 并入
bring with 带来
have effect on 对。。。有影响
in particular 尤其
a means of …的一种手段
entitle to 赋予。。。权利
ad hoc 特别的，专门
at full strength 全力
respond to 响应
warn against 告诫，提防
give the right to 赋予。。权利
day off 休息日
drive up price 提高价格

Tpo19-2 Succession, Climax, and Ecosystems

Point out 指出
A good deal of 很多
No longer 不再
Speak of 说起
Refer to 提到
Pay attention to 注意
Regardless of 不管

Tpo19-3 Discovering the Ice Ages

At the edge of 在。。。的边缘

At the end of 在。。。的尽头
A great deal of 很多
Have a tendency to ..易于。。。，倾向于。。。
Vary with 随着。。。而变化
A pattern of 一种

Tpo20-1 Westward Migration

In the main 基本上，大体上

Reach a peak 达到顶峰
Draw away from 远离。。。
In search of 寻找
Fall due 到期，期满
Prior to 在。。。之前
Tpo20-2 Early Settlements in the Southwest Asia

Thanks to 由于
In its wake 在其之后
As if 好像。。。一样
Take over 取代/接管

Tpo20-3 Fossil Preservation

On occasion 偶尔
In time 最终

Tpo21P1 Geothermal Energy

Usually…less typical 通常情况下…少数情况下…

By far 到目前为止
Known as 被称作，被叫作
Derived from 来源于
In operation 在运转中
Extract from 从…抽取
Bu under way 进行中，正在开展
In addition 除此之外
In a sense 在某种程度上
Be drawn out of 被引出
Depend on 取决于
Tpo21 P2 The Origins of Agriculture

Come about 出现，发生

More or less 有点；或多或少
At the same time 同时
To start with 刚开始
A variety of 各种各样的
Account for 解释，说明
Rather than 而不是
Due to 由于
It would appear that… 似乎…
Settle down 定居下来
Cognitive fluidity 认知流动性
Keep in mind 记住

Tpo21 P3 Autobiographical Memory

Autobiographical memory 自传式记忆

Think back to 回想过去
Prior to 之前
In light of 根据；鉴于
That is 那就是说
Be responsible for 解释；说明
Be intertwined with 相互交织
As well as 和

Tpo22 P1 Spartina

Feed on 以…为食
Range from 从…到…变动
Take up 占据
Convert…to…把…转化成…
 Crowd out 挤出
Turn…into…把…转变成…
Interfere with 干扰

Tpo22 P2 The Birth of Photography

Be aware of 意识到；了解
Did away with 废除，去掉
In the long term 从长远角度来看
Be far from 远不是
A multitude of 大批的，众多的
Be treated as 被当作
Make use of 利用
In case 以防
Differ from 不同于
Thanks to 幸亏，由于

Tpo22 P3 The Allende Meteorite

Broke into 碎成
Be classified as 被归类为
Be composed of 由…组成
Vary from 不同于；各不相同
Tend to 趋向；易于
Be mixed with 与…混合
After all 毕竟
Think of… as… 把…认作…
Except for 除了…之外；要不是由于
A sort of 一种
Tpo23 P1 Urban Climates

Contribute to 引起，导致
Be knowns as 被称作
Be associated with 与…有关
In general 一般而言；总之
A number of 一些

Tpo23 P2 Seventeenth-Century Dutch

Agriculture

Apart from 除了…

In addition to 除了…之外
Belong to 属于
No longer 不再
Crop rotation 作物轮作
Dairy farming 乳品业
Industrial crops 经济作物
Not…but…不是…而是…

Tpo23 P3 Rock Art of the Australia

Aborigines

Encounter with 遇到
As the result of 由于
Rely on 依靠
 Lead ro 导致
Be separated from 与…分开
Give way to… 让步于…
Geometric symbolism… 几何象征主义

Tpo24 P1 Lake water

Due to 由于
In spite of 尽管
Residence time 停留时间
By no means 绝不是
Speed up 加速
Evapotranspiration rate 蒸散率
In turn 反过来

Tpo24 P2 Breathing During Sleep

…And so on …等等
Be capable of 能够…
Metabolic system 新陈代谢系统
Result in 导致
Result from 由于
Phase of… …的阶段
Coupled with… 伴随…

Tpo24 P3 Moving into Pueblos

Accustomed to 习惯于
Given all that…考虑到…
The onset of… …的到来
Be around the corner 即将来临
Associated with 与…相关
 in the face of 面对
contend with 与…做斗争

Tpo25P1 The Surface of Mars

A wide range of 很多…

As a result of 由于
Be associated with 与…相关
The lower…., the lesser…. The +比较级，the +比较级
It is no accident that … 不是巧合
Look different from…看起来与…不同

Tpo25P2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping

Take over 取代,代替

Call for 需；提倡
Clung to 坚持
Run down 下降
No longer 不再
Cut off 切段

Tpo25P3 The Evolutionary Origin of Plants

Give rise to 变成
Stem from 起源于
Be subjected to 受到…
Start out 进行，出发
From a plant’s evolutionary view point 从植物进化的角度
Dry out 变干
Be independent of 不依靠…
Tpo26.1

Rely on 依靠，依赖
Derive from 来自，起源于
As well as 和…一样
Apply to 应用于，适用于
Attach to 链接在…上，依附于，归附于
Keep pace with 保持同步，随着…的增长而增长
Take advantage of 利用

TPO26.2

Adapt to 适应
With regard to 关于，对于，就…而言

TPO26.3

Lead to 导致
Associate with 与…联系
Center on 以…为中心
Refer to as 称作，归类，把…当作

TPO27.1

A set of 一套，一组，一系列
Specialize in 专攻，以…为主
Characteristic of 特有的，独特的，是…的特征
Scoop up 舀出，挖出
Roll over 滚动
Pour into 倒进
Superior to 胜过，优于，比…高级

TPO27.2

Make up of 由…组成，构成
Rather than 而不是
Originate from 起源于
As long as 只要

TPO27.3

Play a key role in… 在…方面扮演了重要角色

Bring about 造成，带来
Set up 建立；创立；发起；开办
Appear to be 看来象是；似乎
Tend to 倾向于

TPO28.3

Coincide with 和…一致

Indicative of 有…的征兆
Equivalent of 和…一样
Respond to 对…做出回应
Consist of 组成
Be termed 被称为
Push aside 被…推到一边

TPO29.1

Do justice 秉公对待
Back up 支持
Capable of 有能力…
Allow to 允许
Be convinced of 深信…
A proportion of …的比例
Be made up of 由…组成

TPO29.2

depend on 依赖于，依附于
be referred to as 称之为
shift to 转变到
compete for 竞争
tend to 倾向于

TPO29.3

in the case of 就…来说

by no means 绝不，就不是
keep pace with 和…保持一致步伐
range from…to… 从…到
give up 放弃
suffer from 忍受
translate into 转化为
be replaced by 被取代

TPO30.1

result in 以…为结果
build up 建立，增进，积累
interact with 与…相互作用

TPO30.2

based on 以…为基础
be separated by … 被…分开
give rise to 惹起，引起
attempt to 尝试…

TPO30.3

give importance to 重视
set a time 安排个时间
compatible with 与…不矛盾
drive out 驱逐
divide into 分开，分成…份
lead to 导致
consciousness of 对…有意识
TPO31

Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations

In the absence of 在没有…的情况下

Shut off/cut off 关闭阻断
over great spans of time 跨越很长时间
sth affords glimpse into sth 提供了了解..的机会=offer a glimpse of sth
come into contact 联系上
set the stage for 为 xx 做好准备
closely related animals 有紧密血缘关系的动物
draw conclusion from observations 从观察中得出结论

Early Childhood Education

Regarding sth=about sth
a cross-country comparison 一个不同国家之间的比较
regard sth as doing sth 把 XX 视为是做。。。的
be geared toward doing sth 被设计出来用于。。。
repeat grades 重读留级
taken as a group 整体来看=generally speaking
to the same extent 到达同等程度
take sth into account 考虑到，把…纳入考虑之中=take into account sth
a given child 泛指一个孩子

Savanna Formation
a given site 某个地方
fit this pattern 符合/遵循这个模式
be prone to=vulnerable to 容易受到 XX 的影响(不好的影响)=be susceptible to
progress to the point where 到达。。。的程度

TPO-32

Plant Colonization
to a great extent 很大程度上

Siam, 1851 – 1910

Be posted in …被派遣到。。。任职
render labor service to the government 为政府服劳役
it made good sense to thousands of peasant families to 对于 XX 来说，做这件事是自然而然的
take shape 开始成型
But the statistical averages mean little when measured against the harsh realities of peasant life. 但与艰难的
农民现实生活相比，统计学平均值说明不了什么。

Distributions of Tropical Bee Colonies

Be escalated into 恶化成。。

TPO-33

The First Civilizations

In an effort to do sth 试图做某事
Susceptible to 受到..的影响
On a large scale 大规模地
Take shape 成型
Grow in size 在规模上成长
Assume …status 获得..的地位
Be identified with 以…为特点（识别特征）

Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-

Century United States

Ripple out 产生涟漪（产生影响）

Become commercially oriented 变成以商业为导向的
In similar fashion 以类似的方式
Fan out 扇形展开
Turn out plow 犁好地
A give way to B=A is replaced by B

Extinction Episodes of the Past

 on one end of the spectrum 只是问题的一方面，言外之意还有其他情况
ecological niches 生态位
come to an end 灭绝，结束
lable A as B 把 A 作为 B 标记下来
this time was marked by 这一时代以…为标志（主要特色）
go from being A to being B 从 A 的状态过渡到 B 的状态
reduce sth to low levels 把。。。降低到很低的程度
evidence come to light 证据被发现
 TPO-34

Islamic Art and the Book

a broad spectrum of=a wide variety of
at the order of sb 受到某人的委托
it was years before …在后面这件事发生之前还过去了几年，意思是说后面的事情并没有马上发生
in turn 进而

The Development of Steam Power

Serve as sth 起到…的作用
Hold sth back 限制
Be drawn to 被..所吸引

Protection of Plants by Insects

Bear sth 负担着。。。（长着。。。）
Exploit this need 利用这个需求
Return the favor 还人情
Call for evidence 引用了证据
Observations leave little doubt that 观察显然表明

TPO-35

Earth’s Age
Build up=accumulate
Work out 研究出
geologic time is an abyss and human history a speck by comparison.小巫见大巫
by factors 10 to 50 以 10 倍到 50 倍的程度
fall short=fail
in this regard=in this aspect
come up with sth 想出了。。。计算出了。。。
open door to doing sth 给了做某事的机会
a suite of 一系列的
converge on an age 得出一个年龄

The Development of Social Complexity

Make little sense 没用，没道理
Overshoot 超过
Be up against the capacity 达到容量上限

Seasonal Succession in Phytoplankon

Over the course of a year 一年的期间
Render sth adj.=make them adj.使得某物变成。。。的状态
A growing body of evidence 越来越多的证据

TPO36

Soil Formation

play an essential/vital role in  在..中扮演着重要角色、发挥着重要作用

protect ... from/against..... 保护...免受...
For this reason 为此 thus= therefore = to this end
a great deal 大量、非常
Under favorable conditions 在适宜的条件下 = under favorable circumstances
enable ... to.... 使...能够
with respect to 关于、至于 = in regards to
In addition 另外 = on top of = besides
perform the vital function of 发挥...的重要作用
feed on 以...为食
have significant impact on 对...有重大影响
As a result 因此
Be associated with 和...有关 = be related to = be connected with
left over 剩余、留下
Be capable of 能够.... =be able to
contribute to 有助于、促成、导致 = lead to= bring about= give rise to
account for 说明...的原因
provides ... for ..... 为...提供...
Be likely to 可能做....
Be favorable for  有利于... = be beneficial for =be advantageous for

TPO36 P2

Early Ideas About Deep-sea Biology

serve as 担任、起...的作用 =act as

ranging from ...to.... 范围从...到....
Be populated by 聚居着、栖息着
Be guilty of 对...愧疚
Be filled with 充满
pour out of 涌出
As it turned out 结果是
in any case 无论如何 =as it may
back and forth 来来回回
be based on 基于
take into account 考虑
place importance on 重视
Be typical of 典型 = be characteristics of
too ... to=so ...that 如此...以至于...
get all the way down to 一直到....
a pool of 一滩、一汪

TPO36 P3

Industrial Melanism: The Case of the Peppered Moth

A is favored over B 比起 B，A 被偏爱 = A is preferred over B

make up ..... percent of the population 组成了百分之...的数量
give rise to 引起 =cause
Be responsible for 对..负责、是..的原因 =give rise to
fall from .... to.... 从...下降至....
force A out of B 把 A 从 B（强迫）挤出去
Have no role in 在...中没有作用、不参与 = do not participate in
compete with 和...竞争
rather than 而不是
encourages ... to 鼓励...做、导致

TPO37

Thales and the Milesians

Lay the groundwork for .... 为...奠定基础

Make steps toward 朝...迈步
reason out 推理出
attempt to 尝试做
conceive of 设想
Be credited with 归功于....
Little is known about..... 对...了解甚少
Be composed of 由...组成 = consist of
thin out 使稀疏
speculate about 推测
in .... sense 在...的意义上
It is possible for sb. to do 某人做某事是有可能的
differ from 和...不同 = distinguish from
trace the origin of 追溯起源
elaborated upon=further developed 详细说明
disagreement between A and B about A 和 B 之间关于..的争论

TPO37 P2

Direct Species Translocation

move from A to B 从 A 移动到 B

add .... to 添加...进...
range from A to B 从 A 到 B 的范围
Be isolated from 和...隔绝
spread from A to B 从 A 到 B 扩散
Last but not least of A 关于 A 的最后一点，但并不是最不重要的
take place 发生 =happen = occur
let alone 更别提....
Be vulnerable to 易受...的伤害
appear to 似乎，好像

TPO37 P3

Modern Architecture in the United States

On one hand.... On the other hand 一方面....,，另一方面....。

in a ... manner 在某种意义上
in a .... fashion 以...的方式
Be separate from 从...分开
in large part 在很大程度上
as well as 和 =and
be spanned with 跨越.....
become hallmarks of 成为...的标志
run into difficulties 遇到困难
Be different from 和....不同
From the standpoint of 从...的角度来看
surround A with B: 用 B 包围 A
get rid of 摆脱、除去
Be concerned with 对...感到担忧
Make it possible to 使...可能
impervious to=unaffected by 不受...的影响
TPO38

Microscopes
project ...into A or onto B 将...投影到 A 里面或 B 上面
up to 多达
Take a giant leap forward 向前迈出一大步
Be coated with 表面覆盖有...
a beam of 一束
The more...., the more.... 越...，越....。
Be divided into 被分成....
In a way 在某种程度上；有点儿

TPO38 P2

The Raccoons' Success

all the way to 一直到

A is XXX times B A 是 B 的 XX 倍
either ...or.... 要么...要么...
be indicative of 表明
attribute to 导致
thrive in 蓬勃发展
the ease with which+句子 .....的容易程度
prey on 捕食、掠夺
prior to=before
at the rate of... 以...的速度

TPO38 P3
Transgenic Plants
be inserted into 注入进....
Be known as 被称为...
Be resistant to 耐....的 e.g. be resistant to high temperature 耐高温
On the positive side.....On the negative side.... 积极的一面...消极的一面....
environmentally friendly 环境友好的
allow .....to 让....做....（隐含因果）
on a large scale 大范围
deal with 处理 =manage= handle= cope with
be perpetuated in 延续
make its way into 进入；融入
Of special concern is.... 特别值得关注的是....
be applied to 运用到....中
make sb. susceptible to 使某人受到...的伤害
take advantage of 利用
cause damage to 导致伤害
Be immune to 对...免疫
over the long run 长期

TPO39

Early Writing Systems

originated in 从....起源
Emerge from 从.....出现
Last for 持续
neither A nor B: 既不是 A，也不是 B
Take pride in 以....为傲
Set out on 出发做某事
Be not to do but to do:不是为了....而是为了...
Be fit for 对....合适
in efficiency 在功效上
make sth. more pleasing to the eye 让某事看起来更愉悦
To the eye 从表面上看、公然
with little regard for 不顾 （辨析：with regard for:为...考虑； with regard to:关于、
至于）
Be regards as 被看作 = be referred to as
Be intended for 打算为....所用 ≈ be prepared for
Be used to 被用来
regardless of 不管、不论= in spite of= despite

TPO39 P2
The Extinction of Moa
Be made up of 由...组成= be composed of
a diverse array of 各种各样的 = a diversity of
in concert 齐声、一致、合作
a transition to 向....过渡
Be recovered from 从...中恢复

TPO39 P3
Forest Fire Suppression
Turn A into B: 把 A 变成 B
a huge pile of 一大堆
spring up 出现、涌现、萌芽
put out 扑灭 e.g. put out fire 灭火 （另：伸出、出版）
thanks to 多亏了、由于 = owing to = as a result of
Vary with 随....变化
in turn 反过来、轮流
thin out 使稀疏
rot away 腐烂 = decay= decompose= corrupt
In particular 尤其是

TPO40

Ancient Athens
It is ....that.... 强调句，去掉“it is...that”句子依旧完整
an assembly of ...的集合、集会
The first steps toward 迈向...的第一步
the basis of ...的基础
at the expense of 以...为代价
focus attention on 集中精力于...
Be ripe for ...的时机成熟
in practice 实际上 = in effect= in fact
delegated A to B 授权 A 给 B
implement policies 实施政策
By any measure 不论以何种标准衡量；通过所有措施 = by all means
Be involved in 被卷入...中；涉及到...
the serious business 严肃的事情
provide a stimulus for 刺激某物；促成某物 （隐含因果） ≈ lead to
Be qualified to do 有资质做某事
Be opposed to 反对 = object to
put enormous pressure on 对...施加巨大的压力
in harmony with 与...一致 = in accordance with

TPO40 P2
Latitude and Biodiversity
Be far from 远不是...
The arrangement of A into B A 变成 B 的排列、布局
take on 承担（e.g. take on responsibilities）= assume；雇佣=employ=engage
Be favorable for 对...有利 = be conducive to
to some degree 在某种程度上
cast doubt on 对...提出质疑
refer to 参考；涉及；指的是；适用于

TPO40 P3
Amphibian Thermoregulation
In contrast to 与....形成对照
have control over sth. 控制某物
correspond to 符合于..... = accord with
function as 起...作用
a barrier against 对...的屏障
Be confronted by 面对....
Be at mercy of 受...的支配 = be subject to
as soon as 一....就....
vary from day to day 每日都不同
have tolerance for 包容
Press against 挤压

TPO-41

In many respect 在很多方面

Contribute to 导致

Associate with 和……相关

Serve as 起到……作用

Last up to 持续

Be regarded as ……当做

Not just ……but 不仅而且

According to ……根据

By contrast 对比，相反

Derive from ……来自于

Instead of ……相反的是

Either ……or……二者取其一

Bake out 烘干
 Just as 和……相同

No matter what 无论如何

Attribute to ……归因于

Due to ……导致

Point out …指出

Deficient in 缺乏

Suffer from 遭受

Be looked as 当做

Both ……and ……两者都

TPO-42

Be called 被叫做

depend on 依赖

move across 穿过

back and forth 反复

be likely to 很大可能

far apart 分开

derive from 来自于

descend from 来自于

correlate with 和……相关

evolve from 从……进化

know as 被叫做

die out 灭绝

blame on 责备

up and down 上上下下，到处

wipe out 消除

in addition to 除……之外

plummet to 掉落

rise to 上升

pass through 穿过

the same as 相似

tell from 从……得知

judge from ……从……判断

in absence of 缺乏

TPO 43

Put in touch with 接触，联系

Even tough 尽管

Open up to 对……开放
Play an important part
Link to 连接

Idea to 理想，完美
Be accused of 被指责

Condemn to 谴责判刑

Substitute for 替代

Combination with 结合

Be defined as 被定义为

Consist of 由……组成

Convert to 转换

Trap in 陷入

No more than 不超过

Pump out 抽出

in celebration of 庆祝

be accompanied by 伴随

TPO-44

Transition to 过度转换

Deposited in 沉积

Be interpreted as 被认为

Feed on 以……为食

Tie to 依赖，依靠

Apply to 应用于

Be Admitted through 允许，许可

Upside down 倒置

Throw against 投射

from this point of view 某种观点

be covered with 被覆盖

be influenced by 被……影响

be subject to 屈从于

tend to 趋向，有……的趋势

move out 移走

in contrast 对比

confine to 限于，关在……里面

have effects on 对……有影响

separate from 分开

TPO-45

Be connected by 联结

Composed of 由……组成

Be critical to 至关重要

Be different from 不不同于

Herds of 成群，大量

Result in 导致

Be carried from 从…而来

rely on 依赖

throw into 扔进

be bound to 必然

dispense with 分发

leave to chance 靠运气

in circumstance 在某种情况下

neither nor 既不也不

be sufficient to 充足

range from 范围

cope with 处理

emphasis on 强调

cope with 处理

TPO46-1 The Origins of Writing

in the form of  以… 形式

far behind in doing sth 落后做某事
be lined with 站满…
dear to  对…来说宝贵
stand for  代表
took over  接管
range from… to 范围从..到…
TPO46-2 The Commercial Revolution in

Medieval Europe

evolved into 发展成

on the advice of  再…的建议下
made direct bargains with 与谁…直接交易
were exchanged for 用…来交换…
exempting … from… 免除….
proved a decisive factor in 起着…作用
exercised an influence far in excess of  发挥的影响远远超过
In the years to come, 在这几年里
lay the foundation for  为 奠定了基础

TPO46-3 Ecosystem Diversity and

Stability

a cascade of 一系列 一连串

responded to 应对
To put this result in more general terms,  用跟一般的术语来说
be thought of as 被认为是
has been widely accepted as 被广泛接受为
TPO47-1 Roman Cultural Influence on

Britain

conquest of 征服…
along with 以及 伴随
decorated with 用…装饰
were accompanied by 伴随着
were acquired by 通过…而获得
recognized … as 把…视为
looked down on 看不起
bound… to 把…联系起来

TPO47-2 Termite Ingenuity

 referred to as 被称之为
lies in 在于
flows back down to 流回
supplies the nest’s inhabitants with 供应…

TPO47-3 Coral Reefs

Be restricted to 局限于
is dominated by 取决于
 succession from … to 从..到…的演替
be achieved by 通过…实现
put forward this theory 提出理论
TPO48-1 Chinese Population Growth

are confronted with 面临

per unit of land 每单位土地
 took many forms 有很多形式
was fed by 被..喂养
applying … to ..把..应用到

TPO48-2 Determining Dinosaur Diet

as been derived from 来自于 来源于

correlation between 谁和谁之间的联系
are also armed with 备有…
extend … to 延伸到
specific about  明确
differentiating carnivore from  区分….

TPO48-3 Climate and Urban Development

 is absorbed by 被…所吸收

stored as  储存在…
accounted for 解释
The constant outpouring of …into…不断的把…涌入到….
piling up of 一堆…
aids in doing 有助于….
TPO49-1 ancient coastlines

Be relevance to 与…有关
Submerge on 半埋在
Gnaw its way westward 一路向西侵入
Tumble into 没入大海
Concerned with 关注

TPO49-2 movable type

Spread into sheets 铺成片状

Worn out 磨损
Apart from 除了
Be aided by 得益于

TPO49-3 background for the Industrial

Revolution

As far back as 早在
Favorable to 有益于
Spring up 涌现
Flock to 涌向
TPO50-1 American railroads

Supplant…as 取代..成为…
Lay out 建造
Thought…as 把…看作 = view as
With the onset of…在…开始时候
Burden…with 使某人承受负担
Turn against 反对
Exert influence over 对…施加影响

TPO50-2 the achievement of Brazilian

independence

Drive toward independence from 脱离..走向独立

Go beyond the stage of discussion 不值得一提
Were it not for….要不是。…表示虚拟语气
Elevate…to 把…提升为
Coequal to 同等于
Took satisfaction in 对 感到满意
Precipitate the break with 促使与谁决裂
Set the crown of ..加冕皇帝
Set the clock back by… 通过…让时光倒流
TPO50-3 star death

Give off light 放光

Expel into 喷射
Be distinguished by 被什么所区分
Incorporate into 并入
Contract into 收缩为