KEY：时刻点题！！！

做什么
做的原因是什么
做的结果是什么
怎么做

Authentic Expression
repository of people's values 价值观念的载体 Eg: his optimism toward life made
this serious movie a perpetual repository of people's values.
in one's own right 就其本身而言 Eg：It can be a means to an end or an end in its
own right.
in a targeted way 以一种针对性的方式 Eg：teachers will devote much time to
designing the proper assignments in a targeted way. 类似的表达还有：in
alternative ways.
Take into account feasibility, sustainability and stability 考虑到可行性，可持续性和
稳定性 Eg: taking into account...可用于开头段
be acquainted with sb/sth 熟悉某人/某物 = be familiar with Eg: The students are
already acquainted with the work of Shakespeare.
court tremendous risks 招致巨大的风险
With the advent of ... 伴随着... Eg: The golden age ended with the advent of World
War 1. Eg
举例表达：A good case in point is .../ Concrete evidence could be traced in ...
cohesive power 凝聚力 = cohesion
common sense 常识 Eg: Therefore, it has formed a stronger enterprise's cohesive
power and the work sense of mission. 由此形成较强的企业凝集力和工作使命感
the rudimentary/superficial understanding of sth
in the sense that... 从...意义上说（adv）
sth be meant not so much to..., but rather to... 不是为了...而是为了...（带有命中注定
之义）
Eg: Education is not meant to teach students to find jobs and earn fortunes, but
rather to encourage them to chase the quintessence of life bravely and firmly;
Friends are not meant to be perceived as means to ends or to be made for specific
and practical purposes, but rather to be deemed as ends in themselves and valuable
in their own right.（注：means 的复数仍为 means）
an overwhelming majority 压倒性多数 Eg: An overwhelming majority of the
members were against the idea.
a significant minority （不可忽视的）小部分 Eg: But there's also a significant
minority of tenants for whom it doesn't work out that way. Eg: Gay men are a small
but significant minority.
A permeates the fabric of society. A 渗透到社会的方方面面
the proper distribution between work and life
from the psychological perspective/ angle; from the perspectives of sb who...
weigh/evaluate the pros and cons of sth/doing sth
shed light on 阐述，揭示 Eg: The researchers believe that the results shed light on
why many men find curvy women more alluring
intrinsic value 内在价值 Teaching's not something that has intrinsic value for all
people—and that's true generally. NB：inherently = intrinsically = basically 从本质
上讲，固有地
The "" concept should be deeply born in mind.
The advent of A has brought B within the bounds of possibility. A 使 B 成为可能
Practice is the sole criterion of truth. 实践是检验真理的唯一标准
essence contained within ... would be assimilated.
weigh the pros and cons of doing sth 权衡利弊
倒装+省略 Only in this way can we be happy and you be excited.

Alternative
N
方式/方案/计划 way of doing sth； channel for doing sth（through）；strategy
for doing sth；method of doing sth；manner in which...；scheme；plan；
arrangement（rigorous and meticulous scheme = well-organized arrangement）
工作者/大人 worker/employee/laborer（体力劳动者）/workforce = staff
效率/创造力/灵感 efficiency/ creativity/ imagination/ inspiration/ productivity
建筑 building/ construction/ edifice
精神 mentality/ mood/ mentality/ psychology/ mind/ mindset（思维模式）
气氛/环境 ambience/ atmosphere/ environment/ surroundings/ climate/ milieu/
setting
汇总所有表示 优势（长处）和劣势 （短处 不足之处）的单词
Advantages and disadvantages
Pros and cons
Benefits and drawbacks
Positive aspects and negative aspects
Plus points and minus points（on the plus side; on the minus side）
Upside and downside
补充：
优势: strength, merit（merit 也可以做动词: Such ideas merit careful
consideration.）
缺点: defect; weakness; shortcoming; deficiency
忍耐/坚毅/耐力/毅力
persistence 坚持；锲而不舍 It was her sheer persistence that wore them down in
the end.
endurance n 忍耐力，耐久力 He showed remarkable endurance throughout his
illness.
perseverance n 毅力，不屈不挠的精神 They showed great perseverance in the face
of difficulty.
tenacity n 坚韧 Tenacity is the bridge to success.
tolerance n 忍受 She had no tolerance for jokes of any kind.
stamina n 耐力，持久力 It takes a lot of stamina to run a marathon.
firmness n 坚固 Love asks faith, and faith firmness.
determination n 决心，坚定 He fought the illness with courage and determination.
V
包含/涉及到 involve/entail Eg：The job entails a lot of hard work.
意味着/表明 mean / suggest / signify / indicate / imply / manifest/ demonstrate/
substantiate/ confirm(The results of the tests substantiated his claims. )/ reveal/
增长/上升 increase/mount/burgeon/ascend Eg: There is mounting tension along
the border.
保证/确保 ensure / assure Eg: ensure the effectiveness of sth, guarantee Eg:
guarantee sth / to do sth
汇总有“表扬、欣赏”等词义的单词
praise 表扬 He praised his team for their performance.
admire 钦佩，赞赏 I really admire your enthusiasm.
applaud 称赞，赞许 I applaud her for having the courage to refuse.
appreciate 欣赏，重视 His talents are not fully appreciated in that company.
celebrate 赞颂 The movie celebrates the life and work of Martin Luther King.
compliment 夸奖 She complimented him on his excellent German.
endorse 公开支持，公开认可 I wholeheartedly endorse his remarks.
acclaim 给予...高度评价 The work was acclaimed as a masterpiece.
adore （人与人之间的）爱慕 It's obvious that she adores him.
credit 认为…有(良好的品质或特点) I credited you with a little more sense.
marvel at 惊叹不已，感到不可思议 We marveled at the resonance that this image
has had.
worship 极度崇拜（尤指看不到缺点的地步）She worships the ground he walks on.
她对他的爱达到痴迷的程度。
改进/改善/优化
improve（改进，改善）: improve the quality of life/ improve actors' performance
boost（使增长，使兴旺）: boost sb's confidence/ boost the profit
enhance（提升）: enhance the reputation of the company/ enhance the efficiency
promote（推动）: promote economic growth/ promote awareness of
environmental issues
upgrade（升级）: upgrade the software.
ameliorate（改善）: ameliorate the situation/ conditions
facilitate（促进）: facilitate more rapid economic growth/ Structured teaching
facilitates learning. / facilitate the development of tourism./ facilitate doing sth(Eg:
facilitate learning)
foster（发展，促进）: The club's aim is to foster better relations within the
community.
advance（促进，推动）: Studying for new qualifications is one way of advancing
your career.
reinforce Eg: reinforce the competence
expedite = speed up = spur Eg: expedite/spur economic growth 加速经济发展

Adj
有趣的 attractive/ inviting/ promising/ engaging/ intriguing/ charming/
glamorous
不可避免的 inevitable/ inescapable/ imperative/ unavoidable/ necessary/ There is
no denying that...
复杂的 complicated/ complex/ intricate/ convoluted/ sophisticated
好的/有效的/卓越的/显著的
synonyms for ‘good': acceptable, excellent, exceptional, favorable, marvelous,
positive, satisfactory, satisfying, valuable, wonderful, suitable, advantageous,
appropriate, beneficial, convenient, fruitful, valid
synonyms for 'effective': adequate, compelling, competent(sb), productive, efficient,
forceful（有说服力的人/事）, impressive, powerful, practical, successful
synonyms for 'excellent': accomplished（技艺高超的，有才华的人）, admirable,
attractive, distinguished, exceptional, exemplary, magnificent（宏伟的，壮观的
=splendid）, outstanding, skillful, sterling, marvelous， brilliant
synonyms for 'significant': momentous, consequential, influential, far-reaching,
meaningful, notable, noteworthy, vital, substantial（Substantial numbers of people
support the reforms. ）, essential, crucial, critical
synonyms for 'effectively': adequately, completely, definitely, dramatically,
productively
synonyms for 'significantly': necessarily, substantially, truly, typically, virtually
synonyms for 'highly': greatly/ eminently/ largely/ remarkably
补充：
principal = most important Eg: The principal reason for this omission is lack of time.
pivotal = leading adj 关键的，核心的
be worthy of admiration and advocation（worthwhile = desirable）
impeccable = perfect Eg: impeccable manners / taste
unparalleled adj 绝无仅有的
reputable = prestigious adj 声誉高的
重要的/首要的/关键的
important
crucial（高于 important）be crucial to
vital（高于 crucial）play a vital role
significant（侧重于”有意义“）be significant for
essential（侧重于”不可缺少“）be essential to/for
influential adj 有影响力的
far-reaching adj 影响深远的（=extensive）
meaningful adj 有意义的
imperative adj 重要紧急的，需要立即处理的
principal （形容人的时候指的是起的作用最大，不是指职位最高；用于物时，表
示起决定作用。principal 没有比较级和最高级形式）
primary（在句中只用作定语）The primary task for socialism is to develop the
productive forces.
considerable（重要的，相当大的）
major adj 主要的，重大的
staple 基本的，主要的 Rice is the staple diet in many Asian countries.
momentous 重大的，重要的
count v 重要（matter） Every point in this game counts.
unprecedented adj 前所未有的，史无前例的（=pioneering）
foremost adj 最重要的 Eg: First and foremost 首先也是最重要的
合成词
warm-hearted adj 热心肠的，富有同情心的（kind, friendly and sympathetic）
kind-hearted 友善的
low-paid 低收入的 Eg: low-paid workers
short-sighted 目光短浅的 Eg: a short-sighted policy
far-sighted 有远见的 Eg: a far-sighted decision
long-lasting 长期的，持久的 Eg: long-lasting effects
self-made 自力更生的，白手起家的（having become rich and successful through
your own hard work rather than having had money given to you）
home-made 家常的 Eg: home-made food 家里菜
double-edged 有双重作用的(常指形成鲜明对比的两部份) the double-edged quality
of life in a small town—security and boredom; a double-edged sword 双刃剑
well-informed adj 见多识广的
well-balanced adj 均衡的

Adv
容易地 easily/readily/immediately
毫无疑问地 undeniably/ doubtless/ There is no doubt that.../ Out of question/
Undoubtedly
不能做（表否定，考虑倒装） not/scarcely = barely = hardly
Eg: Not a single nation is isolated from others.
认真地/严谨地/仔细地 carefully/meticulous/conscientiously/wholeheartedly
完全地/彻底地（表程度）
comprehensively/ thoroughly/ totally/ completely/ entirely/ perfectly/ wholly/ a
great deal/ way/ immediately/ impeccably/ vastly
在某种程度上 somewhat, to some/certain extent Eg: He had changed to such an
extent (= so much) that I no longer recognized him.
Fixed Phrase
承担责任 take/assume/charge/burden/bear responsibilities/burdens
实现目标 achieve goals/objectives/ambitions（夙愿）/targets; accomplish the
objectives; pursues the ambition to do sth
吸收知识
acquire/ assimilate knowledge
capture the essences contained within knowledge
取得进步/提升水平
garner higher graders
promote the standard
facilitate the productivity
enhance the level/quality/performance
reinforce/strengthen/consolidate the competence in doing sth
完成任务
动词：finish / complete / fulfill the tasks / projects / assignments
NB：attainment 和 accomplishment 都有“造诣”的意思 Eg: the attainment of the
quintessence of life）
名词：completion/fulfillment
处理问题/克服困难
cope with troubles
triumph over various hardships
overcome knotty difficulties
handle tricky problems
conquer numerous barriers
combat serious hazards of doing sth（注：combat 作动词意为 stop sth unpleasant
or harmful from happening or from getting worse. Eg: measures to combat crime /
inflation / unemployment / disease
remedy the situation/condition
alleviate the problem 缓解问题

Free Phrase
著名 be noted/ world-renowned for; be acclaimed as ...; be esteemed as
坚持 persist in = persevere in / be determined to do... 下定决心
能够做 be capable of
应该做 ought to
将要做 might/would/shall（used to show that you are determined, or to give an
order or instruction）
对...有好处 be conducive to ... = be advantageous to ... = benefit
关于/谈及到 with reference to = with respect to = with regard to = as regards =
regarding = concerning = as for
集中注意力在某事上 concentrate on sth wholeheartedly
由...构成/包含 be composed of = consist of = comprise = incorporate = include
想要做/倾向做/喜欢做
be inclined to do sth/ tend to do/ prefer to do/ be willing to do/ be enthusiastic to
do sth; about sth/ be prone to do/ be likely to
be keen/ eager/ to do（意愿比较强烈）;aspire to do sth 有志做...（强于 desire to
do sth）
opt to/choose to do
努力做...
动词：endeavor to do sth /strive to do sth/ strive for sth/ carve a role/place for... 为
了...而闯出一席之地（She has carved a place for herself in the fashion world. 她已在
时装界谋得一席之地）/ crusade tirelessly for sth/ exert oneself to do sht
名词：unremitting endeavors 不懈努力
把...当作
regard/ consider/ perceive/ deem/ value/ label … as …
be esteemed as 被尊称为...（带有高度赞扬的语气，类似的表达有：be highly
acclaimed/ praised as）
NB: V+n+(as)+adj 形式 Eg: Critics praised the work as highly original; All men are
created equal.
对...有不好影响/阻碍
单词：hinder, ruin, preclude, impede, cripple（语气较重，陷入严重瘫痪）,
aggravate（恶化 = worsen）Eg: Pollution can aggravate environmental
issues./Stress and lack of sleep can aggravate the situation.
短语：have a negative/crippling/detrimental/harmful/adverse influence/impact
on, get in the way of sth/doing sth（I found quite often that electronic devices get in
the way of learning.）
A 重要/A 对 B 重要
A is crucial to B
A plays an indispensable role in .../ A is an indispensable component in ...
A counts a lot.
sb attach/ascribe great importance to A
should not be neglected.
feature 作动词：以...为特色（The latest model features alloy wheels and an
electronic alarm = The latest model is characterized by alloy wheels and an
electronic alarm）；起重要作用（olive oil and garlic feature prominently in his
recipes. ）
A 导致 B
be responsible for, cause, lead to, contribute to
give rise to: Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumors.
spawn: He wrote 54 crime novels, which spawned both movies and television
shows.（If something spawns something else, it causes it to happen or to be created.
）
B owns much to A
B be largely ascribed to A：B 的发生很大程度上归因于 A，即 A 导致 B
让/使...做...
sb be made to do
cause sb to do(cause 和 lead 均蕴含”导致“的因果关系)
lead sb to do Eg: lead to some gains in ... 在某方面带来了提高
prompt sb to do (make sb decide to do sth) Eg: it may prompt health services to
skimp on palliative care.
motivate sb to do（侧重于 sb 的“主动性”）Eg: it motivates students to spend
more time on their homework.
induce sb to do（偏向于 persuade sb to do sth，即“诱使某人做某事”）Eg: Your
wife says that nothing you can do will ever induce her to divorce you.
allow/enable sb to do(最接近中文中“使”的含义) Eg: They enable students from
different backgrounds to mix with each other.
pave/clear the way for sb to do(侧重于使某人”有条件“做某事) Eg: Internships
pave the way for children to move seamlessly from their privileged upbringings to
privileged careers without ever holding a job that is boring or physically demanding.
spur sb on (to sth/to do sth) = encourage sb to achieve sth Eg: Her difficult
childhood spurred her on to succeed.
force/compel sb to do sth 强迫某人做某事 Eg: She is compelled to wash clothes to
support her family.
qualify sb to do sth 使...有资格做...（qualify sb for sth）Eg: The license qualifies you
to drive heavy vehicles.
render+n+adj 使某事/某人怎么样 Eg: render people homeless.
underlie v 做为...的基础，构成...的原因（cause）Eg: I think a lack of confidence
underlies his manner. 我认为他表现出的态度是因为他缺乏信心。underlying 根本
的但是隐含的 Eg: The high rate of the unemployment is the underlying cause of the
strike.

Word
juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪 Eg: Juvenile delinquency is a serious social
problem in this country
time-consuming 耗时的 Eg: a difficult and time-consuming process
hospitable adj 好客的，宜人的 Eg: hospitable political environments.
acquisition n (知识、技能等的)习得，并购 Eg: achieve the acquisition of languages
/ skills; acquire/assimilate knowledge
tricky 表示“棘手”的问题，类似的有 knotty
confidant n 密友，知己 = bosom friend
dilemma n 进退两难；搭配：be on the horns of dilemma. Eg: I am on the horns of a
dilemma of whether to return to school or go back home.
acclaimed adj 受到高度赞扬的 Eg: Thank you for your highly/widely acclaimed
performance.
simultaneously adv 同时地
though 放句末并用逗号隔开表“但是”: Our team lost. It was a good game, though.
way 表示程度 Eg: The price is way above what we can afford.
abound v 大量存在，许多 Eg: As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound
for aspiring and enterprising leaders.
simultaneously adv 同时
pertinent = relevant adj 相关的 Eg: Please keep your comments pertinent to the
topic under discussion.
intrinsic（=inherent） adj 内在的 Eg:chase/ pursue the intrinsic pleasure/ joy/
value/ interest
criterion n 标准 Eg: The examination score serves as the only criterion for a
student's academic performance.
soothe v 安慰，减缓 Eg: Music soothes her for a while; Being bathed in euphonious
music helps soothe the tension and pressure.
aptitude = talent
implement v 贯彻执行 Eg: implement
changes/decisions/policies/plans/schemes/reforms

Conjunction
因为
接句子：because, since, considering, Granted that...(=because of the fact that), on
the basis that
接名词：because of + n, as a result of + n, due to + n, be the consequence of + n, by
virtue of + n（凭借）, for the sake of + n（为了）, owing to + n, thanks to + n, on
account of + n, on the basis of
所以
thus: The universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance
of higher education.
hence: We suspect they are trying to hide something, hence the need for an
independent inquiry.
NB: Hence, the necessity/need/accomplishment/attainment/connection...
therefore, accordingly, consequently, as a result, not surprisingly, predictably
对比
In comparison/ On the contrary/ While/
转折
but: 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。
however: 表转折关系，语气稍弱于 but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。
still: 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，采取措施或表示反对，
但情况仍然如故，无所改变。
nevertheless: 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。
while: 表对比，一般可与 whereas 换用，但程度弱一些。
whereas: 表对比，一般可与 while 互换。
However/ Nevertheless（指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响）=
nonetheless/ Still/ though（放句末并用逗号隔开）
首先：first, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place
补充：furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, besides, then, Also, Plus,
meanwhile
最后：finally, at last, ultimately, eventually
总结：in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, in short, in a word, last not be least, in a
nutshell

Template
Start
1. A ... attitude toward ... is always worthy of admiration and advocation in
modern society.

1. With reference to..., different people have various channels for doing sth.
 1. Some hold the opinion that... by virtue of....

1. As far as I am concerned, however, it's a more solid strategy to ...

Subtopic
1. be conducive to......Hence

1. enable sb to do sth.......count for much and deserve recommending.

2. Admittedly, ......Negative effects counteract positive effects.

Illustrate
1. In this regard, we may refer to sb./ We may cite the story of sb,

1. Concrete evidence could be traced in the survey/research conducted by the

China Academy of Social Sciences in ... in Shanghai. They drafted a list of
questions centering on the pivotal elements of manners in which ... and asked
participants to fill out the questionnaire. Among the 2000 interviewees who
figure out the answers carefully, over ... percent have mentioned ...

1. According to a report from a leading education/investigation website, over

90% of ..., many of whom proclaimed that

2. A good case in point is ...For instance, suppose/if...

Summary
1. In a nutshell, Reason1 and Reason2 are crucial to ...

1. The analyses above strongly consolidate the conclusion that ...

Attention
倒装
Incorrect: Not only were they not considered as literature, but they weren't always
considered good schoolbooks.
Correct: Not only weren't they considered as literature, but they weren't always
considered good schoolbooks.
单三！
冠词！ a/an
Example
Education
1.Diligence/Knowledge/Efforts
The "No pains, no gains" concept should be deeply born in the mind. Diligence is the
premise of a bright future. In this regard, we may refer to Madam Curie, a Polish
physicist and chemist renowned for her pioneering research on radioactivity. She
studied for more hours at school, conquered language barriers and poor health
conditions, and earned her higher degrees despite various obstacles. The
subsequent scientific research made her the first person honored with two Nobel
Prizes in physics and chemistry and, simultaneously, the first female professor at
the University of Paris. Evidently, these unprecedented accomplishments owed
much to Madam Curie's unremitting endeavors at school.
2.Motivation to get high grades
Researchers at the China Academy of Social Sciences conducted a survey in 10
reputable high schools in Shanghai. They drafted a list of questions centering on
motives to study hard on campus and asked students to fill out the questionnaire.
Among the 2,000 interviewees who carefully figured out their answers, over half of
them mentioned strong desires to garner high grades in the National College
Entrance Examination. (garner?)
3.Homework
According to a report from a leading education website, over 90% of high school
teachers assign homework every day, many of whom proclaim that students who
can conscientiously and proactively complete their homework are more likely to
advance in their studies.
conscientious /'kɑnʃɪ'ɛnʃəs/ adj 一丝不苟的
conscious /'kɑnʃəs/ adj 有意识的，有意的
conscience /'kɑnʃəns/ n 良心

Skill
1.Speaking:
With reference to the skill of speaking, eloquence is a most direct indication of one's
understanding talent, thus paving the way toward career success. We could trace
evidence to Oprah Winfrey, the world-renowned talk show queen. Her fearless
courage and aptitude to emphasize key points indicate that she is capable of
connecting with the hearts and souls of her guests and audiences. Not surprisingly,
her unparalleled talking skills appeal to all ages and races.
2.Writing:
As for professional writers, their reputable works record essences of history and
might be esteemed as milestones of an age. We may cite the story of Lu Xun, a
Chinese writer who compared the pen to a weapon. By expressing his sharp
perceptions about society, he made the world aware of the social reality of that time.
The same is true with any other masterpieces to be eternally cherished and born in
mind.
3.Organizing:
Suppose a person pursues the ambition to become a lawyer. He may weigh the pros
and cons first, and then draw up a well-organized plan. For example, he may opt to
study law as his major at college or decide to read pertinent books, or take a part-
time position at a law firm. More details are incorporated until a rigorous and
meticulous scheme is finalized. Only after he put organization into practice can he
live with a meaningful target.