构成：do/does

一般现在时 1. 表示真理、客观存在及自然现象
用法 2. 表示经常性、习惯性的动作
3. 表示时间表拟定、安排好的动作
构成： did

一般过去时 1. 过去发生的事或者状态
一般体 用法
2. 过去经常或反复发生的动作

1. will/shall do：表示一个将要发生的动作或状态

2. be going to: 有迹象表明要发生

一般将来时
3. be to do: 按计划去做

4. be about to do: 客观上要发生的事

 构成：am/is/are doing
现在进行时 1. 说话时正在进行的动作
用法 2. 现阶段正在进行的动作
3. 某一动作的不断重复

构成：was/were doing
进行体 过去进行时 1. 表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作
用法
2. 过去某一时间段内一直持续进行的动作

构成：will/shall be doing
将来进行时
1. 未来某一时刻正在进行的动作
用法
2. 将来某一时刻开始并持续下去的动作
 构成： have/has done
现在完成时
1. 过去的动作对现在仍有影响
用法
2. 过去的动作一直持续到现在

构成：had done
完成体 过去完成时
用法：过去的过去
构成： will/shall+have/has done
将来完成时 1. 另一个未来动作发生前已经完成的动作
用法
2. 将来某一时刻持续多久的动作或状态
构成： should/would do; was/were going to do;
过去将来时 was/were about to do; was/were to do
用法: 从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作
其他 构成：have/has been doing
现在完成进行时 1.动作从过去开始一直持续到现在并可能继续下去
用法
2.表示重复性的动作
 can/could: 表示能力、可能性、征求对方意见

may/might：表示许可、可能性、祝愿

must: 必须； have to：不得不

shall：表示征求意见、许诺、警告；表示义务或规定
情态动词
should/ought to：表示义务、职责

will/would：表示意愿、请求；表示习惯或特性

used to：表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的状态

need：需要
 对现在虚拟：I wish that sb. did sth.
wish句型 对过去虚拟：I wish that sb. had done sth.

对将来虚拟：I wish that sb. would do sth.

对现在/将来虚拟：would rather sb. did sth.

would rather “宁愿”
虚拟语气 对过去虚拟：would rather sb. had done sth.
常见句型
一坚持+（that）+sb. (should) do ：insist

二命令+（that）+sb. (should) do：command/ order

三建议+（that）+sb. (should) do：suggest/ advise/ recommend

四要求+（that）+sb. (should) do：ask/ require/ demand/ request

 从句：if+主语+一般过去时
对“现在”
主句：主语+would/ could/ should/ might + do
的虚拟
例句：If I were ten years younger, I would start all over again.

从句：if+主语+过去完成时

虚拟条件句 对“过去” 主句：主语+would/ could/ should/ might + have done

的虚拟
例句：If you had worked hard, you would have easily passed the
final exam.

从句：if+主语+were to do / should do
对“将来”
的虚拟 主句：主语+would/ could/ should/ might + do

例句：If I were/ should be fine, I would go on a trip.

 1. 如果没有: Without xxx, ...
例句：Without your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded
anyway.
含蓄虚拟语气 2. 要不是: But for xxx, ...
例句：But for your advice, I would have failed.
3. 否则：Otherwise, ...
例句：I’m really busy, otherwise I would certainly go with
you.
虚拟条件句 1. 主句：过去将来时； 从句：过去完成时
错综虚拟语气
（主句从句不在 例句：If you had told me the news yesterday, I wouldn’t be
同一时间平台） so worried now.
2. 主句：过去将来完成时； 从句：should/ were to do
例句：If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the concert
last night.
当虚拟条件句中有should/ had/ were时，可以省略if，而把
省略形式 should/had/ were 提至主语前，从句形成部分倒装。
例句：Had I worked hard, I would have surely succeeded.
 主动形式 被动形式
一般式 to do to be done
形式
完成式 to have done to have been done
动词不定式 进行式 to be doing
完成进行式 to have been doing
作主语：To help poor people is our duty.
作表语：His wish is to become a scientist.
用法 作定语：I have a lot of work to do.
作宾补：ask/tell/warn/beg sb. to do
作状语：She uses a computer to write an article
非谓语动词 主动形式 被动形式
形式
一般式 doing being done
动词的-ing形式 完成式 having done having been done
作主语：Helping poor people is our duty.
作表语：Your task is cleaning the windows.
用法 作定语：He is a promising young man.
作宾补：Don't have the lights burning all the night.
作状语：Knowing all this, I still wanted to see it for myself.
作表语：The shop has remained shut for a week.
作定语：The lost time can never be found again.
动词的-ed形式 用法
作补足语：When he woke up, he found everything changed.
作状语：Seen in the distance, the village looks beautiful.
 概念：修饰限定名词或者代词的句子，也叫形容词性从句

限定性定语从句（无逗号）
类型
非限定性定语从句（有逗号）

定语从句 1. 关系代词：who/ whom/ which/ that

2. 关系副词：when/ where/ why
介词+which=when
介词+which=where
关系词 3. 介词+关系代词
for + which=why
of + which=whose
whose: 表示所属，“谁的”
4. 特殊关系词
在限定性定从中：so/such... as；the same... as
as
在非限定性定从中：表示“正如”，指代整个句子。
 概念：起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句
1. 主语从句：充当主语成分。
例句：That he will come to the party has excited everyone.
2. 宾语从句：充当宾语成分。
例句：Do you know who won the first prize?
类型 3. 表语从句：充当表语成分。
名词性从句 例句：The question is how we can do the work better.
4. 同位语从句：充当同位语成分，解释说明某一名词。
例句：The fact that some countries are still suffering from poverty
is really a big problem to the world.

1. 从属连词（不做句子成分）：that（无意义）、if/ whether（是否）

2. 连接代词（做句子成分）：who/whom（谁）、which（哪个）、
连接词 what（什么）

3. 连接副词（不做句子成分）：when（时间）、where（地点）、why
（原因）、how（...的方式；多么；怎么）
 (1) 常用引导词：when/ as/ while/ as soon as/ before/ after/ since/ till/ until
1. 时间状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词：the minute/ the moment/ the instant/ no sooner…than/ hardly…when
(3) 例句：No sooner had I arrived home, then it began to rain.

(1) 常用引导词：because/ since/ as / for

2. 原因状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词：seeing that/ now that/ considering that/ given that
(3) 例句：Now that everyone has come, let’s begin our conference.

(1) 常用引导词：though/ although/ even if/ even though

状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词： as/ while/ in spite of the fact that
3. 让步状语从句
(3) 例句：Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.
(1) 常用引导词：where
4. 地点状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词：wherever/ anywhere/ everywhere
(3) 例句：Wherever you go, you should work hard.

(1) 常用引导词：if/ unless

5. 条件状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词：as long as/ only if/ providing that/ provided that/ in case that/ supposing
that/ on condition that
(3) 例句：Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
 (1) 常用引导词：so … that/ such … that

6. 结果状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词：to the degree that/ to the extent that/ such that
(3) 例句：He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

(1) 常用引导词：so that/ in order that

7. 目的状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词：lest/ in case/ for fear that/ for the purpose that
(3) 例句：The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the student in
状语从句 back could hear more clearly.

(1) 常用引导词：as（同级比较）/ than （不同程度比较）

8. 比较状语从句 (2) 特殊引导词：the more … the more…/ just as/ A is to B as/what C is to D
(3) 例句：Food is to men what oil is to machine.

(1) 常用引导词：as/ as if/ how

9. 方式状语从句
(2) 特殊引导词：the way
(3) 例句：Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught
us.
 (1) 表示方向、地点或时间的副词等在句首，主语是名词而不是代
词的要用完全倒装 。例如：Here comes the bus.
1. 完全倒装
(2) 表示方向、地点、时间的介词短语在句首，且主语较长又没有
宾语用完全倒装。例如：Present at the meeting were all the teachers
倒装句 and students of the school.
(1) so/ such ... that ：So guilty was he about it that he kept apologizing.
2. 部分倒装 (2) only修饰的状语在句首：Only after they were informed did they set
to work.
(3) 否定前置：Little does he know about painting.
特殊句式 1. It is/ was ... that/ who 句型
强调句 2. do/ does/ did + 动词原形 句型
3. What… is/ was… 句型

1. 祈使句中的主语you可省略：
省略句 (You) Come in and sit down, please.
2. 虚拟语气中的省略形式