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 Index

Sr No Subject Page No.

1 Legal Aptitude 1
2 Economics 66
3 Business Environment 140
4 Current Affairs 149
5 Business Communication 226
6 Logical Reasoning 270
k
 Legal
Aptitude
Chalisa
(As Per ICSI NEW Modules)
by CS Praveen Choudhary
Constitution India on 26th Nor 1949 siiiaaebttedtt constitutional
of Adopted Day )
made effective 26th an 1950 STOICITT React
from g- Republic Day

Adopted Constituent .

by Assembly
☐ parted a committee headed
by by .
tÉ¥¥q¥¥I;
.
written constitution in the world
Longest
t words .
. are in Helium
1.45.000 copies preserved filled
Original in
Boxes the
=
premises of Parliament
Hindi
English

on 1950 22 Parts 395 Articles 8 schedules .

,
2619 Jan

2022

.
current Date 22 Parts 395 Articles 12 Schedules .
105 Amendments .

- -
-
 Preamble of Constitution of India .

have resolved constitute India as .

we to

→ .

Sovereign 3am (Independent ) Supreme

.
Added Socialist tents ,
welfare
42nd
society
by
Amendment secular have its -

,
certiorari ,
the No own
country Religion of
in 1976
Democratic mini, >1-

the .

Republic people , for the people of the

By people
and it secures to all its citizens .

.
HIT Justice social ,
Economic Political
,

3110116£ .
.
thought Express , belief ,
faith & worship)
Liberty

.
. Horton
Lemont in q status
Equality
Brother .
all ( telecast IT a- flat Pant crit
Édiaternily among
Individual (3*4307)
Dignity of
Matias ddedsj 42nd amendment in a >c.
& Integrity of
unity
 constitias India
of
-

Dual structure Quasi federal structure

.
Power distributed .
Federal Nature Nature Power in hands one
Unitary of authority only
some the our
of power of
is in the hands of central
country .

authority only
the structure of our is federal
mainly system
due to .

following Reasons

.
written constitution

is .
Constitution is mother all the Laws)
z Constitution of
Supreme
.
3 Procedure to amend Constitution is .
A 368
Rigid
4 Dual Govt central level
state .
level

.
5 Distribution Power at various levels
of
6 .
Independent Judiciary system
 Constitution

Authorities .

Cottingham# 91 Gifting tournament 'd/ Giamatti Penta ¥

OR OR sent Redditt 9^1
. Execute've OR
Legislative Body Body
OR
Judicial .
Administrative .

Body Body
COURT at central level .

Ministry / Department Supreme

at central level at state level

Parliament
at Central at state level .

.
Court at state level
High
.
President council House of people
of slates
OR OR
.
.
Sabha Loksabha at District level District COURT / session COURT
Rajya

at lower-level . courts COURT

Subordinate / LOWER 4
.

Mgistrates
state
Legislature

UP .

/ BIIMHIAPITSIKN Other states

Governor .

Legislative Assembly
Governor Legislative Legislative
council
Assembly
OR OR

Fault HHT faalHÑ4G

 Procedure to make the Law

of corporate Affairs ( MCA)

ministry
I
in the world .
the problem
identify corporate

a committee trade committee

Appoint Eg:
Malhotra committee

committee will make a draft members of ICSI

( Bill Itala
final ICSI
members
Draft of ICAI
ICAI

commerce .
submit the Bill to MCA forward the Bill to various concerned Chamber
of
organisations
for comment CCI
q
.
. 55-1
suggestions Business
2¥ Rajya Sabha organisation
Loksabha .

at 1
majority consent
consent majority
pass Pass .

President of India .

Assent
I Assent for once
may deny
Bill = Act such is
but if Bill passed
again
come into Both the Houses
.
by of Parliament
effect =

President have No other

option
.

than to the Assent

give
 = Offence = matter .

wrong

civil .
criminal L crime)
wrong wrong
Private Nature Public Nature

individual or Me .

Against Against society

a
group of Persons
Breach of Trust murder ,
theft , ,
Dacoity
civil can be .

of , fraud
wrong Rape
.
2 Types the offenders shall
Convicted)
be liable for
Penalty / fine / Imprisonment
Breach of contract
tort ogtloet ¥5

can case crime can be filed in the criminal court Megistrate COURT
Damage / compensation of )
. .
.
be claimed Staters MR. Chandu
by aggrired Party
offender Accessed → Resentment Hotfoot Prove otetcgzetftbieuot)
civil cases will be filed in the
convicted Sam prove et yat etsit TINKA
Civil COURT ( subordinate / LOWER COURT ) criminal court
megistrate
.

Biryani Hyderabad
✗
ORDER
-
MR PC MR. AJ
-
Appeal
60,0001
Goa .
visit session court
.
? Petitioner
Defaulting Party Agqrired party 2nd .
Appeal
.
ORDER .

Petition
'
Civil Court
.
2nd ¥ SC
Defendant Appeal H .
c ORDER .

. .
ORDER Distinct court ORDER
OR Appeal
-

MR AT VS MR. Pc
Respondent
F J
petitioner Defendant
 in India
Judiciary system
- India
at National level Court Court
Supreme Apex Biggest Judicial Body of
Derive its power from Constitution .
one Sc in whole India .
in Delhi
directly only
. .
ciiil or criminal cases have benches in other parts the the cases
may try any may of
country to try .

. = .
within the India 1 Chief Justice India .
4819 CJI Niv Raman
territory of Composition of
.
entertain order . Max 33 other 32 other are these Corrente
May Appeals against of HC judges judges 1
also entertain cases Constitution 34 33
may of interpretation of
.
India or
of other statute cow)
any

.
chit or criminal cases
may try any
.
within the its state at state / UT Level = COURT Before constitution 3 He were these under Indian
territory of High Bombay
.
Madras H C Act 1861 ,

Calcutta .

.
cases
may try any ciiil or criminal 25 He 1- He f- UT = Delhi
within its respective slate
currently
24 He 311C = more than one
entertain order Represent
may Appeals against of DC / SC
state / UT
also entertain cases
of interpretation of Constitution composition I G-
of Hc
may ( CTS )
2111C
.
India or state / it
of other statute (low) + Represents any
any
other .

judges have one or more Benches

May
in other Parts of the state

In MH = Court
Bombay High

NGP .

Aug Panjim
 .

AT District level

For civil matters for criminal matters FOR Protection Gov't Revenue .

of
Board .

District COURT ☐
COURT of session / session COURT .
of Revenue
☐ g- q Add g- Sj & Add sj
District Collector)
.
Asst Dj Asst megistrate (
sj
Tehsildar .

Asst Tehsil dak .

Subordinate court / LOWER COURT COURT of magistrate

.

Labour cash Munsif

Family Petty Judicial
court court
Executive
court Magistrate Magistrate
.
other COURTS
all the to criminal cases .
do not cases .
4 do not
jm have rights the pass
Try usually try any judgement
Ratner he decision to maintain the law footer
, passes any
.
in his
Types of Judicial locality
Magistrate

JMFC JMSC CJM CMM

first class and class chief

Judicial
city metropolitan
.

magistrate Magistrate

on the basis crime &

,
of type of punishment different
cases
they may try
 constitution citizen of India .
Fundamental the state e or state .

rights Against instrumentality Agency of

Part II

.
Part I Kasia vs Khalid
Aotideiz Ajay Mujib
Article 5
Parliament + state Local .
whose entire snare is held
Legislature + Authority Any organisation capital 400%3
: . LIC
citizen of India . Other Authorities in India or outside OR
working by state Eg
2 in have control OR
.
born Natural Process Birth . for Govt India which state deep & pervasive
a
by of of
.
A person who is Natural Person Any organisation
and not law .

and by operation of + t Loksabha + Governor 3 which almost whole are met

President Rajya Sabha Any organisation of expenses
his domicile shall be in India . Artificial Person .

.
. f- council + OR
. .
and
Eg : company / UP
Legislative Assembly Legislative by the finance provided by state OR
central Govt t state Govt + ministries . + . 4 have .
state .
:IR .

Departments Any organisation which monopoly conferred by Eg

-

He shall be born in OR + . 1- Judicial Bodies 5 such 's is same as state or

.
India Govt Authorities work of Public
organisation of
OR .
. or .
Either of his Parents ( or were born in India OR nature social welfare
mummy Daddy
He is in India atleast seers or more before 6 in which of Govt lstate)
residing for Any organisation any deportment
is .
.
commencement of Constitution of India transferred

Part II
state

A 12 A 14 to A- 32 A 35

.
6 of fundamental Rights
categories

Right 7- Right against exploitation to .

Equality Right
-
Property .
%
.
AH AH & A- 24 A 31 omitted , constitutional .
A- 23
8
a Remedy
*
Abolished 44M Amendment in 1978
% A 32
by
freedom . Now it is not a fundamental right
.
Right of of Religion FR ensured under Article 14 to 30
Right of freedom it is a A- 300A
Rodger
if any of
Legal right
-
.
is . then such Person a
.
.
A 19 A 22 A 25 to A 28
infringed may file
.
writ petition to COURT
Supreme
cultural & Educational Rights
minorities .

of
A- 29 & 1-30
 Article 13
.

of fundamental Rights -
Co .
Act2013 / GST Act 2017 /IBC 2016
justifiability Eg :
Article 1341
Laws 1950 → Future Laws OR
.
Law or constitutional 26 Jan Post Constitutional Laws Article 136)
Existing pre
. ICA 1872
Eg: / TOPA 1882 / IEA 1882/ ISA 1899

constitution shall be as the Constitution of India .

of per provisions of
India .

an Law are OR shall be consistent in with the provisions of constitution of Indi

if of existing confirming )
any part .
Constitution OR shall not be in contravention the constitution India
against FR conferred by Against of
India or other
Supreme
of any provision thereof
mother all the Otherwise
of
.
Then Laws in India

if such inconsistent Part can be such Low shall be considered as unconstitutional

.
severed ( separated) without and shall be NULL & VOID

the other
affecting
Law cannot be followed or with .

part of complied
be
existing and made
then it should
separated inoperative Doctrine . .
and shall continued . Law
part be of Doctrine Person
Remaining severabilihf of single
otherwise Law can be made even for a Person
the whole such shall be made
single
.
of law such Person whole class
existing Repealed ( inoperative ) if represent
and -
a new law such matter shall be made
for

Doctrine of Eclipse

Part Law . is inconsistent with FR

if any of existing
.
provided Constitution of India but become
by may
consistent if Amendment in Constitution comes in

.
any not
.
In such case the lawmakers shall
,
future separate
such part Rather it shall be
inoperative eclipsed (made inoperative
untill it becomes consistent with FR subsequent Amendment
by
in Constitution of India
 Law came before 26MJan 1950
Existing

whole how is Part such Law

against Any of existing
FR is inconsistent ?
guaranteed by constitution
Null & void & Shall be

.
.
No Yes
Rep called
&
in future can
make ( Pass) New law for the Law shall be
it become consistent
.
that matter .
Complied Amendment in
by any
constitution .

NO .

Yes
As per
Doctrine can such inconsistent Part be
of Eclipse separated
Eclipsed the
without essence
affecting of
make such Law ?
inoperative existing
.
for the time
being
Yes .
No

As per doctrine of such Part

separate inoperative
.
.
sever and follow the Law the law
ability oemaing Repeal
&
make new law

for such matter .

 .
Fundamental Rights

Part II

-
A- 14 A 32

6 FR .

Categories of

.
Right 9- Equality
- . Educational
Alu Als Right against Exploitation cultural &
Right
-
- - .
. 32
A- 14 B4 Law Protection Law A- 29 Freedom to continue own culture Article
& Equal of /
Equality Language / script
-
A- 15 to Public Places - Article 23 Protection A 30
Equal Right Access the footed Labour & Human .
Freedom to establish & Educational
-
against Trafficking manage constitutional .

Alo Equal in the Public -

.
opportunity employment Article zy protection child labour in institutions minorities .
Remedy
-
Abolition
/ mine of
Att .
against factory
of untouchability
-
A 18 Abolition Title .
of

freedom . .

Right of Right af freedom of Religion

-
A 19 A 22

Freedom SAMRAT A- 25 Freedom Practice

Article 19 of to P3 ,
Profess 4
Propagate any Religion
Laws -
- . .
Article 2041 Protection ex Post facto A- 26 Freedom to own
against manage religious Affairs
-
.
Article 20th Protection Double Latin . A- 27 No one shall be to Tax promote
against jeopardy Language compelled to Pay
- .
Article 2013) Protection self incrimination one Particular
against any religion
-

-
Article 21 and Personal A- 28 to institution
.
Right of life Freedom attend/not to attend
liberty any Religious
-
.
Article 21A Right to Education in state funded Educational Institute

.
22 - Protection
Article Arrest
against illegal
 Natural Person
i. e.
Artificial Person corporations

Article 14 this Right is available to all Persons whether citizen OR otherwise

.
stale cannot Before Law within the India
Equality of
deny Law
territory
Equal Protection of

.
Borrowed from common Law
English
Borrowed from 14th Amendment American constitution .

of

Article 15

.
Main Provisions .

Exceptions

Article 1541 Article 15th Article 1513) Article 154) Article 1515) Article 1516)

- State can
state cannot discriminate No citizen India shall be denied make special Provisions
of
access Sc SEBC
.
between citizen India from to Restaurants Hotels
,
Gardens well etc for / ST / Inserted 93rd Amendment
of public , ,
by
-

on the basis 2 other place meant Access and in 2005

only of any for public
managed
Race out state funds
of
case Provisions be made
special may by
sex slate to Education
provide facility
Place Birth state can make Provisions to sclst/ SEBC in state institutions
of special
. even .
for women & Children OR in Prt institutions
Religion
.
them Provisions can be made
Any of special for other Economically
weaker section clause (4) (5) of Article 15
CSPRZ irrespective of
.
& Article 29 I 30
 Article 16 Public state shall ensure to All citizen in Public .
Equal
employment opportunity Employment
2 state shall not discriminate in on the basis
public employment only of
CSPRZ

Exceptions

=
Article 1613 ) Article 16 (5) Article 16lb)

Parliament can make Law that To in the institution Reservations can be made
appoint Religious separate
the Person shall be someone who Ews in Each 10%
Residence in state / UT of for upto
employment Practice such
category
.
.
is must Religion
Article 1614 )

Provision or can be made

special Reservation
for SC / ST / SEBC

Article 161413) Article 1614A)

unfilled vacancies Reserved Borision or can be made

of special Reservation
Claes be forwarded FOR Promotion for SC / ST / SEBC
may carry
.
to
Succeding year
 Article 17 Article 18
t

Abolition of Abolition of tile

untouchability
it is forbidden Law No title shall be state or .
① conferred the except Academic
by military
and not
by shall without .
② Foreigner under state except any tile Permission of President
working
its is a Punishable offence
practice

in Artie 35 (a) Lii )

specified

social colt does not comes in the ambit

by of
untouchability
 TO Indian citizen > .
Right of freedom
only
Article 19 a) freedom
of speech and expression
freedom .
b)
. .
of Assembly
SAMRAT c) freedom of Association and union within the
of India
freedom movement
territory
d) of
e) freedom of Residence
g) Freedom Trade ,
occupations
of
2 .
Restrictions be Not in
may imposed v1 A 196Mt syllabus
Act

Law .
Ordinance
such Restrictions be
may imposed proper
only by making Rules
.

Regulations
Lawful

Reasonable

to achieve some Article 19

objective provided by
 Laws which were in effect Earlier but Now
.
to All Persons the
.

Repealed
-
.

Article 20 Article 2041 Protection ex Laws FERA FEMA 1999

against post facto
MRTP Act 1969 Act 2002
Competition
SICA 1985 IBC 2016
shall be for . 2013
No one the Act Co. Act 1956 Co Act
punished
done which were considered as CLB NCLT
,

.
offence today in the Laws
Repeated
High Court NCLAT

Article 2012) Protection double .

Ek
against stone that attentional
jeopardy
one shell be and more than once
No prosecuted punished
for same offence

Haseen
3m¥ it
.
Dilma Article 2013) Protection self incrimination
0101£ Fdtl
against against

No one shall be to be witness

compelled against
himself
 Article 21 Available to all Persons

'
No Person shall be and personal to
deprived of life except according Procedure of
.
liberty Law

. Same
also includes to travel for all
Right
.
.
APO fair ,
just
.
satwontsingnshawnegve not
arbitrary q oppressive

Article 21A 86th Amendment in YR 2002

By
To all children

state shall provide Free & education

to all children
Compulsory
between 6 to 14 YRS .

of age

Article 22 Protection Arrest

against illegal
Law .
state 's hale not do Arrest of Person without
in
any cases
legal justification of him .
even offence
a
any beillegal
Arrested no is committed
However person if
.
Alien
may following by
.
saeabieet ① ( foreigner to
Singh Enemy belonging enemy County)
2 Law .
Abolition of Arrest under Preventive detention
-
A 370
 . 28
for All persons .
Freedom of ( Azs to A
Right against exploitation Religion

Article 25 Person to have full

Any belonging any religion
freedom Practice .
to Profess . ,
Propagate anyoeligim
Article 23 Article 24 their own choice .
of
However No Person shall be
,

Nu Person shall be No child below the 14 YRS .

Converted or to
forcefully
profess 4
age of compelled
- .
.
involved in human shall be in Practice other
trafficking employed factory religion
• or

-
Begged mine
forced labour

. .
o.e.wi.ie . . .
manage .eu#..*...s
Punishable offence .
Hazardous
'
employment
a
÷÷; .m÷÷
try belonging to particular religion
hare to their affairs in
right manage religious
cultural Right and Educational Right of minorities .
their own .

way

Article 27 state can not one to

compel any pay
Article 30
Article 29 Taxes one .
for promotion of any religion

Person to minorities establish their Article 28 ✗ In educational institutions

Any belonging any community may any managed
minorities on the basis own institutions to out No one shall be
,
of of educational of state Funds compelled
culture education related to their to Particular .
,
caste,
,
Language ( script) pooñde of
they participate in the prayers religion
have freedom to their culture and to thees
preserve language
and can new .
culture and
language generations
also take such culture 4 with
Language
them wherever within the
they go
.
India
territory of
 Part -11T
-
- .
AM Aso FR state & of state state
Against instrumentality Agency of

Infringement
Person
Aggrieved

Article 32 Constitutional Not a constitutional Right)

Remedy ( Article 226 )
High court to the writ Petition .

may Refuse accept

.
.
writ Petition to sc writ Petition to H C state
of

Court can not refuse to

Supreme
Accept the wñt Petition

.
5 Types )
( Following

-
.
Habeas corpus Mandamus Prohibition Certiorari Quo warranto .

" " " "

To Have the To or To restrict / ¥+4T
we command stop can be issued what is the
Body It judicial or

does not
only against authority
when court exceeds his -
OR
.
when
g. any govt authority any inferior quasi judicial
state
ayµ,µauthority without
any
Perform it duty Property
without
and

.
jurisdiction then
by
writ of prohibition It can on
,y
authority
be issued apter me
who authorised to Hold that office

it will be to do such have when substantive Public office

. .
justified Reason then the any legal Initiation prevented exercised its hold
authority power any
He issue wat to any person
. -
these /
prisoner or his may It can be issued in case
Representative activity following without justified .

with such dinettes and

It can be issued or
acted without or in excess .
file writ of Habeas comply judicial of its authority
may corpus only against Authority jurisdiction
-
.
command to that .
acted the Rule natural
.
to sc or µc and the court Perform quasi judicial of justice
may authority g-noxnm.ly Against
shall issue direction public duty It can issued star t .
be before of Commits an ERROR on face
accordingly only 3 apparent of Record
to such state .

Trial .

authority
 Parliament at .

Legislative Central/ union Level

body

.
President of India Sabha UPPER House Lower House Lok Sabha
Rajya of Parliament
OR 7 Parliament OR

= Nath . Council House

current & 14M President Ram Kovind of State of
Indian citizen .
People
-
In India Hindi .
=3 ours .
members .

Rashtrapati mahodfa Age

-
Members tenure = GYRS
.
President of India maximum Possible
= state
English selection of Legislature of .
'
voting ↳Rent situation
all states & UT
. . . .
Outside India His msz.az . janzozo µ, now

CURRENT situation -
maximum members .
= 245 members .
543
Excellency possible gsz
550
.
= Atleast 35 YRS
Age
-
.
.
20 -
asks .
.
Indian citizen 250 Members 12 members 233 members .
5-seats Anglo-Indian
egg Age
;, state 54ns .

Tenure =
called as ceremonial Head of the .

12 members
!I:÷
I
country 238 members Vacant Abolished
.

.
He is our bgioidhnmenament selection = Direct
Representative of voting
in Jan 2020
country
Election = rote All the members of Nominated by people of
by of by Representative of India of
.
Sabha Loksabha & India .
State / OTS .
Rajya / Legislative President of Is yrs or Above

of states & UT
Assembly
Tenure = 5 YRS 4 Can be
of office Renewed
Power of President

-
A 123
.
Legislative Power
Ordinance Power .
Executive Power .
Judicial Power .
Power .

making military
when None House is in session OR
of of Parliament
but there is to Pass law for the Administrative Power .
President have President is also called as
power to give
emergency any
commender -
time then President have to %rdM Or to Reduce the in Indian
, make
power chief for
being
.
ordinance ,
which will have effect untill President is executive Head of Punishment .
Armed forces & To initiate
of person any
temporary any
.

.
one House sit into session .
Such ordinance union of India if he thinks fit war
any of against any county
shall cease to have effect After 6 weeks .
from President is must .
Authority
from
automatically
the 1st
on which session of House .

Day any began

On session such ordinance shall be
beginning of presented before Houses for discussions
& Can be as Act .
passed the procedure
by following
 State
Legislature

ther states
6 states

UP / BI/ MH ) AP/ TS / KN
"""
.
""
Yi " Assembly

↳ "RNR state as,.mg Council

7- Legislative ,y Legislative
OR OR

Head
of state fault tent Paulist # 4-4-
Powers of Governor

__ .
.
Almost same As but Tenure 54ns members
9- Resident
with to state in which he
respect
.
is as Governor min Max
appointed
Go 500

.
Power Administrative Judicial Power .
members
Legislative
OR OR

ordinance Executive Power to Pardon min max

making give
A- 213 to convicted 40 rod mem LA
any person f- of of
by
Governor is executive head Judicial such
authority of
state .
.
slate
of Govt 500×1-3=167 members
Tenure = No fix Tenure

Tm retire 2 YRS .

Izod of may every

 Jurisdiction to make Law state
of

on the basis on the basis matter

of of subject
Territory
Article 246 & sch VTI
Parliament state
Legislature
The Law made the Parliament SL can make the law for whole
by
.
shall to whole of India or their
apply any part of respective
state / UT

List I List II List II

OR OR OR
central list State List Concurrent List
union list

on the matters in For the matters in this list ,

specified specified
All the covered or to be this list the SL have the both SL have
,
the Parliament 4
right
.
covered in this list, shall to make the Laws .
to make laws But
right if provision
be central However there are some exceptions Laws made both
any
contravene with
governed by authority of by
and name also .tn which each other . the
for such matters law made Parliament
only Parliament right .
by
Law on it . Laws . Shall
to make Parliament can make the prevail
-
- . → → made
Co Act 2013 Corporate matters & establishment Act : Indian Act 1899
Eg : Eg : shops Eg stamp / Adopted by Parlin
-
-
ITAct 1961 Income Tax - .
matter In MH Act 1958 MH

IBC 2016 .
-
Bombay stamp
Insolvency
.
- .
BR Act 1949
Banking
 .
Council ministers tifsttousm to Advice & Assist the President
of
India .
for various crooks
of
members .
Head = Prime minister .

III. 4- members af Loksabha .

Directive Principles state Part

of Policy
36 to 51 .
these are Re and Article
principal commentary
not . that means ,

mandatory to follow
while Got
making any policy may ignore
Directive .

any 4- principle

.
Fundamental Duties Part #A

A- 51A
Indian contract Act 1872

- came into
1st Sept 1872 effect

on whole India .

Applicable of

-
Part I Part I

see f- See 75
contract
-
sec 129 .
See 238 of going
Indemnity
.
contract Guarantee
of surely
-

See 76 Sec 123 Omitted . Bailment 31mA Not hit 3^455-61<722941-1

f) Kat Kant movable IT
Pledge Property
sales Goods Act 1930 . 3144T trot
of contract 7 AEA 3¥
Agency ⇐ satinet 1

The Indian .

Partnership Act 1932

General Provisions

of
contract
 ① ② ③ ③ ④ ⑤
+ =
offer Promise = + = contract
Accept Agreement Legally enforceable

sect (b) seczla )

.
£50K
Acceptee .

°
- o .
Acceptor
.
; Acceptance
-

u offer / Proposal
f)
Tl 11
Agreement
200200 KOOKOO
¥_Ig
offeree
'
CAR
OFFEROR .
OR

. .
OR Tata Nano
Pzoposee
.

Proposer
mind
meeting Iof
-
- ad idem .
consensus
Seczle)
 .
mind
Person 4- made
Legal thinking be
mere '
not positive
can Negative
not offer , self r
is
to

offer Sec 2(a) when person to other his to do or not to do .

signifies ( communicate) willingness something
with to his consent same .
an
any intention
get for
To create Relations Assent on same terms e. conditions .

Legal

Types of offer .

offer Given to person & No else one

special
to
any particular such .
General offer Given accept offer
general Public and anyone from public may
> when both offer each identical to other without
cross offer parties give
offer each
having
.

of of other
knowledge
counteroffer when offeree the offer and new
reject original give offer
.
on new terms & conditions

.
.
Express offer offer spoken words / oral )
by
in .

writing
.

Implied offer .
Assumed ( inferred the conduct of Parties
by
offer continuous offer when offed is available for forever .

open offer for Acceptance

standing
.
Clear Shall not be .
, •

vague Tllussiory Ambiguous

done . OFFEROR
can be
only by
.
offer OR be Revoked before and not afterwards
Acceptance
may lapse may Shall be
offer = .
communicated
.
cancelled
Invitatigsto-ot.FR Automatically
.
not with time oo
.
Menu card if accepted specified Reasonable time

Price list not in manner or manner .

if Accepted specified Reasonable
.
. Before offeror/ offeree Dies become insolvent or insane
,
Prospectus of school / Acceptance
company Offeree it or made counteroffer .

Rejected
Offer was .
Revoked
 Sec 2lb) when the whom the offer was made, ( communicates ) his such on same
Acceptance person .to signifies Acceptance for offer
.
terms and conditions then it is said to be the offer is it becomes Promise
, once Accepted
Acceptance forming
.
consideration for each other

seczld )

( cash / kind )
Anything
which the needs to .

promisee pay
the .

against promise

object
Promisor Promise promisee consideration ④
car car
° '
° '

.
offer °o° offer °o°
.

ft ft ft
Accept TI Accept
¥ * TI *
IT
200200 Promise 5° " Koo Koo
Zoo zoo Promise KooKoo
-

Promisee Promiser
.
~ s④
.

Reciprocal Obie.I consideration

promise

www.CSCARTINDIA.com | Call @ 7744859960 / 7276368299 for Any Queries | Page No 28

 In offer can be done the to whom offer was made
Acceptance special Acceptance only by person

In General Offer who have offer can the offer .

Anyone knowledge of Accept

.
Communicated .
Oral words conduct
spoken Express / Implied
written
by by
Gestures .

by
on the same terms & conditions .
of offer

should be clear and without .

any ambiguity
Acceptance can not offer .
precede
cannot be made .
before offer

.
.
be Revoked
may only by Acceptor

before communication to offeror .

of it

in mind = No .
mere Acceptance Acceptance
mere silence =/ Acceptance
 2lb) 2 (b) 2
zla ) (e) zfh )
=
offer + = Promise + = Contract
Acceptance law
Agreement Enforceability by

which
Agreements deemed
are not Assumed Always
.
to be law
enforceable
to be enforceable by
Law .
commercial nature
by &

Business nature .

( social )
Domestic
Iv
Afseemenls between Husband 4
between . Agreements wife
friends
 Enforceable Law ( socio)
by

Sec 11

between Free Consent Lawful Consideration the shall not

competent Lawful object Agreement
Parties Parties seezld) declared to be
of expressly
void .

Parties to the contract shall be

natural Birth .
Person . created
Natural process of
.
Jonas tic Person ( soijuñs OR person by
Legal
.
.
Artificial Person created Law
by operation of
-
.

Should be Eg : company / Lip/ Body corporate

major ( 184ns)
should be sound mind
of
shall not be not be minor made come .
law Land .
Shall However ,
contract for the minor where no will on such minor
.
disqualified of Any benefit of future
by rs .
Damodar Das
liability
then such be valid . mohtñ Bibi
contract shall (

'
shall not be unsound mind Lunatic ,
idiot .
intoxicated .
the contract is made in the interval
,
of However , if of
Tn such manner that he 9s not able to decide that what when he is sound mind then such contracts
,
Lunacy of
9s or bad him in such contract will be valid .

good for

The contract shall not be due to

'

"" 5 see 16 " " """ "

coercion undue influence Frauds misrepresentation mistake

to
kind a coercion
by using 9- force of by
some known .

person
• undue be
influence can
done person who
by any
hone on the
dominance will
other person .

of __
 .
Free consent of Both Parties

In cases consent is not free

following
coercion
.
Fraud -21
Sec 15 misrepresentation mistake socio
sec 17
.

sec 18

When to contract was when a conceal some fact

Any Party party knowingly
to enter into such contract related to contract or tells which Cohen a tells some material
compelled information
something Party
force knows or believe not to be True . to other which not true
he the is but without
by party
v intention or
.

any wrong unknowingly

undue Influence silence FRAUD

Sec 16 unless

when one contract have Dominance over the will it is to . mistake Law
Party to Duty speak of
mistake of facts
other contract . However, Dominance is
of to
party having contract .

not an issue but it is an

of Law hand
using for u÷imid of Law
wrong purpose Foreign
.
Unilateral
.
issue Good faith Bilateral
can't be taken as can be taken as excuse
.

.
In cases undue is Presumed Insurance contract excuse and the can't be taken as
, influence
following and such contract be can be taken as excuse
excuse and the
contract will still be
may
.
child Burden is on the sale Immovable .
and such contract b
.
Parents & of avoided Contract will still be
valid; may
.

Doctor &
who have dominant
Property valid; avoided
co .
patient Party Issue
of prospectus of
to prove that the contract
-
.
spiritual Gurus & their Disciple
was not affected settlement
by
-
solicitors & their client undue influence .
family
-
& .

Employer employees
However in cases, will have
,
undue influence
following
.
to be proved
.
Husband & wife
.

Creditor & Debtor

Landlord & Tenant

Lawful consideration Sec 21 d) or to be done
Anything which is done
not to do
or
anything which is agreed
the
Promise
against
OR in kind .

money
Positive or
Negative
should be at the desire or consent of Bomisop .

and not at desire or 3rd .

of promisee any Party
Can be the Promisee or 3rd There can be consideration
paid by stranger to
But
by Party
there cannot be to contract contract
stranger Privily of

consideration can be or .
adequate Inadequate
be made in Past Present or .
Consideration can , future
.
A contract without consideration is not valid
,

Usually
However contract shall be valid even there
.
, if
is no
following
valid consideration .

1 Contract between Parent & Child out Natural love & affection
of
But should be in and .
it signed
writing
2 Debt .
Time Barred in & Debtor
Acknowledgement of writing signed by
3 done in the Past
Any thing
. contract
Partnership
contract
1847311¥ It out ticket I
⑤ of Agency
 object of one is
Lawful object Party
consideration other .
for
party
is not -

if object OR 7 nature
Purpose following
Forbidden Law .

by
the Parental .
.

Against public Restricting Rights

.
policy Restraint of marriage
will .
which
Restricting
other
Anythingthe
harm Trade 4
liberty occupation
person Against
.

or another .

property of marriage Brokerage

.
,
,
of county
Anything against sovereignty integrity unity
or Relation with other countries .

against Friendly
 valid .

.
valid
.

OFFER + = + Enforceable Law = contract

Acceptance Agreement by
see 10 A condition
t.tt

~
- -
.
void void ab initio
Agreement
.
21,43110T¥ VOID
it is NULL
=

Parties .

competent
Free consent consideration .

Lawful Lawful object

Expressly declared to be
Otherwise
void .

Otherwise
void coercion UE F M Mi

Agreement fact void void

Otherwise Law Agreement Agreement
B
u
void - able at FL IL
option Illegal Agreement
.
of
Aggñred Party Law
OR which is not and
Agreement according to
.
he consider the contract it is criminal nature
may of
-
as .
valid Fong: contracts which forbidden law
by
the public .

against policy
valid contract
&

need to be .
performed
-
-
void ab initio .
Are / void
always Agreement
But All the void need not
Agreements
.
be
Illegal Agreements
 valid -
valid offer + valid
Agreement Acceptance

void = offer not OR not or no or no

Proper Acceptance pnper competent parties Lawful consideration / objector Agreements
Agreement declared to be void .

expressly
voidable contract when there is no free consent then the have the to either consider such
, option
contract as valid or void .
party aggrieved

= the .

Illegal Agreement Against Lawful objects

colletaxel to the = void
Any Agreement ( Host §3ñ) illegal Agreement Agreement
=
on .
V0 'D contract which valid at ( at the time of becomes void Later
beginning making
-

Ed : Destruction ( subject matter) / Nealy or subject matter

of Property insolvency of
as Law .
is declared void Party
by
valid contract = which with all the conditions in sector
comply specified

unenforceable contract = the contract which all the conditions a valid contract but
complies of
have some technical ERROR in it .

Eg : of stamp duty
Nonpayment
.
No to contract or witness
sign of any Party by
 contract

Normal contract contract Quasi contract

contingent
Sec 31

. are
studied till Date Contracts which not entered the Parties
by
.

a contract which on but

depends happening
-
.
or non event . Assumed Law
specific operation of
happening of by

Doctrine Enrichment
of unjust
.
can on the
property of another
Nobody enjoy
 contract to be .
Relieved from obligations performed
Discharge of

Performance Mutual Consent Breach contract

By By Impossibility of of
.
performance
for Reason both the Actual Breach
Actual Performance Tender of
any mutual decide aime time of performance .
parties to
Anticipatory
the denied
may
believe each party perform B.
Performance to other from peach
when the Parties have the .

respective promises Before the time of performance ,

it was estimated
Performed their ,
part the other conduct
they by party from the of Earlier
will be Time that he is not his .

discharged Lapse of going to perform promise

By
the to contract was to when the time was essence contract and
Any of Party Ready of
but the other denied the such Promise is not
any within such
perform acceptance if performed
.

of Performance time then the other the

Earlier
party may discharge
.

from obligation
Force other the
commercial
impossibilities outside
major Control .

.
of Parties
Impossibility
Can not be taken as excuse and at the
, Impossible subsequent
.
.
the shall not be time of the
party discharged making Impossibility
contract

.
becomes void
or
void
.
Agreement void contract
- - .

void ab initio
 Remedies against Breach of contract

compensation specific Restitution .( Restoration Quantum merit

Injunction tattoo
.

for
salt at alive at att
.
Front ¥2T cboeituk
Damages Permanent
Temporary

Rescind the contract

 Loan
① Agreement
.

£10 lakb
12%
@ P.a.
: int
:
silks .
Indemnifier ± I

. .

principal Debtor ③ creditor

egg ,
9- e- "
% A n

" uoѥ the to the creditor for the

.

Loss
big •± ② woot surely provides guarantee default
of
3rd Nebtor
this 9¥ af Party ( Principal
224 # e. n contract must be consideration but in
sorely ,
there ,

OR usually any
contract or to be done
of .

Guarantor guarantee Anything done agreed

creditor can be considered as
for principal debtor
by
. valid consideration .
Indemnified
OR

Indemnity holder

In the contract One Indemnifier )

of Indemnity , party
to the other
agrees indemnify ( compensate party
Or holder) for the Loss OCCURRED
( Indemnified Indemnity
to the Latter .
 .

Elements Law
of Company
- 29 95
. .
whole of sect (2) Co Act 20/3 chapters 470 sections .
38T Rules, definitions
India .
Applicability .
7 schedules

Sec 114)

.
co Act .
under
company incorporated
2 :
Banking company
3 Insurance
company
4
Electricity company
. 2
5 . cs Act 1980 I vs
Special Act company III
Company company
.
.
6 other notified . → LLP → UP Act 20¥ vs
Director / member
Any body corporate t Company
36 At 20134 Rules made
PYE for matter related to companies
any these under .

.
Alike
Legislative Body -

.
Executive Quasi Judicial
Body Body
Parliament OR

Delhi North Administrative A which is made under a Act and can

Body judicial special
www.mca.gov.in Body
the cases under that Act itself and not the cases .
Chennai sooth only try general
Affairs ( MCA )
Mumbai west of corporate
Ministry -

-
NCLT National Law Tribunal .

Kolkata . East
Company
>
- Directors ( RD)
Guwahati North East Regional
Law .
-
Ahmedabad NCLAT National Tribunal
Northwest Appellate
Company
-

Hyderabad South East

25
Registrar of companies ( Roe ) COURT
Supreme
CRC there are one Roc to each state / UT
other Roes usually Represent
central Center
Registration But Tn TN & MH there are 2 Rocs .

for
To avail the name .
Regular filing of Mumbai
of Documents .
Chennai
company q
e
.
Pune
Coimbatore
 Registered
Person incorporated /
[
.

Body corporate

.
General Definition
meaning
. .
Sec 241) Co Act 2013
of
.

company
includes -
LLP
Body corporate
CIOI CIOI
*
-
- -
Co .
but does not include
op society
co - .

a) a under Act
Partnership firm op society registered
other notified .
society Registration
b) cooperate
Any body

company

General definition
meaning
.
see 2120) co Act 2013 .

of
Association (
Any organisation)
2 or more for means A ( Association /
of persons company organisation)
company
which .
( common objective ( Purpose is
any registered Incorporated
.
Greek words .
under this Act Co Act 2013 Or
/
any
com Panics Previous .
+ law
d- company
Together Bread / meal
or .
to hone the meal Bread
coming together
OR
A Association between 2 or more persons .

voluntary TNP AP

to achieve a
pre-determined objective with an

intention to torn the .

profit
 .
Features / characters ties
company
.
Artificial Person created Law
Legal by operation of
2 Solomon . .
vs Solomon Ltd
Separate Legal Entity
3 It has its own different from its creators ( members)
identity
4 It can enter into contract with in its own Name
any
5 can sue or be sued can file case on co . in
It ( file case) (others ) its own Name

6 and
separate ownership management
member BOD

.
1 Common seal official
signature of company
use is now 2015 instead common seed Doc can be
optional from 4th May of signed
atleast 2 Directors OR

8
by
sly is the .
1- Director e Ics on behalf
Experience of experience of company litany )
of the company
9 Association .

voluntary
.
10 succession continued existence → members ( owners) come but the
Perpetual may ego company
shall . .
on forever untill Dissolved
go
11 Limited members .

liability of of company
12 Termination existence .
liab =
→ Assets = sale / NUT
of winding up Pay
I
Dissolve → aia-t.INT
 '

.
Salomon vs Salomon Ltd -
( 1897) ② .
③ .
⑦ ① AotiFhsm -_
limited
Case
members
Landmark It can sue or be sued in its separate Legal Entity of
own Name
Liability
go to

• ④
&
separate ownership management
.

f- Business
e-
.
company Owners

.
Salomon Boot Soloman Ltd min members = 7- → Salomon =
99% shares .

manufacturing
Bls wife = I share
&
> liab Assets .

1- share each .
wife Leather merchant 4 sons =

- son I C- 20K . FA = 1 share .

.
4 g.Sh 20K 1
Daughter
.
. .
\ 1 B. Is secured Deb 10K CA 10K
Daughter Directors Salomon
.
Liab Assets . Creditor-14) 30K at Board 4 son
-
. -
capital lontsihrtzok FA 20K .
creditor 60K .
member
CA 10K . ↳ creditor :
Rts 10K . BM → =
⑤
.
LID sotamn -
Director
8k Ski
. MD
.
. 30K / 120K 30K .
120K one person can

act indifferent
# 100.000-384 .
38k .

⑥ capacity
sale Proceed =
enter into
company may E6o5
c- Contract in its own name
r

±
Talomon
chindi

Bank

67% → Assets = sale

.
60,000% winding up liab = → creditor
90,000 = 100^1 . COURT payoff ↳ members (G. Sh)

33% 30,000
☒ ? NCLT
Liquidator
-
. =
# = Toleman 401-31
=

6050ft 33% - Bank .

19961 -

Salom①
?⃝
 .

of members
liability

I
Limited . limited
shores
by by guarantee
-
Liab member = to the amt limited
of up unpaid Limitedly guarantee by guarantee
held such without shore and
shares capital
of by share
having capital
. Liab member = the amount
member of upto
such amt can be that member
unpaid guaranteed by
called the Co. at be Liab = ckmt
to paid at the time of of member Dual ( at )
by anytime .

winding up For the shares held .

for the .

Eg : g- lakh .
guarantee given
- to
.
the amt
Ltd Ish FV-10 Chandu . - .
up unpaid
A For A Ltd szaen .
Bhin①
, Eg : shares held such the amount
of by upto
.
g member
Ti④ that member
Such amt can be guaranteed by
2 unpaid
called the co . at to be paid at the time
2 -
8 lakh Baez
of
creditor → opt- 416 by anytime
.

lakh 3m15 winding up

op 1-2=12 5/5

unlimited .

liability

unlimited liab .

unlimited liab
without share capital
share .
with capital

Liab of member = unlimited & Personal Dual .

a. in
liability
if the goes
.
.
unlimited
winding up

share capital

- to the amt
up unpaid
shares held such
of by
.
member
Such amt can be
unpaid
called the . at
co
by anytime
 Person citizen India ? ✗ Is for .
of eligible fundamental Rights
company can not be to
company
given any
.
. Yes
Artificial Person
.
No

. was are
Ceo the FR which the FR which are
Resident of India yes if incorporated
.
in India 4 does business available to Person available
any only for
for Tax .
in India .
are also available to citizen India .

purpose of
.

company
- is available ! -

Aly A ,
15,16 19,30
Eg ! Eg
for .
are not available
company for .

company

.
.
Association Sec 404 co Act 2013
Illegal of
.
Rule to to ( mis c) Rules 2016
& af )
HUF

Exemption
.
PF between the under
Any organisation / Association/ Partnership firm professionals registered
.

created net CSICAICMA / Adv

organisation
more 50
than members
/ Partners / Owners →
by special
having
and = members are 50
Exemption if upto
.
it is or Gain
if for profit
working Exemption if such PF is as
Nonprofit
working organisation
then

Sochi Association shall be otherwise such Association shall

to .
registered / incorporated
Under Act 2013 or other law .
be considered as
any prescribed illegal Association
✗
-
member = €100,0001
penalty upto
Incorporated teat
.
veil LLP concept of
corporate Company separate legal Entity
Till the time this veil is used for Bona fide
cooperate (genuine / valid ) purpose
it can be used and the member or Director such shall
of
not be held liable for debts it .
company
of
But

such veil is used = then the and it is called as

if corporate for ( malafide intention
wrong purpose
and .
NCLT court shall the veil = = SLE the or veil
/ .

ignore corporate concept lifting piercing of corporate

such be held liable .
Natural Person who was
company shall
fraud
responsible for
2 - .
= to = .
Paco / Public 7 Reduction in No members
of
2 Failure to refund Application
3 in
money
.

misrepresentation prospectus
.
's Name
misdiscñption of
Sir Dinshaw
mañkjee Petit 5 To Evade Taxes .
company
women ARIL vs. ARIL 8 TO avoid welfare
of legislations
.
Daimler ctdrs uh . T
continental tyres To determine character .
of
8 to do
Enemy .
company
fraudulent
9 In court
activity
order
contempt of
co .
to as .

subsidiary acting only Agent

 members min = 7 Max = A
Directors > min =3 Max = 15
,
,
.
owners)
( > 15 SR members
by passing of
" "
.
Name w shall have the word = Ltd
, Ltd .

Types of Companies of public Tata steel

Steel India Ltd

-
minimum -
Authority
paid up capital As be .

prescribed
on the .
① basis of membership /Ownership) may
co . a
Public means which is not a Private .
,
company company
.
which is w is also
A pvt of public
.
company subsidiary
.
Pvt Lo Public Cu deemed to be a co .
public
.
Sec . AB Ud
2171) A pvt Ltd
(
a Hosting
-
subsidiary
Even an can become member co .
Artificial Person of public
W .

OPC Pvt
.
- = As be
Shall have minimum up capital prescribed
Sec 2162) see 2lb 8) paid may
f- members min = 2

' Max = 200

.
member = 1 Natural Person No shall be come member OPC
4 Artificial Person ( company / LLP) of
( owner Indian citizen
only -
min -
2
Directors SR of
120 -
by passing
India .
at least in India .
Max = 15
more
Resident of members = than is
days stayed
.
NM Resident of India . ( HRI ) in Previous Fy -

Name Pit w -
word Put into it
Nominee of
. -
minor - un
competent > not a ( major) A Pvt
Party Eg :
.
s
not be unsound mind ( sound mind .
of ) B put Uh

Shall not be law .

.
disqualified Shares Pvt lo are not .
There
by of Transferable may
-
freely
= min = I .
more than 15 be some restrictions on .
Directors To increase No 4- Directors ,
( conditions)
imposed Trf of shares
management
Max = 15
member .

by passing Resolution of
Prohibition ( Not allowed ) on invitation to
general public for
Name of OPC shall have the wood OPC in it its shares or other .

subscription of securities
A COP c) Put ltd .
→
any
. .

A Pvt Ltd Pvt W can not to

'

t give general often public

( opc)
cannot issue subscribe the it .
to shares
prospectus of

-
or shares co G-
Person ( Natural Artificial) can acquire of Pvt & can become member of Pvt
Any
"
" " " " "" "
A #

☒ 40
✗
cpvtltd.lt/sjpvtUd-- |
 on the basis on the basis status Ineoo
of ownership of Residential / Place of )

- Govt co .
Govt to .
Non

Sec 2145) seek " Incorporated

company
OR
company
outside India .( CIOI)
co . 51% Indian .
A in which atleast of Psc
company
is held Govt central Govt OR
by co .
state Govt Domestic
.
Both

.
.
.
Psc CG .
604 co v CIOI
.
Acted tool other
Foreign
APSG-zoi.si/.-- 90% Sec 2142)
TSG 30T Tesla .
,
④ -10^1
Public .
CIOI C-
place bag
.
in India
Any businesshaving
of Ford's

Eg : Google
. = .
Bltd 100% PSC 20% CG Apple
soy .
=
Ambani / Public Hp
Microsoft

-
.
Non Govt Co. which is Gatto
,

subsidiary of
a co .
to
Any deemed
is Govt
be
 On the basis of size . On the basis control
of company of

co .
1sec 2146))
Holding
.
to .
. which
small Other than small W co or one or more
Any body corporate companies
sec2(857 as its . Sec 2187)
to . which is not a small co .
subsidiary
.
Any . -
to which in not a co . co in which the other co . hone
Any public Any
PSC E E ZCR .
and ① control in Bob OR
having composition of
.
Annual Turnover £20k
having 2 exercise or control more than half 1-01-01
of power
either or or more
voting
on the basis itself one
of object ( purpose by through of
its
subsidiary
.
.
However the No co
,

-
not
of layers of subsidiary
.
Profit oriented Non Profit shall be more than 2

company Company (organisation)

.
Sec 8

to . Co. 2
Secs ,
Licence ,
NPO Associate (6)
( see
- or
can be as Pit co Public co . but
It formed
it do not need word Ltd in . in
to use the Pvt Ltd / its A co which the other tone
significant influence
name but is not a co .

main object =
To promote the commerce
,
science
,
.
subsidiary
knowledge
.
Law , ,
Education ,
social welfare etc . TVR 7,204 I 50%
,
Religion Charity
* Profit shall not be distributed its
litany) among
. such co .
.
members as Dividend Rather profit shall be Associate includes venture
joint
utilised for the main objective of the . He
company Hmda _v
→ Hero motor Uel .

comp
⑤⑦
?⃝ ?⃝
 co .
basis .
Producer ( see 378A ) on the Activeness
of

A co which in specified
engaged any activity
.
V15 378 B

co .
.
sector activities Inactive .
Active
Primary company
which works on basis
actively daily
Nidhi Co. ( see 406 ) & have significant Accounting
.
transactions
a Public co .
Shall be
only = -
.
.
minimum €5,00 ,
ooo / G which do not have transactions
paid up capital significant
Can also be called as mutual Benefit .
Accounting
society
its members and
Accept deposits from
to members .
loan at concessional rate
only its
provide
.
only Dormant co . See 45 er Inactive co

. have
An Inactive to which No

.
on the basis transactions
of listing of securities significant Accounting may
to to the status
apply Roc get of
co .
Dormant
co . co .
Listed ( Sec 26-21 unlisted

. co .
co which .
public
Any of
-

is listed
any security
sale Pvtco
for ( & )
on RSE BSE trading Buy
(
HSE
 simplified Proforma for incorporating
.

company electronically
Incorporation of company
based .
on the Name SPI Cet web form
Login www.mea.gov.in Apply for of company
AGILE PRO
Part A
GSTIN .
Part B
Reg
.
EPFO Reservation of
Reg
.
.
F- SIC Name Detailed information of proposed
Reg company
Tax .
+ 2 co .
Profession Directors of the
Reg Proposed
Bank PNB Fees 1=4000) DIN Director Identification No .
AK
opening of DIN of upto 3 Directors can be
applied in part B.
ICICI Bank .

3 Detailed Address R-0 . No .RO . at

of of company if
the time then it should have Ro within
of incorporations ,

-
Note : A Co. to be wins to -515,04000 Such Unique Name shall and it shall be informed to
, Proposed registered up go ☐ OI
days from
20 . in Form INC -22
need not to .
be available for Roc
pay Registration fees days
And memorandum Association ( Mot)
of
.

the ↳ shall
in these 20 5 Article
days of Association ( AoA)

be the available
incorporated using
.
.
Name stamp duty +
Registration fees

Roc

Date
.
co certificate of
Name of
CIN
Incorporation
corporate identification Homer
( COI)
YOI
21 Letters Evidence the that the
conclusive of fact
No .

Registration company
MH 2014 PTC 123456 with the specified Name, on the
U 1-2345
is in existence .
unlisted
Listed .
PB 2022 PLC 123456
specified
L 1-2345

Type of
Industry type
.

company
state of
Incorporation
 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students
AOA Memorandum charter or
.
Article of Association of Association of foundation of
company company
Laws OR No Part in the Moa shall Prescribe the ambit and
Bye of company power of
-
internal be inconsistent to co Aeta
Rule & of ( +41-5<2*17 &) &
company also
Regulation for management affirmatively Negatively'

.
.
the & Rules made these under MA IL
Atef 9)
company GUT
.
there will be more than 30 clauses
Usually
There should not be in AoA Act done on behalf of
any provision Any company against
which is moot or a. Act 20134 Rules the MOA then it willcalled be
provisions of .
against
.
made these under as ultra vires the .

beyond authority
Format of Moa & AoA Content of MOA

sent

other than OPC OPC

. -
Ltd Ltd unlimited UL
by ltd.by by guarantee 1-
Sh + " ab Clauses
guarantee .c
6 7 Clauses
se
Having leanings

Table Table Table Table Table

Moa 1 Name Clause
A ☐ , ☐ F-
clause
Registered office
-0A Table Table Table Table Table ,, object clause a) Main object
F H G J I
b) objects necessary for
furtherance of main object
clause
co . - divided into
the is €1000,0001
④ Liability Authorised capital of
each .
④ capital 100,000
F-9. 5h
of €10

clause
⑤ subscription
Succession clause or
④
Nominee clause
 =
INT bet Business di amie unit
capital

Share issue shares Debt

capital Raising by of capital

types snare capital

share of
category of capital

No .
.
Authorised share OR the with which the co is usually voting riyals
capital capital registered
share OR with Roc & authorised to Raise within voting Riqut Gm ✗
. to Notice
.
Registered capital Eq Sh aint Receive 9- share capital
capital attend the am .
Reference
to
Nominal share capital lifetime Right

.
.

-51500,000 divided into 1,59000 Sb Fv €10 each C-q.sn in the

of of Represent ownership
company which will have preference over
.
No fix Dividend
authorised cap .

part of c- for Dividend

" No in Dividend or
g. SIM payment of
2 Issued share the which is to be raised issue priority payment of
capital capital 4- Repayment and
by of Repayment of capital
at time .
capital
c-q.sn and
any Risk but also .
High High Return Receive Dividend
.
either at fixed
. Sh .
£-10,09000 divided into 100,000 =L 10 each
, Eq of
Rate or fix Amount

. shares
Types of Eq
3 subscribed share The issued which is
capital part of capital agreed
to be taken the shareholders
by
-
DVR £9 Sb
.
f- 9.50.000 , divided into 95.000 Elo each Ordinary £9.5b types
C-q.sn of of pzefsh
4 unsubscribed The issued which is not
capital part of capital =
agreed ish Note more sh = less VR .

to be taken the shareholders -

by Participative Non participative

.
divided into 5000 €10 each £5
£-50.000 tq.sn of
£3 Uncalled
-
-
5 Paid Share £-2
capital cumulative non - cumulative
up capital q
.

The subscribe on which is .

Unpaid capital
part of Kapital paid
money
-

2=4,7-5,000 divided into 95000 £5 each . Convertible Non Convertible

C-q.sn of
Pcs Fcs

Irredeemable
Redeemable

which have predefined Nut allowed

.

period in
maturity India .
 → owner = member
Company
= BOD see 240) .
all the Directors
management collectively
Directors Sec 2134 ) who is
person
.
Types of Directors
Individually inthe Bop of co
appointed
Roc
NIR-3

WTD PTD -

.
DIN 8
Appointment 9- Directors digit

.
1st Directors Directors
Appointment of subsequent
Independ
Resident Director
Name of fst Directors shall be

co .

Director written in AoA ① ,

the AoA that
4-
.
Listed co or other unlisted usually may prescribe
any prescribed all the Director shall Retire
z otherwise the subscribers to MOA / AoA
Public co ,
every
.
At least 1 Director of shall decide that who shall be the
year
co -
= .

.
ID at least kid of total Directors is
co shall reside in India z
first Directors of
AoA silent ,
if
3 the subscribers are not able to decide
if ,
for atleast 182 in at least 213rad of TD shall be
day then all the subscribers shall be
of
. liable
fy small suis ooipector .
for retirement
immediately deemed to be first Directors every year hf
.
Rotation
co . wants one
if , appoint person
woman as
company
small
Director Directors of sing out of Rotation Directors ,

atleast shall retire

god every
.
.
listed companies
and
year
' ☐ "
co . 100K OR .
unlisted PSC ?
zgg /20T us ay
↳ .
T 07, £300M
fg ,
. \
ID
23 24
22

atleast 1 woman shall 2 ,

1^67=2 ,
=
Director 467 = ⑤ RR ✗ god C-
EE AIB CID
be .

appoint fg2 ④'

b- = ②

?⃝
 BOD

that = Business

.
Board
meeting

see .
/ 73
Borad .
Requirement of Board ) Quorum of
meeting ( meeting
-

meaning Requirement of Quorum (Seattle)

1st Bm after NOI Subsequent Bm
-
min no
of Person
at least TD
who should be present of
personally God
shall in the to
Every type of OR
company meeting validly
30
transact business .

within from NOI any Two

.
.
days No of directorship
4. i. b.) to
one can become Director in max
person
- .
In case Opc small co .
co 20 .

of startup Dormant Companies

.

co .
.

which Public co & deemed in which

Any other company Out of
he is shall not be more than 10
Director
.
Max No BM min
of Requirement
Max Min
.
Requirement Requirement in listed co shall not be more than 8
Directorship
No limit at least I Bm shall be held in
.
.
co can take a BM
Each half of calender Atleast one FY .

year 4_Bm in
and
and
the between 2 continuous Bm
gap
.
2 continuous BM = Max 120
.

shall be min 90 Gap between

days Days
.
1st 31st maseb
April
.
Jan June Dec 1st Bm 30th Nov 31st March
"
July tjuly
"
IBM t¥m .

90¥
 BOD = .
Directors
company management -

I Maseb Ak finalise Audit ( cheek )

Apñl
ÑTT BOD ← Audit
Report
Board AGM .

members /Owners) Report

.
member 's = General
meeting meeting

-
Extra - totem
Annual General General )
meeting ( AGN) Ordinary meeting (EGM ) (

General between 2 AGM

can be called Bop suo Moto
( ) Any meeting
by

1st AGM subsequent AGM

called BOD
within 9 months within 6 months from the end relevant ftp. by
from the of
end between 2 Continuous Aam shall not be
of FY in which the gap
.
more than 15 months
co . .
was Either suo Moto OR on
incorporated
extortion 3 months be allowed
of may by
Roc
Requisition ( request )
.

of members

31stmooch .

- 6 months

1st April
9 months
30th septs
Apr I Ma_ 31st Dec
.
class
o¥
meeting
1st AGM
.
A GM of special class
oct
\ of members

31st
.

31St 15 months
.

may
AGM .
AY
1st

?⃝
 Essentials GM = To transact the Business .
of
statement
validly
.
Explanatory Sec 102

Sec 103
. -
Notice (sector QUORUM chairman see 104 sect 05) valid .

Proxy ( voting
.
Notice = clear ☐ GM
Length of Before
. .
days Paco Public co

General .

Notice =
exclude )
by post ignore ( By Attending meeting
-
.
.
Date Notice As be decided in AoA Total No mem Quorum Remote
of sending of may of
Date
of Gm OR
voting
1000 5 sec 107 See 109
2 2 .
upto Sec 110
of Transit .
days Seclog
.
show of Hand
500° 15 voting Poll
- mode =
exclude ) ↳ to by Ballot E- .
Notice ignore ( By By Postal
bye Notice
voting
Date of of
sending more than 5000 30 1 = I vote
Nate am member
af

shore = votes

content 7- Notice

.
Nate except
Day Any day
→ 26 's shall be Present
National Tant Aug 1204 Quorum
Holiday personally
at and member
Time Gm be called present
may any through
time Business Hours .
Shall not be counted
Any during for
-

9:00am .
Proxy
.

0:00pm Quorum

Gem in the Ro co .
Place or
of of
any
other within the town /
place city
in which .
Rio is situated
of
company
.

OR
. .
Business to be Transacted Business
Ordinary business other than these 4 shall be
.
it TO R the Ale of Any
Adopt Approve
company Considered as Business .

%) To declare the dividend special

for the .

FY
iii ) to appoint the Directors in the .
LNS
company SR .
iv) to & to decide the Remuneration OR
appoint
.

af Auditor
 -_ Decision .
Resolution of
meeting

Passed in Board .
Passed in General
OR
meeting meeting
OR
Resolution of Board
member's Resolution
meeting
Board Resolution
Resolution Special Resolution
Ordinary
Passed Failed

votes in favour > votes 3. ✗ votes in favour > votes

when the assent
Against Against
when 51 > 50 30 7 10
of Directors is not
majority
.
majority Received 501 > 500 75 > 25
Present in Bm Assent
give Even if the Decision was > 90 >
10,001 10,000 30
to .
specific Agenda tie it is deemed to be =
10,000 89 = 30
10,000
.
failed
.
.
OR SR failed
failed
CSR social ( see 135 )
corporate Responsibility
.
Listed to

OR CSR committee → atleast 3 Directors out of which

(
. .
unlisted co NW 7 £-500 CR OR f- should be atleast
ID

ATO 7 £1000M OR

co .
.
NP 3 ESCR Shall Draft CSR As sch VI to Act 2013
policy per

.
shall Recommend to Bob co
Accordingly of
.
to CSR activities
spend for

.
at least 2% Net 3 YRS
of My Profit of
immediately proceeding
-

= 2022 = CSR = ?
Eg ! AUT
Activity
2021 = 15 CR .

= 10 CR .
2020
= .
2019 18 CR

=
14.33 CR ✗ 2%
15tlztlf_= 4}-
.
Lakh
£-28.66
 CHAPTER 2

PAR B
\

.
Law of TORT un codified law

= Offence
wrong

. .
criminal crime = mens .
= mind
-
civil Rea
wrong wrong Guilty
✗

Breach
.
TORT = TORT UM =
of wrong
contract

✗
that dint = Tort .
TORT fessed

Tortious .

liability
.
Conditions

Act
Wrongful Legal Damage Legal Remedy
Assault of contact with
( Apprehension body
of other Person)

Actual Contact with

Battery body of another

Harm Harm
( Bodily )
Physical
Case ctkot
)
Malicious
prosecution ( EIGT
Defamation (4TH aorta that
 Tortious .

liability
.
Conditions

Act
Wrongful Legal Damage Legal Remedy
t
Assault of contact with
Judicial .
( Apprehension body
of other Person) AAI Remedy
.

.
compensation for damages
Actual Contact with another
Battery body of DamnvmsineInjuriaInj@nasineDamnom.f f Restitution ( Restoration) of

.
.
Harm .
Harm (
Physical Bodily ) damage legal Damage Legal Damage Damage Property
Malicious Case
prosecution ( EIGT Injunction Catron
Attack m
(athanasia Reputation offender shall be liable
ooefamation that
In India = =
Toot + crime
. 2 -
defamation for tort Extra Judicial .

.
types of Defamation slander → spoken words / Self
Remedy
by by gestures Defence
Libel written woods .

Goods .

(
by severe
Re caption of
more serious ( punishment)
on Land

Nervous shock .
Reentry
Prevention
Not A Tort
against Trespassers
Distress
Negligence unless Damage feasent

False
it is
your duty to be attentive
I Abetment of Nuisance .

Imprisonment

?⃝
Tortious strict or Absolute . sometime the done others .
for wrong
liability liability liability by
be held liable It is called as
You may
whether the tort was committed vicarious .

unintentionally liability
or without .
It doesnt matter and
negligence .

the shall be held liable for the toot for the Act done
wrongdoer by
Principal
vs .
Agent hall
.
Rylands Fletcher servant master
' be
ee
Emp Cmpler
Partner .
held
Rule other partners
- .
Any liable
Non . and
Natural use
of property
hazardous was on the However in case of
2 kept
Any thing property
other contractor .

which was not due to fault of .

escaped person Independent

above 2 Conditions are satisfied then tort

if liability of
shall Arise EMMER shall not be shall
Emp 'eR
held liable be liable

Exceptions
Natural use Land .
where it was his
of duty
2 Act God .
Normally to take care and
of
was done with consent tort happened due to
3 of plaintiff
thing his .

4 due to or 3rd negligence

.

thing escaped plaintiff person

any
vicarious state ( Govt)
liability of
In these cases .
No tortious shall Arise
The Govt
liability Is late)

.
shall not be shall be liable

liable to

when the Act done

by
when the Act was Govt servant was not

9- sovereign nature nature

of sovereign
 Chapter 3

.
Elements
of
company secretary Legislations
.
1980 secretaries Aet 1980 ICSI → Institute of secretaries of India
Company Act
company
.
Special company
Artificial Person
.

Separate Legal Entity .

succession i. e. continued existence
Perpetual
members = 65000 t

students = 250,000 around . to and

, developer the profession of
Purpose / object regulate govern
offices ( Branch offices) = 70+(7-2) secretaries in India .

chapter
Company
mission =
.
To caliber
develop high professionals
ensure .
who will the
governance

.
vision TO become leader
global ensuring
the compliance of corporate
Governance .

Molto = the Truth and abide .

To speak the law
by
OR
Hot at MIT retell

core values of ICSI

Integrity
Ethics

stakeholder centric

ownership
.

Reliability
 seers from Associate as
for first becoming
a member .
ACS

see 2 (1) (c) A who have become member

After 5 Years Pcs ,
person
of Company secretary
may apply CS Act 1980 ICSI
Fellow CS of of
.
for f- CI ( Fcs )

Cs in whole time JOB

1sec 2124) ) Sec 2125 ) . ( Pcs )
-
G. 13
.
of co Act 2013 .
Act
practicing company secretary
of
Company secretary who is a member ICSI
of
Person who is member ICSI and
Any of
and cop services
independently provides professional
.
in the as certificate of practice to various as co.net 2013
Appointed companies per
Laws .
and other
companyofficer company
secretary ( compliance corporate

Co . Functions / work Pcs .

( Appointment & of
Personnel) Rules 2014 can do almost all the works which a cs in can .

Remuneration of managerial job

2 be as scrutinize R in Gm .

may appointed any

3 be as secretarial Auditor a .

may appointed of
Rule 8A company
Rule 8
.

As per Sec 204 co Act 2013

of
.
listed co and
A
.
.
Listed Private to PSC 3=210 CR .
An unlisted Public co .
Psc > £-50 CR OR

Any Company Any having 7 2=250 CR .

TO
and
and
shall appoint
to .
unlisted PSC 7 Flock .
have .
public shall a whole > Floor a Pcs as secretarial
Any having Any company having Borrowing
time CS Auditor who shall

ensure the
compliance
shall all Laws on the and shall make
appoint of corporate company
→ 215 ' )
.
Personnel KMP ) see his secretarial in MR -3 and file it to Bob
of
key managerial Report
the .

MD CFO CEO / CS company

/ WTD / /
.
other officer as be
any may prescribed
Economics
Chalisa
(As Per ICSI NEW Modules)
by CS Praveen Choudhary
 .
.
Economics OIKOO + NOMOS Rules

+
.
oikou Nomia
management
Household
OR

Individual

.
Demand and = micro Economics
& market Behaviour .

supply Analysis
2 National Income .

Accounting
3 Union
Budget
4 Indian financial market

5 Indian .

Economy
 -

Chapter 1

Demand &
Supply
Analysis
and

Market structure
 = Producer
market Consumer + ( seller )( firm )

.
consumer Behaviour Producer Behaviour

.
.
Demand . .
market Price
Analysis supply Analysis &
Analysis
market .

Desire
to .
Analysis
Ability pay to Demand .

for it
willingness pay
All the above conditions

are he Individual Demand Market Demand

When All Individuals mkt demands

when one Person demands of
only
various units a
Demanded ( QD ) Demand various units a of
of commodity commodity
Quantity at various at various prices
prices
.
Price 8D between various prices
£5 to units and Individual Demand schedule ( IDs) MDS

.
£-4 20 Units Various QD Price QDC Price ①Dc QDN QDJ mp=DDctNtJ
£-5 1 10 0 11
.
{ €3 30 units
.gg/Relat m during a
period of time Is 1- unit

5- Units .
£6
5 20 2 27
£-4
£-3 10 30 3 43
£3
100mi Ki
units a demanded 16 60 4 60
of £-2
-

at a
commodity time £-2 160mi" 50 5
155
particular point of £1 too
loounik .

& at .
If
particular price
Individual Demand Corre Market Demand CURVE

MDc= Lateral (Horizontal

y f )
-

summation ( addition )
¥ .

.
-

- • a
IDC
MDC
, , , , .

g ,

n
°É .
I 1 I 1
units f to do É
'↳
)
louantihf on ;%Ñ
 Demand function Determinants Neman ds Factors Demand
of affecting
D= F T T,
> F. Po W 0 ) Income consumer
, , , ,
( Be ? ,
③ of ly)
K Py
y Tt DII
.
① Price of some
commodity Postine Relation ( Direct Relation)
Pre =
Da

PAI DIT

Inverse Relation

Related -
② Price of commodity (Py )
Price Goods .
9) of complimentary
Chai &
sugar
'

Price I Dnt 't

sugar
.

Inverse Relation

.
Price substitute Goods
%) of
chair .

coffee

coffee tñ Price IT Dutt

Postine Relation ( Direct Relation)

www.CSCARTINDIA.com | Call @ 7744859960 / 7276368299 for Any Queries | Page No 69

Law of Demand ( of Demand)
Theory Law .

Assumptions of of Demand
cetañs Paribas = all the other factors
Remaining ( Keeping ) 7- Demand)
constant when a
things ( demand
price of increases ,
,
some shall decrease and
commodity
when it decreases ,
for price of
.
demand it shale increases
of

Demand schedule Demond CURVE

y
price n Dn

£-5 10

£-4 20 Demand curve

-
Features of
£
so

£2 40 3 Dc downwards
slope (
£1 50
Negatively )
to Itu # 3%2
u
a-
÷÷¥¥T÷TI¥
§ Quantity 1 units) ( Dn) 2
Dc moves from left to
Right or
Rightwards .

-
-
3 Dc never touches ✗ Axis or y Axis

4 Dc never becomes zero or .

go negative
-

.
Never below ✗ Axis
go

5 Dc can be a line a
or free
straight
Corre .
hand
 Law .

Exceptions to of Demand

When the demand a do not react

of commodity Inversely
w.r.li Price of that .

commodity
Goods Sir .
.
① Giffen Robert Giffen
90
E9operd①
30
#
Bread 120) ¥0 ) Bread to) meat 150)
.
2 onils f- unit 2 1

30 nits .
-
\ 2 1 units .

Goods = Low
Inferior quality goods
= .
superior goods High quality Goods

Giffen Goods are those ,

Tnc price of which does not
inferior goods of
cause decrease in demand . and decrease in which doesnt
price of
the .
demand
increase
All the Giffen Goods are but all the inferior goods
inferior goods
need not be .

Giffen

2 -
veblon Goods Goods of snob cons necessities .
/ Prestigious goods Appeal piceous

3
consumers
Ignorant
.
④ Irrational consumer

5 Habitual consumer .

.
Need
6 urgent of commodity
⑦ future expectations
 -

P -
NC QD TI
PTI ODI't

,
Pyif ,Po .tw RF
= Poe other Demand
Demand ,
f- ( factors )=
variation in Demand in Demand .

change

When Demanded a when 8D a increases or decreases but

Quantity of commodity of commodity
due to in price of that .
not because that but due to
changes change commodity of price of commodity
other .

factors
In variation ,
there will be movement the same
along In
Corre . will
Demand in demand there be shift DC
, of
change
variation in demand can be 2 . in Demand can be 2
of types Change of types

demand contraction of Increase in Demand Necrose in

Expansion of
. .
or Demand Demand
Extortion 4- Demand
y

Be ,B
A g- B
Pi /
A F ? it
P, , P, P, ,

↳
Pz OB

DI DI °'
←
D Dz Dz
,

6
\ ✗ 6 Q1 "
Q, ¥2 Qz Q , Q, Qz Q2
→

movement left to movement to left shift from D, to 02 .

Shirt from D, to Nz leftwards
Right Rifat Rightwards
.
.
& Downward & upward
 .
of Demand Quantitative concept
Elasticity in
Lciwofutoemand to various
Responsiveness of ON change
.
Qualitative concept factors of Demand

Ptt Dtt c-
☐ = in ON because of t.ge in various factors
Percentage G. age) change change
innit ?

Types Demand .
of 9-
Elasticity

. .
Price Demand Income Demand cross 9- Demand
Elasticity of Elasticity of Elasticity
'
= % in close Ec = 1. in QDN
Ep age change age change
= % in
in OD n .
.
i. Pn Ey age change t.ge change
age change in
Py
i.
'
age change y 1. in
slimes .
age 0dm
= =
%?¥! %;- % ☐ in QDn 401 . ☐ in .

-
.
age = = 2 times age Py
" ☐ in 20%
Ye g.
 '

Price Demand c- 1. in ON ✗ 100

Elasticity of p= age change %
i. 'm Pro
-

age change Pz Pi
100
.
types of Price of demand
Elasticity p_,X
① Elastic Demand ( PED )
Perfectly it 02-02×1
☐a %
P' o.
10 ,
C- =
% DID €yP
= =

% ☐ p o B-¥
2
Q1 Q2

✗
2 Elastic Demand ( RED) ( Mto) (ED ) ¥p[ %
y ,
Relatively
c- > I =
> 1 A ②
= ✗
-11=5 "
c- > 1 ☐c §¥- ¥ ,

1
Q, Q n

3 Elastic Demand ( VED ) ⑤ Inelastic Demand ( PID)

Unitary =\
Perfectly
B. if
⇐ ' = is
" c-
-
a
- .
!;?☐¥=Yo÷=i ☐ c-
Rectangular Hyperbola
-0--1,1%2=9-0--0
vertical
straight line ( vsi )
Qz QI C- =0
-
p,
-|Dc=
④ Inelastic Demand ( RFD) ( 4- D) ( ID) Pa
Relatively
B -
P,
c- < ' =
o.s-times.si to
☐¥ = =

C- I
.
-4
< Q
⑦ 102
→
 = =L > 1 A
Price Demand = 0 41
of Ep , , , .

Elasticity
DD Pi
✗
Jp F,
✗
¥
P, = 8 Q = 200
,

= 10 = 150 40 DP = 2
01 P, ① , ☐ D= ,

180 ep= ? =
"
Pz = 5 z
=
.

c- ? *¥✗%* = 0.8 "

p= 0<-9-+1 5 4g C- < I
E-P, Q

1%-1,7--1%0 0.4

= -
= ou
?¥×¥E 7-
$
 the Answer as it is
take
.
Income without the the)
Elasticity of Demand ignoring
' .

- sign
②
= ¥y×% ,
es=%÷÷- %¥×% ,

- - .

10,0001 M = 100% 20,0001

P f.

.
Food .

kapda .
Savings
Entertainment
I s 1-
T
2000 1000 1000 6000
20%
⑤
-

sooo zooo sooo nooo ,

iii.

C- < I E- I C- 71 C- =L
{ 4 I C- so the) for inferior goods .

= I C- =o - salt
.
C- for the which take Part
goods negligible of your Income
C- > 0 = → for .
>I fire) superiorgoods

C- > 0<1

= I
C-
C- > I
 CROSS Demand → = % DO Dae
Ec O RI RI
Elasticity 4- ✗ ②
-

% ☐ RE RP, a ,
¥L_pX Q,
Py
.
Do not the take it As it is
,
change sign
Types Ec
of

- -

C- = as Goods . Petrol Price Demand car .

① Perfect Gg : & of Petrol
complimentary
- -
2 C- = he Goods
Eg : chair
complimentary sugar

.
3 C- = 0 Goods are -
.
not related to each other Petrol & samosa
Eg :

C- > 0 = C- = the Goods . Chai

④ substitute coffee &

Goods .
5 C- = to substitute Maza & slice
perfect

Positive Relations
- -
A we 0 the test
, , ,
Irrigation the Answer .

.
Answer
Negative
Producer's Behaviour

Production

stock !

= offer for sale

Supply

sale = Demand

unsold

.
Desire of Producer Commutative
-
supply to produce .
( super chat 3=2--1501 conditions .

.
Ability to in that amount
willingness produce

Éyyp6Wqpy
Price Relation between various prices
£1 and

.
£2 20 Units various QS
.
£-3
Qosunip.gg/
30 units
during a
period of time

units a .
of
at a
commodity supplied
time
particular point of
at .
& particular price
 Demand .

Supply

Individual # market Demands .

Supply supply
.
When All Individuals mkt
when one Person of supplies
.

only supplies
various units a
various units a of
of commodity commodity
at various at various prices
prices

market schedule
Individual supply schedule (Iss) supply
Price Osc Price ① Sc QSN Qsj ms=OsofctNtJ
£-1 I 10 0 11
£-1 1- unit
£2 20 2 27
5- Units . 5
Ez
£-3 10 30 3 43
£3
100mi Be
16 60 4 60
£-4
.

£-4 16 Units 50 5
£5 too 155
100 Units .

£-5

. market . CURVE
Individual Corre supply
supply
Msc = Lateral (Horizontal
y * f )
summation ( addition )
4

.
all Isc
-
of

I 5 10 15 1W 2L

units

louanhty
.:"¥
uni
 .

supply supply supply

Demand function Determinants Demands Factors Demand
of affecting
SE f ( Be , .
Pr COP Gst Tax
, ,
cost .

,
, GPI of Production
PJ
Cop It Prtt SIT
.
① Price of same
commodity
Chai Inverse Relation
Pre = Su

⑤ GST / Tax
PTI STI
positive RelationLoiret Relation Tax It Prt " Str "

Related -
② Price 9- commodity (Py ) Inverse Relation

Price Goods .

.
9) of complimentary G Govt Policies
Chiu & Coffee

coffee Price'T Saft Favourable Unfavourable

Direct Relation .( Positive Relation )
East
.
Price substitute Goods
%) of

SP Tt Set 'T

Inverse
( Relation
 .

supply supply
Law of Demand ( of Demand)
Theory .
.
Law 4- Demand
supply Assumptions of
cetañs Paribas = all the other factors
Remaining ( Keeping ) 7- Demoted)
constant when a
things ( demand- Supply
price of increases ,
,
some shall increase and
commodity
when it decreases ,
for price of
demand it shale Decrease
supply of
.

supply Supply
New CURVE
Demand schedule

1
Price n Dn -
⑨
£-1 10
.

supply
£-2 20 Demand CURVE
Features of
£3 30
2 -
@
£4 40 Sc
slope upwards ( Positively )
£5 50
354T$ 3%2
*÷:÷ ⑨ to I do s④
☒ so
⑨
.

2 .

Sc moves from left to or

I Right Rightwards
-
-
g(se) 3 SC never touches ✗ Axis or y Axis

4 SC can be a line or a
straight free
Corre .
hand
 Exception to Law .
of
supply
when with increase in Price , of does not increase .

and when decrease in Price

supply commodity
does not decrease .

,
supply
.
① cash
urgency of
2 Perishable Goods ( unit Lohia did oiñ )
3 future expectations
4 .

Necessity
5 in Govt law
Change
6 labour .
exertion to C-am the livelihood .

Supply of physical & mental

7 which can not be increased . Landi
Supply of
 = .
= sub)
,
Cor,
, ,
f- ( Poe Pr ,GP,T,T
.
.
supply Supply Py supply supply
variation in Demand in Demand .

change
. 05
supplied
When Demanded a when 8D a increases or decreases but
Quantity of commodity of commodity
due to in price of that .
not because that but due to
changes change commodity of price of commodity
other .

factors
In variation ,
there will be movement the same SC
along supply
Demand Corre .
In in de-mand there will be shift DX
, of
change
.

supply supply supply

variation in # Can be 2 . in Ne-mand Can be 2
of types Change of types

supply supply
d→ contraction of INCREASE in New Necrose in
Expansion of .

.
supply
Or NH
.
supply Supply
Nemand.cn/1entionafo-emand si
y SZ
g,
"
s, 52
s,

B PI A B R B
Pz .
A
, p, \A y y

Pi ① Pz By

6 si
A)
Sz ✗
Q,
6 Q2 Q1 "

Sz S Qz
,

movement left to movement to Left shift from D, too .

Shift from D, to Nz leftwards
Right Rifat Rigutwards
.
. Si
& Downward & up wad Sz s, Sz
.

upward Downward
Law of .
7- to the
supply Elasticity of supply Responsive Quantity supply change
① .
in factors of supply
Qualitative concept

Pits 1^1

Relation
Price Elasticity Positive . cross
of supply Always Elasticity of supply
= % in Dsn =
Ep age Ec %D0s_n
'
change on 1.
% in Pu DRPY
age change
×
:-, ✗
-
:
Eg
,
P = 10 0 = 200
, ,

Pz = 40 02=250

c- s= ? 0
;.¥×% ,
2%-1%-11%0
0.08 times .
=
=

30 2-001
⇐
s¥×÷
 .
Types of Price of elasticity of supply ⑤
Perfectly Inelastic supply ( PIS)
1 C- = 0 =
Elastic ( Pts)
%D0S_ 0
= =
Perfectly supply % DP
g-
.
C- = 8 = % DO •
= =
C- = 0 .
to
2 Elastic ( Rts ) Cts ) ( Mts) s
Relatively supply
c- > e- = " "
";?☐¥=%÷= E > I ⑦

3 Elastic ( Ues ) Recant .

unitary supply angular Hyperbola

= '
-
C- =/ → % DOS
I c-
=
-

% ☐ P
51¥ .

C- = I

④ Inelastic ( RIS) ( Les) (Is )

Relatively supply C- < I

c- " = 0*-1
=
"¥¥=¥÷ . C- < I
①
 F
Es = Horizontal wore ⑤
segment of supply ①
come .

of ①
Quantity segment supply ①

⑤
i

, \
☒ n

%p÷÷q
c- is > I
G¥ s=¥=,÷= C- 71
c-

s=¥=¥=-o4
"
- - .
. .
.
9=0 .
.
. .

' f-
-

1¥ 8
I
=/
÷ :#
-61=4--0 ¥=%-=•
 Si

point

20 B
15 Pz

Prt Bt
05=00
100 = 100
 Place where the Market .
Platform 1
buyer q
Seller comes and
Analysis
together deaf
. the basis .
into on
any commodity of competition

market market
Perfect competition Imperfect competition
.
.
No & Sellers
Large of -
Indian
Buyers Eg :
. .

z
I
Homogeneous commodity Railways
. .

Monopoly Monopolistic oligopoly Duopoly

③ uniform Price
.
.
No . No
. No .
No Transportation Cost Large of of ① 4- ① A type 4- .
④ Buyers Large Buyers Large Buyers Oligopoly
. 2 2 .
.
.
2 sellers No
.
one seller No sellers few & where
g- High mobility of Resources Only Large of Big large of
-
. .
3 seller (firm)= 3 Product 3 ! cars but
Industry aoifferentiation Eg Luxury Buyers
6
. .
on LR .
Free & exit for f seller 4 No close substitute No competition Price Audi ,
Bmw , , 24 .

entry Buyer Jaguar only Big sellers

. -
.
7 5 Price maker .
basis mere
Producer / firm → Price taker not price firm ( seller)=
Eg !
.
maker . 6 Price discrimination 5 mkt is more 4 Advertisement cost
Monopolistic Pepsi ← coke
.
8 PCM 7 . cost
the in is seller cannot control both Realistic & Practical
price of commodity selling
.

decided the forces of Demand f Price and output 6 some additional cost

.
by ⑧ monopolist __ seller in for Advertisement (selling
supply kinked Demand
.
Cost
) to Po curve
-
monopoly
.
Note : PCM does not exist in 7 seller is Price taker
is
Reality
& a ( tneoñticel
situation)
myth
 .
Profit / Loss in Pcm AR= Price
-_ TR
ARXQ AR __
MR .

= TR -
Price -_ AR PX = Inc .
units /a) M=TRn TRN -1 TR
10 0×10 = 0
0

- 10-0=10
I 10 10×1 = 10 MR = PCM .
,=TR , TRO y
- =
2 10 20 MRz=TRz TR , = 20-10 10

-
3 10 30 = 30-20 = 10 s,
MRz=TRz TRZ
4 10 40 40-30=10
5 10 50 50-40 = 10 P=AR=MR=DC=HsL;t= as
, , -
,
=p ①
6 10 60 60-50=10

7 10 70 70-60=10
8 10 80 80-70=10
1 1
I 1 I 1 i
& I 1

9 10 90 90-80=10 do ingle
e

lo 10 100 too -90=10

Normal Profit
-
-
In market In market
monopoly monopolistic

-
= .
-
units /Q) Price AR TR=AR✗Q . MR=TRn Tan i AR= Price / AR curve =D curve
-

0 at Peak .
TR= increase . stoats
.
initially Reach decreasing
I '° 10 10 10
.
I 2 AR= Downward
2 95
) 18 g g) sloping ( decreasing )
I z = Downward
9) MR
3 9 g g) sloping
I
zy ) become zero also
8) z
zg ) , g) may
+ £5 also N Axis
F) I 2 ( below )
6 • 2) may go negative
5 8 zo ) 2 as
' 0 ) MR = Decrease at twice rate AR
5) 5 of
7. s 30 )
-
° - 2 that MR diiide the Area between Y
y because of Axis &
F " zg )
T .
3- 4 AR curve into 2 Equal Parts
6.5
zy )
8 3
2- 6
)
9 6 2 18 y
1-
8
55 10
)
10 I 0

-1

-2

-3
-

AR - NC -
P

÷
O
/
se

short RUN Supernormal Profit

-
Normal Parfit ⑦
Long Run
 -

2
Chapter
National Income

Accounting
 Product Income

Income at exit a'2T A meat it Income bet EME Kat is of trust edit
this sis Eisif
£-41T National Income

Domestic Income ↓
not be a Transfer Income
sum total Income
of factor
Income .
.
sum total of factor ignore the intermediate Goods Earned or Goods & services
by producing providing final
tamed Goods & services .
where in world Domestic or outside)
by producing final ( within territory
Person or Nm Resident) Indian
Any the National
by any 1 Resident by
within the Domestic OUR .
a f- Y
territory of country during
.
in a f- Y

.
① Political frontier
2 Territorial water Person who Resides in India
Any ordinarily
3 . and
ship ,
Aircraft vessel
,
ci
Any
in India & situated have his centre of Economic interest in India .

Registered
.
in world
anywhere
- Kohli
.
4 consulates Virat
, Eg !
Any Ambassy
% fatehi ✓
of India but Nora
Army base
✓
.
situated in countries Katrina Kaif
foreign %É÷g ,
Farnandisev
Jacq line
Christi Gayle 4
.
AB Divi /ions 4

Priyanka chopdog
 Income =
Payment

Factor Income Transfer Income

✗
OR OR

Transfer
Factorpagments
[ Payment -

Income / earned Income received but not Earned

Payment by by any person
Factors viz him either
of Production ( Fop ) . ,
by by way of d0ms grants
.
Land, Labour, ,
Capital Enterpseneur
.
pens-ims.by Rent ,
interest &
way 4- wages
Profit
OR
FI / FP income earned
,

by producing
.
or & services OR
providing goods
Raw material into finished Goods .

by converting

.
Goods

.
finished Goods & Services Intermediate Goods & services
OR

final Gls Are the which did not cross the

goods
.
Production
have
boundary
which crossed the production boundary
use .
and are End the Raw material workin
ready for by Progress
. i.
consumer .
w .
final p
 Domestic Income + NFIA = National Income

- =
National Income NFIA Domestic Income .

t
-

Receipt Payment
Income

1
DI 1- NFIA = NI

+ = GROSS DI
Net NI
Dep MINI 1- = GNI
dep

AT Fc + IDT -
Sub = at MP -
+ IDT sub =
NNPFC NNP
[ =R=s ,np
=5
atfc-I-T-sub-atmpl.to
C = I __ 10 Net IDT

C- = 0

-
-

= 43
at FC 40+5-2

?⃝
Net DP FC

top tNFIA +1¥

GROSS MP
Np
Gross NP MP

ep- _NF±a- ?-¥

Net DP Fc
 NDI NNPMP
,=g
1- DEI tdep
+ NF_IA GMP
mp
-NfIA_
G NIFC GDP mp
-
.

-
dep
HMP _::÷
Fc
+IDT
- sub

HIIPMP -

.
+
Dep
-

NFA
-

IDT

tsub
G-DPFC
_o_ep_
 Govt Dept
Public sector (Gort sector)
India mixed Govt → BHEL SAIL OIL
.
PSU ) / / / MOIL
NDP Fc
=
£-1 Lakh CR Economy company (
private sector Household ( individual)
-

Income Govt Producer ( firm ) SP PF / LLP .

of dept losfanisatim / /
-
Govt
company
savings of company -
.
Pvt sector FI famed Producer & HH . Prt sector

fc of by
+ Trf Income From Govt sector .

TRF Income from Row ( IMF / World Bank )

on - Govt debt Debt Debt
+ Interest received Non operational ( Public / National )

Private Income ( FI + TI Received the private sector viz HH & Producer )

-
tax
by
corporate ( tax paid the business )
-
by
Corporate ( Retained
Savings Earning )
'

Personal Income ( Household I UKT ttsziñ it Raether 3114T

-
)
Income Tax ( Personal tax )
-
.

fees
-

fine

Income .
last atom 6¥
Kant sent
-p%¥Nis posable (
oki-eeieidk-saa-tkat.it
ett )
 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students
SAIL FY 2021-2022 Sector
Income Expense Statement
= -
Sales Turnover £5900,000 (Income ) Public sector private sector

- V. =
cost ⇐ 1000,000 )= Raw material Joint OR

contribution 8,00 Goat sector control & is in

Mgmt
-

fixed cost hands

€15,000T of Pvt
is in hands .
PBIT 25.00.000 Control &
enlerpseneur
mgmt
-
Tnt on loan Lettish
5,00oz of
PBT 20,00 ,
000

tax tooooo Psu ↳

PAT 16100,000 a.
.
.
-
Div to site .
co Public to
Govt
.

fs.sk/prfs1
#③°_ s-ii.co more
of PSC
- 800,000
Garage Reliance #
Savings /Rf f- Tala steel Ltd .

Pu¥w
toxin shares
311T oeoldT29AG-

unit 91

ONGC
SAIL
OIL
.
MOIL

?⃝
 India .

= ooo CR .
£1,00 ,

Govt + escort India .

Producer)
NDPFC
/ -
Income IT 20,000 Ck .

of dept
-
.
ONGC 10,000M
HH
of
-
Itdept Praveen . ( ) Savings
+
Choudhary
escort + PC = 70,000 CR .

NDPFC
ONGC by .
+
Trf income from GOI 10,000 Ck

" " 5000 CR .

+ Tff ROW

1- Int on Gort debt

-0
Pvt Income 85000 OR .

- tax .
paid cscartmdia.LT) 10,000 Ck

-
by
Retained ni
( Cs) 40,000cg
by
Income 35,000 CR .
~
Personal
-

Personal Tax ( It) 10,000 CR

- 5000 CR .
fees
2,000cg
.
Personal Disposable Income 18,000 CR
=
 methods to calculate the National Income

method method .
Product Income
Expenditure
OR method
method .

Industry output
OR
value added method .

it krait sit
county ÉT
units Hoot Pointe
manufacturingii.
21in HE

.
fascist II tst Production Asset ) Fy = 31st maseb
goods
- -
i ~ All the = = v00 IC
Cj : , VA firms GVAMP GDPmp=
by
firm A firm B. firm c. firm D.

- .
Rm . > .
Rm Rm

it the Goods
for ¥fG fGs⑤ produced Goods produced in cry remains
if
in CFY are sold in
Untold
=
Same FY
GDP VA =
.
VA firm At VA fim Bt Groo sales + Dined
,np by by hgfimc
sales tcl.stk-op.sk .

• .
-
v00 = sales
.
VA = Value Intermediate
of output consumption
V00 =
.
t B t C t D 1--4=20.21-2022 .
2022.23 = Sales + Din stock .

I
> 3500 -
. .
.

RM 0 1000 £000 " Euoo

op stk Sales + d. Stk opsk
-

. SW £4000
.

wheat Bread -25000 Production

FG > ⑧ huootlooo -400
yooo = 11500 €4400 Sales /
.
V00
/ 3.500^+50.00 ) 5400 - hoo

=
£¥÷; EÑooU③
1000 + 1000 + 1500 1- 1500 50000 s@
④
 method method .
Product output method value Added method Final output
Industry
GD OR GV = value added Each
Pmp Amp GROSS by firm

-
.
value of output Intermediate consumption

sales
safest ☐ in stock

- -
.
CI .
SHS op stk

while Product method .

Precautions
using
.
intermediate consumption as it will cause double
Ignore counting
-
2 Goods used for self = Consider
consumption

3 Sales 2nd hand = . as are

of goods ignore
considered in Earlier in which
they were
already 17
produced .
they
4 Commission who to sell the
of Agent helped
2nd hand shall be considered .

goods
Sale shares / debentures shall be
of ,
ignored
Booz do not production of Goods
they represent any
rather prescribe ownership in
they any organisation

?⃝
Income method . OR Precautions
Distribution
Income ball 2nd hand shall be .
4- ignored
by goods -
.
Calculate the Amt received 2 the commission on sale 2nd hand Consider
of by of goods
money
FOP all -
.
.
all the the 3 .
for & services Lottery income ,
windfall gain income from
producing goods belting ignore
- .
in the .
4 Transfer income ignore
-
Economy 5 income shares / Deb ignore .

6
by sale of - -
.
NDP Income from self Consider
Fc occupied Property

wages operating surplus

OR

to
compensation Employees
Rent Interest Profit

social
salary + salary + security
in in .
Benefit Retained + Dividend -1 Tax

cash kind OR .

Retirement Benefit
Earning

Provident .
Mixed Income
+ Annuity + Gratuity
fund fond
sometimes or
,
it is difficult not possible
to calculate the diff source factor
separately of
then we can consider the whole
Payment
.
Income such Business
of
 Precautions
-

1 2nd Hand Goods ignore

Exp on
-
a on intermediate
-
Ansi GD cxp goods ignore
Expenditure method .

Pmp 3 Commission paid on 2nd hand -

.

goods ignore
-
.

4 on Sh / Deb ignore
In this method the actual f final purchase F
, expenditure Exp
- .
made all sectors via Household Producer 5
, . , Transfer ignore
by payments
be into .
Govt & Row shall taken Ale

t t + NX
C I G
Net Export
Consumption Expenditure Investment Expenditure
-
m )
✗
Done Household sector Done Producer sector ( made ROW to the
,
firms / seller)
Expenditure purchase
by by by
on the final Goods & on the purchase Hoods produced in our when
of capital goods country they
etc .
services for the & Raw material so that purchase it minus the made
purpose expenditure
.
.
.
end use he can Indians on the
of produce further foods by goods of Row

Govt
Expenditure

Govt Got Investment

Consumption
t
to Govt school Nam. , .

salary employees Bridges

.
. ,
Raad infrastructure
scholarship
Pension .
Old Age
.

Exp on vaccine
 .
.
= . GDP
GDP Price ✗ No units Deflator Index or indicator
Arg of produced
0 .
GDP = PX which describe the
impact of
ties iÉ ( inflation) on GDP of

GDP Nominal GDP

country
Real
GDP = Nominal GDP
deflator
calculated on the basis calculated on the basis of ¥100
4- Constant Price Current Price

Price Base .
Price the current year .

of year of Y£I×ioo-
.
150T
-
.
Units in 2022 : 100 units
Eg: produced
= £15 1.5 times .
Any 7 Arg of current year price
Previous Years some
past
GDP = .
Years Nominal PXQ
-
-
= Price 2020=-510 15×100 =
Eg : Constant price of 15001
units in CY = 2022=100 units .

produced

.
GDP = Px units
Real
=
10X 100 #000

£500

is due to .
this inflation
gap
 CHAPTER 3
INDIAN
Budget
 Involved in
steps preparation of Budget

circular form Presentation

Budget Composition Budget
& Details

Data Accumulation

Budget Paper
.

Pointing
Fiscal scenario Inidia in 2022-2023
Deficit of
Year % of GDP
States will be allowed fiscal Deficit of
GSDP in next .

2021 9.5 4%7 financial year

2022 6.9

( Estimated )
2023 6. 4-
.
( Estimated )
 statement Govt in .

Budget of expected Income / Receipt ) & expenditures of

and on the .
coming YR
performance of Previous year

Component 4- Budget

OR .

Receipt ltncome ) Expenditure Expense

Revenue Receipt Capital Receipt Revenue expenditure capital Expenditure

for Govt which Either Assets Expenditure for Govt which Either
,
Income , Reduces
does not cause OR does not cause increase Assets
.

Assets or
any change
liabilities .
Govt .
for Assets or
any change
liabilities Govt OR
for of Increases of
Revenue Receipt can be
liability Reduces .

.
-

scholarship .
liability
af 2 types Eg :
- Loan -
.
From Row Grants / subsidies
Eq : Eg !
PSU Loan -
Disinvestment int on .
Repayment of&
from paid Govt loan
.
salaries to Got investment in
empke
-
tax Non Tax
Receipt Receipt any company .e
.
Fees,
,
fine stamp , infrastructure
duty Registration fees Development
Dept Income ,

Direct Tax Indirect Tax

Income Tax Gst custom

Personal Tax
duty

Export duty Import Duty

 Budget

.
Equilibrium Disequilibrium

BR = BE

Fiscal Delict
surplus Budget Deficit
↓
BR > BE Expenditure>
financial Deficit Receipt

-
RETCE RR + NDCCR

To set the
.
off fiscal Deficit
Govt need to do .

Borrowing
from Domestic
from
Row other
Borrowing
soirees .

-
= .

Deficit fiscal Deficit Interest on

Primary payment Borrowings
 chapter 4
Indian financial market
 → where Securities are
finanu.at#I- Any marketplace
.
traded being

I.
↓
facilitates types of financial market
.
Allocation & mobilisation of funds
Transactions .

② financial market
Stock
③ Development market
of financial over the counter market
structure market
④ Legal financial Bond
services .

⑤ financial 4 market
advisory Money
.
⑥ link Sarek & investors Deri retires market
Forex market

commodities market

market
crypto currency
?⃝
 Main Indian Financial
components of system

TYPE of financial Institutions Financial Assets Financial Services Financial market

call market
money capital
-
Nm Notice Banking market
Banking Money Money
Banking Term Insurance Foreign Mkt
money Exchange
-

Banks Insurance T Bills credit market

& mutual funds certificate of Investment

Deposit
Other credit 4 Commercial Papers
Institutions .

Brokerage companies Foreign exchange

Noteworthy Developments
-

of Financial Institutions CBDC Digital Rupee

categories
As Assets
Crypts
-
- core
Non Post office on
.
.

Regulatory Intermediary Intermediary Banking system

Digital units in 75 Districts
Banking
-
: India 's 1st financial
Gift
city service centre

Green Bonds
 RBI ( APEX Bank) ←
Ba④→ Institutions which and Provide credit (loan)
'
Accept Deposits from Depositors
RBI Act 1934 to - to Produce / Business
%
L BoRRowe → Entity Development
BR Act 1949 House Car Education Personal
→ / / /
Individual

1 the Bank which Provide services to small

Classificationaftsanks
.
members

↓
ignominy
Commercialism smallfinance.BA# Coopesatinetsank
↓ ↓
Because their motive is to SCB for niche market
primary segment of
anton www.noomeaisanxpwiaesern.ie s
for ,→ p+
low Bank
and
charging interest on .
farmers f ↓ ↓
.
lending deposits for M④ Marginal
by providing other small Businesses .
located in Urban federation
semi -
of
urban
pqy v

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{
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t central
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co-op

Banks
yclassificationafcommerciafB.am# ↓ ↓ ↓
Payment
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Public sector Private sector Rural # most Recent Bank
Foreign Ekegimal type of
Banik B Ba # Introduced RBI

↓ ↓ ↓ do all as SEB
can
by activities
# of
Banks which are
Banks which are Banks which have its which credit cards &
operate except
owned 4 in issuing
owned 4 Managed foreign in Rural Areas Particular Loans .

managed of
.
Prt .
Providing
"

by Govt by enk-psenei.RS ↳ But it country

has ☒
& " # Deposit Acceptance is Restricted
- -
! SBI ! ICICI Place Business £-2 Lakh Per Person
of
Eg
BOB
Eg
HDFC In India .
Yanks Eg!
-
IPPB
,
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BOI Kotak Mahindra . -

: HSBC

130M Bank .
Eg Bank New YORK
Yes of
.
Axis Bank
StandasdcHaHeRedBanK_

?⃝
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Bengal merged in ImperialBa
3 Banks East India Bank of *go ↓
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§ Bank Madras 1843 by
of ]
1935 → RBI came

then

PNB, Canara Indian Bank

,
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195%19%-0 as Per
12 incorporated
6 more Banks were Nationalised RBI
Apñ11q@→ Revised guideline in 1993
total Banks -9 .

. increase to 28
No af PSB

. Banks as .
No
of of Instruments
today Monetary Policy
21 -
Prt sector Banks rate Ratio
Repo statutory liquid
3- Local Area Banks

it small finance Banks . Reverse Rate Open market

Repo operations
4- Banks
Payment
-
Public sector . market scheme
12 Banks stabilisation
Liquidity Adjustment facility
3- Financial Institution
-
43 .
.
Rural Banks
Regional Marginal standing facility
-
46 Banks
Foreign
Corridor
Bank Rate
Cash Reserve Ratio
⇐""""""ᵗf
 ( IFCI) -3 PpÉ-→ Loan Products
Industñalfinancialcosposationaftndia
t
on 1st 1948 IFC Act 1948 →
July by way of Project finance
→
first Institution Corporate finance
Development financial
,

☐ mop men , , Inga ,

p.p.se ,µµy gynaiag.mg
Oct 1999 -
Name IFCI to IFCI Ltd in oct 1999
ndñsmg
from
changed Structured
→
.
products

-ndus1ñUDBanKIDBI
-

set on 2nd April 1990

[ up
initiatives
d-
commutative Assistance lakh crore to ms ME
① of E- 5.40
360 lakh persons
⑨ Benefited directly
③ =L 13,689 CR to 356 lakh
People
more than 100 MFI
disadvantaged
④ Helped
more than 1-16 lakh
⑤ enterpoeneur
supporting
⑥ Passionate Pool of looot Professionals,
Developing
22% women 40% SYST/ OBC
,
 .

5. oock No investor
Mutual funds overall market size 2011 → 2=6-42 billion
Sep 2016 of Sept

10.19 lakh new folios month

Arg every
I
yli17cksept21f0①0S§2€3642ñM
Firstphase Thirdphase Fourth phase
- -

1964-1987 1993 2003 Feb 2003 April 2014

-

a- →
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-
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of
- -

1978 UTI delinked from RBI 1993 MF "" ' " ""

came -
-
Regulations
Komori Pioneer -
1st
& under consolation is "
of
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-
- 33 mF with Aom 121805 CR
Jan 2003
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1987 - 1993
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by may
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=
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1987 June SBI MF -2016 → mark SEBI introduced new measures

SIP crossed
April
- Canara MF . to Re
Dec of Ica Accounts in 2012 MF
Sept energies
-
-
-
2021 .
.
1989 PNB MF 7.496h SIP Alcs .
49h crease MF Penetration
Avg Sept
-
- - 0
Nor Indian Bank MF 2014
Industry
Aum # lakh CR
- -
may -

1992 Oct BOB MF 2016 Aom E 15 lakh CR

July -

.
2017 AUM €20 lakh CR
-
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1993 -
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2021 AUM .

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 7- Health Insurers

→ 57 → 24 life insurance → LIC → Public sector

Insuraneesector Companies
nm life in
33 s°ʳRÑ all others → Pvt sector .

""" " " ""

"" $ " "
6 #
seem
pug,
◦µe
[ Prt sector

-
2 Re Insurer

- Govt initiative
Marketsize I
↓
.
GROSS Bemi°M FORM 202°
- → -

Jan 2020 General Insurers Public = £663 Billion 18 NHPS £500,000 to too million +
Sept
families
-

1=4-17-18 → PMFBY Benefit to over 47.9 million

- -
2017 Premium as % GDP 3- 69%
age of farmers

Mhhjorerents
==<* " current
Insurance
scenario

penetration in =
376%
-

-
Insurance in 1956 formed LIC Industry segment
1956-7-2 life \ Per =78USD
was nationalised capita Insurance Density
-
- GIC
4ns usance / =
Non life
#in 1972 formed value 5.73 billion
of life Insurance premium
-

- sector insurance
life 74^94 "
1993-99 Malhotra committee Recommended Prt to market share in total
IRDA 1999 was IRPA made
Players -
25.06%
Passed , Monti te Premium
statutory Authority
-

.
200-0-2014 Significant Growth

2015 - Atal Pension Health insurance

PMS BY & PJJBY , Yojna ,

_
2017 Insurance Raised US$ 6 Billion from Public
companies
 - - -

Public Health Insurer 2021 life €2 78th

New Business Premium
Market share 52%

. =
No GI Policies 73mn .

of New

G. (Premium Basis = New India Assurance Private public

)
Leading Tv t
338% .

Private Health Insurer Remaining

market share = 25% → 288.47 Lakh New Policies
1=42020 → life Insurance

Policies = 120mn
New
.
to = ICICI Lombard .
LIC
put
'
Leading .
24 / 1 .
75.911 .

- 5.19% Growth Gross

1=72021 → Non life Insurance in Direct
Premium .

PMFBY covers 55 million farmer application on 404 basis

.
70 Lakh farmers Benefitted
claims -5-87-4 Bn

- .

ABPMJAY Health Assurance scheme In world

Largest
-
Provide health loved €500,0001 per
per year
over 107mn vulnerable .
family
to families 1500mn ppl )

-
FDI in Insurance sector allowed 74%
 to credit for
.

Agricultural promote
facility
agricultural various other activities
-
activity in
mm.agga.mg/PRoride Rural 4 semi

.
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co-op.Banksi-XY.it
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finance
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→ I
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op
I
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Primary facing
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eposit-ns.name/ ⑤eposittakingNB]
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systematically Important of
-
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- .
ÉBFNDI with MP to 10 YRS co → 60% TA
up ) of Gop of
iepsitgting → ③ Investment in
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.
it is Investment NBFC which sale block disinvestment
type of by of for Purpose
"
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when or other
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very A Place where issued securities
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of any company
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Equitycapitallownersfund Debtcapilalltsoosowedfond
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all the
,

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to soft Hard ,
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e SC / ST
exclusively
/ women
support , for / PH
.
who can → NGO with stipend of E- soo/ month
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A
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to
up.n.ngagag.mn#g.n. e.ym.m. agm. y
scheme Promotion Innovation,
for of
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→ Promote culture
cmtsepseneur
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by# COIR Board
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Training cost of
 yfinancialtssistanqefooslart-ups-l.ir
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by Ministryof Agriculture scheme for international Patent Protection
4 farmers welfare
in Electronics 4 Information
-
Assistance Interest free loan
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-
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patent
-

Eligible one in
Any engaged filing
4 -
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STP unit
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.
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by Bank Branch for Greenfield enterprise
É t

FORNM.im#npns magbein
a
atleast 51% of service
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by
 lesson 5

Indian
Economy
 investments and Govt initiating
Major
-
Between March 2017 2020 India seed US$ 1Bn in .

Agri tech funding

India Rank 3rd in are to Withers investment worth US$ 30 -35 Bn
Aqñtech 4 startups likely
funding
2020 million .
In March oldest scale / sale mark
, fertiliser manufacturer crossed
Large
Investment worth £8500M have been announced in India for Ethanol Production .

" "

2021 .
In Oct , sqhakar scheme Launched in Anand
Dairy Gujrat
. 2021
vdaan 2- 0 launched in Oct & Shall be at 53
Krishi implemented Airports largely
.
on NorthEast and tribal
focusing Region
-

In Oct 2021 , APEDA MoU with ICAR CCRI citrus and its value
Signed , exports of
Nagpur for
.
added Product

In Oct 2021 ,
Union & Farmers welfare Announced that 820,000 free seed mini kits will
ministry of Agriculture
distributed 3h3 districts 15 states .

of major
among producing
In 2021 PM launched 35 varieties with traits .

Sept , special
Crop
 - and
DPIIT Promotion of internal Trade
Department for Industry
-
-
PM Samman Nidhi .

PM Kisan Kisan Yojnla

-
TMA 4 Assistance
Transport marketing
-
-
Pm AASHA Pm Annadale Sanrakshan
Aay Abhiyan
-
.
CCEA Cabinet committee on Economic
Affairs

PACs credit
Primary Agricultural society
-

PMKSY PM Krishi Simchat Yojna

-
scheme marine - dusters .
SAM PADA for 4
Agro Processing Development of Agro Processing
-
SEIS services India scheme
Export from
 t t t t
first fourth Eleventh
-
sixth
1951-1956 Second 1980-1985 | 1992-1997 l 2007 -2012

-
1956--1961 Ninth Leader Manmohan
Singh
- c-
seventh 1997 -2002 Prepared by Rangarajan
under leadership of Nehru
third .ae . main
.am
based on Harrod Damodar model
1961 -
f 966 IT
-
1990
µ
{ Growth -

Target
Achieved
-

-
9%

8%
main .
1985
Growth
focus

Target
Achieved
t1÷:f*÷"
Agriculture

2.1%

3- 6%
Development
Also

main
called as

object -
Gadgil Yojna
To make 1974
Fifth
-

1978 Leader -
Narsimha Rao .
2002-2007

Leader -
Tenth

l Manmohan
.↳i.a• V
Economy Vajpayee Singh
-

objective Employment -
Twelfth
independent '
Objective Double Per -
Focussed on Garib ' Hatao Education capita
focus was on 4 wheat Income in 107ps
agriculture public Healey 2012-2017
- -
Growth 44%
-
-
under Nehru But after 2 wars focus was shifted
Target New Economic was Growth
-
leadership of Achieve 4.8% Policy -
-
.
Launched 8% Leader Manmohan
to defence .
Target
Based on Pc Mahalanobis model Pñcestablihatim -
-
561
Singh
.
Plan was terminated
.
industry 4 Morarji Growth Achieved -7.61 -
by Target & more
- 6.8% Objective faster
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 Business
Environment
Chalisa
(As Per ICSI NEW Modules)
by CA Suraj Satija
 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

CHAPTER-6 ENTERPRENEURSHIP SCENARIO

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO FOSTER ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Initiatives taken by the Government of India to strengthen entrepreneurship in India are as
under:
1. Make in India:
✓ Businesses from across the globe, and not merely the Americas, consider Make in India as a
breakthrough policy of the new India.
✓ The ‘Make in India’ programme was launched in September 2014 soon after the Modi
Government came to power.
✓ Make in India is a national programme.
✓ aimed at transforming India into a global manufacturing hub.
✓ 25 key areas it has identified
✓ an investor facilitation centre to assist foreign businesses locate partners and sites.

2. Stand Up India:
✓ The Standup India scheme aims at promoting entrepreneurship among women and
scheduled castes and tribes.
✓ The scheme is anchored by Department of Financial Services (DFS), Ministry of Finance,
Government of India.
✓ Stand-Up India Scheme facilitates bank loans between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 Crore to at least
one Scheduled Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman
borrower per bank branch for setting up a Greenfield enterprise.
✓ non-individual enterprises at least 51% of the shareholding and controlling stake should be
held by either an SC/ST or woman entrepreneur.

Eligibility
✓ Green field signifies, in this context, the first time venture of the beneficiary in the
manufacturing or services or trading sector & allied agriculture activities.

Loan details
✓ Nature of Loan - Composite loan (inclusive of term loan and working capital) between 10
lakh and upto 100 lakh.
✓ Size of Loan - Composite loan of 85% of the project cost inclusive of term loan and working
capital.
✓ Interest Rate - The rate of interest would be lowest applicable rate of the bank for that
category (rating category) not to exceed (base rate (MCLR) + 3%+ tenor premium).
✓ Repayment - The loan is repayable in 7 years with a maximum moratorium period of 18
months.

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3. Startup India
✓ The goal of Startup India is the development and innovation of products and services and
increasing the employment rate in India.
✓ Startup India was launched by Prime Minister Shri. Narendra Modi on 16th January 2016.

Benefits of Startup India

✓ Financial benefits - the government provides 80% rebate on the patent costs.
✓ Income Tax Benefits - The government exempts their 3 years income tax post the
incorporation year.
✓ Registration Benefits - Under the Start-up India scheme, an application is there to facilitate
registration.
✓ Government Tenders - the start-ups get priority in getting government tenders. Also, they
are not required to have any prior experience.
✓ Huge Networking Opportunities - The government provides this opportunity by
conducting 2 startups fests annually (both at domestic as well as the international level).

Registration of the Start-up can be done only from following types of companies-
1. Partnership Firm
2. Limited Liability Partnership Firm
3. Private Limited Company.

4. Skill India
National Skill Development Corporation
✓ National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) is a not-for-profit public limited company
incorporated on July 31, 2008 under section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (corresponding
to section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013).
✓ NSDC was set up by Ministry of Finance as Public Private Partnership (PPP) model.
✓ The Government of India through Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship
(MSDE) holds 49% of the share capital of NSDC, while the private sector has the balance
51% of the share capital.
✓ NSDC aims to promote skill development by catalyzing creation of large, quality and for-profit
vocational institutions.
✓ The differentiated focus on 21 sectors under NSDC’s purview and its understanding of their
viability will make every sector attractive to private investment.

Funding Support

Capital Expenditure

✓ NSDC will provide a concessional secured loan funding per centre, up to 75% of the project
investment.

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Pre-Departure Orientation Training (PDOT)

✓ Given the need to orient potential migrant workers with regards to language, culture, do's
and don'ts in the destination country, the emigration process and welfare measures, PDOT
program has been launched.

✓ Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in collaboration with Ministry of Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship (MSDE) is conducting the PDOT program. NSDC is the implementing
agency for this program.

✓ A longer variant of PDOT i.e. 160 hours was offered at all IISCs which consisted of country
orientation, language and digital literacy.

✓ A shorter variant of PDOT program i.e. 1 Day (ongoing) is offered to all migrant workers who
are likely to depart soon and register for the training through registered recruitment agents.

✓ Technical Intern Training Program: It offers training to the workers for a specific period (3 –
5 years) in Japan’s industrial society.

NEED FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

✓ The entrepreneurs are considered ‘change agents’ in the process of industrial and economic
development of an economy.

✓ In a sense, entrepreneurs are the ‘spark plugs’ who transform the economic scene of an
economy.

The need for entrepreneurs in India may be captured in the following points:

• Entrepreneurs promote capital formation by mobilising the idle saving of the people.

• They create immediate and large-scale employment by establishing small- scale enterprises.

• They promote balanced regional development by establishing small-scale enterprises in

rural, remote and less developed regions.

• They encourage effective resource mobilization of capital and skill which might otherwise
remain unutilized and idle.

BOTTLENECKS IN ENTREPRENEURIAL GROWTH

✓ Inefficient time management

✓ Lack of money

✓ Too much noise

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✓ A small (or nonexistent) network

✓ Growing too much too soon

• According to an Indian Labour Report, 300 mn youth will enter the labour force by 2025.

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CHAPTER-7 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

✓ Business organization has to interact and transact with its environment.
✓ Business environment refers to those aspects of the surroundings business enterprise, which
affect or influence its operations and determine its effectiveness.
✓ Keith Davis, “Business environment is the aggregate of all conditions, events and influence
that surrounds and affect it”.
✓ Andrews, “The environment of a company as the pattern of all external influences that affect
its life and development”.
✓ The business environment is always changing and is uncertain.
✓ It is because of dynamism of environment.
✓ The business environment is the sum of all the factors outside the control of management of
a company.
✓ which are constantly changing, and they carry with them both opportunities and risks or
uncertainties which can, make or mark the future of business.

The main features of business environment are:

✓ All the external forces: Business Environment includes all the forces, institutions and
factors which directly or indirectly affect the Business Organizations.
✓ Specific and general forces: Business environment includes specific forces such as
investors, customers, competitors and suppliers. Non-human or general forces are Social,
Legal, Technological, Political, etc. which affect the Business indirectly.
✓ Inter-relation: All the forces and factors of Business Environment are inter-related to each
other. For example with inclination of youth towards western culture, the demand for fast
food is increasing.
✓ Uncertainty: It is very difficult to predict the changes of Business Environment. As
environment is changing very fast for example in IT, fashion industry frequent and fast
changes are taking place.
✓ Dynamic: Business environment is highly flexible and keep changing. It is not static or rigid
that is why it is essential to monitor and scan the business environment continuously.
✓ Complex: It is very difficult to understand the impact of Business environment on the
companies. Although it is easy to scan the environment but it is very difficult to know how
these changes will influence Business decisions. Some-time change may be minor but it might
have large impact. For example, a change in government policy to increase the tax rate by 5%
may affect the income of company by large amount.
✓ Relativity: The impact of Business environment may differ from company to company or
country to country. For example, when consumer organisation CES published the report of
finding pesticides in cold drinks, resulted in decrease in sale of cold drinks, on the other hand
it increased the sale of juice and other drinks.

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT
➢ Political environment

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✓ The political environment affects the economic environment of businesses.

✓ Legislators at the local, state and federal levels may provide incentives or tax breaks to
companies or they can impose regulations that restrict business transactions.

✓ example, if a political body states that a company must include a certain chemical in its
product, the cost of the product differs.

✓ The company passes those costs on to the customer in the form of higher prices.

✓ The customer must determine whether he wants to purchase that product.

✓ If he does not purchase the product, then the company does not receive the revenue.

➢ Economic environment

✓ The larger economic environment of a society is a factor that can affect a company's business
environment.

✓ During a recession, consumers spend less on optional items such as cars and appliances. As a
result, the business environment suffers.

✓ On the other hand, if the economic environment is one of prosperity, consumers are more likely
to spend money, not just on necessities, but larger items as well.

➢ Social Factors

✓ Social factors that affect the economic environment of a business are the cultural influences of
the time.

✓ For example, a fashion designer that creates bell bottom, striped pants will not succeed in an
environment where straight-leg, solid colored pants are desired.

✓ A social environment that tends to be more conservative will not support styles that appear to
be trendy.

➢ Technological Factors

✓ Innovation and technology affect business environments.

✓ As technology advances, a business is forced to keep pace.

✓ For example, when computers were first invented, they were the size of a room.

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✓ Users were forced to employ punch cards to perform basic functions.

✓ Businesses that do not keep up with technology risk increased costs of production and higher
prices.

➢ Legal Factors
✓ Often, a business will need to change how it operates for legal reasons.
✓ This is often done when a company's lawyers anticipate a change in legislation, or it may be due
to lawsuits, already filed or anticipated.
✓ For example, if a part in a machine is found to be defective, the company may need to issue a
recall.

EASE OF DOING BUSINESS INDEX BY WORLD BANK FOR INDIA

DBR, 2020 i.e. Ranking for 2019

1) India has recorded a jump of 14 position as against 77 rank in DBR,2019(63rd RANK) to be

placed

2) DTF score 67.23 (DBR,2019) to now 71 (DBR,2020)

3) For third consecutive year India is in top 10 improver.

4) India continues to maintain its first position among south Asian countries.

5) India has improved its rank in 7 out of 10 indicators.

EASE OF DOING BUSINESS INDEX BY DEPARTMENT FOR PROMOTION OF INDUSTRY AND

INTERNAL TRADE (DPIIT) FOR STATES

Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), in coordination with Central
Ministries/Departments and Governments of States/Union Territories (UTs), has taken several
reform measures with an aim to improve regulatory environment and facilitate doing business
in India.

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CHAPTER-8 KEY GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS

MINISTRY OF CORPORATE AFFAIRS

✓ The Ministry is primarily concerned with administration of the Companies Act 2013, the
Companies Act 1956

✓ the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008

✓ other allied Acts and rules & regulations framed there-under mainly for regulating the
functioning of the corporate sector in accordance with law.

✓ The Ministry is also responsible for administering the Competition Act, 2002 to prevent
practices having adverse effect on competition, to promote and sustain competition in
markets, to protect the interests of consumers through the commission set up under the Act.

✓ it exercises supervision over the three professional bodies, namely, Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India(ICAI), Institute of Company Secretaries of India(ICSI) and the Institute
of Cost Accountants of India (ICAI) which are constituted under three separate Acts of the
Parliament for proper and orderly growth of the professions concerned.

✓ administration of Partnership Act, 1932

✓ the Companies (Donations to National Funds) Act, 1951

✓ Societies Registration Act, 1980

The affiliated offices of Ministry of Corporate Affairs are as under:

1) Serious Fraud Investigation Office

2) Competition Commission of India

✓ To prevent practices having adverse effect on competition.
✓ To promote and sustain competition in markets.
✓ To protect the interests of consumers and
✓ To ensure freedom of trade

• The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 [MRTP Act] repealed and is replaced
by the Competition Act, 2002, with effect from 01st September, 2009

3) Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs

✓ IICA has been established by the Indian Ministry of Corporate Affairs for capacity building
and training in various subjects and matters relevant to corporate regulation and
governance such as corporate and competition law, accounting and auditing issues,
compliance management, corporate governance, business sustainability through

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environmental sensitivity and social responsibility, e-Governance and enforcement etc.

✓ One of the Wings of IICA, the ICLS Academy, has the responsibility for conducting the
Induction & Advanced Training for probationary Officers (POs) belonging to the Indian
Corporate Law Service recruited through the Common Exam of Civil Services Examination
conducted by UPSC.

OTHER TOPICS ALREADY COVERED IN CURRENT AFFAIR (INTERNATIONAL & NATIONAL

AFFAIRS)

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Affairs
Chalisa
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by CA Suraj Satija
 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

1. FINANCIAL AFFAIRS

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT IN BANKING

Brief about Reserve Bank of India

✓ The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions
of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
✓ The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but was
permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and
where policies are formulated.
✓ Though originally privately owned, since nationalisation in 1949, the Reserve Bank is fully
owned by the Government of India.

BANKS
CENTRAL BANK COMMERCIAL BANK
RESERVE BANK OF INDIA To regulate SBI/ICICI/HDFC/BOB/PNB etc.

FUNCTIONS OF RBI

• Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy.

• Objective: maintaining price stability while keeping in mind the objective of
Monetary growth.
Authority

• Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the

Regulator and country's banking and financial system functions.
Supervisor of • Objective: maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors'
the Financial interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public.
System

• Manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.

Manager of • Objective: to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly
Foreign development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.
Exchange

• Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins not fit for circulation.
• Objective: to give the public adequate quantity of supplies of currency notes
Issuer of and coins and in good quality.
Currency

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•Performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives.

Developmental
Role

•Introduces and upgrades safe and efficient modes of payment systems in the
Regulator and country to meet the requirements of the public at large.
Supervisor of
Payment and •Objective: maintain public confidence in payment and settlement system.
Settlement
Systems

•Banker to the Government: performs merchant banking function for the central and
the state governments; also acts as their banker.
Manager of
Foreign •Banker to banks: maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.
Exchange

➢ RBI has 27 regional offices, most of them in state capitals and 04 Sub-offices. Banking Sector
in news

Union Budget 2022: Digital Rupee to be introduced by RBI, says FM Sitharaman

Presenting the Union Budget 2022-23, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the
introduction of Digital Rupee by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in 2022 to boost the Indian
economy. It will lead to a more efficient and cheaper currency management system. The
announcement on the launch of a Digital Rupee using blockchain issued by the RBI will
familiarize Indians with the benefits and efficiency of virtual currency, building an appetite for
the crypto, blockchain and the multitudes of innovations and employment opportunities that
these technologies are capable of fostering.

Banking Sector in News

• BE(A)WARE – A Booklet on Modus Operandi of Financial Frauds

The Reserve Bank of India, on March 07, 2021 has released a booklet, “BE(A)WARE” on the
common modus operandi used by fraudsters and precautions to be taken while carrying out
various financial transactions.

The surge in the digital modes of payments witnessed in the past few years gained further
momentum during the COVID-19 induced lockdowns. Digital payments enhance customer
convenience by improving the ease of doing financial transactions. They also contribute to the
promotion of financial inclusion. However, fraudsters are finding new ways to defraud the
gullible public through various ingenious methods. A root cause analysis of the complaints

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received at Ombudsmen Offices and the Consumer Education and Protection Cells (CEPCs) of
RBI revealed, inter alia, that sharing of confidential information by the customers, knowingly or
unknowingly, is one of the major causes leading to the financial frauds.

Accordingly, the booklet aims to enhance public awareness about various types of financial
frauds perpetrated on gullible customers while carrying out digital payments and other financial
transactions. The booklet elaborates on safeguards against commonly used fraudulent
techniques, such as, SIM swaps, vishing/phishing links, lottery, etc., including fake loan websites
and digital apps. Part A and B of the booklet detail the commonly observed modus operandi and
precautions to be taken against fraudulent transactions relating to banks and Non-Banking
Financial Companies (NBFCs), respectively. Part C of the booklet explains the general
precautions and digital hygiene to be followed by the public.

The final section contains a glossary of commonly used terminologies in the performance of
financial transactions with banks and other regulated entities of RBI to improve understanding
thereof among the public. The booklet emphasises the need for keeping one's personal
information confidential at all times, being mindful of unknown calls / emails / messages, etc.,
and also outlines the due diligence measures to be followed while undertaking financial
transactions.

• Digital payments through UPI kickstart 2022 on strong foot with transactions worth Rs
8.32 lakh crore in January

UPI transactions kickstarted the new year 2022 on a strong note with the highest ever monthly
value recorded at Rs 8.32 lakh crore in January. This is significantly higher than the monthly
average of Rs 6.3 lakh crore in the trailing 12-month period, the data from country’s flagship
payments processor NPCI showed. Higher transaction figures reflect faster adoption of digital
mode of payments in the country, further solidifying the government’s push to make the
economy paperless.

UPI payments have gained much faster adoption in the country after April 2020, owing to the
pandemic-induced shift to contactless payments, according to the data published in the Ministry
of Finance’s Economic Survey.

The National Payments Corporation of India also reported record yearly transactions worth Rs.
75.6 lakh crore through Unified Payments Interface (UPI) for the trailing 12-month period from
February 2021 to January 2022. In terms of volumes, a total of 4,106 crore transactions were
made in the same 12-month period. Out of this, an aggregate of 462 crore transactions were done
in January.

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UPI transactions from February 2021 to January 2022

According to the Reserve Bank of India’s Digital Payments Index (RBI), which was constructed
last year to capture the extent of digitization of payments across the country, the DPI rose from
100 in March 2018 (base period) to 304.06 in September 2021.

• Inclusion of Sikkim State Co-operative Bank Ltd. in the Second Schedule of the RBI Act

The RBI has included the name of ‘Sikkim State Co-operative Bank Ltd.’ in the Second Schedule
to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 published in the Extraordinary Gazette of India (Part III –
Section 4) dated January 18, 2022. Now ‘Sikkim State Co-operative Bank Ltd’ would be
considered as a scheduled commercial bank.

• RBI releases framework for facilitating small value digital payments in offline mode

The Reserve Bank has issued the ‘Framework for facilitating small value digital payments in
offline mode’. The framework incorporates the feedback received from the pilot experiments on
offline transactions conducted in different parts of the country during the period from September
2020 to June 2021. Offline mode of payment can be enabled only after obtaining the specific
consent of the customer. Customers shall enjoy protection under the provisions of circulars
limiting customer liability issued by Reserve Bank (as amended from time to time). Customers
also have recourse to the Reserve Bank – Integrated Ombudsman Scheme for grievance redress.
Offline transactions are expected to give a push to digital transactions in areas with poor or weak
internet or telecom connectivity, particularly in semi-urban and rural areas.

• Launch of digital payment solution e-RUPI (July 31, 2021)

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched e-RUPI, a person and purpose specific digital
payment solution on 2nd August 2021 via video conferencing.

e-RUPI is a cashless and contactless instrument for digital payment. It is a QR code or SMS string-
based e-Voucher, which is delivered to the mobile of the beneficiaries. The users of this seamless
one-time payment mechanism will be able to redeem the voucher without a card, digital
payments app or internet banking access, at the service provider. It has been developed by

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National Payments Corporation of India on its UPI platform, in collaboration with the
Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and National Health
Authority.

• Reserve Bank of India introduces the Financial Inclusion Index (August 17, 2021)

RBI Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies announced various developmental and
regulatory policy measures on April 07, 2021. One of the measures was to construct and
periodically publish a “Financial Inclusion Index” (FI Index). Accordingly, the RBI introduced
‘Financial Inclusion Index’ on August 17, 2021 to measure and improve the extent of access,
usage and quality of financial inclusion in the country. It has been conceptualised as a
comprehensive index, incorporating details of banking, investments, insurance, postal as well as
the pension sector in consultation with the government and respective sectoral regulators. The
key features of FI-Index are as under:
✓ The FI Index will be published annually in July every year.

✓ The index will capture information on various aspects of financial inclusion in a single value
ranging between 0 and 100, wherein value 0 will represent complete financial exclusion and
100 would indicate full financial inclusion.

✓ The FI-Index comprises of three broad parameters (weights indicated in brackets) viz.,
Access (35%), Usage (45%), and Quality (20%) with each of these consisting of various
dimensions, which are computed based on a number of indicators.

✓ The Index is responsive to ease of access, availability and usage of services, and quality of
services, comprising all 97 indicators.

✓ A unique feature of the Index is the Quality parameter which captures the quality aspect of
financial inclusion as reflected by financial literacy, consumer protection, and inequalities
and deficiencies in services.

✓ The FI-Index has been constructed without any ‘base year’ and as such it reflects cumulative
efforts of all stakeholders over the years towards financial inclusion.

✓ The annual FI-Index for the period ending March 2021 is 53.9 as against 43.4 for the period
ending March 2017.

• Union Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs Shri Anurag Singh Thakur
launches IEPFA’s 6 modules of short films titled “Hisab Ki Kitaab”

Union Minister of State for Finance and Corporate Affairs Shri Anurag Singh Thakur launched the
six modules of short films of Investor Education & Protection Fund Authority (IEPFA) titled
“Hisaab Ki Kitaab” on June 03, 2021.

“Hisaab ki kitab” is a series of 6 short films, developed by CSC eGov as a part of their training tool.
There are 6 short films/ modules of 5 minutes duration each. The various modules highlights the
importance of budget, saving, importance of Insurance schemes, various social security schemes

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of the government etc.

Launching the short films, Shri Thakur said that financial inclusion is one of the top-most policy
priorities of the Government of India. Financial literacy and education, plays a crucial role in
financial inclusion, inclusive growth and sustainable prosperity. In financial inclusion, a number
of steps have been taken by the Government. As a result a large, sections of the population have
been brought into the formal financial fold. In this context, promoting and deepening financial
education would play a very important part in our endeavour to realise our collective potential.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT IN FINANCE/STOCK MARKETS

• Announcement in Union Budget 2022-23

One of the pillar on which Union Budget 2022-23 is based is Financing of Investment as
announced by Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, Hon’ble Finance Minister in her budget speech. Key
highlights related to it are as under:

✓ Outlay for capital expenditure stepped up sharply by 35.4% to Rs. 7.50 lakh crore in
2022-23 from Rs. 5.54 lakh crore in the current year.
✓ Effective Capital Expenditure’ of Central Government estimated at Rs. 10.68 lakh crore in
2022-23, which is about 4.1% of GDP.
✓ Data Centres and Energy Storage Systems to be given infrastructure status.
✓ Venture Capital and Private Equity invested more than Rs. 5.5 lakh crore last year
facilitating one of the largest start-up and growth ecosystem. Measures are to be taken to
help scale up this investment.
✓ Blended funds to be promoted for sunrise sectors.
✓ Sovereign Green Bonds to be issued for mobilizing resources for green infrastructure.
✓ Introduction of Digital Rupee by the Reserve Bank of India starting 2022-23.

• Framework for operationalising gold exchange

SEBI came out with a framework for operationalising the gold exchange, wherein the yellow
metal will be traded in the form of electronic gold receipts (EGRs). The stock exchange desirous
of trading in EGRs may apply to SEBI for approval of trading in the new segment. The bourses
can launch contracts with the different denominations for trading or conversion of EGR into gold.
Under the new framework, the entire transaction has been divided into three tranches– creation
of EGR; trading of EGR on the stock exchange and conversion of EGR into physical gold. A
common interface will be developed by depositories, which will be made accessible to all the
entities — vault managers, depositories, stock exchanges and clearing corporations.

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• National Stock Exchange launches NSE Prime

NSE launched a new corporate governance initiative – ‘NSE Prime’, that NSE listed companies
can adopt voluntarily. NSE Prime is a framework that prescribes higher standards of corporate
governance for listed Companies than those required by regulations. Additional disclosure
requirements have also been prescribed to provide for a higher quality of public information and
greater transparency. Listed companies that voluntarily choose to be part of NSE Prime will need
to comply with pre-defined norms on an ongoing basis, which will be monitored by NSE.

• SEBI Chairman launches “Saa₹thi”

With a view to empowering investors with knowledge about securities market, SEBI launched
“Saa₹thi” – SEBI’s Mobile App on Investor Education. With the recent surge in individual
investors entering the market, and more importantly a large proportion of trading being mobile
phone based, this App will be helpful in easily accessing the relevant information. The SEBI
Mobile App aims to create awareness among the investors about the basic concepts of Securities
Market, KYC Process, trading and settlement, mutual funds, recent market developments,
investor grievances redressal mechanism, etc. The App is available in Hindi and English. The
Android and iOS versions of the App can be downloaded from Play Store and App Store
respectively

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2. LEGAL AND OTHER AFFAIRS

RECENT IMPORTANT JUDGMENTS PASSED BY SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS AND
TRIBUNALS IN INDIA

• Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial Court and the final Court of appeal under the
Constitution of India, the highest Constitutional Court, with the power of judicial review.

India is a federal state and has a single and unified judicial system with three tier structure, i.e.
Supreme Court, High Courts and Subordinate Courts.

Constitutional Provisions

The Indian constitution provides for a provision of Supreme Court under Part V (The Union) and
Chapter 6 (The Union Judiciary).

Articles 124 to 147 in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organisation, independence,
jurisdiction, powers and procedures of the Supreme Court.

The Indian constitution under Article 124(1) states that there shall be a Supreme Court of India
constituting of a Chief Justice of India (CJI) and, until Parliament by law prescribes a larger
number, of not more than seven other Judges.

The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India can broadly be categorised into original
jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction and advisory jurisdiction. However, there are other multiple
powers of the Supreme Court.

Organisation of Supreme Court

• Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Bill of 2019 has added four Judges to strength. It
increased the judicial strength from 31 to 34, including the CJI.

• Originally, the strength of the Supreme Court was fixed at eight (one Chief Justice and seven
other judges).

• The Parliament is authorised to regulate them.

The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President. The CJI is appointed by the
President after consultation with such Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as he deems
necessary.

The other Judges are appointed by the President after consultation with the CJI and such other
Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts as he deems necessary. The consultation with
the Chief Justice is obligatory in the case of appointment of a Judge other than Chief Justice.

Some recent important judgement by Supreme Court of India

In 2021, the Supreme Court issued two important judgments on Statutory Tribunals. In July, it

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struck down certain provisions of the Tribunals Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of
Service) Ordinance, 2021 on the grounds that they negatively affected the independence of the
Tribunals. In October, the Court recognised the suo moto powers of the National Green Tribunal,
as its mandate to protect the environment is within the Right to Life.

1. Madras Bar Association v Union of India

In July, a three-Judge Bench consisting of Justices Nageswara Rao, Ravindra Bhat and Hemant
Gupta struck down provisions of the Tribunals Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of
Service) Ordinance, 2021 related to terms of services of Chairperson, Vice- Chairperson and
other members of statutory tribunals.
The Ordinance stated that the Central Government would be responsible for making rules on the
appointments, salaries, tenures of the members of tribunals. It set the tenure of members of the
tribunals to four years, and set the minimum age for an appointment at 50 years.
The Ordinance was challenged on the grounds that allowing the Executive to make rules on
tenure, salary and appointment would violate the principle of separation of powers and
adversely affect the independence of judicial bodies. Further, the amendments on tenure were
contrary to Madras Bar Association III.
A 2:1 majority struck down the amendments on the minimum age limit on the grounds that it
violated Madras Bar Association III. Gupta J dissented, writing that an Ordinance could not be
invalidated merely on the grounds that they contradicted a prior judgment of the Court. The
Court also struck down the provision that set the tenure of members to four years on the grounds
that the security of tenure and salary for tribunal members is key to their independence. The
provisions violated the principle of separation of powers.

2. Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai v Ankita Sinha

16 appeals were filed before the Supreme Court against Orders of the National Green Tribunal
(NGT) by various State Governments and corporations. These Orders were issued by the NGT in
exercise of suo moto powers. The appeals challenged the NGT’s suo moto powers on the basis
that the NGT was a statutory tribunal, and did not inherently have suo moto powers as they were
not explicitly mentioned in the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.
On October 7th, 2021, a three-Judge Bench held that the NGT may exercise suo moto powers to
execute its functions under the NGT Act, 2010. The Bench emphasised that the main aim of the
NGT was to protect the environment; a purpose covered by the right to a healthy environment
within the constitutionally guaranteed Right to Life. In order to protect the Right to Life, the
statutory provisions should be amplified to serve this purpose. Hence, the NGT may exercise suo
moto powers to better serve its mandate.

Looking Ahead 2022: SC on Special Investigative Bodies

In 2022, the Supreme Court will engage with three important cases that deal with the
independence of special investigative bodies.

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The right to fair investigation is not only a fundamental right, but is also a principle of natural
justice. Since the investigation of some crimes requires expertise and dedicated attention, special
investigative bodies are often given special powers to ensure a thorough investigation. Since
these powers are similar to police powers, it is essential that these bodies remain free from
Executive interference to protect the rights of the accused.
In 2022, the Supreme Court will engage with three important cases concerning the independence
of special investigative bodies.
1. Powers of Agencies Investigating Economic Offences
Vijay Madanlal Choudhary v. Union of India

Specialized agencies which investigate economic offences, such as the Directorate of

Enforcement (ED), the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) and the Directorate of Revenue
Intelligence (DRI), are empowered to issue the summons, record statements, make arrests and
search and seize property. Despite having ‘police powers’, these agencies are not bound to follow
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
A group of over 200 petitions seeking judicial intervention into the lack of procedural checks and
balances against the misuse of the wide powers of these agencies are pending. These are likely
to be heard by Justice Khanwilkar in January 2022. The powers of the agencies are often seen to
be used against political opponents. In this case, the Court is set to define the nature and limits
of these powers.

2. Executive Discretion in CBI and ED Director Term Extension

Mahua Moitra v Union of India

In 2022, Justice Rao is likely to hear Trinamool MP Mahua Moitra’s petition challenging
amendments that allow the Executive to extend the term of the Directors of the Enforcement
Directorate and the Central Bureau of Investigation. Mitra argues that the amendments empower
the Executive to wield excessive power and control over investigative agencies. The Court will
consider if this violates the right to a fair investigation and fair trial in 2022.

3. Zakia Jafri’s Protest Petition Against the Gujarat Riots SIT

Zakia Ehsan Jafri v State of Gujarat

A three-Judge Bench comprising Justices Khanwilkar, Maheshwari and Ravikumar is expected to

deliver judgment on a protest petition filed by Zakia Jafri, the widow of Ehsaan Jafri who was
killed in Gulberg Society during the 2002 Gujarat riots.

During the course of 14 days of hearings in November 2021, Mrs. Zafri argued that the Supreme
Court’s Special Investigation Team (SIT) had acted with bias while giving a ‘clean chit’ to all 63
people accused of conspiring to cause the riots.

Khanwilkar J’s judgment will determine whether the SIT had investigated all key pieces of

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evidence before closing the investigation. If the Bench finds bias or lack of thorough
investigation, it will reopen the investigation in the contentious Gujarat riots case. This could
have consequences for the top political leadership of the country, who are accused in the case.

• High Courts in India

India has a cohesive judiciary system and the Supreme Court is the apex court. The High Court is
the supreme judicial body in a state. According to Article 214, each state of India shall have a
High Court. It is the final interpreter of the constitution. Article 215 and 26 of the India
Constitution states that every High Court shall be a Court of record and shall have all the powers
of such a Court including the power to punish for contempt of itself. Every High Court shall
consist of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as the President may from time to time deem it
necessary to appoint.

There are following 25 High Courts in India, three having control over more than one State. Delhi
has a High Court of its own among the Union Territories.

Allahabad Delhi Jharkhand Manipur Rajasthan

Kerala Gauhati Bombay Sikkim Meghalaya

Andhra Punjab and

Karnataka Gujarat Madras
Pradesh Haryana

Himachal
Chhattisgarh Calcutta Telangana Orissa
Pradesh

Jammu & Madhya

Uttarakhand Tripura Patna
Kashmir Pradesh

• Administrative Tribunals

The enactment of Administrative Tribunals Act in 1985 opened a new chapter in the sphere of
administering justice to the aggrieved government servants. Administrative Tribunals Act owes
its origin to Article 323-A of the Constitution which empowers Central Government to set-up by
an Act of Parliament, Administrative Tribunals for adjudication of disputes and complaints with
respect to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to the public service and
posts in connection with the affairs of the Union and the States. In pursuance of the provisions
contained in the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985, the Administrative Tribunals set up under
it exercise original jurisdiction in respect of service matters of employees covered by it. As a result
of the judgement dated 18 March 1997 of the Supreme Court, the appeals against the Orders of

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an Administrative Tribunal shall lie before the Division Bench of the concerned High Court.

The Administrative Tribunals exercise jurisdiction only in relation to the service matters of the
litigants covered by the Act. The procedural simplicity of the Act can be appreciated from the fact
that the aggrieved person can also appear before it personally. The Government can present its
case through its departmental officers or legal practitioners. Thus, the objective of the Tribunal
is to provide for speedy and inexpensive justice to the litigants.

The Act provides for establishment of Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) and the State
Administrative Tribunals. The CAT was set up on 1 November 1985. There are 17 Benches and
21 Circuit Benches in the Central Administrative Tribunal all over India. In addition to the
Ministries and Departments of Central Government, the Government of India has notified about
214 organizations under section 14 (2) of the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985 to bring them
within the jurisdiction of the Central Administrative Tribunal, from time to time. In addition the
Central Administrative Tribunal, Principal Bench is dealing with the matters of Govt. of National
Capital Territory of Delhi.

• National Company Law Tribunal

The Central Government has constituted National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) under section
408 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) w.e.f. 01st June 2016.

In the first phase the Ministry of Corporate Affairs have set up eleven Benches, one Principal
Bench at New Delhi and ten Benches at New Delhi, Ahmadabad, Allahabad, Bengaluru,
Chandigarh, Chennai, Guahati, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai. These Benches will be
headed by the President and 16 Judicial Members and 09 Technical Members at different
locations.

• National Company Law Appellate Tribunal

National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) was constituted under Section 410 of the
Companies Act, 2013 for hearing appeals against the orders of National Company Law Tribunal(s)
(NCLT), with effect from 1st June, 2016.

NCLAT is also the Appellate Tribunal for hearing appeals against the orders passed by NCLT(s)
under Section 61 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC), with effect from 1st
December, 2016. NCLAT is also the Appellate Tribunal for hearing appeals against the orders
passed by Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India under Section 202 and Section 211 of IBC.

NCLAT is also the Appellate Tribunal to hear and dispose of appeals against any direction issued
or decision made or order passed by the Competition Commission of India (CCI) – as per the
amendment brought to Section 410 of the Companies Act, 2013 by Section 172 of the Finance
Act, 2017, with effect from 26th May, 2017. Hon’ble Justice Shri S.J. Mukhopadhaya, former
Judge of the Supreme Court, is now the Chairperson of NCLAT.

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CURRENT AFFAIRS RELATED TO ICSI

About the Institute of Company Secretaries of India

The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) is the only recognized professional body in
India to develop and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries in India. It is a premier
national professional body set up under an act of Parliament, the Company Secretaries Act, 1980.
ICSI functions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India.
The Institute provides top-quality education to the students of Company Secretaries (CS) Course
and best quality set standards to CS Members. At present, there are more than 65,000 members
and around 2.5 Lakhs students on the roll of ICSI.

ICSI has its headquarters at New Delhi, four Regional Offices at New Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata,
Mumbai; one ICSI - Centre for Corporate Governance, Research and Training (CCGRT), Navi
Mumbai, one ICSI Centre of Excellence, Hyderabad and 72 Chapters across India. ICSI has been
contributing to the initiatives of Government of India that have potential to excel the social-
economic growth of India.
ICSI in News
• The ICSI elects its New President and Vice President for the year 2022

CS Devendra V. Deshpande, elected as President and CS Manish Gupta, elected as Vice

President of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India for the year 2022 w.e.f. 19th
January 2022.
• Celebration of 53rd Foundation Day of ICSI

The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI), incorporated by the Government of

India on 4th October, 1968, is country’s premier professional body promoting good corporate
governance, risk management and compliances - completed 53 years of its establishment on
4th October, 2021. To mark the 53rd Foundation Day of the ICSI, a commemoration event
was organised on Monday, the 4th of October, 2021, on the theme “Powering Atmanirbhar
Bharat through Entrepreneurship and Innovation” at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi. Hon’ble
Union Minister of Finance & Corporate Affairs, Government of India, Smt. Nirmala
Sitharaman, graced the occasion as the Chief Guest and appreciated the Institute for attuning
the celebration with Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav and choosing the theme “Powering
Atmanirbhar Bharat through Entrepreneurship and Innovation” in tandem with this vision.

• 22nd National Conference of Practising Company Secretaries on the theme ‘Passion for
Profession: Empowering Entrepreneurship & Excellence’ inaugurated on December
03, 2021 at Kolkata (December 03, 2021)

The 22nd edition of the National Conference of Practising Company Secretaries, being
organised on the theme ‘Passion for Profession: Empowering Entrepreneurship & Excellence’
was inaugurated in Kolkata on December 03, 2021, in the benign presence of Dr. Navrang
Saini, Chairperson (Designate) & Whole Time Member, IBBI, who graced the occasion as the

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Chief Guest along with Swami Suparnananda ji, Secretary, The Ramakrishna Mission Institute
of Culture, as the Special Guest. In alignment with Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav initiative of
Government of India, the National Conference is aimed at bringing together a plethora of
innovative ideas that will narrate the outline of governance and provide variables of
powering Atmanirbhar Bharat.

• Celebration of 49th National Convention of Company Secretaries

The Institute organizes every year an annual mega congregation of Company Secretaries National
Convention of Company Secretaries, to deliberate on the National and International development
in corporate & industry arena, topics of national importance, social & cultural issues, exemplified
the role of professionals in carrying forward the legacies of systems, processes aligning with the
growth mantra.

This year, 49th National Convention of Company Secretaries on ‘Good Governance: The
Universal Dharma’ was organised during January 6-8, 2022 at The Bangalore Palace,
Bengaluru. The Convention was inaugurated by Shri Thaawarchand Gehlot, Hon’ble
Governor, Karnataka as the Chief Guest, Shri Basavaraj Bommai, Hon’ble Chief Minister,
Karnataka as the Guest of Honour and Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani, Hon’ble Minister, Ministry of
Women & Child Development, Government of India, as Special Guest.

CURRENT UPDATES ON ENVIRONMENT, BIO-DIVERSITY, CLIMATE CHANGE AND

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• India, Pakistan most vulnerable to climate change: IPCC Report (March 02, 2022)
The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report has cautioned that the
extreme climatic conditions are threatening the food security in South Asia with escalated
droughts and floods making India and Pakistan the most vulnerable to climate change. The
second installment of the IPCC Report titled ‘Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptations, and
Vulnerability’ was released on February 28, 2022.
The report stated that the climate-related risks to the agriculture and food systems in Asia will
intensify with the changing climate, with differentiated impacts across the region. It also further
mentioned that the temperatures enhance not only the ozone production but also the ozone
uptake by plants, exacerbating yield and quality damage.
IPCC report explained that in South Asia, extreme climatic conditions are threatening food
security, thus agro-based economies such as India and Pakistan have become the most vulnerable
to climate change.
The report warned that the major projected impacts of climate change in the food and agriculture
sector will include a decline in fisheries, crop production, aquaculture, particularly in South and
Southeast Asia.

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Impact on India
Due to the extreme climatic condition and its impact, the rice production in India can decrease
from 10 percent to 30 percent, whereas the maize production can decrease from 25 percent to
70 per cent., assuming the range of temperature increases from 1 degree to 4 degree Celsius.

• National Energy Conservation Day 2021

National Energy Conservation Day is celebrated across India every year on December 14th to
raise awareness about energy conservation. The day is also known as Energy Efficiency Day.
The Union Ministry of Power celebrated National Energy Conservation Week under Azadi ka
Amrit Mahotsav from December 8-14, 2021. Various programmes were organised as a part of
the celebration including workshops and discussions on the outcomes of Energy and Resource
Mapping of MSME Clusters.
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) of India, which spearheads the National Energy
Conservation Day celebrations every year, had implemented the Energy Conservation Act in
2001. The BEE is a constitutional entity that assists the government in the creation of energy-
saving policies and programmes.

• India launched e-AMRIT Portal on electric vehicles at COP26

India on November 10, 2021, launched an electric vehicle awareness web portal called e-Amrit
at the ongoing COP26 Summit in Glasgow, UK. NITI Aayog Adviser Sudhendu Jyoti Sinha and
the UK High-Level Climate Action Champion Nigel Topping attended the launch of e-Amrit. The
26th Conference of Parties (COP26) Summit began on October 31, 2021 and will go on till
November 12, 2021, in Glasgow, UK.

e-AMRIT Portal Significance

The e-AMRIT portal aims to accelerate the initiatives of the government on raising awareness of
electric vehicles and sensitizing consumers on the benefits of adopting electric vehicles.
The e-AMRIT portal aims to be an accelerator of change and influence millions of users and
stakeholders to adopt electric vehicles. The portal has been built to address the needs and
priorities of future electric vehicle users, early electric vehicle adopters, academia, government,
industry, research community, businesses.
India has been implementing various initiatives for accelerating the decarbonization of transport
and increasing the adoption of electric mobility in the country. PLI and FAME are some of the
schemes that are significant in the creation of an ecosystem for the early adoption of electric
vehicles.

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• Clean Ganga Mission registered in Guinness Book of World Records on Day 1 of river
festival (Nov.02, 2021)
The National Mission of Clean Ganga (NMCG) has been registered in the Guinness Book of World
Records on the first day of Ganga Utsav- the River Festival 2021 for the highest number of photos
of handwritten notes that were uploaded on Facebook in an hour.
About Ganga Utsav 2021

The Union Minister for Jal Shakti Gajendra Singh Shekhawat on November 1, 2021, inaugurated
the fifth edition of Ganga Utsav. The three-day festival is being organized from November 1 -3,
2021.
The Ganga Utsav 2021- The River Festival will not only celebrate the glory of the River Ganga but
all the rivers of India. Taking inspiration from PM Modi’s call for ‘Nadi Utsav’, the aim of the festival
is to take Ganga Utsav to all the river basins in India.
The Jal Shakti Minister also launched the Continuous Learning and Activity Portal (CLAP) on the
inaugural day of Ganga Utsav- the River Festival 2021.
The National Mission for Clean Ganga celebrated Ganga Utsav annually to mark the anniversary
of the announcement of River Ganga as the National River.

• India’s first green hydrogen-based microgrid project in Andhra Pradesh (December

15, 2021)
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) Limited, a state-run power giant, announced on
February 15, 2021, that it has awarded a standalone fuel-cell based green hydrogen microgrid
project at Simhadri in Andhra Pradesh. A statement by Power Ministry stated that a project of
fuel-cell-based Micro-grid with hydrogen production using electrolyzer in NTPC guest house has
been awarded at Simhadri (near Vishakhapatnam).

India’s first green hydrogen-based microgrid project is in line with PM Modi’s vision of the
country becoming carbon neutral by 2070 and for making Ladakh a carbon-neutral territory.
The green hydrogen-based microgrid project will also be India’s first green hydrogen-based
energy storage project and one of the largest in the world.
The hydrogen at India’s first hydrogen-based microgrid project will be produced using the
advanced 240 kW Solid Oxide Electrolyser by taking the input power from the nearby floating
solar project.
The hydrogen which will be produced during sunshine hours will be stored at high pressure and
will be electrified using a 50 kW Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. As per the official notification, the system
will work in standalone mode from 5 PM in the evening to 7 AM in the morning.

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LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTERS AND SPACE SCIENCE

• Chandrayaan-3 launch scheduled for August 2022: Union Minister Jitendra Singh (Feb.
03, 2022)

The much-awaited Chandrayaan-3 mission is scheduled for launch in August 2022, informed
Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Science & Technology, Dr. Jitendra Singh, in a
written to the Lok Sabha on February 2, 2022.

The Union Minister said that the realization of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is in progress, based
on the learnings from Chandrayaan-2 and suggestions made by the national level experts.
Many related hardware and their special tests have been completed successfully and the
launch is scheduled for August 2022.

The Chandrayaan 3 mission is the third planned lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO). It follows ISRO's Chandrayaan-2 mission, which though
successfully deployed its orbiter around the Moon but failed to soft-land its lander and deploys
its rover after a last-minute glitch in soft landing guidance software.

Similar to Chandrayaan-2 mission, Chandrayaan-3 will also include a modified lander and rover.
The mission will not include an orbiter, due to the success of the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter. It will
use the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter to communicate with the earth.

• New ISRO Chief: S Somanath appointed as new Chairman of ISRO, succeeds K Sivan
(January 13, 2022)

S Somanath has been appointed as the new Chief of the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO). The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) approved the appointment of S
Somanath to the post of Secretary, Department of Space and ISRO Chairman on January 12,
2022 for a combined tenure of three years from the date of joining of the post.

Prior to joining ISRO, S Somanath was Director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). He
succeeded K Sivan as the new ISRO Chairmanon completion of his tenure on January 7, 2022.

• Digital Sansad app launched to make live proceedings accessible to citizens (Jan. 28,
2022)

Indian Parliament has launched the ‘Digital Sansad App’ to make the Parliament proceedings
accessible not just to the members but also to the public at large. With this move, Parliament has
expanded its digital footprint. The Digital Sansad App is an initiative of Lok Sabha Speaker, Om
Birla who has been constantly working to make the Parliament proceedings more accessible.

Through Digital Sansad App, citizens will be able to watch the Parliamentary proceedings

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activities in the Parliament as well as the initiatives taken by the temple of democracy at the click
of a button on the phone.
The app will also contain the speeches of the Parliament members and their participation in all
the proceedings including the Budget session from 1947 onwards. The archive will be from the
12th to the 17th Lok Sabha session.

• Continuation of O-SMART scheme (November 25, 2021)

The Ocean Services, Modelling, Application, Resources and Technology (O-SMART) is a

government scheme that aims at promoting ocean research and setting up early warning weather
systems. The scheme also aims at addressing ocean development activities such as technology,
services, resources, science, and observations as well as offering required technological
assistance for implementing aspects of Blue Economy.
The O-SMART scheme was approved by the Cabinet Committee chaired by PM Narendra Modi
on August 29, 2018. The Ministry of Earth Sciences works on the implementation of the scheme
O-SMART.

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on
November 24, 2021, approved for continuing the umbrella scheme ‘Ocean Services,
Modelling, Application, Resources and Technology (O-SMART)’ of the Ministry of Earth
Sciences during 2021-26 at a cost of Rs 2,177 crores.

• Indian scientists discover exoplanet 1.4 times bigger than Jupiter (November 18,
2021)

A new exoplanet with a mass of 1.5 times that of the Sun and about 1.4 times bigger than Jupiter
has been discovered by the exoplanet search and study group at the Ahmedabad-based Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL). Professor Abhijit Chakraborty led the discovery team
comprising students and international collaborators from the US and Europe. The exoplanet
located at 725 light-years away is the second discovery by the PRL scientists, the first exoplanet
K2-236b at 600 light-years away was discovered in 2018.

• Samudrayaan Mission: India’s first unique manned ocean mission (October 30, 2021)

Samudrayaan mission is India’s first unique manned ocean mission that aims to send men into
the deep sea in a submersible vehicle for deep-ocean exploration and mining of rare minerals.
The 200-crores Samudrayaan Mission will send three persons in a manned submersible vehicle
MATSYA 6000 to a depth of 6000 metres into the sea for deep underwater studies. Submarines
go only about 200 metres.

The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) had announced the Samudrayaan mission

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in sync with the Gaganyaan mission of ISRO that aims to send a manned mission into space
by 2022. The NIOT had announced the Samudrayaan Mission in 2019 and its launch was expected
by 2021-22.
The Samudrayaan mission is a part of the Rs 6000-crores Deep Ocean Mission. The proposal of
the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) on the ‘Deep Ocean Mission’ was approved on June
16, 2021, by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. The Deep Ocean Mission aims to
explore the deep ocean for resources, develop deep-sea technologies for sustainable use of ocean
resources, and support the Blue Economy Initiatives of the Indian Government.

Union Minister of State Dr Jitendra Singh on October 29, 2021, launched India’s first manned
ocean mission Samudrayaan at the National Institute of Ocean Technology in Chennai. With this
launch of the Unique Ocean Mission, India joined the elite club of nations such as the US, Russia,
France, Japan, and China to have niche technology and vehicles to carry out subsea activities.
This will open up more growth avenues to explore ocean resources for clean energy, drinking
water, and blue economy.

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3. POLITICAL AFFAIRS
Union Council of Ministers (as compiled on March 11, 2022)

Shri Narendra Modi

✓ Prime Minister and also in-charge of:

✓ Ministry of Personnel,
✓ Public Grievances and Pensions;
✓ Department of Atomic Energy;
✓ Department of Space; and All important policy issues; and All other portfolios not
allocated to any Minister.

Cabinet Ministers
1. Shri Raj Nath Singh Ministry of Defence
2. Shri Amit Shah Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of Cooperation
3. Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
4. Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Corporate Affairs
5. Shri Narendra Singh Tomar Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
6. Dr. Subrahmanyam Jaishankar Ministry of External Affairs
7. Shri Arjun Munda Ministry of Tribal Affairs
8. Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani Ministry of Women and Child Development
9. Shri Piyush Goyal Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public
Distribution
Ministry of Textiles
10. Shri Dharmendra Pradhan Ministry of Education
Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
11. Shri Pralhad Joshi Ministry of Parliamentary
Affairs Ministry of Coal
Ministry of Mines
12. Shri Narayan Tatu Rane Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
13. Shri Sarbananda Sonowal Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy,
Unani,Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH)
14. Shri Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Ministry of Minority Affairs
15. Dr. Virendra Kumar Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

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Shri Giriraj Singh Ministry of Rural Development Ministry of

Panchayati Raj
17. Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia Ministry of Civil Aviation
18. Shri Ramchandra Prasad Singh Ministry of Steel
19. Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw Ministry of Railways
Ministry of Communications
Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology
20. Shri Pashu Pati Kumar Paras Ministry of Food Processing Industries
21. Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Ministry of Jal Shakti
22. Shri Kiren Rijiju Ministry of Law and Justice
23. Shri Raj Kumar Singh Ministry of Power
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
24. Shri Hardeep Singh Puri Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
25. Shri Mansukh L. Mandaviya Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
26. Shri Bhupender Yadav Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change
Ministry of Labour and Employment
27. Dr. Mahendra Nath Pandey Ministry of Heavy Industries
28. Shri Parshottam Rupala Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and
Dairying
Shri G. Kishan Reddy Ministry of Culture
Ministry of Tourism
Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region
30. Shri Anurag Singh Thakur Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

Ministers of State (Independent Charge)

1. Shri Rao Inderjit Singh Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation;
Ministry of Planning
2. Dr. Jitendra Singh Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of
Earth Sciences

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Ministers of State

1. Shri Rao Inderjit Singh Ministry of Corporate Affairs

2. Dr. Jitendra Singh Prime Minister's Office
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and
Pension
Department of Atomic Energy
Department of Space

3. Shri Shripad Yesso Naik Ministry of Tourism

4. Shri Faggansingh Kulaste Ministry of Steel
Ministry of Rural Development
5. Shri Prahalad Singh Patel Ministry of Jal Shakti
Ministry of Food Processing Industries
6. Shri Ashwini Kumar Choubey Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public
Distribution
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
Change
7. Shri Arjun Ram Meghwal Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
Ministry of Culture
8. General (Retd.) V.K. Singh Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
Ministry of Civil Aviation
9. Shri Krishan Pal Ministry of Power
Ministry of Heavy Industries
10. Shri Danve Raosaheb Dadarao Ministry of Railways
Ministry of Coal
Ministry of Mines
11. Shri Ramdas Athawale Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
12. Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public
Distribution
Ministry of Rural Development
13. Shri Sanjeev Kumar Balyan Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and
Dairying
14. Shri Nityanand Rai Ministry of Home Affairs
15. Shri Pankaj Chaowdhary Ministry of Finance
16. Smt. Anupriya Singh Patel Ministry of Commerce and Industry
17. Prof. S. P. Singh Baghel Ministry of Law and Justice
18. Shri Rajeev Chandrasekhar Ministry of Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology

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19. Sushri Shobha Karandlaje Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare

20. Shri Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
21. Smt. Darshana Vikram Jardosh Ministry of Textiles, Ministry of Railways
22. Shri V. Muraleedharan Ministry of External Affairs
Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs
23. Smt. Meenakashi Lekhi Ministry of External Affairs, Ministry of Culture
24. Shri Som Parkash Ministry of Commerce and Industry
25. Smt. Renuka Singh Saruta Ministry of Tribal Affairs
Shri Rameswar Teli Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministry
of Labour and Employment
27. Shri Kailash Choudhary Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
28. Smt. Annpurna Devi Ministry of Education
29. Shri A. Narayanaswamy Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
30. Shri Kaushal Kishore Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Shri Ajay Bhatt Ministry of Defence Ministry of Tourism
Shri B. L. Verma Ministry of Development of North Eastern
RegionMinistry of Cooperation
33. Shri Ajay Kumar Ministry of Home Affairs
34. Shri Devusinh Chauhan Ministry of Communications
35. Shri Bhagwanth Khuba Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers
36. Shri Kapil Moreshwar Patil Ministry of Panchayati Raj
37. Sushri Pratima Bhoumik Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
38. Dr. Subhas Sarkar Ministry of Education
39. Dr. Bhagwat Kishanrao Karad Ministry of Finance
40. Dr. Rajkumar Ranjan Singh Ministry of External Affairs
Ministry of Education
41. Dr. Bharati Pravin Pawar Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
42. Shri Bishweswar Tudu Ministry of Tribal Affairs ,Ministry of Jal Shakti
43. Dr. Munjapara Mahendrabhai Ministry of Women and Child Development
Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani,
Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH)
44. Shri John Barla Ministry of Minority Affairs
45. Dr. L. Murugan Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry
and Dairying

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Ministry of Information and Broadcasting

46. Shri Nisith Pramanik Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

Governors

State Governor

Andhra Pradesh Shri Biswa Bhusan Harichandan

Arunachal Pradesh Brig. (Dr.) B. D. Mishra (Retd.)

Assam Prof. Jagdish Mukhi

Bihar Shri Phagu Chauhan

Chhattisgarh Sushri Anusuiya Uikey

Goa Shri P.S. Sreedharan Pillai

Gujarat Shri Acharya Dev Vrat
Haryana Shri Bandaru Dattatraya
Himachal Pradesh Shri Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar
Jharkhand Shri Ramesh Bais
Karnataka Shri Thaawarchand Gehlot
Kerala Shri Arif Mohammed Khan
Madhya Pradesh Shri Mangubhai Chhaganbhai Patel
Maharashtra Shri Bhagat Singh Koshyar
Manipur Shri La. Ganesan
Meghalaya Shri Satya Pal Malik
Mizoram Dr. Kambhampati Haribabu
Nagaland Prof. Jagdish Mukhi
Odisha Prof. Ganeshi Lal
Punjab Shri Banwarilal Purohit
Rajasthan Shri Kalraj Mishra
Sikkim Shri Ganga Prasad
Tamil Nadu Shri R. N. Ravi
Telangana Dr. Tamilisai Soundararajan
Tripura Shri Satyadeo Narain Arya
Uttar Pradesh Smt. Anandiben Patel
Uttarakhand Lt. Gen. Gurmit Singh, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd.)
West Bengal Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar

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Lt. Governors & Administrators

Union Territory Lt. Governor & Administrator
Andaman and Nicobar Island (UT) Admiral D K Joshi (Lieutenant Governor)
Chandigarh (UT) Shri Banwarilal Purohit (Administrator)
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
Daman and Diu (UT) Shri Praful Patel (Administrator)
Delhi (NCT) Shri Anil Baijal (Lieutenant Governor)
Jammu and Kashmir (UT) Shri Manoj Sinha (Lieutenant Governor)
Lakshadweep (UT) Shri Praful Patel (Administrator)
Puducherry (UT) Dr. Tamilisai Soundararajan (Addl.
Charge) (Lieutenant Governor)
Ladakh (UT) Shri Radha Krishna Mathur (Lieutenant
Governor)

Chief Ministers

State Chief Minister

Andhra Pradesh Shri YS Jagan Mohan Reddy
Arunachal Pradesh Shri Pema Khandu
Assam Shri Himanta Biswa Sarma
Bihar Shri Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh Shri Bhupesh Baghel
Delhi (NCT) Shri Arvind Kejriwal
Goa Shri Pramod Sawant
Gujarat Shri Bhupendra Patel
Haryana Shri Manohar Lal
Himachal Pradesh Shri Jairam Thakur
Jharkhand Shri Hemant Soren
Karnataka Sri Basavaraj Bommai
Kerala Shri Pinarayi Vijayan
Madhya Pradesh Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan
Maharashtra Shri Uddhav Thackeray
Manipur Shri N. Biren Singh
Meghalaya Shri Conrad Kongkal Sangma
Mizoram Shri Pu Zoramthanga
Nagaland Shri Neiphiu Rio

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Odisha Shri Naveen Patnaik

Puducherry (UT) Shri N. Rangaswamy
Punjab Shri Bhagwant Singh Mann
Rajasthan Shri Ashok Gehlot
Sikkim Shri PS Golay
Tamil Nadu Shri M. K. Stalin
Telangana Shri K Chandrasekhar Rao
Tripura Shri Biplab Kumar Deb
Uttar Pradesh Shri Yogi Aditya Nath
Uttarakhand Shri Pushkar Singh Dhami
West Bengal Km. Mamata Banerjee

COMMITTEES AND APPOINTMENTS

• Jack Dorsey Steps Down as Twitter CEO, Board Unanimously Appoints CTO Parag
Agrawal as Successor (November 29, 2021)

Twitter, Inc. on November 29, 2021 announced that Jack Dorsey has decided to step down as
Chief Executive Officer and that the Board of Directors has unanimously appointed Parag
Agrawal as CEO and a member of the Board, effective immediately. Dorsey will remain a member
of the Board until his term expires at the 2022 meeting of stockholders. Bret Taylor was named
the new Chairman of the Board, succeeding Patrick Pichette who will remain on the Board and
continue to serve as chair of the Audit Committee. Agrawal has been with Twitter for more than
a decade and has served as Chief Technology Officer since 2017.

About Parag Agrawal

Parag Agrawal joined Twitter in 2011 and has served as Chief Technology Officer (CTO) since
October 2017. As CTO, he has been responsible for the Company's technical strategy, leading
work to improve development velocity while advancing the state of Machine Learning across the
company. Prior to being appointed CTO, Parag had risen to be Twitter's first Distinguished
Engineer due to his work across revenue and consumer engineering, including his impact on the
re-acceleration of audience growth in 2016 and 2017. Parag holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science
from Stanford University and a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science and Engineering from
the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay.

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• Appointment of Election Commissioner

The President of India, appointed Shri Anup Chandra Pandey, IAS (Retd.) (UP: 1984) as the
Election Commissioner in the Election Commission of India, with effect from the dated he
assumes the office. A notification in this regard was issued by Legislative Department, Ministry
of Law & Justice on June 08, 2021.

• BJP spokesperson Sambit Patra appointed as Chairman of ITDC (December 02, 2021)

The Central Government has appointed Sambit Patra as the Chairman of India Tourism
Development Corporation (ITDC), a Miniratna PSU under the Ministry of Tourism. According to
an official order, the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved the proposal
of the Ministry of Tourism to split the post of Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) of ITDC into
two separate roles: Chairman and Managing Director (MD).

• DCB Bank appoints Rupa Devi Singh as Chairman after Munjee's retirement (January 17,
2022)

Private sector lender DCB Bank has appointed Rupa Devi Singh as its new part-time chairman
following the retirement of Nasser Munjee from that position. Her appointment is subject to
approval from regulatory authorities like Reserve Bank of India and the shareholders of the
Bank. Rupa Devi Singh has been a non-executive independent director of the bank sinceJanuary
22, 2015. She has over 35 years of experience in various sectors viz. commercial banking, project
structuring, infrastructure, etc. She was the founding managing director and CEO of Power
Exchange India (PXIL). Prior to joining PXIL, she worked with CRISIL as director – Power
Practice and subsequently, as director, Corporate & S E Asia at CRISIL.

• Government appoints former civil servant Ravi Mittal as IBBI chairperson

The government has appointed former civil servant Ravi Mittal as the chairperson of the
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI).

The appointment comes little over four months after the post fell vacant following the retirement
of M S Sahoo who completed his five-year term on September 30, 2021.

In October 2021, IBBI Whole Time Member Dr. Navrang Saini was given the additional charge as
the chairperson.

• Appointment of Dr. V Anantha Nageswaran as the Chief Economic Advisor (January 28,
2022)

The Government has appointed Dr. V. Anantha Nageswaran as the Chief Economic Advisor. Prior
to this appointment, Dr. Nageswaran has worked as a writer, author, teacher and consultant. He

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has taught at several business schools and institutes of management in India and in Singapore
and has published extensively.

He was the Dean of the IFMR Graduate School of Business and a distinguished Visiting Professor
of Economics at Krea University. He has also been a part-time member of the Economic Advisory
Council to the Prime Minister of India from 2019 to 2021. He holds a Post-Graduate Diploma in
Management from the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad and a doctoral degree from
the University of Massachusetts in Amherst.

• Ms. Madhabi Puri Buch takes charge as Chairperson, SEBI

The Government of India on February 28, 2022, appointed Madhabi Puri Buch as a new
Chairperson of Securities and Exchange Board of India.

Ms. Buch has also served as a Consultant to the New Development Bank in Shanghai. Ms. Buch
also served as the Head of the Singapore office of the Private Equity Firm, Greater Pacific Capital.
She also served as the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer at ICICI Securities Limited
and as Executive Director, on the Board of ICICI Bank. Ms. Buch also served as a non-executive
director on the Boards of various companies. Ms. Buch holds an M.B.A. from the Indian Institute
of Management, Ahmedabad and is a Graduate in Mathematics from St. Stephen's College, New
Delhi.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES/SCHEMES

Key Highlights of Union Budget

2022-23

INTRODUCTION

This budget seeks to lay the foundation and give a blueprint to steer the economy over the Amrit
Kaal of the next 25 years (from India at 75 to India at 100). The government aims to attain the
following vision through this budget.

— Complementing the macro-economic level growth focus with a micro-economic level all-
inclusive welfare focus,

— Promoting digital economy & fintech, technology enabled development, energy transition,
and

— Relying on virtuous cycle starting from private investment with public capital investment
helping to crowd-in private investment.

PM GATI SHAKTI PLAN

✓ The PM Gati Shakti plan involves seven engines namely: Roads, Railways, Airports, Ports,

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Mass Transport, Waterways, and Logistics Infrastructure.

✓ The mentioned engines are supported by the complementary roles of Energy

Transmission, IT Communication, Bulk Water & Sewerage, and Social Infrastructure.

Highlights

✓ 100 PM Gati Shakti cargo terminals will be developed during the next 3 years.

✓ Implementation of innovative ways for building metro systems.

✓ Master Plan for expressways to be formulated in 2022-23 to facilitate faster movement of

people and goods.

✓ National highway network to be expanded by 25,000 km in 2022-23.

✓ Mobilisation of Rs. 20,000 crores through innovative ways of financing to complement the
public resources.

✓ A new scheme, Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North-East, PM-DevINE, will
be implemented through the North-Eastern Council. An initial allocation of INR 1,500
crore will be made.
✓ The above mentioned scheme will fund infrastructure, in the spirit of PM Gati Shakti, and
social development projects based on the felt needs of the North-East.

INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT

✓ Chemical free Natural farming to be promoted throughout the county. Initial focus is on
farmer’s lands in 5 Km wide corridors along river Ganga.
✓ “Kisan Drones” for crop assessment, digitization of land records, spraying of insecticides
and nutrients.
✓ Udyam, e-shram, NCS and ASEEM portals to be interlinked.
✓ Reorientation of Skilling programmes and partnerships with the industry to promote
continuous skilling avenues, sustainability, and employability.
✓ The National Skill Qualification Framework (NSQF) will be aligned with dynamic industry
needs.
✓ ‘One class-One TV channel’ programme of PM eVIDYA to be expanded to 200 TV
channels.
✓ An open platform for National Digital Health Ecosystem to be rolled out.
✓ Scheduled Commercial Banks to set up 75 Digital Banking Units (DBUs) in 75 districts.

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PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT & INVESTMENT, SUNRISE OPPORTUNITIES, ENERGY

TRANSITION AND CLIMATE ACTION
✓ Special Economic Zones Act to be replaced with a new legislation to enable States to
become partners in ‘Development of Enterprise and Service Hubs’.

UNION BUDGET 2022-23 - TOPIC WISE HIGHLIGHTS

1. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)

✓ Udyam, e-Shram, National Career Service (NCS) and ASEEM portals will be interlinked to
formalise the economy and create job opportunities for all. The scope of all the portals
collectively will be widened offering G2C, B2B and B2C services.
✓ Additional Rs 2 lakh crore under CGTMSE will increase the number of entrepreneurs on one
side and will create more jobs on the other side.
✓ RAMP is an initiative to revitalize the MSME sector that has been heavily impacted by the
Covid pandemic. While this is a positive measure taken by the government and will help
MSMEs stand up and grow.

2. Digital Innovations

✓ ‘One class-One TV channel’ programme of PM eVIDYA to be expanded to 200 TV channels,

launched in keeping view of COVID-19 impact on education and to enable supplement classes
to children in remote areas from class 1 to 12 in regional languages.

Digital Innovation in Banking sector

✓ RBI will launch blockchain-based digital rupee starting from FY 2022-23, digital rupee to be
rolled out by 2023.
✓ In order to encourage digital payment regime, 75 digital banks at 75 districts will be set up
by scheduled commercial banks to encourage and facilitate digital payments.
✓ Digital Banking by Post Offices: 100% of post offices to come on the core banking system.

Digital Innovation in Taxation matters

✓ For FY 2022-23 the government will levy income tax from digital asset transfers at 30%.

Digital Innovation in Health sector

✓ Planned to launch an open platform for national digital health ecosystem, consisting digital
registries of health providers and health facilities, unique health identity and universal
access to health facilities.
✓ e-Passports with embedded chip and futuristic technology to be rolled out for FY 2022-23.

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3. Start-ups

✓ ‘Kisan Drones’ for crop assessment, digitisation of land records, spraying of insecticides and
nutrients. Start-ups will be promoted to facilitate Drone Shakti for Drone-As-A-Service
(DrAAS). The use of drones for startups will push the start-ups for excellence. It will ensure
business momentum and drive faster adoption of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) in the
country.
✓ NABARD to facilitate fund with blended capital to finance start-ups for agriculture & rural
enterprise.

4. Housing and Urban Development

✓ Allocation of Rs. 60,000 crore has been made with an aim to cover 3.8 crore households in
2022-23 under the scheme Har Ghar, Nal Se Jal. Out of 8.7 crore 5.5 crore households were
provided tap water in last 2 years.
✓ A high-level committee of reputed urban planners, urban economists and institutions
to be formed to make recommendations on urban sector policies, capacity building,
planning, implementation and governance.

Some Key Launches in 2021

• PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (October 25, 2021)

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi launched PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure
Mission on October 25, 2021.

The aim of PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission is to strengthen the critical
healthcare network from village to block to the district to the regional and national level in the
next 4-5 years. Describing the initiative taken by the government under the new Mission, the
Prime Minister said that there are 3 major aspects of the Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure
Mission to address the different gaps in the health sector of the country. The first is related to
the creation of elaborate facilities for diagnostics and treatment. Under this, Health and Wellness
Centers are being opened in villages and cities, where there will be facilities for early detection
of diseases. Facilities like free medical consultation, free tests, free medicine will be available in
these centres. For serious illness, 35 thousand new critical care-related beds are being added in
600 districts and referral facilities will be given in 125 districts.

The second aspect of the scheme is related to the testing network for the diagnosis of diseases.
Under this mission, the necessary infrastructure will be developed for the diagnosis and
monitoring of diseases. 730 districts of the country will get Integrated Public Health labs and 3
thousand blocks will get Block Public Health Units. Apart from that, 5 Regional National Centers
for Disease Control, 20 Metropolitan units, and 15 BSL labs will further strengthen this network.

The Third aspect is the expansion of existing research institutions that study pandemics. Existing
80 Viral Diagnostic and research labs will be strengthened, 15 Biosafety level 15 labs will be

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operationalized, 4 new National institutes of Virology and a National Institute for One Health are
being established. WHO regional research platform for South Asia will also strengthen this
network. “This means, through PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission an entire
ecosystem for services from treatment to critical research will be created in every corner of the
country”.

The Prime Minister highlighted the employment potential of these measures and said that PM
Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission, along with health, is also a medium of
aatmnirbharta.

• National Single Window System – A Giant Leap towards making India Aatmanirbhar

Background

The continuous improvement of India’s business climate improvement is one of the key focus
areas of the Government of India. Reiterating its commitment to “Make in India, make for the
world”, the government has launched several initiatives recently, including the flagship
Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) and the India Industrial Land Bank System. The PLI
schemes have been announced for 13 sectors with an overall outlay of USD 27 billion and is set
to create manufacturing global champions for an Atmanirbhar Bharat.

One such crucial initiative, announced by the Finance Minister in the Union Budget speech 2020,
was the ambitious Investment Clearance Cell (ICC). While presenting Budget 2020-21, the
Finance Minister announced plans to set up an Investment Clearance Cell (ICC) that will provide
“end to end” facilitation and support to investors, including pre-investment advisory, provide
information related to land banks and facilitate clearances at Centre and State level. The cell was
planned as a One-stop digital platform to obtain all requisite central and state
clearances/approvals required to start business operations in India. The purpose of Investment
Clearance Cell, a National portal, is to integrate the existing clearance systems of the various
Ministries/ Departments of Govt. of India and of State Governments without disruption to the
existing IT portals of Ministries and will have a single, unified application form.

GOVERNANCE AND ETHICS

Brief details on Ashneer Grover and the BharatPe tussle

What is BharatPe?

➢ BharatPe was founded in 2018 and offers a range of fintech products that cater to small
merchants and also helps them accept digital payments. BharatPe has faciliated the
disbursement of loans totalling over Rs 3,000 crore to its merchants since its launch.
✓ So what really happened?
➢ It all began with an audio leak

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➢ Toxic work culture

➢ God syndrome
Industry experts call this the God syndrome, when one man is single-handedly driving a
company's growth and arrogance gets the better of him.
✓ The financial irregularities angle
➢ Signalling bigger problems surrounding the Board of Directors and the Founder,
➢ Allegation 1: Bharatpe routed money through fake HR consultant firms that were linked
to each other and to Madhuri Jain's brother that were linked to each other and Madhuri
Jain's brother Shwetank Jain.
➢ Allegation 2 : BharatPe inflated transaction values by some merchants and that some of
these vendors were fake.

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4. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL AFFAIRS

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of

190 countries, working to foster global monetary co-
operation, secure financial stability, facilitate international
trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic
growth, and reduce poverty around the world.

The IMF was established in 1944 in the aftermath of the Great

Depression of the 1930s. 44 founding member countries
sought to build a framework for international economic
cooperation. Today, its membership embraces 190 countries,
with staff drawn from 150 nations. The IMF is governed by
and accountable to the 190 countries that make up its near-
global membership.

The IMF’s fundamental mission is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system.
It does so in three ways:

(i) keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries;

(ii) lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties; and

(iii) giving practical help to members.

The IMF Surveillance

The IMF monitors the international monetary system and global economic developments to
identify risks and recommend policies for growth and financial stability. The Fund also
undertakes a regular health check of the economic and financial policies of its 190 member
countries. In addition, the IMF identifies possible risks to the economic stability of its member
countries and advises their governments on possible policy adjustments.

Fast Facts

✓ Membership: 190 countries

✓ Headquarters: Washington, D.C.

✓ Executive Board: 24 Executive Directors each representing a single country or groups of

countries.

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✓ Amount available for lending: $ 1 trillion

✓ Recipient Countries of emergency pandemic financing: 76

✓ The largest borrowers: Argentina, Ukraine, Greece, Egypt

✓ The largest precautionary loans: Mexico, Colombia, Morocco

The primary aims of IMF to:

• Promote international monetary cooperation;

• Facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade;
• Promote exchange stability;
• Assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments; and
• Make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members experiencing balance-of-
payments difficulties.

IMF in News

• First Deputy Managing Director Geoffrey Okamoto to Leave IMF, Gita Gopinath to Be
IMF’s New First Deputy Managing Director (FDMD)

Ms. Gopinath, who is a U.S. national and overseas citizen of India, has joined IMF in her new
position as FDMD w.e.f. January 21, 2022. On her new appointment, Ms. Gopinath said:“I am
honored and humbled to become the IMF’s next FDMD. Over the past three years, I have had
the opportunity to experience first-hand and be a part of the hugely important work done by the
IMF at the intersection of rigorous economic analysis and public policy. It has been so gratifying
to see the positive impact of our work on economies and on the lives of so many people worldwide.
As the pandemic continues its grip on us, the work of the Fund has never been more critical and
international cooperation is never more important. I am very thankful to Kristalina and the Board
for this opportunity, and so look forward to collaborating closely with all the incredibly brilliant
and committed colleagues at the Fund, working with whom has been an absolute privilege."

India at a Glance

2022 Projected Real GDP (% Change): 9.0*

Date of Membership: December 27, 1945

Article IV/Country Report: October 15, 2021

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Special Drawing Rights (SDR): 13656.65 million

Quota (SDR): 13114.4 million

Number of Arrangements since membership: 7

*GDP Data from January 2022 World Economic Outlook Update

THE ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in
Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the
Founding countries of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.

The current members of the group include Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. Brunei Darussalam joined on 7 January 1984,
Vietnam on 28 July 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar on 23 July 1997, and Cambodia on 30 April
1999, making up ten Member States of ASEAN.

H.E. Dato Lim Jock Hoi is the Secretary General of ASEAN.

Aim and Purpose

As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims and purposes of ASEAN are:

1. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region
through joint endeavours in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the
foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations;

2. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law
in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United
Nations Charter;

3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the
economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields;

4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the
educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres;

5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilisation of their agriculture and industries,
the expansion of their trade, including the study of the problems of international commodity
trade, the improvement of their transportation and communications facilities and the raising of
the living standards of their peoples;

6. To promote Southeast Asian studies; and

7. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional

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organisations with similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for even closer
cooperation among themselves.

ASEAN MEMBER STATES

About ASEAN Summit

The ASEAN Summit is the highest policy-making body in ASEAN comprising the Head of States
or Government of ASEAN Member States. The ASEAN Summit is held twice annually at a time to
be determined by the Chair of the ASEAN Summit in consultation with other ASEAN Member
States. The summit is to be hosted by the ASEAN Member State holding the ASEAN
Chairmanship. The First ASEAN Summit was held in Bali, Indonesia on 23-24 February 1976.

ASEAN in News

• US Government Sets Date for Special ASEAN Summit in Washington

President Joe Biden will host the leaders of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
– most likely minus Myanmar – at a special summit in Washington, D.C. later this month, the
White House announced.

In a statement, White House press secretary Jen Psaki announced that the previously announced
summit had been scheduled for March 28-29, and is viewed by Biden’s team as a way of
demonstrating the U.S. commitment to the bloc on the 45th anniversary of U.S.-ASEAN relations.

“It is a top priority for the Biden-Harris Administration to serve as a strong, reliable partner and
to strengthen an empowered and unified ASEAN to address the challenges of our time,” Psaki
said.

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• 18th India-ASEAN Summit

The 18th India-ASEAN summit was held on 18 October 2021 in Bangkok, Thailand. The Summit
was held virtually and saw participation from the Leaders of ASEAN Member States.

The leaders exchanged views on enhancing India-ASEAN connectivity in broadest terms

including physical, digital and people to people. To further strengthen India-ASEAN cultural
connectivity, Prime Minister announced India’s support for establishing the ASEAN Cultural
Heritage List. On trade and investment, he underlined the importance of diversification and
resilience of supply chains for post-COVID economic recovery and in this regard, the need to
revamp the India-ASEAN FTA.

The ASEAN leaders appreciated India’s role as a trusted partner in the region especially during
the current Covid-19 Pandemic with its supply of vaccine. They also welcomed India’s support
to ASEAN centrality in the Indo-Pacific and looked forward to greater India-ASEAN cooperation
in the region through the Joint Statement.

The discussions also covered regional and international issues of common interest and concern,
including South China Sea and terrorism. Both sides noted the importance of promoting a rules-
based order in the region including through upholding adherence to international law, especially
the UNCLOS. The leaders affirmed the importance of maintaining and promoting peace, stability,
safety and security in the South China Sea, and ensuring freedom of navigation and overflight.

BRICS

BRICS is an informal group of states comprising the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Russian
Federation, the Republic of India, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa.

On 20 September 2006, the first BRICS Ministerial Meeting was held at the proposal of Russian
President Vladimir Putin on the margins of a UN General Assembly Session in New York. Foreign
Ministers of Russia, Brazil and China and the Indian Defence Minister took part in the meeting.
They expressed their interest in expanding multilateral cooperation.

BRICS is an important grouping bringing together the major emerging economies from the
world, comprising 41% of the world population*, having 24% of the world GDP* and over 16%
share in the world trade*. BRICS countries have been the main engines of global economic
growth over the years. Over a period of time, BRICS countries have come together to deliberate
on important issues under the three pillars of political and security, economic and financial and
cultural and people to people exchanges.

The World must unite as one to decisively confront global challenges. Corrective action must
begin with the reform of institutions of global governance. This has been on the BRICS agenda
since its inception. Shri Narendra Modi, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India

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BRICS in News

• 13th BRICS Summit

The 13th BRICS Summit was held under India’s Chairship on 09 September 2021. It was third
time that India hosted the BRICS Summit after 2012 and 2016. The theme of the Summit, chosen
by India, was, BRICS@15: Intra-BRICS Cooperation for Continuity, Consolidation and
Consensus.

The Summit saw the participation of all other BRICS Leaders - President Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil,
President Vladimir Putin of Russia, President Xi Jinping of China, and President Cyril Ramaphosa
of South Africa.

Highlighting the leading role that BRICS countries can play in the post-COVID global recovery,
Prime Minister called for enhanced BRICS cooperation under the motto of 'Build-back
Resiliently, Innovatively, Credibly and Sustainably'.

Elaborating on these themes, Prime Minister stressed the need for accelerating 'build-back' by
enhancing speed and accessibility of vaccination, creating 'resilience' by diversifying pharma
and vaccine production capacities beyond the developed world, fostering 'innovation' by
creatively using digital tools for public good, ensuring reform of multilateral institutions to
enhance their 'credibility', and promoting 'sustainable' development by articulating a common
BRICS voice on environmental and climate issues.

The leaders also discussed important regional and global issues, including recent developments
in Afghanistan. There was convergence of views on the threat posed by growth of terrorism and
extremism, and all BRICS partners agreed to accelerate implementation of the BRICS Action Plan
on Counter-Terrorism.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established with the signing
of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. SAARC comprises of eight Member States:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The Secretariat
of the Association was set up in Kathmandu on 17 January 1987.

The objectives of the Association as outlined in the SAARC Charter are: to promote the welfare
of the peoples of South Asia and to improve their quality of life; to accelerate economic growth,
social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the
opportunity to live in dignity and to realize their full potentials; to promote and strengthen
collective self-reliance among the countries of South Asia; to contribute to mutual trust,
understanding and appreciation of one another's problems; to promote active collaboration and
mutual assistance in the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientific fields; to strengthen
cooperation with other developing countries; to strengthen cooperation among themselves in
international forums on matters of common interests; and to cooperate with international and
regional organizations with similar aims and purposes.

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Decisions at all levels are to be taken on the basis of unanimity; and bilateral and contentious
issues are excluded from the deliberations of the Association.

H.E. Esala Ruwan Weerakoon of Sri Lanka assumed office of the Secretary General of the South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) on 01 March 2020.

SAARC Chairmanship

Current Chair: Nepal

From Date: 2014-11-26 (Till Date)

THE GROUP OF TWENTY (G-20)

The G20 is a strategic multilateral platform connecting the world’s major developed and
emerging economies. The G20 holds a strategic role in securing future global economic growth
and prosperity. Together, the G20 members represent more than 80 percent of world GDP, 75
percent of international trade and 60 percent of the world population.

Starting in 1999 as a meeting for the finance minister and central bank governors, the G20 has
evolved into a yearly summit involving the Head of State and Government. In addition to that,
the Sherpa meetings (in charge of carrying out negotiations and building consensus among
Leaders), working groups, and special events are also organized throughout the year.

The members of the G20 are: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India,
Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the
United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. Spain is also invited as a permanent
guest.

Each year, the Presidency invites guest countries, which take full part in the G20 exercise. Several
international and regional organizations also participate, granting the forum an even broader
representation.

How the G-20 works?

The presidency of the G20 rotates every year among its members, with the country that holds
the presidency working together with its predecessor and successor, also known as Troika, to
ensure the continuity of the agenda. Currently Italy, Indonesia, and India are the Troika
countries.

The G20 has no permanent secretariat. Agenda and the work coordination are completed by G20
leaders’ personal representatives, known as sherpas together with finance ministers and central
bank governors.

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The pinnacle of the G20 work in each cycle is a communiqué expressing members’ commitments
and vision for the future, drafted from the chosen recommendations and deliverables from
ministerial meetings and other work streams.

Origin of the G-20

The G20 was formed in 1999 with the aim of discussing policies in order to achieve international
financial stability. This forum was formed as an effort to find a solution to the global economic
conditions hit by the global financial crisis in 1997-1999 by involving middle-income countries
and having systemic economic influence, including Indonesia.

On the advice of the G7 Finance Ministers, the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank
Governors began holding meetings to discuss the response to the global financial crisis that
occurred. After that, the Minister of Finance level meeting is held regularly in the fall.

Nine years later, on November 14-15, 2008, the leaders of the G20 countries gathered for the
first G20 Summit. On that occasion, the country’s leaders coordinated the global response to the
impact of the financial crisis that occurred in the US at that time and agreed to hold a follow-up
meeting.

To prepare for the annual summit, the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors,
together with Sherpas meet several times a year.

G-20 in News

• G20 Leaders’ Summit 2022

The 17th Group of 20 (G20) Heads of State and Government Summit will take place in October
2022 in Bali, Indonesia. Under the Indonesian Presidency, the G20 in 2022 will focus on the
theme “Recover Together, Recover Stronger”.

The Leaders' Summit is the climax of the G20 process and the intense work carried out over the
year through Ministerial Meetings, Working Groups, and Engagement Groups.

Recognizing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on every aspect of society and many
countries' lack of capacity to address the crisis, the Indonesian Presidency will focus on three
main pillars for its G20 2022 Presidency:

• global health architecture;

• sustainable energy transition; and

• digital transformation.

Through these pillars, Indonesia aims to continue leading on ensuring equitable access to COVID-
19 vaccines, promoting sustainable and inclusive economic development through participation
of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, and digital economy.

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THE BAY OF BENGAL INITIATIVE FOR MULTI-SECTORAL TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC

COOPERATION (BIMSTEC)

BIMSTEC is a regional organization comprising seven Member States lying in the littoral and
adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal constituting a contiguous regional unity. This sub-regional
organization came into being on 6 June 1997 through the Bangkok Declaration. It constitutes
seven Member States: five deriving from South Asia, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal,
Sri Lanka, and two from Southeast Asia, including Myanmar and Thailand. Initially, the economic
bloc was formed with four Member States with the acronym ‘BIST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Sri
Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22
December 1997 during a special Ministerial Meeting in Bangkok, the Group was renamed
‘BIMST-EC’ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation). With
the admission of Nepal and Bhutan at the 6th Ministerial Meeting (February 2004, Thailand), the
name of the grouping was changed to ‘Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation’ (BIMSTEC).

The regional group constitutes a bridge between South and Southeast Asia and represents a
reinforcement of relations among these countries. BIMSTEC has also established a platform for
intra-regional cooperation between SAARC and ASEAN members. The BIMSTEC region is home
to around 1.5 billion people which constitute around 22% of the global population with a
combined gross domestic product (GDP) of 2.7 trillion economy. In the last five years, BIMSTEC
Member States have been able to sustain an average 6.5% economic growth trajectory despite
global financial meltdown.

The objective of building such an alliance was to harness shared and accelerated growth through
mutual cooperation in different areas of common interests by mitigating the onslaught of
globalization and by utilizing regional resources and geographical advantages. Unlike many
other regional groupings, BIMSTEC is a sector-driven cooperative organization. Starting with six
sectors including trade, technology, energy, transport, tourism and fisheries for sectoral
cooperation in late 1997, it expanded to embrace nine more sectors including agriculture, public
health, poverty alleviation, counter-terrorism, environment, culture, people to people contact
and climate change in 2008.

Being a sector-driven grouping, cooperation within BIMSTEC had initially focused on six sectors
in 1997 (trade, technology, energy, transport, tourism, and fisheries) and expanded in 2008 to
incorporate agriculture, public health, poverty alleviation, counter-terrorism, environment,
culture, people-to-people contact, and climate change. Subsequently, following steps to
rationalize and reorganize sectors and subsectors, cooperation was reorganized in 2021 under
the following sectors and sub-sectors led by the respective Member States:

SECTORS

Bangladesh : Trade, Investment and Development

Bhutan : Environment & Climate Change

India : Security

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Sub-sectors : Counter-Terrorism and Trasnational Crime, Disaster Management, Energy

Myanmar : Agriculture and Food Security

Sub-sectors : Agriculture, Fisheries & Livestock

Nepal : People-to-People Contact

Sub-sectors : Culture, Tourism, People-to-People Contact (forums of think tanks, media etc.)

Sri Lanka : Science, Technology & Innovation (Sri Lanka)

Sub-sectors : Technology, Health, Human Resource Development

Thailand : Connectivity

H. E. Mr. Tenzin Lekphell assumed office as the Secretary-General of BIMSTEC on 06 November

2020. He is the third BIMSTEC Secretary-General.

BIMSTEC in News

Government aims at industry integration with East, South-East Asia

As per the Ministry of External Affairs, the Centre seeks to ensure that industries, especially
those located near the Bay of Bengal, become a part of the regional value chains that are in
operation the east and south-east Asia. Such integration is the best way to leverage the
advantage of the North-eastern part of the country and foster rapid industrialisation.

BIMSTEC has to stir itself up (February 14, 2022)

The 5th Summit of the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is to be held at the end of March in Colombo. It is expected to be an in-
person Summit in which Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to participate.

The seven-nation BIMSTEC, comprising Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka
and Thailand, has bright prospects if the members pull together on well-thoughtout schemes.
But going by experience since its founding in 1997, BIMSTEC has inherent problems, preventing
it from realizing its potential. Though better placed than SAARC to coalesce into a conflict-free
group, BIMSTEC has been showing many warts characteristic of SAARC, namely, mutual
suspicion, rivalry and distrust. Both organizations lack commitment at the very top level. While
SAARC summits have been postponed many times, BIMSTEC has had only four summits since
1997.

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INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is a sister organization of the World Bank and a
member of the World Bank Group is the largest global development institution focused
exclusively on the private sector in developing countries. The Bank Group has set two goals for
the world to achieve by 2030:

1. End Extreme Poverty; and

2. Promote shared prosperity in every country.

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers
investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development
in developing countries.

Since 2009, the IFC has focused on a set of development goals that its projects are expected to
target. Its goals are to increase sustainable agriculture opportunities, prove healthcare and
education, increase access to financing for microfinance and business clients, advance
infrastructure, help small businesses grow revenues, and invest in climate health.

The IFC is owned and governed by its member countries but has its own executive leadership
and staff that conduct its normal business operations. It is a corporation whose shareholders are
member governments that provide paid in capital and have the right to vote on its matters.
Originally, it was more financially integrated with the World Bank Group, but later, the IFC was
established separately and eventually became authorized to operate as a financially autonomous
entity and make independent investment decisions. It offers an array of debt and equity
financing services and helps companies face their risk exposures while refraining from
participating in a management capacity. The corporation also offers advice to companies on
making decisions, evaluating their impact on the environment and society, and being
responsible. It advises governments on building infrastructure and partnerships to further
support private sector development.

Functions of IFC

• It provides a wide range of investment and advisory services that help businesses and
entrepreneurs in the developing world meet the challenges they face in the marketplace.

• It offers innovative financial products to private sector projects in developing countries. These
include loans for IFC’s own account (also called A-loans), equity financing, quasi-equity
financing, syndicated loans (or B-loans), risk management products, and partial credit
guarantees. IFC often provides funding to financial intermediaries that on-lend to clients,
especially small and medium enterprises.

• It also provides advisory services that help build businesses. Much of IFC’s advisory work is
conducted by facilities managed by IFC but funded through partnerships with donor

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Governments and other multilateral institutions. Other sources of funding include donor country
trust funds and IFC’s own resources.

• It can provide a mix of financing and advisory services that are tailored to meet the needs of
each project. But the bulk of the funding, as well as leadership and management responsibility,
lies with private sector owners and investors.

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was conceived in the early 1960s as a financial institution
that would be Asian in character and foster economic growth and co-operation in one of the
poorest regions in the world.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) envisions a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable
Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty in the region.

ADB assists its member and partners, by providing loans, technical assistance, growth and other
equity investments to promote social and economic development ADB is composed of 68
members 49 of which are from Asia and the Pacific region.

Areas of Work

The ADB is committed to achieve a prosperous and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while
sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. It assists its members and partners by
providing loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments to promote social and
economic development. ADB supports projects in developing member countries that create
economic and development impact, delivered through both public and private sector operations,
advisory services, and knowledge support.

ADB in partnership with member governments, independent specialists and other financial
institutions is focussed on delivering projects in developing member countries that create
economic and developments impact.

As a multilateral development finance institution, ADB provides:

• loans

• technical assistance

• grants

ADB maximizes the development impact of its assistance by:

• facilitating policy dialogues, providing advisory services, and

• mobilizing financial resources through co-financing operations that tap official, commercial,
and export credit sources.

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NATIONAL BODIES

NITI AAYOG

The NITI Aayog’s precursor, the Planning Commission was established in March 1950 by a
Government of India resolution with Prime Minister as Chairperson. The initial mandate was to
establish heavy industries through public investment as a means for achieving rapid
industrialization. The functions assigned to the Planning Commission were to assess and allocate
plan resources, formulate plans and programs for area development, determine implementation
methodology, identify resource constraints and appraise & adjust implementation. The Planning
Commission from 1950 to 2014 formulated twelve five year plans. The Prime Minister
announced the closure of the Planning Commission from the ramparts of Red Fort on August 15,
2014.

The Government of India, in keeping with its reform agenda, constituted the NITI Aayog to
replace the Planning Commission. This was done in order to better serve the needs and
aspirations of the people of India. An important evolutionary change from the past, NITI Aayog
acts as the quintessential platform of the Government of India to bring States to act together in
national interest, and thereby fosters Cooperative Federalism.

The NITI Aayog, established in 2015, is one of Indian democracy’s youngest institutions. It has
been entrusted with the mandate of re-imagining the development agenda by dismantling old-
style central planning. The NITI Aayog was mandated to foster cooperative federalism, evolve a
national consensus on developmental goals, redefine the reforms agenda, act as a platform for
resolution of cross-sectoral issues between Center and State Governments, capacity building and
to act as a Knowledge and Innovation hub. It represented a huge mandate for a nascent
organization.

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NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India, providing both
directional and policy inputs. While designing strategic and long term policies and programmes
for the Government of India, NITI Aayog also provides relevant technical advice to the Centre and
States.

Present Constitution of NITI Aayog (as on February 03, 2020) is as under:

Chairperson- Shri Narendra Modi, Hon'ble Prime

Minister

Vice Chairperson- Dr. Rajiv Kumar

Full-Time Members- Shri V.K. Saraswat, Prof.

Ramesh Chand, Dr. V. K. Paul

Ex-officio Members- Shri Raj Nath Singh, Minister of Defence; Shri Amit Shah,
Minister of Home Affairs; Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance and Minister
of Corporate Affairs; Shri Narendra Singh Tomar, Minister of Agriculture and
Farmers Welfare; Minister of Rural Development; Minister of Panchayati Raj.

Special Invitees- Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari, Minister of Road Transport and
Highways; Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises; Shri Thaawar
Chand Gehlot, Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment; Shri Piyush Goyal,
Minister of Railways; and Minister of Commerce and Industry; Shri Rao Inderjit
Singh, Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Statistics and
Programme Implementation and Minister of State (Independent Charge) of
Ministry of Planning.

Chief Executive Officer-

Shri Amitabh Kant

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Relevance of NITI Aayog

Competitive Federalism : Various reports
of NITI Aayog like Healthy states
Progressive India etc which give
performance-based rankings of States
across various verticals to foster a spirit
of competitive federalism. It helps to
identify the best practices in different
States in various sectors and then try to
replicate them in other States.
Cooperative federalism : Due to
composition of NITI Aayog, it gives
better representation of states in this
body which facilitate direct
interactions with the line ministries,
also helps to address issues in a
relatively shorter time.

Greater Accountability : NITI Aayog has

established a Development Monitoring and
Think tank of innovative ideas: NITI
Evaluation Office which collects data on the
Aayog is visualised as a funnel
performance of various Ministries on a real-
through which new and innovative
time basis. The data are then used at the
ideas come from all possible sources
highest policymaking levels to establish
— industry, academia, civil society or
accountability and improve performance.
foreign specialists — and flow into
Earlier, India had 12 Five-Year Plans, but they
the government system for
were mostly evaluated long after the plan
implementation.
period had ended. Hence, there was no real
accountability.

Convergence for resolution : Being a

common point for similar issues
faced by different sectors, states etc.,
it acts as a convergence point and
platform to discuss these issues.

NITI Aayog in News

• Niti Aayog developing National Gender Index (Economic Times dated March 01, 2022)

Niti Aayog is in the process of developing a National Gender Index to measure the progress and
identify the persisting gaps in gender equality to make informed policy decisions. In its latest
annual report, Niti Aayog said the index will serve as a tool to map the progress of states and
Union Territories (UTs) on defined gender metrics and build the foundation for positive change.

The index will support policy action and advocacy around gender and will be aligned to the
framework of Sustainable Development Goals.

Niti Aayog has also developed a draft State Energy and Climate Index to assess the performance
of states on indicators such as discoms' viability and competition; access, affordability and
reliability of energy; clean energy initiatives; energy efficiency; generation capacity; and
environmental sustainability and new initiatives.

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The index will help states to efficiently manage their energy resources and provide better access
to energy to the people.

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI)

The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of
the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.

The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but was permanently
moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are
formulated. Though originally privately owned, since nationalisation in 1949, the Reserve Bank
is fully owned by the Government of India.

The basic function of the apex bank is described in its Preamble as "to regulate the issue of Bank
notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally
to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage; to have a modern
monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy, to
maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth."

RBI in News

Policy Rates as on March 03, 2022

Policy Repo Rate 4.00%

Reverse Repo Rate 3.35%

Marginal Standing Facility Rate 4.25%

Bank Rate 4.25%

Reserve Ratios as on March 03, 2022

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) 4%

Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) 18.00

Governors and Deputy Governors

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI)

The Securities and Exchange Board of India was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance
with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.

The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the
Securities and Exchange Board of India as "...to protect the interests of investors in securities and
to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto"

Ms. Madhabi Puri Buch is the present Chairperson of Securities and Exchange Board of India.
Shri S. K. Mohanty and Shri Ananta Barua, are the Whole Time Members.

SEBI in News

Investor Charter issued by SEBI

Background

With an objective to provide protection to investors, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the
Union Budget 2021-22 had proposed to introduce an investor charter as a right of all financial
investors across all financial products. Since then, SEBI worked on framing a charter for
investors in the securities market, which aimed not only to bring in more transparency in the
investment process but also encourage investors in the market to invest with better knowledge.
The charter focuses on the rights and responsibilities of investors and also the investor
grievance redressal mechanism.

About Investor Charter

The Investor Charter was released for investors in Indian securities market in 2021. It comprises
of rights & responsibilities of investors as well as do’s & don’t’s of investing in securities market.
The SEBI has brought out the Investor Charter with a vision to protect the interests of investors
by enabling them to understand the risks involved and invest in a fair, transparent, secure
market, and to get services in a timely and efficient manner. The charter will ensure that SEBI-
registered intermediaries or regulated entities stick to their investor charters including
grievance redressal mechanism.

The Charter is a brief document containing details of service provided to investors, their rights,
do’s and dont’s, responsibilities, investor grievance handling mechanism and timelines thereof
etc., at one single place, in a lucid language, for ease of reference.

Rights of Investors

According to Investor Charter, investors will get the right to:

1. Get fair equitable treatment

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2. Expect redressal of investor grievances filed in ‘SEBI Complaints Redress System (SCORES)’ in
timely manner.

3. Get quality services from SEBI recognised Market Infrastructure Institutions and SEBI
registered intermediaries / regulated entities/ Asset Management Companies.

Responsibilities of Investors

Investors will have the responsibilities to:

1. Deal with SEBI-recognised market infrastructure institutions as well as SEBI-registered

regulated entities or intermediaries.

2. Update their contact details like address, email id, mobile number, nomination and other KYC
details.

3. Ensure grievances are taken up by concerned entities in time bound manner.

4. Ensure that their accounts are operated for their own benefits only.

DO’s for Investors:

• Read and understand the documents carefully before investing.

• Know about the Investor Grievance Redressal Mechanism.

• Know the risks involved before investing.

• Keep track of account statements and promptly bring any discrepancy noticed to the concerned
stock exchange, intermediary or Asset Management Company.

• Know about various fees, charges, margins, premium, etc. involved in the transactions.

• Preserve relevant transaction related documents.

DONT’s for Investors:

• Don’t make payments in cash while making any investment in securities market, beyond the
prescribed limit.

• Don’t share your critical information like account details, login ids, passwords, DIS, etc. with
anyone.

SEBI has also created a separate investor charter for stock exchanges, clearing corporations, and
depositories; entities which together are known as market infrastructure institutions (MIIs).

This charter will also be applicable to the SEBI-registered intermediaries that play a role in
channelling investor funds in capital markets, as well as other SEBI-regulated entities. The

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Charter issued by SEBI for various intermediaries are available on its website. The brief about
the Investor Charter issued by SEBI for various intermediaries are given below:

✓ Publishing of Investor Charter and disclosure of complaints by Debenture Trustees (DTs)

on their Websites
✓ Publishing Investor Charter and Disclosure of Investor Complaints by Merchant Bankers
on their websites for public offers by REITs and InvITs
✓ Publishing investor charter and disclosure of investor complaints by Merchant Bankers
on their websites for private placements of Municipal debt securities
✓ Publishing Investor Charter and Disclosure of Complaints by Registrar and Share
Transfer Agents (RTAs) on their Websites
✓ Publishing Investor Charter and Disclosure of Complaints by Merchant Bankers on their
Websites – Debt Market
✓ Publishing Investor Charter and Disclosure of Complaints by Merchant Bankers on their
Websites

COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA (CCI)

The Competition Act

The Competition Act, 2002, as amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007, follows the
philosophy of modern competition laws. The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse
of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations (acquisition, acquiring of
control and M&A), which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition
within India.

The Competition Commission of India

The Competition Commission of India has been established by the Central Government with
effect from 14th October 2003 to achieve the objectives of the Competition Act. CCI consists of a
Chairperson and six Members appointed by the Central Government.

It is the duty of the Commission to eliminate practices having adverse effect on competition,
promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of
trade in the markets of India.

The Commission is also required to give opinion on competition issues on a reference received
from a statutory authority established under any law and to undertake competition advocacy,
create public awareness and impart training on competition issues.

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Shri Ashok Kumar Gupta, a 1981 Batch IAS officer, joined the Competition Commission of India
as Chairperson in November, 2018. Dr. Sangeeta Verma and Shri Bhagwant Singh Bishnoi are
the members of the Commission.

CCI in News

• 7th National Conference on Economics of Competition Law on 4th March, 2022

The Competition Commission of India holds the 7th National Conference on Economics of
Competition Law on 4th March in virtual mode.

CCI has been organizing the conference every year since 2016. Neelkanth Mishra, who is a
Member of, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister delivered the keynote address in
the inaugural session. The Plenary at this year’s conference is on the topic ‘Reforms and
Deepening of Markets’.

The Conference is an endeavour to develop and sustain interest in the Economics of Competition
Law and create a critical mass of antitrust economists. It brings together scholars, practitioners,
academicians, and experts working in the area of economics of competition law.

THE INSOLVENCY AND BANKRUPTCY BOARD OF INDIA (IBBI)

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India was established on 1st October, 2016 under the
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (Code). It is a key pillar of the ecosystem responsible for
implementation of the Code that consolidates and amends the laws relating to reorganization
and insolvency resolution of corporate persons, partnership firms and individuals in a time
bound manner for maximization of the value of assets of such persons, to promote
entrepreneurship, availability of credit and balance the interests of all the stakeholders.

It is a unique regulator which regulates a profession as well as processes. It has regulatory

oversight over the Insolvency Professionals, Insolvency Professional Agencies, Insolvency
Professional Entities and Information Utilities. It writes and enforces rules for processes,
namely, corporate insolvency resolution, corporate liquidation, individual insolvency resolution
and individual bankruptcy under the Code. It has recently been tasked to promote the
development of, and regulate, the working and practices of, insolvency professionals, insolvency
professional agencies and information utilities and other institutions, in furtherance of the
purposes of the Code. It has also been designated as the ‘Authority’ under the Companies
(Registered Valuers and Valuation Rules), 2017 for regulation and development of the
profession of valuers in the country.

Shri Ravi Mittal currently serves as Chairperson of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of
India. Dr. Navrang Saini, Dr. (Ms.) Mukulita Vijayawargiya and Sh. Sudhaker Shukla are the
Whole Time Members of the IBBI.

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IBBI in News

• Insolvency regulator IBBI issues FAQs on IBC (February 08, 2022)

Insolvency regulator IBBI has released a publication titled Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on
the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC). The main objective of the publication, is to create
awareness and disseminate knowledge about the code in easy-to-understand FAQs format. The
revised edition covers the developments in the code and subordinate legislation during the
period. It also presents thematic, topic wise jurisprudence for a comprehensive understanding
of the legal position with respect to various issues under the Code. The book is expected to
provide useful guidance to the professionals and other stakeholders of the IBC ecosystem for
clear interpretation and enhanced understanding of the insolvency law.

THE INSTITUTE OF COMPANY SECRETARIES OF INDIA (ICSI)

The Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) is the only recognized professional body in
India to develop and regulate the profession of Company Secretaries in India. It is a premier
national professional body set up under an act of Parliament, the Company Secretaries Act, 1980.
ICSI functions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India.
The Institute provides top-quality education to the students of Company Secretaries (CS) Course
and best quality set standards to CS Members. At present, there are more than 65,000 members
and around 2.5 Lakhs students on the roll of ICSI.

ICSI has its headquarters at New Delhi, four Regional Offices at New Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata,
Mumbai and 72 Chapters across India.

ICSI has been contributing to the initiatives of Government of India that have potential to excel
the social-economic growth of India.

Presently, CS Devendra V. Deshpande is the President and CS Manish Gupta is Vice President, of
the ICSI.

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ICSI in News

• 49th National Convention of Company Secretaries

The 49th National Convention of Company Secretaries was inaugurated on 6th January, 2022, at
The Bangalore Palace, Bengaluru, on the theme “Good Governance: The Universal Dharma” in
the august presence of Shri Thaawarchand Gehlot, Hon’ble Governor, Karnataka as the Chief
Guest, Shri Basavaraj Bommai, Hon’ble Chief Minister, Karnataka as the Guest of Honour and
Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani, Hon’ble Minister, Ministry of Women & Child Development, Government
of India, as Special Guest.

The Institute of Company Secretaries of India organized the 21st edition of ICSI National Awards
for Excellence in Corporate Governance, 2021, in Mumbai on 18th December 2021. Shri Amit
Shah, Hon’ble Home Minister and Minister for Cooperation, graced the occasion as the Chief
Guest, while Hon’ble Justice, P Sathasivam, Jury Chairman and Former Chief Justice of India, was
the Guest of Honour.

G-7 Summit 2021

The UK hosted the G7 Summit as part of its 2021 G7 Presidency. The G7 Summit was held in
Carbis Bay, Cornwall on 11-13 June 2021. The Agenda for the summit was – Global Action to
Build Back Better. Prime Minister Boris Johnson brought the world’s leading democracies
together to reach major new agreements to help the world fight, and then build back better from
coronavirus and create a greener, more prosperous future.

The UK invited Australia, India, South Korea and South Africa as guest countries to this year’s
G7. This was the second time that India participated in a G7 meeting. India had been invited by
G7 French Presidency in 2019 to the Biarritz Summit as a "Goodwill Partner”.

Key Highlights of the Summit

• The UK had outlined four priority areas for its Presidency. These are:

o leading the global recovery from coronavirus while strengthening resilience against
future pandemics;

o promoting future prosperity by championing free and fair trade;

o tackling climate change and preserving the planet’s biodiversity; and

o championing shared values and open societies.

• The G7 countries signed the Carbis Bay Declaration, mainly aimed at preventing future
pandemics. It contained many other thematic areas like COVID-19: Vaccines, Climate Change,
Build Back Better for the World, taxation etc.

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India’s Stand at The Summit

✓ Underscoring the need for genuine global solidarity and leadership, India gave the mantra of
"One Earth One Health”. It was based on the idea that no one is safe until everyone is safe.
✓ PM Modi sought the strong support of G7 leadership for India and South Africa's proposal for
a TRIPS waiver at the WTO. TRIPS waiver is an important element of his "Global Vaccination
Plan”, a roadmap to vaccinate the entire global population by doubling vaccine production.
✓ India signed off on a joint statement by G-7 and guest countries (together these countries
were called as Democracies 11 by the PM of UK) on “open societies”.
✓ It should be noted that another G-7 statement criticising China was not signed by India.

24TH NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON E-GOVERNANCE 2021

The Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG) and Ministry of
Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India, in association with the
State Government of Telangana organized the 24th Conference on e-Governance (NCeG) 2021
on 7th – 8th February 2022 at Hyderabad, Telangana. The theme of this Conference was “India’s
Techade: Digital Governance in a Post Pandemic World”. At the Valedictory Session ‘Hyderabad
Declaration’ on e-Governance was adopted after intensive deliberations during the sessions held
over two days.

The Conference was inaugurated by the Chief Guest, Dr. Jitendra Singh, Union Minister of State
(Independent Charge), Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Minister
of State in the Prime Minister’s Office, Minister of State of Personnel, Public Grievances &
Pensions, Department of Atomic Energy and Department of Space, Government of India and
presided by Shri K. T. Rama Rao, Cabinet Minister for Municipal Administration and Urban
Development, Industries, Information Technology Electronics and Communications,
Government of Telangana.

WORLD INVESTOR WEEK

The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) launched its fifth annual
World Investor Week (WIW) on October 04, 2021, a global campaign supported by securities
regulators and IOSCO stakeholders around the world.

BUSINESS PERSONALITIES AND LEADERS

BUSINESS PERSONALITIES

Mukesh Ambani

Mr. Mukesh D. Ambani is the Chairman and Managing Director of Reliance Industries Ltd. is a
Chemical Engineer from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (erstwhile the University
Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai). He pursued an MBA from Stanford

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University in the US. He has been on the Board of Reliance since 1977. Mr. Mukesh Ambani is a
member of The Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum. He is an elected Foreign
Member of the prestigious United States National Academy of Engineering. He is a member of
the Global Advisory Council of Bank of America. Among others, he is also a member of
International Advisory Council of The Brookings Institution.

Azim Premji

Azim Premji is an Indian business entrepreneur who served as chairman of Wipro Limited,
guiding the company through four decades of diversification and growth to emerge as a world
leader in the software industry. By the early 21st century, Premji had become one of the world’s
wealthiest people. Despite his vast personal wealth, Premji continued to be recognized for his
modesty, lack of extravagance, and charity. In 2001, he established the non-profit Azim Premji
Foundation, through which he aimed to improve the quality of elementary education in rural
regions throughout India. By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the foundation had
extended computer-aided education to more than 16,000 schools, with child-friendly content
increasingly available in local languages. Premji’s reputation remained that of a highly ethical
entrepreneur whose operation served as a model for other Indian firms.

Kumar Mangalam Birla

Mr. Kumar Mangalam Birla is the Chairman of the Aditya Birla Group. He is on the National
Council of the Confederation of Indian Industry and the Apex Advisory Council of the Associated
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India. Mr. Birla holds several key positions on various
regulatory and professional Boards. He was a Director on the Central Board of Directors of the
Reserve Bank of India. He was Chairman of the Advisory Committee constituted by the Ministry
of Company Affairs and also served on The Prime Minister of India’s Advisory Council on Trade
and Industry. Mr. Birla has won recognition for his exemplary contribution to leadership
processes and institution/systems building. SEBI had constituted a Committee on Corporate
Governance under the Chairmanship of Shri Kumar Mangalam Birla, Member, SEBI Board to
promote and raise the standard of Corporate Governance in respect of listed companies. The
SEBI Board in its meeting held on January 25, 2000 considered the recommendation of the
Committee and decided to make the amendments to the listing agreement.

Tim Cook

Tim Cook is the CEO of the most valuable company in the world, Apple. He took over Apple after
the company’s founder, Steve Jobs, succumbed to cancer in 2011. Cook has helped navigate
Apple through the transition after Jobs’ death as well as developing new product lines and
opening Apple retail stores in China. He has also led a very public battle against the FBI and their
demand that Apple creates a backdoor for users’ iPhones.

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Bill Gates

Gates founded Microsoft, the world’s largest PC software company, and each year, he is
consistently near the top of the list of the world’s wealthiest people. Over the years, Gates has
slowly transitioned away from Microsoft and into philanthropic ventures. His foundation, the
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, is working to provide clean water and sanitation (among
other things) to third-world countries. Like Warren Buffett, Gates has also promised to leave the
vast majority of his wealth to charity.

Elon Musk

Elon Musk was born in South Africa and is a businessman, inventor, and investor. Musk is most
widely known for his founding of PayPal and SpaceX and his heavy involvement in Tesla Motors.
His vision and passion for pushing the boundaries of technology and consumer integration have
led to increased exposure to solar power, high-speed transportation, and artificial intelligence.

Warren Buffett

Warren Buffett is one of the most successful investors in the world. Some people have referred
to him as the “Wizard of Omaha” (his birthplace is Omaha, Nebraska) and he is consistently
named as one of the wealthiest people in the world. He has also pledged to give away nearly 99%
of his accumulated wealth to philanthropic causes after his death.

LEADERS

Narendra Modi

Shri Narendra Modi was sworn-in as India’s Prime Minister on 30th May 2019, marking the start
of his second term in office. The first ever Prime Minister to be born after Independence, Shri
Modi has previously served as the Prime Minister of India from 2014 to 2019. He also has the
distinction of being the longest serving Chief Minister of Gujarat with his term spanning from
October 2001 to May 2014.

Beyond politics, Narendra Modi enjoys writing. He has authored several books, including poetry.
He begins his day with Yoga, which strengthens his body and mind and instills the power of
calmness in an otherwise fast-paced routine.

Joe Biden

Joe Biden is an American politician and also the 46th and current president of the United States.
A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017
under Barack Obama and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009.

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He contested the 2020 Presidential polls against Donald Trump, along with Kamala Harris as his
running mate.

Biden, 77, was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1942. In 1972, at the age 29, he became one of
the youngest people ever elected to the US Senate. He went on to serve as a six-term senator
from Delaware.

His early presidential activity centered around proposing, lobbying for, and signing into law the
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 to speed up the United States' recovery from the Covid-19
pandemic and the ongoing recession, as well as a series of executive orders. Biden's orders
addressed the pandemic and reversed several Trump administration policies, which included
rejoining the Paris Agreement on climate change and reaffirming protections for Deferred Action
for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients. In April 2021, Biden announced the withdrawal of all
US troops from Afghanistan by September 2021.

BOOKS AND THEIR AUTHORS

• World Book Day, 2022

World Book Day was created by UNESCO on 23rd April 1995 as a worldwide celebration of books
and reading. It is marked in over 100 countries around the globe.

The first World Book Day in the UK and Ireland took place in 1997 to encourage young people
to discover the pleasure of reading.

As World Book Day founder, Baroness Gail Rebuck, recalls “We wanted to do something to
reposition reading and our message is the same today as it was then – that reading is fun,
relevant, accessible, exciting, and has the power to transform lives.”

This year is the 25th year there’s been a World Book Day, and on 3rd March 2022, children of all
ages will come together to share the joy of reading for pleasure.

• Gandhi Topi Governor

Vice President of India M. Venkaiah Naidu has released the Telugu book titled ‘Gandhi Topi
Governor’ by Padma Awardee Dr. Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad, Chairman, Official Language
Commission, Andhra Pradesh on December 15, 2021. The book chronicles the life of barrister
Edpuganti Raghavendra Rao. Shri Rao was a prominent freedom fighter, legislator, and governor
of the Central Provinces in the British administration. Shri Raghavendra Rao, even while working
in the British government, continued his struggle for self-governance and Swaraj. As a governor,
he also promoted khadi by using it himself and served as an exemplar for others.

Releasing the book ‘Gandhitopi Governor’ by the Chairman, Official Language Commission,
Andhra Pradesh, Shri Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad at Upa Rashtrapati Nivas, the Vice President
said “distortions” about India’s history need to be removed and a faithful dispassionate

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recounting of facts is needed for the younger generation to know about real history in its
authentic form.

• ‘Karmayoddha Granth’ on the life of PM Narendra Modi

Union Home Minister Amit Shah released the book 'Karmyodha Granth', written on the life of
Prime Minister Narendra Modi, on January 07, 2020. The book explains various works by PM
Narendra Modi during his tenure. As per the book, Narendra Modi gave the states 10% of more
budget which reflects the fulfilment of Antyodaya resolution of Pandit Deendayal.

The book informs that Health facilities are being provided to the people under Ayushman Yojana
which was a dream project of Narendra Modi.

• Turbulence and Triumph: The Modi Years by Rahul Agarwal and Bharathi S Pradhan

A pictorial book traces the journey of Narendra Modi from his days as a young boy from
Vadnagar in Gujarat to New Delhi's 7, Lok Kalyan Marg as the 14th Prime Minister of India. The
book titled Turbulence and Triumph: The Modi Years authored by Rahul Agarwal and Bharathi
S Pradhan is replete with anecdotes from family, friends, colleagues, associates, testimonials of
leaders from India and the world across party lines. It is published by Om Books International.
The politician, the leader, the orator and the ascetic committed to the idea of a new India
composed into a single frame by the authors.

• Savarkar: Echoes from a forgotten past, 1883-1924 by Vikram Sampath

Savarkar: Echoes from a forgotten past, 1883-1924 book describes the life of freedom fighter
and Philosopher Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. He was popularly known as Veer Savarkar.

The first volume of the two-volume series covers the life of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (Veer
Savarkar). It expresses and explains the incidents from his birth in 1883 to his conditional
release to Ratnagiri in 1924. The uniqueness of the new book is the historian Vikram Sampath
brought out the often missed aspects of politician Vinayak Damodar Savarkar’s life and times.

• Listening, Learning and Leading by Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu

The book ‘Listening, Learning and Leading’ was launched by Union Minister for Home Affairs,
Shri Amit Shah on August 11, 2019 at Chennai. This book is based on the Vice President of India,
Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu’s two years in office. The book captures glimpses of the Vice President’s
330 public engagements across the country during this period. This book gives a glimpse of his
life after assuming the office of the Vice President of India.

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• Vivekadeepini by Adi Shankaracharya

Vice President of India, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu released a book titled Vivekadeepini, a concise
book of aphorisms on July 07, 2019. It was initially written by Adi Shankaracharya who is one of
India’s greatest spiritual and literary geniuses.

Vivekadeepini is a summary of Prashnottara Ratnamalika written by Adi Shankaracharya. The

book has compiled a select 36 verses drawn from 67 verses of Prashnottara Ratnamalika. The
verses are written in Question-Answer format. It contains universal truths and is the starting
point for reflection. The book has been translated into ten languages namely English, Hindi,
Bengali, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, Marathi Gujarati and Odia. It has shown glimpses
of India’s wisdom in most lucid language. The Vice President in the book has stressed the need
to create a society that actually demonstrates ‘share and care’, which was the core of Indian
philosophy.

SPORTS

NATIONAL SPORTS AWARDS 2021

Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announced the National Sports Awards 2021 on November
02, 2021. The awardees received their awards from the President of India at a specially
organized function at the Darbar Hall of Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13th November, 2021(Saturday).
National Sports Awards are given every year to recognize and reward excellence in sports.

‘Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award’ is given for the spectacular and most outstanding
performance in the field of sports by a sportsperson over a period of the previous four years.

‘Arjuna Award for outstanding performance in Sports and Games’ is given for good
performance over a period of the previous four years and showing qualities of leadership,
sportsmanship and a sense of discipline.

‘Dronacharya Award for outstanding coaches in Sports and Games’ is given to coaches for
doing outstanding and meritorious work on a consistent basis and enabling sportspersons to
excel in International events.

‘Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime achievement in Sports and Games’ is given to honour
sportspersons who have contributed to sports by their performance and continue to contribute
to the promotion of sports events after their retirement.

‘Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar’ is given to corporate entities (both in private and public
sector), sports control boards, NGOs including sports bodies at the State and National level who
have played a visible role in the area of sports promotion and development.

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Key Highlights

• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2021 was given to 12 Sports persons

• 35 Sports persons received Arjuna Awards for outstanding performance in Sports and Games
2021

• Overall top performing university in inter-university tournaments is given Maulana Abul

Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy.

(i) Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award 2021

S. No. Name of the Sportsperson Discipline

1. Neeraj Chopra Athletics
2. Ravi Kumar Wrestling
3. Lovlina Borgohain Boxing
4. Sreejesh P.R Hockey
5. Avani Lekhara Para Shooting
6. Sumit Antil Para Athletics
7. Pramod Bhagat Para Badminton
8. Krishna Nagar Para Badminton
9. Manish Narwal Para Shooting
10. Mithali Raj Cricket
11. Sunil Chhetri Football
12. Manpreet Singh Hockey

(ii) Arjuna Awards for outstanding performance in Sports and Games 2021

S. No. Name of the Sportsperson Discipline

1. Arpinder Singh Athletics

2. Simranjit Kaur Boxing

3. Shikhar Dhawan Cricket

4. Bhavani Devi Chadalavada
Anandha Sundhararaman Fencing

5. Monika Hockey

6. Vandana Katariya Hockey

7. Sandeep Narwal Kabaddi

8. Himani Uttam Parab Mallakhamb

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9. Abhishek Verma Shooting

10. Ankita Raina Tennis

11. Deepak Punia Wrestling

12. Dilpreet Singh Hockey

13. Harman Preet Singh Hockey

14. Rupinder Pal Singh Hockey

15. Surender Kumar Hockey

16. Amit Rohidas Hockey

17. Birendra Lakra Hockey

18. Sumit Hockey

19. Nilakanta Sharma Hockey

20. Hardik Singh Hockey

21. Vivek Sagar Prasad Hockey

22. Gurjant Singh Hockey

23. Mandeep Singh Hockey

24. Shamsher Singh Hockey

25. Lalit Kumar Upadhyay Hockey

26. Varun Kumar Hockey

27. Simranjeet Singh Hockey

28. Yogesh Kathuniya Para Athletics

29. Nishad Kumar Para Athletics

30. Praveen Kumar Para Athletics

31. Suhash Yathiraj Para Badminton

32. Singhraj Adhana Para Shooting

33. Bhavina Patel Para Table Tennis

34. Harvinder Singh Para Archery

35. Sharad Kumar Para Athletics

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(iii) Dronacharya Award for outstanding coaches in Sports and Games 2021

A. Life-Time Category

S. No. Name of the Coach Discipline

1. T. P. Ouseph Athletics
2. Sarkar Talwar Cricket
3. Sarpal Singh Hockey
4. Ashan Kumar Kabaddi
5. Tapan Kumar Panigrahi Swimming

Regular Category
S. No. Name of the Coach Discipline
1. Radhakrishnan Nair P Athletics
2. Sandhya Gurung Boxing
3. Pritam Siwach Hockey
4. Jai Prakash Nautiyal Para Shooting
5. Subramanian Raman Table Tennis

(iv) Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime achievement in Sports and Games 2021

S.No. Name Discipline

1. Lekha K.C. Boxing
2. Abhijeet Kunte Chess
3. Davinder Singh Garcha Hockey
4. Vikas Kumar Kabaddi
5. Sajjan Singh Wrestling

(v) Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar 2021

S. Category Entity recommended for Rashtriya Khel

No. Protsahan Puraskar, 2021
1. Identification and Manav Rachna Educational Institution
Nurturing of Budding and
Young Talent
2. Encouragement to sports Indian Oil Corporation Limited
through Corporate Social

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Responsibility

• ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2022 Schedule: India to open T20 WC campaign against Pakistan on
October 23 at MCG

• Women's Cricket World Cup, 2022

The 2022 ICC Women's Cricket World Cup is the twelfth edition of the Women's Cricket World
Cup, which is being held in New Zealand in March and April 2022. It was originally scheduled for
6 February to 7 March 2021 but was postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On
15 December 2021, the International Cricket Council (ICC) announced that the tournament
would start on 4 March 2022, with the final scheduled for 3 April 2022.

List of Indian Medallists at Tokyo Paralympics (September 05, 2021)

The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi said that in the history of Indian sports, the Tokyo
Paralympics will always have a special place. He said every member of our contingent is a
champion and source of inspiration.

The Prime Minister appreciated the coaches, support staff and families of our athletes for their
constant support to the players. He also lauded the people of Japan, particularly Tokyo and the
Japanese Government for their exceptional hospitality, eye for detail and spreading the much
needed message of resilience and togetherness through these Olympics.

Name Sport Event Medal

Sumit Antil Athletics Men's Javelin Throw - F64 GOLD
Pramod Bhagat Badminton Men's Singles SL3 GOLD
Krishna Nagar Badminton Men's Singles SH6 GOLD
Manish Narwal Shooting P4 - Mixed 50m Pistol SH1 GOLD
Avani Lekhara Shooting R2 - Women's 10m Air Rifle GOLD
Standing SH1
Yogesh Kathuniya Athletics Men's Discus Throw - F56 SILVER
Nishad Kumar Athletics Men's High Jump - T47 SILVER
Mariyappan Athletics Men's High Jump - T63 SILVER
Thangavelu
Praveen Kumar Athletics Men's High Jump - T64 SILVER
Devendra Jhajharia Athletics Men's Javelin Throw - F46 SILVER
Suhas Yathiraj Badminton Men's Singles SL4 SILVER
Singhraj Adhana Shooting P4 - Mixed 50m Pistol SH1 SILVER

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Bhavina Patel Table Women's Singles - Class 4 SILVER

Tennis
Harvinder Singh Archery Men's Individual Recurve - BRONZE
Open
Sharad Kumar Athletics Men's High Jump - T63 BRONZE
Sundar Singh Gurjar Athletics Men's Javelin Throw - F46 BRONZE
Manoj Sarkar Badminton Men's Singles SL3 BRONZE
Singhraj Adhana Shooting P1 - Men's 10m Air Pistol SH1 BRONZE
Avani Lekhara Shooting R8 - Women's 50m Rifle 3 BRONZE
Positions SH1

Olympic Games

Winter Olympic Games February 4-20, 2022 in Beijing, China

The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXIV Olympic Winter Games and commonly
known as Beijing 2022 was an international winter multi-sport event held between 4 and 20
February 2022 in Beijing, China, and surrounding areas with competition in selected events
beginning 2 February 2022.

Beijing was selected as host city in 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,
marking its second time hosting the Olympics, and the last of three consecutive Olympics hosted
in East Asia. Having previously hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing became the first city
to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The venues for the Games were
concentrated upon Beijing, its suburb Yanqing District, and Zhangjiakou, with some events
(including the ceremonies and curling) repurposing venues originally built for Beijing 2008
(such as Beijing National Stadium and the Beijing National Aquatics Centre).

Khelo India Youth Games Programme

The Khelo India programme has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the
grass-root level by building a strong framework for all sports played in our country and to
establish India as a great sporting nation.

To accomplish the above objectives, Khelo India programme has been divided into 12 verticals,
namely:

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LANGUAGES AND NATIONAL SYMBOLS

LANGUAGES

Today, 7,151 languages are spoken in the world and interestingly, just 23 languages account for
more than half the world’s population.

Languages in India

Official Language or Languages of a State (Article 345 of Constitution of India)

Subject to the provisions of articles 346 and 347, the legislature of a State may by law adopt any
one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the Language or Languages to be
used for all or any of the official purposes of that State: Provided that, until the Legislature of the
State otherwise provides by law, the English language shall continue to be used for those official
purposes within the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement
of this Constitution.

Official languages for Communication between one State and another or between a State
and the Union (Article 346 of Constitution of India)

The language for the time being authorised for use in the Union for official purposes shall be the
official language for communication between one State and another State and between a State
and the Union: Provided that if two or more States agree that the Hindi language should be the
official language for communication between such States, that language may be used for such
communication.

Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State

(Article 346 of Constitution of India)

On a demand being made in that behalf the President may, if he is satisfied that a substantial
proportion of the population of a State desire the use of any language spoken by them to be

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recognised by that state, direct that such language shall also be officially recognised throughout
that State or any part thereof for such purpose as he may specify.

As per Ethnologue, the number of individual languages listed for India is 460. Of these, 447 are
living and 13 are extinct. Of the living languages, 419 are indigenous and 28 are non-indigenous.
Furthermore, 64 are institutional, 119 are developing, 138 are vigorous, 112 are in trouble, and
14 are dying. Hindi is one of the main language of India and is spoken by around 40% of the
Indian population. It belongs to IndoAryan branch of Indo-European language family. It is native
language for most people living in the Hindi belt of North India comprising Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana,
Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh. It is also spoken in many countries of the world including Pakistan,
Mauritius, Trinidad, Surinam etc.

Languages in News

• International Mother Language Day, 2022

International Mother Language Day is celebrated across the globe on 21st February to promote
awareness of linguistic and cultural diversity and to promote multilingualism. Every year a
unique theme is chosen by UNESCO to celebrate this special day.

• Ministry of Culture celebrates International Mother Language Day as part of Azadi ka

Amrit Mahotsav

• National Hindi Divas

Hindi Diwas is celebrated every year on September 14, marking the significance of the day when
the country's Constituent Assembly adopted Hindi as the official language of India.

Highest number of living languages

According to Ethnologue, a directory of languages which lists 7,151 living languages (languages
that are still being used and spoken by people) worldwide, Pacific island nation of Papua New
Guinea, Country in Oceania tops the list with 840 living languages.

NATIONAL SYMBOLS

National Symbols are intrinsic to the Indian identity and heritage. Indians of all demographic
backgrounds across the world are proud of these National Symbols as they infuse a sense of
pride and patriotism in every Indian's heart.

National Flag

The National Flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (kesaria) at the top,

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white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio
of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of the white band
is a navy-blue wheel having 24 spokes which represents the chakra.

The top saffron colour, indicates the strength and courage of the country. The white middle
band indicates peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The green shows the fertility, growth and
auspiciousness of the land.
Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of
Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes. The
design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947.

National Currency
Indian Rupee is the official currency of the Republic of India and controlled by the
Reserve Bank of India. The new symbol was officially adopted in 2010 and started
in circulation on 8 July 2011.

State Emblem
The state emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. In the
original, there are four lions, standing back to back, mounted on an abacus with a
frieze carrying sculptures in high relief of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and
a lion separated by intervening wheels over a bell-shaped lotus. Carved out of a
single block of polished sandstone, the Capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law
(Dharma Chakra).

National Bird
The Indian peacock, Pavo cristatus, the National Bird of India, is a colourful,
swan-sized bird, with a fan-shaped crest of feathers, a white patch under the
eye and a long, slender neck. The male of the species is more colourful than the
female, with a glistening blue breast and neck and a spectacular bronze-green
tail of around 200 elongated feathers. The female is brownish, slightly smaller than the male
and lacks the tail. The elaborate courtship dance of the male, fanning out the tail and preening
its feathers is a gorgeous sight.

National Animal
The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris is a striped animal. It has a thick yellow
coat of fur with dark stripes. The combination of grace, strength, agility and
enormous power has earned the tiger its pride of place as the national animal of
India.

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National Flower
Lotus (Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn) is the National Flower of India. It is a sacred
flower and occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient
India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture since time
immemorial.

India is rich in flora. Currently available data place India in the tenth position in the world and
fourth in Asia in plant diversity. From about 70 per cent geographical area surveyed so far,
47,000 species of plants have been described by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI).

Olympic Symbol
Definition

“The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions (the
Olympic rings), used alone, in one or in five different colours. When used in its
five-colour version, these colours shall be, from left to right, blue, yellow, black,
green and red. The rings are interlaced from left to right; the blue, black and red
rings are situated at the top, the yellow and green rings at the bottom in accordance with the
following graphic reproduction.” (Olympic Charter, Rule 8)

Meaning

“The Olympic symbol expresses the activity of the Olympic Movement and represents the union
of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic
Games.” (Olympic Charter, Rule 8).

Some other symbols used in Olympic are as under:

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AWARDS AND HONOUR

The Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian honours of India announced annually on the
eve of Republic Day. The award seeks to recognize achievements in all fields of activities or
disciplines where an element of public service is involved.

The Padma Awards are conferred on the recommendations made by the Padma Awards
Committee, which is constituted by the Prime Minister every year. The nomination process is
open to the public. Even self-nomination can be made.

History and Relevance

The Government of India instituted two civilian awards-Bharat Ratna & Padma Vibhushan in
1954. The latter had three classes namely Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg and Tisra Varg. These were
subsequently renamed as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri vide Presidential
Notification issued on January 8, 1955.

Bharat Ratna

Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of the country. It is awarded in recognition of
exceptional service/performance of the highest order in any field of human endeavour. It is
treated on a different footing from Padma Award. The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are
made by the Prime Minister to the President of India. No formal recommendations for Bharat
Ratna are necessary. The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in
a particular year. Government has conferred Bharat Ratna Award on 48 persons as on
September 25, 2019. Shri Pranab Mukherjee (Veteran Leader and Statesman-13th President of
India and Former Minister of Finance, Defense and External Affairs), Shri Nanaji Deshmukh
(posthumously) (Veteran Social Worker whose work in the fields of education, health and
particularly rural development built a new paradigm for empowering our villages), Shri Bhupen
Hazarika (posthumously) (Legendary singer, lyricist, and poet whose music radiated the
message of justice, harmony and brotherhood- popularised India’s musical traditions globally)
were the recipient of the Award for the year 2019.

Padma Awards

Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, is announced every year on the occasion
of Republic Day except for brief interruption(s) during the years 1978 and 1979 and 1993 to
1997.

The award is given in three categories, namely,

• Padma Vibhushan for exceptional and distinguished service;

• Padma Bhushan for distinguished service of a high order; and

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• Padma Shri for distinguished service.

All persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these awards.
However, Government servants including those working with PSUs, except doctors and
scientists, are not eligible for these Awards.

The award seeks to recognize works of distinction and is given for distinguished and exceptional
achievements/service in all fields of activities/disciplines.

These awards are conferred by the President of India at ceremonial functions which are held at
Rashtrapati Bhawan usually around March/ April every year. In the year 2022, the President has
approved conferment of 128 Padma Awards including 2 duo case (in a duo case, the Award is
counted as one) as per list below. The list comprises 4 Padma Vibhushan, 17 Padma Bhushan
and 107 Padma Shri Awards. 34 of the awardees are women and the list also includes 10 persons
from the category of Foreigners/NRI/PIO/OCI and 13 Posthumous awardees.

The complete list is placed below:

✓ Padma Vibhushan (4)

✓ Padma Bhushan (17)
✓ Padma Shri (107)

• Awards in the field of Cinema

Dadasaheb Phalke Award

To honour the Father of Indian Cinema, Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, the National Film Awards
named the most prestigious and coveted award of Indian Cinema after him. He is the man who
made the first Indian Feature film Raja Harishchandra in 1913. Popularly known as Dadasaheb
Phalke, he then went on to make 95 films and 26 short films in a span of 19 years. The Dadasaheb
Phalke Award was introduced in 1969 by the government to recognise the contribution of film
personalities towards the development of Indian Cinema. The first recipient of this award was
Devika Rani.

Dadasaheb Phalke Award is given to a film personality for his/her outstanding contribution to
the growth and development of Indian Cinema. The award comprises of a Swarna Kamal, a cash
Prize of Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees Ten Lakhs) certificate, silk scroll and a shawl.

Best Film, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Role, and Best Negative Role, were among
the other titles that were given to the personalities of the Indian film fraternity.

Here is a complete list of winners of Dadasaheb Phalke International Film Festival Awards 2022:

• Film of the Year Award: Pushpa: The Rise

• Best Film Award: Shershaah

• Best Actor Award: Ranveer Singh for film 83

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• Best Actress Award: Kriti Sanon for film Mimi

• Outstanding Contribution to Films: Asha Parekh

• Critics Best Actor Award: Sidharth Malhotra

• Critics Best Actress Award: Kiara Advani

• Miss Universe 2021

Miss Universe 2021 was the 70th Miss Universe pageant, held on December 12, 2021, at Universe
Dome in Eilat, Israel. Andrea Meza of Mexico crowned Harnaaz Sandhu of India as her successor
at the end of the event. This is India's first victory in 21 years, and its third in the history of the
pageant.

The Miss Universe Organization (MUO) is a global, inclusive organization that celebrates women
of all cultures and backgrounds and empowers them to realize their goals through experiences
that build self- confidence and create opportunities for success.

INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY

• Quad Leaders’ Summit

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited US in September 2021 for the first in-person Quad
Leaders' Summit. During his visit, a bilateral meeting was held with US President Joe Biden. PM
Modi was on a three-day visit to the United States, his first official visit to the country since Biden
took the office. The Prime Minister of India held separate meetings with US vice-president
Kamala Harris, Australian counterpart Scott Morrison, Japanese PM Yoshihide Suga, and the
CEOs of five multi-national companies. On the final day of the three-day visit, PM Modi addressed
the 76th session of the United Nations General Assembly before leaving for India.

• PM inaugurates ‘Maitri Setu’ between India and Bangladesh

The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated ‘Maitri Setu’ between India and Bangladesh
on March 09, 2021 through a video conference. He also inaugurated and laid the foundation
stone of multiple infrastructure projects in Tripura. The Prime Minister informed that in the past
6 years, the central government has taken care of every requirement for the development of
Tripura. He said there has been a significant hike in the central allocation for the state.

• India hosts First Meeting of BRICS Finance and Central Bank Deputies

India hosted a meeting of BRICS Finance and Central Bank Deputies virtually on February 24,
2021 and was co-Chaired by Shri. Tarun Bajaj, Secretary Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance,

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and Dr. Michael Patra, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India. Other participants included
BRICS Finance and Central Bank Deputies of Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa.

India assumed the BRICS Chairship in 2021, at a time when BRICS is celebrating its 15th
anniversary. Under the theme BRICS@15: Intra-BRICS Cooperation, India’s approach is focused
on strengthening collaboration through Continuity, Consolidation and Consensus.

ART AND CULTURE

• Statue of Equality -Inspiring Greater Compassion

Shri Narendra Modi, Hon’ble Prime Minister of India dedicated to the nation the ‘Statue of
Equality’ in Hyderabad on February 05, 2022. The 216-feet tall Statue of Equality commemorates
the 11th century Bhakti Saint Sri Ramanujacharya, who promoted the idea of equality in all
aspects of living including faith, caste and creed. On the one hand, he is a saint of rich ‘Sanyaas’
tradition, he presents the importance of action in Gita Bhashya, on the other.

The Prime Minister in his address called Sri Ramanujacharya a ‘shining inspiration for the unity
and integrity of India’. “He was born in the South, but his influence is on the whole of India from
South to North and East to West”. Sri Ramanujacharya worked tirelessly for the upliftment of
people with the spirit of every human being equal regardless of nationality, gender, race, caste
or creed. The inauguration of the Statue of Equality is a part of the 12-day Sri Ramanuja
Sahasrabdi Samaroham, the ongoing 1000th birth anniversary celebrations of Sri
Ramanujacharya.

About the Statue of Equality

The Statue of Equality is the second tallest sitting statue in the world. The base building hosts a
vedic digital library, research centre, ancient Indian texts, theatre and a gallery. Ramanuja's
works are presented in the gallery. The Statue is made of ‘panchaloha’, a combination of five
metals: gold, silver, copper, brass, and zinc and is among one of the tallest metallic statues in
sitting position, in the world. It is mounted on a 54-ft high base building, named ‘Bhadra Vedi’,
has floors devoted for a Vedic digital library and research centre, ancient Indian texts, a theatre,
an educational gallery detailing many works of Sri Ramanujacharya. The statue has been
conceptualised by Sri Chinna Jeeyar Swami of Sri Ramanujacharya Ashram.

Ramanujacharya Swamy – The Icon of Equality

‘To alleviate the misery of others, I don’t mind facing the throes of Hell.’

‘All are eligible to enter a temple. The Creator showed no partiality, nor should we.’

‘All are equally qualified to chant the name of God.’

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‘All are equal in the eyes of God.’ -Sri Ramanujacharya Swami

• India nominates Hoysala Temples for inscription in the World Heritage List

On 31st January 2022 three Hoysala temples - Chennakeshava Temple (Belur), Hoysaleswara
Temple (Halebidu), and the Keshava Temple (Somanathapura) in Karnataka were nominated by
India for consideration as World Heritage for the year 2022-2023.

Hoysala Empire

• The Hoysala Empire ruled most of what is now Karnataka between the 10th and the 14th
centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur but was later moved to
Halebidu.

EDUCATION

• Highlights of New National Education Policy (NEP)

The special features of NEP 2020 includes: -

✓ Ensuring Universal Access at All Levels of schooling from pre-primary school to Grade 12;

✓ Ensuring quality early childhood care and education for all children between 3-6 years;

✓ New Curricular and Pedagogical Structure (5+3+3+4);

✓ No hard separations between arts and sciences, between curricular and extra-curricular
activities, between vocational and academic streams;

✓ Establishing National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy;

✓ Emphasis on promoting multilingualism and Indian languages; The medium of instruction

until at least Grade 5, but preferably till Grade 8 and beyond, will be the home language/
mother tongue/local language/regional language.

✓ Assessment reforms - Board Exams on up to two occasions during any given school year, one
main examination and one for improvement, if desired;

✓ Setting up of a new National Assessment Centre, PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review,

and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development);

✓ Equitable and inclusive education - Special emphasis given on Socially and Economically
Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs);

✓ A separate Gender Inclusion fund and Special Education Zones for disadvantaged regions
and groups;

✓ Robust and transparent processes for recruitment of teachers and merit based performance;

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✓ Ensuring availability of all resources through school complexes and clusters;

✓ Setting up of State School Standards Authority (SSSA);

✓ Exposure of vocational education in school and higher education system;

✓ Increasing GER in higher education to 50%;

✓ Holistic Multidisciplinary Education with multiple entry/exit options;

✓ NTA to offer Common Entrance Exam for Admission to HEIs;
✓ Establishment of Academic Bank of Credit;
✓ Setting up of Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities(MERUs);
✓ Setting up of National Research Foundation(NRF);
✓ ‘Light but Tight’ regulation;
✓ Single overarching umbrella body for promotion of higher education sector including teacher
education and excluding medical and legal education- the Higher Education Commission
of India (HECI)-with independent bodies for standard setting- the General Education Council;
funding-Higher Education Grants Council (HEGC); accreditation- National Accreditation
Council (NAC); and regulation- National Higher Education Regulatory Council (NHERC);
✓ Expansion of open and distance learning to increase GER.
✓ Internationalization of Education
✓ Professional Education will bean integral part of the higher education system. Stand-alone
technical universities, health science universities, legal and agricultural universities, or
institutions in these or other fields, will aim to become multi-disciplinary institutions;
✓ Teacher Education - 4-year integrated stage-specific, subject- specific Bachelor of Education;
✓ Establishing a National Mission for Mentoring;
✓ Creation of an autonomous body,the National Educational Technology Forum (NETF) to
provide a platform for the free exchange of ideas on the use of technology to enhance
learning, assessment, planning, administration. Appropriate integration of technology into
all levels of education;
✓ Achieving 100% youth and adult literacy;
✓ Multiple mechanisms with checks and balances will combat and stop the commercialization
of higher education;
✓ All education institutions will be held to similar standards of audit and disclosure as a ‘not for
profit’ entity;
✓ The Centre and the States will work together to increase the public investment in Education
sector to reach 6% of GDP at the earliest;

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✓ Strengthening of the Central Advisory Board of Education to ensure coordination to bring

overall focus on quality education;
✓ Ministry of Education: In order to bring the focus back on education and learning, it may be
desirable to re-designate MHRD as the Ministry of Education (MoE).

The NEP 2020 has been finalised after a detailed consultation process with all stakeholders
including State/UT Governments. NEP 2020 recognizes that the vocational education is
perceived to be inferior to mainstream education. Hence, this policy aims to overcome the social
status hierarchy associated with vocational education and requires the integration of vocational
education programmes into mainstream education in all educational institutions in a phased
manner. Towards this, secondary schools will also collaborate with ITIs, polytechnics, local
industry, etc. Skill labs will also be set up and created in the schools in a hub and spoke model
which will allow other schools to use the facility.

• Government is working to create greater synergy between education and skills for
making a future-ready workforce – Union Education Minister

Addressing the CII’s virtual special plenary session on ‘Job Creation & Entrepreneurship – Way
Ahead for Livelihood Generation’, Union Education and Skill Development Minister Shri
Dharmendra Pradhan said that under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, the
economy is growing at a rapid pace and the future of India is looking very promising. He added
that building skill capacity is a key to enhance productivity and drive the economy ahead.

Shri Pradhan highlighted that continuous efforts are being made to equip our youth with the
21st Century Skills. He said that as envisioned in the National Education Policy (NEP) -2020, the
Government is working to create greater synergy between education and skills for making a
future-ready workforce. NEP will contribute in creating a robust education ecosystem and
eventually facilitating economic growth, he added.

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 Business
Communication

Chalisa
(As Per ICSI NEW Modules)
by CS Parshvi Parekh
 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Lesson 1
English Grammar and its Usage

Grammar and its Usage

The part of Grammar concerned with changes in the form of words by internal modification or
by affixation is known as accidence and the manner in which these words are arranged in the
form of a sentence is called syntax.

Parts of Speech
Words are divided into eight classes according to the work they do in a sentence. They are as
follows:
Nouns :
A noun is “naming word”. It names somebody or something.
Kinds of Nouns :
Nouns may be divided into (a) common nouns and (b) proper nouns.
Common nouns are the names given in common to all persons, places or things of the same class.
For example, bank, shop, market, etc.
Collective noun : Common nouns include another class known as collective nouns. e.g., batch,
company, university, crowd, flock, etc.
Proper nouns : are the names of particular persons, places or things. For example, India, Larsen
and Tubro, Delhi, January, etc.

Pronouns :
Pronouns are used in place of nouns. Pronouns may be Personal and Relative.
Personal Pronouns : To represent person or things., e.g., I, we, you, she, he, it him, us, them, etc.
Relative Pronouns : The most common relative pronouns are whom, which and that.
Possessive Pronouns : These show possession, e.g., mine, ours, yours their, its and hers.

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Adjectives :
A word used to describe or point out, a person, animal, place or thing which the noun names, or
to tell the number and quantity, is called an Adjective.
Eg : My CSEET Champs are INTELLIGENT.

Verbs :
A verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. Verb comes from Latin
Verbum, meaning a word. It is so called because it is the most important word in the sentence.
Eg : You are STUDYING.

Adverb :
While Adjectives qualify or add to the meaning of nouns, adverbs modify the meaning not only
of verbs, but also of adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.
Eg : You are VERY intelligent student.

Preposition :
A Preposition, by definition is placed before a noun or its equivalent in order to show its
relationship in terms of time, place, etc.:
Eg : Our class will be held OVER zoom meeting.

Conjunction :
Conjunctions join words or even sentences conveying related ideas. Two commonly used
conjunctions are:
• and
• but.
Eg : My CSEET Champs are very intelligent BUT also notorious.

Interjection :
Interjections are words which are used in a sentence to express strong emotion or feeling.
Eg : Oh my God !

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Types of Voices:
As a general rule, we should use Active Voice in our sentences. Such sentences are shorter, direct
and emphatic.
Passive Voice is also found more suitable while drafting legal formulations as no identifiable
subject can be mentioned.
Eg :
Mansi was painting the room. (Active Voice)
The room was painted by Mansi. (Passive Voice)

Articles :
The words a or an and the are called Articles. They come before nouns. A or an is called the
Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves indefinite the person or thing spoken of; as,
The is called the Definite Article because it normally points out some particular person or thing.
The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns, e.g.,A car, an apple, a table.

Tenses :

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Types of Sentences :
The clause that makes good sense by itself, and hence could stand by itself, as a separate sentence
is called a Principal or Main Clause.
A clause which cannot stand by itself and makes good sense but not complete sense are called a
Dependent or Subordinate Clause.
Loose sentences are suited to simple style of letter writing and are closer to the spoken form.
Periodic Sentences are decorous and emphatic but more difficult to write.
Shorter Sentences are easier to write as well as understand.
Longer Sentences are prone to grammatical errors and need careful thought and planning.

Prefixes :
An affix “is an addition to the base form or stem of a word in order to modify its meaning or
create a new word”.

Suffix :
It is a morpheme (minimal meaningful language unit) added at the end of a word to form a
derivative. In other words an addition to the end of a word to form a derivative of the root word
is a suffix.

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Punctuations :
The marks, such as full stop, comma, inverted commas, hypen and brackets are used in writing
to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning, are called punctuation marks.
The various punctuations used in the English language are:
– capital letters – colon – underline – space – full stop – dash – quotation marks – italics –
hyphens – stroke – bold emphasis – apostrophe – asterisk – ellipsis – question mark – semicolon
– paragraph – comma – abbreviations – numbers – brackets – exclamation mark.
Space is the most basic form of punctuation which separates words, sentences, paragraphs and
chapters. Usually one alphabet space is used between words and punctuation, and also after
sentences, unless it is the last sentence of a paragraph, when the rest of the space on that line is
left blank.
The Full Stop (.) also known as a stop, point or period (in American English) is used to end a
declarative sentence, a sentence which is not a question or an exclamation.
Comma(,) is easily the most important punctuation mark within a sentence. Commas separate
or enclose subordinate clauses and phrases in sentences. Its most typical use is to separate two
main clauses that are linked by a conjunction.
Hyphen (-) is used between words to clarify meaning. It also links words to form a compound
word. The use of hyphen varies in different places; therefore there are no complete set of rules
that can be applied to the use of hyphen.
Semi colon (;) is used to separate two or more independant clauses that are placed together and
which are of equal importance in the sentence.
Colon (:) is a punctuation mark that has three major functions:
– to introduce some kind of explanation.
– To introduce examples.
– To introduce quotations or direct speech.
An Apostrophe (’) is used
(i) to denote possession and other kinds of relationship.
(ii) contractions of words.

Quotation Marks (“ ”/‘ ’) also known as quotes or inverted commas are used to enclose material
that is introduced into a text from outside it, such as quotations or words used by other people.
Brackets also known as parentheses are of two kinds:-
• Crescent shaped ( ) • Square shaped [ ].
Brackets are used to enclose certain contents, which the writer sets out apart so that the flow of
the sentence is not interrupted.

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Square Brackets are used to enclose words that are not usually intended to be the part of a
sentence, but only as an editorial or authorial interjection. They are also used at times to enclose
parentheses within another parentheses.
Other Brackets : The other types of brackets are: *Brace brackets { } Example: Select your
animal {goat, sheep, cow, horse} and come to the market. *Angle brackets <> Example: I found it
on Games.com . These brackets are used only in specialised texts, mathematics and technical
works.

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Lesson 2
ENRICHING VOCABULARY

Vocabulary is a person's own knowledge of words.

Some of the reasons why it is important to enrich your list of vocabulary words are as follows:
• Building your vocabulary is important in reading comprehension.
• Building your vocabulary will improve your communication skills- verbal and written
communication skills will improve and you may be able to better understand another individual.
• Building your vocabulary may help improve your personal life, social life and professional life.

Vocabulary topics

1. Choice of Words

Range or repertoire

Audience

Type of communication

The message you intend to convey

Context and usage

Regional or national differences

Improving Vocabulary

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Tips for choosing the right words :

• Simplicity
• Use familiar words
• Jargon (Jargon is language that is unique to a particular field of knowledge, e.g., science,
technology, art, trade or a profession.)
• Avoid using superfluous words/Verbosity (uses excessive or superfluous words or using
more words than necessary)
• Choose short words
• Select words for precise meaning
• Use Gender-neutral words (Eg : Chairperson instead of Chairman)

Synonyms :
Synonyms are words that have very nearly the same meaning.
Eg : Achieve accomplish, execute, gain.

Antonyms :
Antonym is a word opposite or contrary in meaning to another word.
Eg : Ability Inability, Oral Written

Homophone :
The word, homo, means “same,” and phone means “sound.” Homophones are two words that
sound the same, but have different meanings.
Eg : Ate, Eight
Ate is the simple past tense of the verb “to eat.” I ate an entire pizza and now I’m really full and
tired. Eight is noun, the number after seven and before nine.

Homonym :
There’s another word that begins with homo-, which speakers often confuse with homophone
are known as homonym. Again, the word homo- means “same,” but –nym means “name.”
A homonym is a single word (with one spelling) that has more than one meaning.
Eg : Bat – Bat
I am afraid of bats.
It’s his first time at bat in the major leagues.

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Syllable :
A syllable is the minimum rhythmic sound of a spoken language.

Abbreviations :
An abbreviation is a short way of writing a word or a phrase that could also be written out in full.
Abbreviations are the shortened form of a word, phrase or text.
Abbreviations are very rarely used in formal writing.
Eg : Etc. is the widely used abbreviation for ‘etcetera’

Don’t Abbreviate the following :

– Words such as through (thru), night (nite).
– Days of the week or months of the year (in the normal flow of text).
– Words at the beginning of a sentence.
– People’s names, unless those abbreviations have come to be accepted as nicknames for those
particular individuals.
– Courses such as eco (for economics) or pol sc (for political science).

Acronyms :
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of other words.
Eg : UNICEF (United Nations International Children Emergency Fund)

Phrase:
A Phrase is a group of words, a part of sentence which does not make a complete sentence, but
has an independent meaning and makes some sense.
Eg: on the hill, about town, under the tree, etc.

Proverbs:
Proverbs contain home truths as well as universal truths.
Birds of a feather flock together.
(People of like character come together).

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Lesson 3
COMPREHENSION OF PASSAGE AND ART OF SUMMARISING

The word comprehension means the ability to understand what you listen or what you read.
Your main task is to answer the questions asked from the passage.

Important Strategy to Solve Comprehension Passages:

• Read the passage as fast as possible.
• Get thoroughly involved with the paragraph to understand it.
• Underline important lines or parts of the passage to answer the questions. It will also help to
understand the main idea of the passage or the tone or mood of the author.
• Try to translate a complex line in an easy one in your own words and your own language. This
will help you in analyzing the main idea of the paragraph and in seeking the cause and effects
of the passage.
• Underline or mark the keywords. These will help you to discover the logical connections in
the passage and help in understanding it better.
• Try to understand some certain unfamiliar words by reading the line thoroughly. The theme of
the line will make you understand the meaning of the words.
• Determine the main idea, tone or mood, inferential reasoning, and other details from the
paragraph.
• Do not assume anything based on your personal belief.
• Look back at the paragraph when in doubt.
• Read the questions and all the alternative provided and choose the most appropriate one.

Para Jumbles
Para Jumbles are basically jumbled paragraphs. You are provided with a paragraph but the
sentences are not in the right sequence. You have to rearrange the sentences so that they turn
out into a meaningful paragraph.
Key skills required :
• Understanding the topic of the paragraph

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• Understanding the information flow

Sentence Correction :
Sentence Correction or Error Spotting is the one of the most scoring area of verbal section.A
sentence is the basic unit of language. A sentence is a group of words that have a syntax and
convey a certain meaning.
You are required to check if there is any error in the sentence or in the marked parts of it.

Sentence Arrangement :
Jumbled Sentences are a must for good English. This is usually known by many names like
rearranging of words, rearranging sentences, jumbled words, word order exercises, make a
sentence with the word, put the words in the correct order to make sentences, sentence order,
sentence formation etc.
Rearranging the words in a meaningful sentence is an art.

Sentence Completion :
In these exercises, students must choose the correct answer to fill in the blank. Some sentences
contain a single blank, while others may contain two.

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Lesson 4
CONCEPT OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Concept of Communication :
The word ‘communicate’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Communis’, which means to
‘share’.
Definitions :

Koontz and
Hudson Allen Louis George Terry
O’Donell
•Communication is •“Communication •Communication is •“Communication
the transfer of in its simplest the sum of all is an exchange of
information from form of conveying things, one facts, ideas,
one person to of information person does when opinions or
another whether from one person he wants to emotions by two
or not it elicits to another” create or more persons.”
confidence understanding in
the mind of
another. It is a
bridge of
meaning. It
involves a
systematic and
continuous
process of telling,
listening and
understanding.

Webster’s dictionary :
states that “communication is the act of exchanging information and understanding from one
person to another”
Scott :
administrative communication is a process which involves the transmission and accurate
replication of ideas ensured by feedback for the purpose of eliciting action which will accomplish
organization goals.

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Features of Communication :
Communication is…

consists
inter- goal-
Two-way ongoing dynamic facts, ideas
disciplinary oriented
process process process and
science process
emotions

Importance of Communication :
(i) Increase in Size
(ii) Growing Specialization
(iii) Cut-throat Competition
(iv) Trade Union Movement
(v) Human Relations
(vi) Public Relations
(vii) Personal Asset

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Communication Process :
The communication process consists of a series of steps by which a sender reaches a receiver
with a message. It involves six steps:

Develop
Encode Transmit Receive Decode Feedback
an Idea

The Seven C’s of Effective Communication

Guidelines ensure effective communication:

• Choose the right means and mode
• Own your messages
• Offer complete and relevant information
• Obtain feedback
• Think of the recipient
• Verbal and Non-verbal congruence
• Repeat if necessary
• Do not judge
• Rely on facts

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JOHARI WINDOW :
The Johari Window, named after the first names of its inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham,
is one of the most useful models describing the process of human interaction. A four paned
“window,” as illustrated below, divides personal awareness into four different types, as
represented by its four quadrants: open, hidden, blind, and unknown.
Adjectives selected by both the participant and his or her peers are placed into the Arena
quadrant.
Adjectives selected only by the participant, but not by any of their peers, are placed into the
Façade quadrant, representing information about the participant of which their peers are
unaware. Façade quadrant also called “hidden” quadrant.
Adjectives that are not selected by the participant but only by their peers are placed into the
Blind Spot quadrant.
Adjectives which were not selected by either the participant or their peers remain in the
Unknown quadrant, representing the participant’s behaviors or motives which were not
recognized by anyone participating.
The process of enlarging the open quadrant is called self-disclosure.

Types of Communication

Internal Communication
When people within the organisation communicate with one another, it is said to be an internal
communication.
People also communicate within the organisation at a personal level. This is known as informal
communication.
All modes of non-verbal communication may be used in internal communication. Some of the
modes of written communication are Memo, Report, Office order, Circulars, Staff Newsletter,
Email, Fax, Notice, Agenda, Notes on Agenda, Minutes of Meetings, Manuals, etc.

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External Communication
When the people in an organisation communicate with anyone outside the organisation it is
called external communication.
External communication has been mainly formal and largely documented, but there is an
increasing trend to make it informal.
All modes of visual and audio-visual communication too may be used in external communication.
All modes of Non-verbal communication may also be used in external communication depending
on the circumstances and means of communication chosen for the purpose.
Communication Flows :

Downward Flow
All the important decisions are taken at the top. These are communicated through different
levels of hierarchy to the workers.
Upward Flow
With the passage of time, management styles have also undergone a change. The role of workers
in the progress of industry has begun to be appreciated. Workers’ empowerment and their
participation in management are the buzz-words. It is natural for the workers to feel involved in
their organisations once they realise that their interest coincides with that of the management.
Diagonal Flow
Often there arise situations where tasks to be completed involve more than one department in
the organisation and there is more often no obvious line of authority.
Horizontal Flow
This type of communication flow usually takes place between people of the same status/level of
hierarchy in the organization.

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Means of Communication

The means or methods of communication :

(i) verbal communication entails use of words to convey messages either in speech or through
writing; and
(ii) Non-verbal communication where messages are communicated through body language (i.e.)
facial expressions and gestures.

Verbal Communication :
It is a written or a spoken message that uses words to exchange ideas/ information.
The means of verbal communication are:
• Written communication
• Oral communication
• Visual communication
• Audio-visual communication.

1. Written Communication : In the written form, it may require drafting of letters and circulars,
proposals, memos and business reports of varying kinds.
2. Oral Communication : Research studies have shown that 80% of communication by
executives of a company is in the oral form.
3. Visual communication : could be with words or pictures or a combination of both.
4. Audio-visual communication : The rapid advancements taking place in the field of
information technology have brought about unprecedented changes in the communication
systems the world over.

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The means of audio-visual communication include :

Non-verbal Communication :

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Choice of Means and Mode of Communication :

Mediums of Digital Communication :

Communication Networks :

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1. Vertical Network :
The vertical network is usually between the superior and subordinate and vice versa.

2. Circuit Network :
It is similar to vertical network but in circuit network ‘A’ and ‘B’ are not necessarily superior and
subordinates.

3. Chain Network :
This network of communication follows the organisational hierarchy and chain of command.

4. Wheel Network :
Here all subordinates receive commands from one superior.

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5. Star Network :

Reasons for Barriers to Communication :

Distortions

Ambiguity

False Assumptions

Lack of Planning

Implied Meanings

Passing Judgments

Lack of Trust

Problem of Semantic Distortion

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Ways to Overcome Barriers to Communication :

Be Aware of Communicate
Consult Others
Language, Tone According to the
before
and Content of Need of the
Communication
Message Receiver

Clarify Ideas Convey Things of

Ensure Proper
before Help and Value to
Feedback
Communication the Listener

Consistency of Follow up
Be a Good Listener
Message Communication

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Lesson 5
LISTENING SKILLS
Listening is the “receiving” part of communication.

Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the communication
process.
Hearing refers to the sounds that enter your ears.

Types of Listening Skills :

• Discriminative listening is the most basic

Discriminative listening type of listening, whereby the difference
between difference sounds is identified.

• Critical listening is listening in order to

Critical listening evaluate and judge, forming opinion about
what is being said.

• Biased listening happens when the person

Biased listening hears only what they want to hear

• we make judgments about what the other

Evaluative listening person is saying.

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Appreciative • In appreciative listening, we seek certain information

which will appreciate
listening
• The next step beyond discriminating between
Comprehension different sound and sights is to make sense of them.

listening

Empathetic • When we listen empathetically, we go beyond

sympathy to seek a truer understand how others are
listening feeling.

• the listener has a purpose of not only empathizing

Therapeutic with the speaker but also to use this deep
connection
listening
• learning through conversation and an engaged
interchange of ideas
Dialogic listening • and information in which we actively seek to learn
more

• In sympathetic listening we care about the other

Sympathetic person and show this concern

listening
Relationship • Sometimes the most important factor in listening is
in order to develop or sustain a relationship.
listening
Selective • This is a more negative type of listening, it implies
that the listener is somehow biased to what they are
Listening hearing.

• Active listening occurs when the listener attempts

Active and to understand as clearly as possible what the
speaker says. Effective listening is attempting to
Effective Listening understand the perspective of the speaker and
empathize, not sympathize, with him or her.

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Types of Listeners :

Active Listeners :
Active listeners involve themselves actively in the communication process by keenly listening
not only to the message but also to the way it has been delivered.
Passive Listeners :
Passive listeners exhibit exactly the opposite behavioristic traits of active listeners.
Non Listeners :
The non-listeners do not listen at all because they are genuinely disinterested in the subject.
Marginal Listeners :
Impatient to listen to the main ideas, marginal listeners pay superficial attention, and are
interested only in the bottom line.
Evaluative Listeners :
Evaluative listeners literally assess the verbal content on the basis of words not paralinguistic
or nonverbal cues.
Barriers to Active Listener :

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Principles of Effective Listening :

Barriers to Effective Listening :

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Ways to Overcome Barriers in Listening :

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Lesson 6
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE
A business letter is usually a letter from one business entity to another, or between such
organizations and their customers or clients and other related parties.

Letterhead :
A letterhead is the printed stationery, which carries the essential information about the company
or the organisation. Since the first contact with a company is usually made through its letterhead,
companies spend considerable time, effort and money on getting it designed.

A letterhead generally carries a company logo, tagline, the name and address of the registered
office, corporate office of the company, Corporate Identity Number (CIN) and its contact
numbers and website and e-mail addresses of the company.
Sample :

Reference Number :
A reference number helps us in retrieving the letter at a later stage.
Date :
The date must be written in full without abbreviating the name of the month.

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Special Markings :
A few spaces below the date, one may show special markings such as Confidential, Air Mail,
through Registered Post/Courier/Speed Post etc.
Inside Address :
The complete name and address of the recipient is written below the special markings.
Attention Line :
If the letter is addressed to a company or one of its departments but the sender wishes it to be
dealt with by a particular individual, then an attention line may be inserted either above or below
the inside address.
Salutation :
The choice of a salutation depends on the extent of formality one wishes to observe. ‘Dear
Sir/Madam’ may be used as a standard salutation
Subject Heading :
It is useful to provide a subject heading in longer letters.
Main Body :
The main body of letter may be divided into three parts. Most business letters begin with a brief
introduction, which states the purpose of the letter.
Complimentary Close :
The complimentary close should match the salutation in terms of formality or lack of it.
Signatory :
After leaving four to five spaces for the signature, the name of the sender may be written in
capitals within brackets followed by the designation
Enclosures/Copies Circulated :
List of enclosures or details of those to whom copies of the letter are being circulated may be
given below the designation of the sender.
Annexures :
If we wish to annex some documents with the letter, then information about these may be listed
at the end.

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Type of Business Letters :

Type of
Business
Letters

Formal Informal
Business Business
Letter Letter

Layout of Letters :

Blocked Format :
In the blocked format of letter layout, the date of the letter, all references, subject, salutation, the
paragraphs in the body of the letter, conclusion and signature, all commence at the left margin.
Semi-Blocked Format :
This style is often termed as modified block style letter. In the semi-blocked format of a layout
of a letter the date of the letter, conclusion and signature are aligned to the right of the letter.

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Essentials of a Good Business Letter :

• Positive messages include messages where the audience is expected to react in a

neutral to positive manner. Positive messages tend to consist of routine or good
Positive news.
Messages

• In this type of message, the audience is expected to need encouragement in

Persuasive order to act as the sender desires.
Messages

• Negative messages include messages where the audience is expected to react in

a negative manner.
Negative • Negative messages consist of bad news.
Messages

• Businesses messages include messages from the Chairman of the Company to

the shareholder, employees or related to sales and purchases, products, and
Business services, confirmation or cancellation of orders, invoices, company
Messages announcements and notifications.

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Business Reports :
The word ‘Report’ is derived from the Latin “reportare” which means to carry back (re=back+
portare = to carry). A report, therefore, is a description of an event carried back to some who
was not present on the scene.

Inter and Intra-Departmental Communication :

1. Memorandum :
The term Memorandum (Memos) has often been misunderstood as a part of disciplinary
proceedings.
Nor are salutation and complimentary close used. Informal tone and use of personal pronouns
is allowed. Numbering is optional. Titles such as Interoffice Communication, Office

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Memorandum or Interoffice Correspondence may be used in place of more commonly used

Memorandum.

2. Office Circulars :
Office circulars are for disseminating information to a large number of employees within the
organisation. Since it is an internal communication, therefore it has traditionally been brief and
business-like formal and devoid of salutation.

3. Office Orders :
Office Orders have a format similar to that of memorandums. What makes them different is the
purpose and tone employed. They generally deal with matters affecting rights and privileges of
employees. The language used is formal and legally common.

4. Office Notes :
Office Notes are exchange between two different departments. Companies follow a particular
format for ‘notes’ of this type. The actual layout of the ‘Note’ may differ from company to
company.

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Major postulates of Management Information Systems are:

Information is provided by extraction and manipulation of operational data.

Information formats are pre-specified and fixed

Information form of a MIS is periodic, exception and based on demands

It provides information about the performance of the organization.

It supports the intelligence and implementation stages of decision making.

It supports structured decisions for operational and tactical planning and control.

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Elements of MIS :

Management :
The term “Management” as defined by Marry Follett is “The art of getting things done through
people”
Information :
It is a source for increment in knowledge. In MIS, it is obtained by processing data in to a form
meaningful to the users.
System :
A physical system is a set of components that operate together to achieve a common objective
or multiple objectives.
Structure of Management Information System :
The levels of management consist of top, middle, and first line management (supervisory). The
activities in the organizations are of three types:
– Strategic planning,
– Tactical and
– Operational
Characteristics of MIS :

Transformation of
Comprehensiveness Co-ordinated Integration Sub-systems Data into
Information

Conforms to
Enhance Relevant Uses Established
Managers’ Styles Feedback
Productivity Information Quality Criteria
and Characteristics

Selective Sharing of
Flexibility Modularity Computerized
Data

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Basic Requirement of MIS :

Operations
Hardware Software Database Procedures
Personnel

Limitations of MIS :
1. The quality of the outputs of MIS is basically governed by the quality of inputs and processes.
2. MIS is not a substitute for effective management.
3. MIS may not have requisite flexibility to quickly update itself with the changing needs of time,
especially in the fast changing and complex environment.
4. MIS cannot provide tailor made information packages suitable for the purpose of every type
of decisions made by executives.
5. MIS takes into account mainly quantitative factors; thus it ignores non-quantitative factors
6. MIS is less useful for making non-programmed decision-making. Such type of decisions is not
of routine type and thus they require information, which may not be available from existing MIS
to executives.
7. The effectiveness of MIS is reduced in the organization, where the culture is to hold
information and not share with others.
8. MIS effectiveness decreases due to frequent changes in top management organizational
structure and operational team.

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Lesson 7
CONCEPT OF E-CORRESPONDENCE

World Wide Web :

The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the
Internet. It is an information-sharing model that is built on top of the Internet.
Browser :
A Web browser is software application that enables you to find, retrieve, and display information
available on the World Wide Web (WWW).
Internet :
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.
E-Correspondence :
E-Correspondence is commonly known as ‘email-correspondence’ or ‘electronic
correspondence’. It is an electronic method of providing you with important information on your
email address.
Email :
Tomlinson is called the ‘father of email’ and is credited with its invention.
Features of Email :

Cost-Effective Electronic Packages Interface

Attachments Spam Signature Search

Changes at the
Cloud Storage
Workplace

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Features of an Email Accounts :

Sent Mail

Spam

Drafts

Trash

Email Etiquette :

Be Professional

Be Concise

Mind Your Manners

Watch Your Tone

Use Correct Spelling and

Proper Grammar

Wait to Fill in the “TO”

Email Address

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Advantages of Email :

Disadvantages of Email :

Intranet:
The word ‘intra’ means within or internal. It is like the internet, except that it contains
information specific to the particular organization. External people, who are not on the network
cannot access the intranet.
Most companies use their intranet in place of paper and emails because it gives information to
everyone within the company, regardless of their location. Thus, all employees in an
organisation get to know about the carried happenings.

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Benefits of Intranet :

Purpose of Intranet :
The purpose of the intranet is for internal communication. Increasingly, intranets are being used
to deliver tools and applications, e.g., collaboration (to facilitate working in groups and
teleconferencing) or sophisticated corporate directories, sales and customer relationship
management tools, project management, etc., to advance productivity.
Intranet user-experience, editorial, and technology team work together to produce in-house
sites.

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Extranet :
An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology and the public telecommunication
system to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors,
partners, customers, or other businesses.
An extranet can be viewed as part of a company's intranet that is extended to users outside
the company.
Companies can use an extranet to:
(i) Exchange large volumes of data using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).
(ii) Share product catalogues exclusively with wholesalers or those "in the trade"
(iii) Team up with other companies on joint development efforts
(iv) Jointly develop and use training programs with other companies
(v) Provide or access services provided by one company to a group of other companies, such as
an online banking application managed by one company on behalf of affiliated banks
(vi) Share news of common interest exclusively with partner companies.

Difference between Intranet and Extranet :

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Intranet Extranet

a tool for sharing

tool for sharing
information between
information throughout
the internal members
the organization.
and external members.

owned by either a
owned by a single
single or a many
organization
organization

security is implemented
through a firewall in
security is implemented
order to separate the
through a firewall.
extranet and the
internet

managed by an managed by many

organization organizations.

connected devices are

limited number of
comparable with the
connected devices
intranet.

it is also a private
network in which public
network is used in
private network type order to share the
information to the
suppliers and
customers.

used in order to get

used to check status,
employee information,
access data, send mail,
telephone directory
place order etc
etc.

limited and limited and

compromisedversion of compromised version
Extranet. of Internet.

accessible to only the

regulated by multiple
members of
organizations.
organization

accessible to members
restricted area is upto of organization as well
an organization as external members
with logins.

restricted area is upto

an organization and
derived from Internet.
some of its
stakeholders.

derived from Intranet.

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

Lesson 8
COMMON BUSINESS TERMINOLOGIES

‘Business Terminology’ is the main vehicle by which facts, opinions and other ‘higher’ units of
knowledge are represented and conveyed.

Ten Basic but Most Important Terms / Words in Business English :

• Management : those in charge of running a business
• Business : the activity of providing goods and services involving financial and commercial and
industrial aspects
• Marketing : the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a
product or service
• Profit : the amount of money left over after expenses are taken out
• Telecommuting : involves working at home usually on a computer
• Downsizing : a planned reduction in the number of employees needed in a firm in order to
reduce costs and make the business more efficient
• Outsourcing : contracting out selected functions or activities of an organization to other
organizations that can do the work more cost efficiently
• R & D or Research and Development : Business or government activity that is purposely
designed to stimulate invention and innovation
• Headquarters : (usually plural) the office that serves as the administrative center of an
enterprise
• Market : the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold.

ACT OF GOD A term usually used in insurance to denote risks and dangers arising out of natural
causes that are beyond human control.
ADJOURNMENT Postponement of a court session until another time or place.
AGENDA A program listing items of business to be transacted in a meeting.
AMALGAMATION The coming together of two or more previously autonomous businesses into
a single undertaking.
ANNUAL RETURN A statutory document filed by every company annually with the Registrar of
Companies, stating the particulars such as status, names of directors, shareholders, indebtness
etc. of the company.

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APPEAL Appeal is a process by which the correctness of the decision of a lower court or tribunal
is questioned in a higher court.
ASSET Anything to which money value can be attached, owned by a business or individual.
BALANCE SHEET The financial statement generally prepared at the end of a period usually the
financial year showing the assets, liabilities and net worth of an organisation.
BANKRUPTCY A legal condition where a person or a business in which liabilities exceed the
assets and the debtor is unable to repay amounts owed.
CAVEAT EMPTOR A legal doctrine literally meaning ‘let the buyer beware’
DEED A legal document in writing, signed, sealed and delivered by the person making the deed.
DEMATERIALISATION Conversion of debentures from electronic form.
DISSOLUTION The legal end of a marriage, also called a divorce.
DIVIDEND A return on investment on securities such as shares dependent on the profitability
of the company
GOODWILL An intangible saleable asset, such as reputation or location of a business, which
makes the business worth more than its book value.
INSIDER TRADING Trading in a company’s shares by a person connected with and having access
to its sensitive, unpublished and confidential information.
LIBEL Defamatory material in recorded form as opposed from slander which is oral. The victim
may file a suit for damages.
MCA Ministry of Corporate Affairs.
NABARD National Bank for Agricultural & Rural Development.
NASDAQ National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotations.
PATENT A right or privilege granted by law to an inventor also called a patentee, to enjoy the
fruits of his invention for a specified period.
QUORUM The minimum number of members required to be present in order to transact
business at a meeting.
SCAM A fraudulent activity where usually small sums of money is obtained from a large number
of persons, so that the activity is not detected.
TAKEOVER The acquisition of control of a company by another company achieved by the
purchase of the majority of its shares.
TRADEMARK A distinctive mark or sign or symbol protected by law and placed on goods to
identify the manufacturer.
TRESPASS To enter someone’s land or property without their permission. It is an offence which
is punishable in law.

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WINDOW DRESSING A manoeuvre engaged in by companies, banks, mutual funds etc., at the
end of the accounting period in order to impress stock holders who will be receiving the report
showing that funds are better managed and invested than what might have been drawn up.

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 Logical
Reasoning
Chalisa
(As Per ICSI NEW Modules)
Prof Abhijeet Jaiswal
 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

LOGICAL SEQUENCE TEST 4) Arrange the following words in a logical

Tip - arrange these words in a meaningful sequence.
order (age, size and need etc) 1. Grass
2. Curd
Practice Questions 3. Milk
1) Arrange the following words in a 4. Cow
meaningful order 5. Butter
1. Death
2. Marriage A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3. Education B. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1
4. Birth C. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5
5. Funeral D. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1

A. 5, 1, 2, 3, 4 5) Arrange the words given below in a

B. 4, 2, 3, 1, 5 meaningful sequence
C. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 1. Key
D. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 2. Door
3. Lock
2) Arrange the words given below in a 4. Room
meaningful sequence. 5. Switch on
1. Police
2. Punishment A. 5, 1, 2, 4, 3
3. Crime B. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
4. Judge C. 1, 3, 2, 4, 5
5. Judgment D. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4

A. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5 6) Arrange the words given below in a

B. 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 meaningful sequence
C. 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 1. Word
D. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 2. Paragraph
3. Sentence
4. Letters
3) Arrange the following words in a 5. Phrase
meaningful order
1. Rainbow A. 4, 1, 5, 2, 3
2. Rain B. 4, 1, 3, 5, 2
3. Sun C. 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
4. Happy D. 4, 1, 5, 3, 2
5. Child
7) Arrange the words given below in a
A. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1 meaningful sequence.
B. 2, 3, 1, 5, 4 1. Family
C. 4, 5, 1, 2, 3 2. Community
D. 2, 1, 4, 5, 3 3. Member
4. Locality
5. Country

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

A. 3, 1, 2, 4, 5
B. 3, 1, 2, 5, 4
C. 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
D. 3, 1, 4, 5, 2

8) Arrange the words given below in a

meaningful sequence
1. Poverty
2. Population
3. Death
4. Unemployment
5. Disease

A. 2, 3, 4, 5, 1
B. 3, 4, 2, 5, 1
C. 2, 4, 1, 5, 3
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

CODING AND DECODING. Alphabet / Letter coding

✓ Coding is a system of signals.

✓ This is a method of transmitting
information in the form of codes or signals
without it being known by a third person. Eg. In a certain code, if OR is coded as PS and
✓ The person who transmits the code or AT is coded as BU then END is coded as:
signal, is called the sender and the person (a) OFE
who receives it, is called the receiver. (b) EX
Transmitted codes or signals are decoded (c) FOE
on the other side by the receiver—this is (d) OEF
known as decoding.
✓ In questions on coding-decoding, a word
(basic word) is coded in a particular way
and the candidates are asked to code other 1) If in a certain language MYSTIFY is coded
word in the same way. The coding and as NZTUJGZ, how is NEMESIS coded in that
decoding tests are set up to judge the language?
candidate’s ability to decipher the rule that (a) MDLHRDR
has been followed to code a particular (b) OFNFTJT
word/message and break the code to (c) ODNHTDR
decipher the message (d) PGOKUGU.

Keep in mind: 2) 2. If TAP is coded as SZO, then how is

(1) Observe alphabets or numbers given in FREEZE coded?
the code keenly. (a) EQDFYG
(2) Find the sequence it follows whether it (b) ESDFYF
is ascending or descending. (it can be (c) GQFDYF
square, cube series etc) (d) EQDDYD
(3) Detect the rule in which the
alphabets/numbers/words follow. 3) In a certain code SIKKIM is written as
(4) Fill the appropriate THLJJL. How is TRAINING written in that
letter/number/word in the blank given. code?
(a) SQBHOHOH
Trick to remember: (b) UQBHOHOF
From Left to Right (forward)—EJOTY (c) UQBJOHHO
(d) UQBJOHOH
From Right to Left (backward)—BGLQV
4) In a certain code, MENTION is written as
LNEITNO. How is PATTERN written in that
code?

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(a) APTTREM 10)In a certain code FORGE is written as

(b) PTAETNR FPTJI. How is CULPRIT written in that
(c) OTAETNR code?
(d) OTAETRN. (a) CSJNPGR
(b) CVMQSTU
5) If in a certain code, COULD is written as (c) CVNSVNZ
BNTKC and MARGIN is written as (d) CXOSULN
LZQFHM, how will MOULDING be written
in that code?
(a) CHMFINTK 11)In a certain code, COMPUTER is written as
(b) LNKTCHMF RFUVQNPC. How is MEDICINE written in
(c) LNTKCHMF the same code?
(d) NITKHCMF (a) MFEDJJOE
(b) EOJDEJFM
6) In a certain code, MONKEY is written as (c) MFEJDJOE
XDJMNL. How is TIGER written in that (d) EOJDJEFM
code?
(a) QDFHS 12)In a certain code SURAJ is coded as 25 and
(b) SDFHS PRAVEEN is coded as 49, then how to code
(c) SHFDQ ABHIJEET?
(d) UJHFS. (a) 72
(b) 89
7) If CIGARETTE is coded as GICERAETT, (c) 64
then DIRECTION will be coded as (d) 36
(a) RIDTCENOI
(b) NORTECDII 13)In a certain code ,'il be pee' means 'roses
(c) NOIETCRID are blue','sik hee' means 'red flowers' and
(d) IRDCTIONE 'pee mit hee' means 'flowers are
vegetables', How is 'red' written in that
8) In a certain code language CREATIVE is code?
written as BDSBFUJS. How is TRIANGLE
written in that code?
(a) BSHSFHKM
(b) BHSSMHHF
(c) BSSHFMKH
(d) BHSSFKHM

9) If BEAUTY is coded as “DHEZZF”, then how

(a) hee
will “FLOWER” be written in that
(b) sik
language?
(c) be
(a) HSOBYK
(d) cannot be determined
(b) HBOSKY
(e) none
(c) HOSBKY
(d) SBKYOH

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

14)If rain is called water, water is called air, (b) 50

air is called cloud, cloud is called sky, sky (c) 54
is called sea, sea is called road, where do (d) 55
the aeroplanes fly?
(a) Water 3. If in a certain code, BEAUTIFUL is coded as
(b) Road 573041208, BUTTER as 504479, how is
(c) Sea FUTURE coded in that code?
(d) Cloud (a) 201497
(b) 204097
15)In a certain code language $#* means (c) 704092
‘Shirt is clean’, @ D# means ‘Clean and (d) 204079
neat’ and @ ? means ‘neat boy’, then what
is the code for ‘and’ in that language 4. In a certain code, 5 is coded as Z, 7 as E, 2
(a) # as S, 9 as T, and 4 as W. How is 977452
(b) D coded in that code
(c) @ (a) SEEWZT
(d) Data inadequate (b) TEEWZS
(c) ZEEWST
(d) WEEZST.
16)In a certain code language the word money
is coded as NOPQOPFGZA. How is the 5. In a certain language, if A is coded as 1, B is
word BAT be coded in that language? coded as 2, and so on, how is STAR coded
(a) CBDUCV in that language?
(b) CCUVB0 (a) 1810291
(c) CDVBCU (b) 9120118
(d) CDBCUV (c) 1920118
(d) 1920811.

Number Coding 6. In a certain code language, QUEUE is

written as Q 22, and CHURCH is written as
Eg (1) Apple is coded as 25563, Rung is coded 1UR 1. Which of the following would be
as 7148. Then purple is coded as most appropriate code for BANANA in that
language?
Eg (2)In a language A is coded as 1, B is coded (a) B5A5
as 2, then FACE is coded as (b) 5N5A
(c) B55A
1. If PAINT is coded as 74128 and EXCEL is (d) BA5A5A.
coded as 93596, then how would you code
ACCEPT? 7. If PERFECT is coded as “116” then how will
(a) 455978 COMPACT be written in that code?
(b) 547978 (a) 85
(c) 554978 (b) 111
(d) 735961. (c) 98
(d) 118
2. If D = 4 and COVER = 63, then BASIS = ?
(a) 49

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

Sequence and Series

Number series 5) Perfect Cube Series
Example:512, 729, 1000,?
In this category of questions, a series of Sol:83, 93, 103, 113
various numbers is given with a blank. We are
supposed to find out a pattern between every 6) Geometric Series
number and its predecessor and find out the Example:4, 36, 324, 2916?
answer using the same logic. Sol:4 x 9 = 36, 36 x 9 = 324, 324 x 9 = 2916,
2916 x 9 = 26244.
Tips:
✓ observe the difference between 7) Arithmetic Series
o constant difference→ it’s a constant Example: 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34
difference series Example: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15.....
o difference is decreasing→ difference is Sol:3 - 1 = 2, 6 - 3 = 3, 10 - 6 = 4, 15 - 10 = 5....
decreasing or increasing by a constant
number, then it is a series of decreasing 8) Twin/Alternate Series
difference or an increasing difference Example: 3, 4, 8, 10, 13, 16 ? ?
✓ try dividing the 2nd term with the first, Sol: As we can see, there are two series formed
third with the second and so on. Series 1: 3, 8, 13 with a common difference of
✓ try writing each term as a product of two 5
factors and try to see if there is any pattern Series 2: 4, 10, 16 with a common difference of
✓ try to look for square/ cube series. 6
So, next two terms of the series should be 18
Most common patterns followed by number & 22 respectively.
series are:
Practice questions
1. Series with a constant difference→ any 2 1) 3, 4, 12, 48, .........., 27648
consecutive numbers have the same (a) 488
difference between them. (b) 576
Eg: : 1, 5, 9, 13, ? (c) 492
(d) 528
2. Series with an increasing difference → the
difference between two consecutive terms 2) 19, 2, 38, 3, 114, 4, ..........
keep on increasing as we move forward in a (a) 228
series (b) 256
Eg: 1,2,4,7,11,16,? (c) 352
(d) 456.
3. Series with a decreasing difference →
difference between two consecutive terms 3) 95, 115.5, 138, .........., 189
keep on decreasing as we move forward in a (a) 154.5
series (b) 162.5
Eg: 16,11,7,4,2, ? (c) 164.5
4) Series consisting of Perfect Squares (d) 166.5.
Example:324, 361, 400, 441,?
Sol: 324 = 182 , 361 = 192, 400 = 202, 441 = 4) 11, 22, 35, 50, .........., 86
212, 484 = 222 (a) 80

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

(b) 67 (d) 24
(c) 68
(d) 70.
Alphabet Test
5) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, .......... ✓ also called Alphabetical Order.
(a) 35
(b) 36 Trick to remember:
(c) 48
(d) 49. From Left to Right (forward)—EJOTY

6) 20, 19, 17, .........., 10, 5

(a) 12 E J O T Y
(b) 13
(c) 14 5 10 15 20 25
(d) 15.

7) 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, .........., 17
(a) 12 From Right to Left (backward)—BGLQV
(b) 13
(c) 14 B G L Q V
(d) 15.

8) 1, 5, 15, 19, 57, ........... 25 20 15 10 5

(a) 65
(b) 59
(c) 63
(d) 61.

9) 2, 5, 9, 19, 37, ..........

(a) 76
(b) 75
(c) 74
(d) 72.

10) 345, 534, 264, 804, ..........

(a) 552
(b) 662
(c) 442
(d) 384.

11) Completing the given series: Which

number would replace the question mark in
the series 7,12,19,?, 39
(a) 29
(b) 28
(c) 26

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

Questions Asked in Alphabetical Order

1. Series of alphabets Eg 2) How many letters are there in between
Q. Which of the following options is fifth to the the 7th letter from the left and 8th from right
left of the 11th letter from the left in a forward in the English Alphabets?
series of the alphabet? A. 8
1. H B. 9
2. F C. 10
3. I D. 11
4. E
Eg 3) Which is the 11th letter to the left of the
2. Problems related to letter gap 4th letter from the right when you write the
Q. In the word ‘CHAIRS’, how many pairs of the English alphabets in backward order?
letters have the same number of letters A. P
between them in the word as in alphabet? B. Q
1. 1 C. O
2. 3 D. N
3. 4
4. 2 4) Which of the following options is 10th to
the right of the 11th letter from the left in a
3. Problems related to word formation forward series of the alphabet?
Q. If the name of a game is formed by A. T
rearranging the letters of the word B. U
MODBANTIN, than what will be the first and C. A
the last letter of the name? D. B
1. A, T
2. N, D 5) Which letter will come exactly between the
3. B, N tenth letter from your left and the seventh
4. B, T letter from your right. Without changing any
order in the original from the alphabet?
4. Words in the alphabetical order A. N
Q. Arrange the question based on the initial B. P
letter of the word given in the alphabetical C. O
order. D. Q
1. Fame
2. Shame 6) SCD, TEF, UGH, ____, WKL
3. Name A. CMN
4. Came B. UJI
C. VIJ
D. IJT
Eg 1) How many meaning words can be
formed using the first, fourth, seventh, and
eleventh letter of the word ‘SUPERFLUOUS’? 7) FAG, GAF, HAI, IAH, ____
A. 1 A. JAK
B. 2 B. HAL
C. 3 C. HAK
D. 4 D. JAI

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

8) .........., E, G, J, N
A) A
B) B
C) D
D) Z
E) None of The Above

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

Alpha Numeric Sequence Puzzle Practice

Study the following arrangement carefully
and answer the question given below –
6R0T4A8%BF1E#W@9HI$MN*3
2V$5GP7Q
1) How many such consonants are there in
the above arrangement, each of which is
✓ Alphanumeric sequence is a sequence immediately preceded by a consonant and
which consists of both alphabets and immediately followed by a number?
numbers. In this sequence, we can also add a) None
some symbols along with alphabets and b) One
numbers. c) Two
Eg: A $ E R 9 * T 5 F 6 @ D 8 d) Three

✓ Questions regarding this chapter can come 6ROT4A8%BF1E#W@9HI$MN*3

in this way –
a. Which element is nth from the left of the 2V$5GP7Q

sequence? 2) How many such vowels are there in the

above arrangement, each of which is
b. Which element is nth from the right of immediately preceded by a letter but
the sequence? immediately not followed by a symbol?
a) None
c. Which element is nth to the right of nth
b) One
from the left of the sequence?
c) Two
d. Which element is nth to the left of nth
d) Three
from the left of the sequence?
3) In the given alphabetical series which
e. Which element is nth to the right of nth alphabet is 3rd to the right of 15th
from the right of the sequence? alphabet form the left?
A K U F F I R Z X D W Q M
f. Which element is nth to the left of nth
O P S A G C
from the right of the sequence?
(a) D
g. A precedes B
(b) W
h. B is preceded by A
(c) G
i. B follows A
(d) Q
j. A is followed by B
4) 4 in the given sequence of alphabet is 3rd
to the left of 4th alphabet from the
rightmost end?
A B D F G H K L M R I F

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

(a) K
(b) F
(c) G
(d) H
M3R#AP49@KD1UH5$2N$WEQ6
TV7*8BX
5) 6. Which of the following elements is the
fourth to the right of 12th from right end?
(a) 9
(b) 6
(c) 5
(d) $
M3R#AP49@KD1UH5$2N$WEQ6
TV7*8BX
6) 7. What will come next in the following
sequence - MRP,9KU,52W?
(a) QT7
(b) 6V8
(c) QT*
(d) QV7

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

ANALOGY (B) 38
(C) 11
(D) 37

6. Sailor: Ship :: Lawyer: ?

(A) Legal
(B) Law
(C) Court
(D) Ruling

6) Pulp: Paper
(a) Rope : Hamp
(b) Rayon : Cellulose
Analogy means similarity.
(c) Thread : needle
In this type of questions, two objects related in
(d) Yarn : fabric
some way are given and third object is also
given with four or five alternatives. You have
7) Radio: Listener :: Film: ?
to find out which one of the alternatives bears
(A) Producer
the same relation with the third objects as first
(B) Actor
and second objects are related
(C) Viewer
(D) Director
1) Curd : Milk :: Shoe : ?
(A) Leather
8) Praveen Sir: God of Law :: Suraj Sir: ??
(B) Cloth
(A) God of Tax
(C) Jute
(B) God of Law
(D) Silver
(C) God of Communication
(D) Cute
2) Calf : Piglet :: Shed : ?
(A) Prison
9) Cup is to coffee as bowl is to
(B) Nest
(A) dish
(C) Pigsty
(B) soup
(D) Den
(C) spoon
(D) food
3) Malaria : Mosquito :: ? : ?
(A) Poison : Death
10) 64:24::38:?
(B) Cholera : Water
(a) 32
(C) Rat : Plague
(b) 24
(D) Medicine : Disease
(c) 42
(d) 28
4) ABC : ZYX :: CBA : ?
(A) XYZ
11)Husband : father in law :: Wife:?
(B) BCA
(a) Nephew
(C) YZX
(b) Mother in law
(D) ZXY
(c) Grand Father
5) 4 : 18 :: 6 : ?
(d) Father
(A) 32

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 CSCARTINDIA One Stop Solution for CS Students

BLOOD RELATIONS

Remember !!
Relations of Paternal side:
1. Father's father ? Grandfather
2. Father's mother ? Grandmother
3. Father's brother ? Uncle
4. Father's sister ? Aunt
5. Children of uncle ? Cousin
6. Wife of uncle ? Aunt
7. Children of aunt ? Cousin
8. Husband of aunt ? Uncle

Relations of Maternal side

1. Mother's father ? Maternal grandfather
2. Mother's mother? Maternal grandmother
3. Mother's brother Maternal uncle
4. Mother's sister ? Aunt
5. Children of maternal uncle ? Cousin
6. Wife of maternal uncle ? Maternal aunt

Relations from one generation to next

Relation with respect to Siblings :
1. Male sibling – Brother
2. Female Sibling – Sister
3. Brother’s wife – Sister-in-law
4. Sister’s husband – Brother-in-law
5. Brother’s / Sister’s Son – Nephew
6. Brother’s / Sister’s Daughter - Niece

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Practice : between them. The women replied, “My

maternal uncle and the uncle of his
1) A man pointing to a photograph says, “The maternal uncle is the same.” How is the
lady in the photograph is my nephew’s lady related with that boy?
maternal grandmother.” How is the lady in a) Mother and Son
the photograph related to the man’s sister b) Aunt and Nephew
who has no other sister? c) Grandmother and Grandson
a) Mother d) None of these
b) Cousin
c) Mother–in–law 7) A man said to a lady, “Your mother’s
d) Sister–in–law husband’s sister is my aunt.” How is the
lady related to the man?
2) A woman introduces a man as the son of a) Grand daughter
the brother of her mother. How is the man b) Mother
related to the woman? c) Daughter
a) Son d) Sister
b) Nephew
c) Grandson 8) If X is the brother of the son of Y’s son, how
d) cousin is X related to Y?
a) Son
3) Prasanna said, “This girl is the wife of the b) Cousin
grandson of my mother.” Who is Prasanna c) Grandson
to the girl? d) Brother
a) Husband
b) Father
c) Father–in–law 9) A's son B is married with C whose sister D
d) Grandfather is married to E the brother of B. How D is
related to A?
4) If Arun says, “Vimal’s mother is the only a) Sister
daughter of my mother”, how is Arun b) Daughter's-in-law
related to Vimal? c) Sister-in-law
a) Father d) Cousin
b) Brother
c) Grandfather
d) None of these 10)In the question given below some
instructions are given, followed by a
5) Pointing to a man in a photograph. Asha question, Read the instructions and
said. “His mother’s only daughter is my answer the question given below:
mother”. How is Asha related to that man? A + B means, A is the father of B
a) Wife A x B means, A is the sister of B
b) Sister A & B means, A is the brother of B
c) Niece A % B means, A is the mother of B
d) Nephew Which of the given options can be
concluded from the given statements?
6) A woman going with a boy is asked by F x B, B + C and D % C
another woman about the relationship a) F is the sister in law of D

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b) F is the sister of D
c) B is the wife of D
d) B is the father of D

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Logical Venn Diagram Example 4

The main aim of this section is to test your If there is some relation between two items
ability about the relation between some items and these two items are completely related to
of a group by diagrams a third item they will be shown as given below.
Women, Sisters, Mothers
Example 1
If all the words are of different groups, then
they will be shown by the diagram as given
below.
Dog, Cow, Horse

Example 5 Two items are related to a third

item to some extent but not completely and
first two items totally different.
Example 2 Students, Boys, Girls
If the first word is related to second word and
second word is related to third word.
Then they will be shown by diagram as given
below.
Unit, Tens, Hundreds

Example 6
All the three items are related to one another
but to some extent not completely.
Boys, Students, Athletes

Example 3
If two different items are completely related
to third item, they will be shown as below.
Pen, Pencil, Stationery
Example 7
Two items are related to each other
completely and third item is entirely different
from first two.
Lions, Carnivorous, Cows

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2. Which of the following diagrams correctly

shows the relationship between potato, food,
and vegetables?

Example 8
First item is completely related to second and
third item is partially related to first and
second item.
Dogs, Animals, Flesh-eaters

3. Which of the following diagrams correctly

shows the relationship between tea, coffee,
and beverages?

Example 9
First item is partially related to second but
third is entirely different from the first two.
Dogs, Flesh-eaters, Cows

Practice 4. Which of the following diagrams correctly

1. Which of the following diagrams correctly shows the relationship between boys,
represents lions, elephants, and animals? athletes, and students?

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5. Select the diagram which correctly 8. Which of the following diagrams indicates
illustrates the relationship between a thief, the best relation between Women, Mothers
criminal and judge and Engineers?

6. Which of the following diagrams indicates

the best relation between Travelers, Train and
Bus?

9. Which of the following diagrams indicates

the best relation between Teacher, Men and
Women?

7. Which of the following diagrams indicates

the best relation between Profit, Dividend and
Bonus ?

10. Which of the following diagrams indicates

the best relation between Sweets, Rasagulla
and Apple ?

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SYLLOGISM
Syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning
where you arrive at a specific conclusion by
examining two other premises or ideas.
Syllogism derives from the Greek word
syllogisms, meaning conclusion or inference
1. Statements : Some actors are singers. All
the singers are dancers.
Conclusions:
1. Some actors are dancers.
2. No singer is actor.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
2. Statements : All the harmoniums are
instruments. All the instruments are flutes.
Conclusions:
1. All the flutes are instruments.
2. All the harmoniums are flutes.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
3. Statements : Some mangoes are yellow.
Some tamarind are mangoes.
Conclusions:
1. Some mangoes are green.
2. tamarind is a yellow
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
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4. Statements : Some ants are parrots. All the
parrots are apples.
Conclusions :
1. All the apples are parrots.
2. Some ants are apples
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
5. Statements : Some papers are pens. All the
pencils are pens.
Conclusions :
1. Some pens are pencils.
2. Some pens are papers.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
6. Statements: All the actors are girls. All the
girls are beautiful.
Conclusions:
1. All the actors are beautiful.
2. Some girls are actors.
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
7. Statements: All the windows are doors. No
door is a wall..
Conclusions:
1. Some windows are walls.
2. No wall is a door
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow
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8. Statements: All cups are books. All books

are shirts.
Conclusions:
1. Some cups are not shirts.
2. Some shirts are cups
A. Only (1) conclusion follows
B. Only (2) conclusion follows
C. Either (1) or (2) follows
D. Neither (1) nor (2) follows
E. Both (1) and (2) follow

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Classification
5. Four of the following five are alike in a
certain way and so form a group. Which is
the one that does not belong to that group?
(A) Morarji Desai
(B) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(C) R. Vekataraman
(D) Rajiv Gandhi
(E) P. V. Narasimha Rao

6. Four of the following five are alike in a

certain way and so form a group. Which is
the one that does not belong to that group?
Classification means to ‘assort the items of a
(A) Nagpur
given group on the basis of a certain common
(B) Pune
quality they possess and spot the odd one out.
(C) Hyderabad
(D) Chennai
1. Choose the odd one
(E) Uttar Pradesh
a) Horse
b) lion
7. Four of the following five are alike in a
c) giraffe
certain way and so form a group. Which is
d) cheetah
the one that does not belong to that group?
e) Panda
(A) Lima
(B) Wellington
2. Choose the odd one
(C) Cairo
(a) 1728
(D) Cuba
(b) 64
(E) Kingston
(c) 1331
(d) 343
8. Four of the following five are alike in a
(e) 441
certain way and so form a group. Which is
the one that does not belong to that group
3. Choose the odd one
?
(a) Iron
(1) Groundnut
(b) mercury
(2) Cumin
(c) Copper
(3) Cinnamon
(d) zinc
(4) Pepper
(e) aluminum
(5) Clove
4. Four of the following five are alike in a
9. Four of the following five are alike in a
certain way and so form a group. Which is
certain way and so form a group. Which is
the one that does not belong to that group?
the one that does not belong to that group
(A) Badminton
?
(B) Table Tennis
(1) Butterfly
(C) Lawn Tennis
(2) Crow
(D) Hockey
(3) Pigeon
(E) Rugby
(4) Parrot

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(5) Peacock

10. Four of the following five are alike in a

certain way and so form a group. Which is
the one that does not belong to that group
?
(1) Pelvis
(2) Fibula
(3) Vertebra
(4) Skull
(5) Appendix

11. Four of the following five are alike in a

certain way and so form a group. Which is
the one that does not belong to that group
?
(1) Snake
(2) Frog
(3) Rat
(4) Mongoose
(5) Tortoise

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Completion of Incomplete Pattern

Tip : approach the Question according 3. Select a figure from the four alternatives,
to the Sequence of the given pattern which can be placed in the blank space of fig.
(x).

TYPES OF QUESTIONS
1. Finding the missing figure
2. The movement of the figure in clockwise
and anticlockwise in 90-degree pattern or any
movement According to degree

1. Complete the given Figure

4. Select a figure from the four alternatives,

which can be placed in the blank space of fig.
(x).

2. Select a figure from the four alternatives,

which can be placed in the blank space of
fig. (x).

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5. Select a figure from the four alternatives,
which can be placed in the blank space of fig.
(x).
6. Select a figure from the four alternatives,
which can be placed in the blank space of fig.
(x).
7. Select a figure from the four alternatives,
which can be placed in the blank space of fig.
(x).
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Figure Matrix
✓ There are rows and columns in the matrix.
✓ Horizontal line is called row while the
vertical line is called column.
✓ There is a certain relation between the
elements of rows and columns.
✓ In this type of questions, a matrix is given
in which one space is left blank or denoted
by a question make.
✓ The candidate has to find out which
answer figure will be replaced by the
question mark
1. Select a suitable figure from the four
alternatives that would complete the figure
matrix.
2. Select a suitable figure from the four
alternatives that would complete the
figure matrix.
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figure matrix

5. Select a suitable figure from the four

alternatives that would complete the figure
3. Select a suitable figure from the four matrix.
alternatives that would complete the figure
matrix

6. Select a suitable figure from the four

alternatives that would complete the figure
matrix

4 Select a suitable figure from the four 7. Select a suitable figure from the four
alternatives that would complete the alternatives that would complete the figure
matrix

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Select a suitable figure from the four

alternatives that would complete the figure
matrix

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TOPIC→ CLOCK CONCEPTS ✓ In 1 hour, Minute hand traverses 60

minute space or 3600 , Hour hand
traverses 5 minute space or 300
✓ The hands of the clock are
perpendicular in 15 minute spaces
apart
✓ The hands of the clock are in straight
line and opposite to each other in 30
minute spaces apart.
✓ The hands of the clock are in straight
line when they coincide or opposite to
MINUTES HAND HOURS SECONDS
each other.
HAND HAND
Dial =360o ✓ The hands of the clock are
Dial = 12 1l = 360o perpendicular to each other for 22
60l(Min)=360o Hrs times in 12 hours and for 44 times in a
12hrs = 360o 60ll = 360o day.
1 l = 360/60 = 6o
1Hr 1ll = 360/60
✓ The hands of the clock are opposite to
1l= 6o =360/12 = 6o each other for 11 times in 12 hours and
= 30o 22 times in a day.
eg 1ll = 6o ✓ The hands of the clock coincides with
10l = 60o 1hr|60l = 30
o
each other for 11 times in 12 hours and
22 times per day
Note: ✓ The hands of the clock are 44 times in
(Minutes hand 1 1 l = 30/60 = Minute is a straight line per day
minute me 6 0.5o denoted as l ✓ The minute hand gain 55 minutes over
degrees move
hour hand per hour.
karta hai) Second is
denoted as ll ✓ Hence x minute space to be gained by
(Hours hand minute hand over hour hand can be
1 minute me calculated as x.(60/55) or x.(12/11)
0.5 degrees
move karta Important Formula and Equations
hai)
1. Minute Spaces : The face or dial of watch is
a circle whose circumference is divided into
Clock Concepts 60 equal parts, called minute spaces.
✓ The dial of the clock is circular in shape 2. Hour Hand and Minute Hand : A clock has
and was divided into 60 equal minute two hands, the smaller one is called the hour
spaces hand or short hand while the larger one is
✓ 60 minute spaces traces an angle of called minute hand or long hand.
3600. Therefore, 1minute space
traverses an angle of 60 ✓ In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55
minutes on the hour on the hour hand.

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✓ In every hour, both the hands coincide Eg) Angle between both hands of clock at
once. 1:20pm
✓ The hands are in the same straight line
when they are coincident or opposite to
each other.
✓ When the two hands are at right angles,
they are 15 minute spaces apart.
✓ When the hands are in opposite directions,
PRACTICE
they are 30 minute spaces apart.
✓ Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360° 1. What is the angle between the two hands
Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min. = of a clock when the time shown by the clock
360°.
✓ If a watch or a clock indicates 8.15, when is 6.30 PM?
the correct time is 8, it is said to be 15 (a) 00
minutes too fast. (b) 50
✓ On the other hand, if it indicates 7.45, (c) 30
when the correct time is 8, it is said to be (d) 150
15 minutes too slow
2. At what time between 3 and 4 o’clock
will the minute hand and the hour hand are
ANGLE BETWEEN HANDS
on the same straight line but facing
X = 11/2 minutes - 30xhours
opposite directions.
Eg) Angle between both hands of clock at (a) 3:49
5:30pm
(b) 3:15
(c) 3:39 1/11
(d) 3:49 1/11

3. By how many degrees does the minute

hand move in the same time, in which the
hour hand move by 280?
(a) 168

Eg) Angle between both hands of clock at (b) 336

2:40pm (c) 196
(d) 376

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4. At what time, between 3 o’clock and 4
o’clock, both the hour hand and minute
hand coincide each other?
(a) 3:30
(b) 3:16 4/11
(c) 3:1611/4
(d) 3:16 7/11
5. How many degrees will the minute hand
move, in the same time in which the second
hand move 4800?
(a) 60
(b) 90
(c) 40
(d) 80
Calendar Concept
# The time in which the earth travels round
the sun is a solar year and is equal to 365 days
5 hrs. 48 minutes and 47 1/2 seconds
# Year is 365.2422 days approximately.
# The common year consists of 365 days.
# The difference between a common year and
a solar year is therefore 0.2422 of a day and
we consider it by adding a whole day to every
fourth year.
# Consequently in every 4th year there are
366 days.
# The years which have the extra day are
called leap years. The day is inserted at the
end of February, The difference between 4
common years and 4 solar years is 0.969 of a
day.
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# If therefore, we add a whole day to every 4th
year, we add too much by 0.0312 of a day. To
take account of this, we omit the extra day
three times every 400 years,
# The thing is to ensure that each season may
fall at the same time of the year in all years.
# In course of time, without these corrections,
we should have winter in July and summer in
January also
A leap year contains 2 odd days.
100 year = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years.
= 76 odd days + 48 odd days
= 124 odd days = 17 weeks + 5 days.
(in the consideration of weeks) Therefore,
100 years contain 5 odd days.
200 years contains 3 odd days.
300 years contain 1 odd days
• Therefore, 400 years contain 21 days. Here
400 years contain no odd days.
• As First January 1 AD was Monday. One must
count days from Sunday i.e. Sunday for 0 odd
days, Monday for 1 odd day, and Tuesday for
2 odd days and so on.
• Last day of a century cannot be either
Tuesday. Thursday or Saturday.
• The first day of a century must either be
Monday. Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday.
Days of week
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(1) Monday
(2) Thursday
(3) Sunday
(4) Tuesday

Concept of an Odd Day

If today is Thursday 28/04/2022 then what
will be the day after 17 days
If today is Sunday then what will be the day on
77777th day
Important Formula and Equations
✓ Odd Days : We are supposed to find the
day of the week on a given date. For this,
we use the concept of 'odd days'. In a given
period, the number of days more than the
complete weeks are called odd days.
✓ Leap Year: (i) Every year divisible by 4 is
a leap year, if it is not a century. (ii) Every
4th century is a leap year and no other
century is a leap year.
✓ Ordinary Year : The year which is not a
leap year is called an ordinary years. An
ordinary year has 365 days.
✓ Counting of Odd Days : 1 ordinary year =
365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day). 1 ordinary
year has 1 odd day
1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)
1 leap year has 2 odd days.

Example -1 How many times does the 29th 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years
days of the month occur in 400 consecutive
= (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.
years
= (17 weeks) = 5 odd days.
(1) 97 Times
✓ Number of odd days in 100 years = 5
(2) 4400 times
✓ Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x
(3) 4497 times 2)= 3 odd days.
✓ Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x
(4) None
3) = 1 odd day.
✓ Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x
4 + 1) = 0 odd day.
Example – 2 Given that on 10th November
✓ Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200
1981 is Tuesday, what was the day on 10th
years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0
November 1581
odd days.

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✓ Day of the Week Related to Odd Days (c) December

(Assuming that 1AD January 1st is a (d) None of these
Sunday):

6. I went to market on Sunday. My brother

Practice Questions Alex, went there two days before that and
1. How many years have 29 days in February my sister Reeta went to market 5 days
from 2001 to 2100? after my brother Alex has gone. Which day
(a) 26 of the week did Reeta went to market?
(b) 25 (a) Thursday
(c) 23 (b) Monday
(d) 24 (c) Tuesday
(d) Wednesday

2. 2012 January 1st is Sunday, then which

day is the Indian Independence Day of the
same year.
(a) Saturday
(b) Wednesday
(c) Thursday
(d) Friday
Sequence
3. Which year has the same calendar as 1) Rashmi is standing in a row of girls. If she
1700? is 19th from the right end and 11th from
(a) 1705 the left end, then how many girls are
(b) 1706 standing in the row?
(c) 1707 (a) 30
(d) 1708 (b) 22
(c) 29
(d) 38
4. If Arun’s birthday is on May 25 which is
Monday and his sister’s birthday is on July 2) In a row of students, Rashmi is standing at
13. Which day of the week is his sister’s twelfth from the front. Gaurav is standing
birthday? at thirty-fourth position from last. Balram
(a) Monday is standing at seventeenth position from
(b) Wednesday front, but he is NOT among the eight
(c) Thursday students standing between Rashmi and
(d) Friday Gaurav. How many students are there
between Gaurav and Balram?
(a) 17
5. March 1 is Wednesday. Which month of (b) 15
the same year starts with the same day? (c) 12
(a) October (d) 13
(b) November

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3) Read the information and answer the

question given below.
Five books of different subjects, Biology,
Zoology, Botany, English and Sociology are
placed on a table one above the other.
English book is below the Zoology book
but above the Sociology book neither of
the Zoology on Botany books is at top or
bottom. There are three books above the
Botany book.
How many book are there between
Sociology and English books?
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 0
(d) 2

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