Journal of Energy 2018 03 Separat 04

Journal
of Energy VOLUME 67 Number 3 | 2018 Special Issue
journal homepage: http://journalofenergy.com/
Streamlining
A. FOŠKULO *
Končar – Power Plant and Electric Traction
the Decision-
Engineering Inc.
Croatia
M. KOKORUŠ
entegra eyrich + appel gmbh
Germany
Making Process
on Tubular
Rigid Busbar
Selection During
the Planning /
Designing Stage
by Utilizing 3D
Substation BIM
Design Software
SUMMARY
For Utilities, each substation is regarded as an asset. Managing of assets is one of domains of Asset Management including Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
as a decision-making criterion. However, LCC as a decision-making criterion should be applied on an entire substation taking into account all of the
potential cost influences for the purpose of achieving of an effective substation management. Asset management as a decision-making process
should be observed within a larger context and should be more focused on risk management, as all real decisions include an element of risk due to
present uncertainties.
Two promising avenues are explored in regards to more comprehensive and rigorous up-front planning through usage of Information Technology
(IT). While up-front planning falls under the domain of Lean philosophy, Building Information Modeling (BIM) falls under the category of agile decision-
support tools. Utilization of both is explored from a perspective of design-uncertainties under both product and process design.
Standard specifications and standard designs are another form of applied Lean Philosophy that reduces design-uncertainty and variability. Howe-
ver, a range of technical solutions stemming out of the standardization can be quite wide. Customization involves specification and design of new /
innovative designs with wide range of technical solutions as well. Due to external pressures focused on shortening of the project delivery time, there
is a need for a faster project time throughput. This is reflected in the form of a requirement for more rapid engineering decision-making and faster
decision cycles.
Streamlining of a decision-making process related to the engineering is all about engineers’ awareness of the situation from the project level perspec-
tive coupled with utilization of decision-support tools for creation and reuse of knowledge. Plan – Do – Study – Orient (PDSO) cycle is a decision-
making model that supports creation and reusability of knowledge along with providing an explanation in regards to the time dimension relating to
decision-making, and as such is presented in this paper.
The rigid busbar system design is an iterative process influenced by many factors, defined either as design variables or design constraints. As rigid
busbars are gaining more popularity for both greenfield and brownfield investments, the rigid busbar system design is explored from a perspective of
decision-making streamlining. The case of the rigid busbar system design of El Chaparral project in El Salvador is given.
KEYWORDS
Lifecycle – Decision – Design – Standardization – Customization – Lean - Agility – Calculation – BIM - Busbar
A. Foškulo, M. Kokoruš, Streamlining the Decision-Making Process on Tubular Rigid Busbar Selection During the Planning / Designing Stage by Utilizing
20 3D Substation BIM Design Software, Journal of Energy, vol. 67 Number 3 (2018), Special Issue, p. 20–29
INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW
As forecasted in [1], the demand for electricity is expected to increase by
more than two-thirds between 2011 and 2035. Utilities are already under
pressure to extend the useful life of aging assets beyond their original DESIGN UNCERTAINTIES FROM PROCESS
expected life time [2]. As reported by [2], improvements regarding cost,
time and quality during the project delivery are required, thus leaving space PERSPECTIVE
for improvements for making right decisions and to deliver projects more As decision-making is an integral part of any design process [9], uncerta-
efficiently across an array of asset types. inty in the design process is referred to as design-uncertainty [15], which
For1. Utilities,
INTRODUCTIONeach substation is regarded as an asset. Managing of assets is will, if not addressed, ultimately lead to engineering reworks and project
a domain of Asset Management with Life Cycle Costing (LCC) as a decisi- delays [16]. According to [17], a general view is that uncertainty is the
As forecasted in [1], the demand for electricity is expected to increase by more than two-thirds
on-making criterion [3]. Doing so, the main goal is to minimize the total cost highest at the beginning and then it is reducing during time with generation
between 2011 and 2035. Utilities are already under pressure to extend the useful life of aging assets 2. LITERATURE
of relevant information REVIEW that is made available. Resolving of uncertainties
of a substation
beyond [4]. However,
their original expected life time LCC
[2]. Asas a decision-making
reported by [2], improvements criterion should
regarding beand
cost, time 2.1 DESIGN UNCERTAINTIES FROM PROCESS PERSPECTIVE
applied
quality duringonthe
anproject
entire substation
delivery taking
are required, thusinto account
leaving space forall of the potential
improvements for makingcostright
early in the project is highly advised [16]. In general, dealing with uncer-
decisions and to deliver
influences, projects more
as opposed efficiently
to its oftenacross an array ofon
application asset types.
substations individual tainties
As is labeled
decision-making is anas “Lean”
integral [18].
part of any Lean can be
design process [9],defined
uncertaintyasinan
the early projectis
design process
For Utilities, each substation is regarded as an asset. Managing of assets is a domain of Asset
components, with the purpose to achieve an effective substation manage- planning
referred to asprocess for elimination
design-uncertainty [15], whichofwill,
all ifnon-value added
not addressed, work
ultimately leadwhich is re-
to engineering
Management with Life Cycle Costing (LCC) as a decision-making criterion [3]. Doing so, the main reworks
garded as waste [19]. Delays, waiting, and misused resources arehighest
and project delays [16]. According to [17], a general view is that uncertainty is the just a at
ment
goal is to[5]. Thesetheadditional
minimize total cost ofcost influences
a substation are related
[4]. However, LCC asto land costs [5]criterion
a decision-making [6], the beginning and then it is reducing during time with generation of relevant information that is made
but also
should to costs
be applied for the
on an entire balance
substation of into
taking theaccount
plant allasofwell, representing
the potential steel as
cost influences,
few types of waste [20], and all of these can be translated directly
available. Resolving of uncertainties early in the project is highly advised [16]. In general, dealing to engi-
opposed to its often
structures, application
concrete on substations
elements, individual
transport andcomponents, with the
installation, purposeall
among to others
achieve an neering.
with LeanisProject
uncertainties labeled asDelivery
“Lean” [18]. System
Lean can (LPDS)
be definedisasaanframework comprising
early project planning process
effective substation management [5]. These additional cost influences are related to land costs [5] [6], for
fiveelimination
traditionalof allproject
non-value added work
phases which islinked
as triads regardedinassuch
waste a [19]. Delays, to
manner waiting,
enable and
[6]. Engineering should also be included as a cost into the system
but also to costs for the balance of the plant as well, representing steel structures, concrete elements,
and misused resources are just a few types of waste [20], and all of these can be translated directly to
equipment cost [6]. Theallsame cross-functional teams to be involved early in planning and design [21],
transport and installation, among others relates to renewal
[6]. Engineering costs
should also [7]. The
be included as afollowing
cost into the engineering. Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) is a framework comprising five traditional project
figureandrepresents a LCC basic and isasdepicted
phases triads linked oninFigure 2.
such a manner to enable cross-functional teams to be involved early in
system equipment cost [6]. The same structure for high
relates to renewal costsvoltage (HV) substations.
[7]. The following figure represents
planning and design [21], and is depicted on Figure 2.
a LCC basic structure for high voltage (HV) substations.
LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF HV SUBSTATIONS
DESIGN PRODUCT FABRICATION & ALTERATION &

PURPOSES COMMISSIONING
CONCEPTS DESIGN LOGISTICS DECOMMISSIONIN
G
COST OF ACQUISITION COST OF OWNERSHIP RENEWAL COST
OPERATIONS &
DESIGN PROCESS DETAILED INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE
SYSTEM, LAND BALANCE SYSTEM, BALANCE SYSTEM, BALANCE
CRITERIA DESIGN ENGINEERING
EQUIPMENT COSTS OF PLANT EQUIPMENT OF PLANT EQUIPMENT OF PLANT
Figure 1. Prime levels of the basic structure of the LCC assessment for HV substations [6]
Asset management, in general, as a decision-making process should be observed within a larger

Figure 1. Prime levels of the basic structure of the LCC assessment for HV PROJECT DEFINITION LEAN DESIGN LEAN SUPPLY LEAN ASSEMBLY USE
context and should be more focused on risk management [8]. According to [9], risk management is
substations
defined [6]
as “a decision-making to balance risk and risk mitigation”.
LEARNING LOOPS
All real decisions include an element of risk as all decisions are usually made under uncertainty [10].
Asset management,
Uncertainty in engineering can inbegeneral, as a asdecision-making
classified either process should
content-uncertainty (incompleteness, be
imprecision
observed
and vagueness) within
or as acontext-uncertainty
larger context and shouldinvalidity
(unreliability, be moreand focused on inrisk
instability) ma- to
regards Figure 2. Triads of the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) [22]
nagement
information [8]. [11].
quality According
In order totomake
[9], risk management
rational is defined
decisions, information needs as “afull,
to be decision-
current and
Figure 2. Triads of the Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS)with[22]engineering reworks and
reliable [12].toApart from advising improvements in decision making, improvement of the information Utilization of Concurrent Engineering (CE) is advised for dealing
making balance risk and risk mitigation”. uncertainty [16]. According to [20], CE is a systematic approach where integrated teams consider
flow is also advised. An effective information flow represents a basis for an effective decision-making
[13]. Utilization
more of Concurrent
relevant information Engineering
at the right (CE) is advised
time for decision-making [19]. for dealing with engi-
All Two
real defined
decisions promising avenues
include anare,element
according ofto [14],
risk the
asintroduction
all decisionsof morearecomprehensive
usually neering
Lean designreworks and due
phase is critical uncertainty [16].tools
to the following According to [20], CE is a systematic
and techniques:
and rigorous up-front planning, and enhancement of Information Technology (IT) capabilities.
made under uncertainty [10]. Uncertainty in engineering can
Section 2 of this paper represents a literature review section in which following topic are covered: be classifi- • Involve downstream players in upstream
approach where integrated teams consider more relevant decisions, to participate in key decisions [23];
information at
ed• either as content-uncertainty
Design-uncertainties (incompleteness,
from a process design perspective; imprecision and vagu- • Share incomplete information for each level of decision making [23], thus enabling CE;
the•right time for decision-making [19].
eness) or as context-uncertainty
• Design-uncertainties from a product design(unreliability,
perspective; invalidity and instability) in Selecting alternatives at the last responsible moment, thus reducing negative design iterations
• Pursuing optimization through utilization as an example of waste reduction [23], providing more time for exploring alternatives [22];
regards to information quality [11]. ofIndecision-support
order to make tools;rational decisions, Lean design phase is critical due to the following tools and techniques:
• Shifting early design decisions to a point where they can be made in the most efficient manner
• Decision-making
information needsmodels to befromfull,the lens of agility,
current and;
and reliable [12]. Apart from advising [23];
• Rigid busbar design process, variables and constraints.
improvements in decision making, • • Involve
Consider downstream
the influence ofplayers in upstream decisions, detailed
to participate in
literatureimprovement
review section isof the information flow is installation, logistics, procurement, engineering,
Inside section 3, a recapitulation of the presented before defining research key decisions [23];
also advised. Antheeffective information maintenance, and commissioning on design [23];
questions as a part of problem statement. Sectionflow represents
4 relates a basisoffor
to the presentation an effec-
up-front Building
• Reduce batch sizes of information between project participants, thus speeding up design
tive decision-making
Information Modeling (BIM) [13]. Twoasdefined
utilization a solution promising
of a problem. avenues are, according
A busbar system design example • Share incomplete
process allowing dividinginformation
of decision-makingfor each level
into several of decision
segments [23], thusmaking [23],
enabling CE;
from the recent
to [14], theproject El Chaparral
introduction of inmore
El Salvador is given and described
comprehensive inside Section
and rigorous 5 of this
up-front
paper, before setting forth a discussion relating to the busbar design example from a perspective of thus
all for the enabling
purpose CE; the final product under the Design for X (DFX) concept, where X
of designing
planning, and enhancement of Information Technology (IT) capabilities.
utilization of up-front BIM engineering inside Section 6. A conclusion is presented inside Section 7
marks an ability downstream in the supply chain [23], to achieve a time compression.
Early
• identification
Selecting ofalternatives
suppliers and at their involvement
the gives rise tomoment,
last responsible the conceptthus
of thereducing
Design for
relating to streamlining of decision-making process for the rigid busbar system design. Such a Procurability, as designs are to be made with the procurement in mind [23], as the procurement of
Sectioncan 2 beofgeneralized
this paper representsto other aparts
literature review section in sections
which of negative design
conclusion and applied of power substations as well. Last materials / equipment impacts iterations as an [24],
the detail engineering example
and it isof wasteelement
a critical reduction [23],
for the project
following
this paper are topic
related are
to thecovered:
presentation of recommendations and acknowledgements before outlining successproviding more
[25]. The design time for exploring
for Constructability alternatives
[23], focuses on the ease [22];
of installation [24], but also on
references. transportability [26]. The supply chain should be involved in the design, construction and in definition
• Design-uncertainties from a process design perspective; • client’s
of Shifting early design decisions to a point where they can be made in
requirements.
1 the most efficient manner [23];
• Design-uncertainties from a product design perspective; 2
• Pursuing optimization through utilization of decision-support tools; • Consider the influence of installation, logistics, procurement, detailed
engineering, maintenance, and commissioning on design [23];
• Decision-making models from the lens of agility, and;
• Reduce batch sizes of information between project participants, thus
• Rigid busbar design process, variables and constraints. speeding up design process allowing dividing of decision-making
into several segments [23], thus enabling CE;
Inside section 3, a recapitulation of the literature review section is presen-
ted before defining research questions as a part of the problem statement. all for the purpose of designing the final product under the Design for X
Section 4 relates to the presentation of up-front Building Information Mo- (DFX) concept, where X marks an ability downstream in the supply chain
deling (BIM) utilization as a solution of a problem. A busbar system design [23], to achieve a time compression.
example from the recent project El Chaparral in El Salvador is given and
described inside Section 5 of this paper, before setting forth a discussion Early identification of suppliers and their involvement gives rise to the con-
relating to the busbar design example from a perspective of utilization of cept of the Design for Procurability, as designs are to be made with the
up-front BIM engineering inside Section 6. A conclusion is presented in- procurement in mind [23], as the procurement of materials / equipment
side Section 7 relating to streamlining of decision-making process for the impacts the detail engineering [24], and it is a critical element for the pro-
rigid busbar system design. Such a conclusion can be generalized and ject success [25]. The design for Constructability [23], focuses on the
applied to other parts of power substations as well. Last sections of this ease of installation [24], but also on transportability [26]. The supply chain
paper are related to the presentation of recommendations and acknowled- should be involved in the design, construction and in definition of client’s
gements before outlining references. requirements.
Figure 3. depicts interrelationships among project requirements and it puts client’s
requirements with identified requirements stemming out from the supply chain and
construction into perspective.
Figure 3. depicts interrelationships among project requirements and it puts client’s requirements with
identified requirements stemming out from the supply chain and construction into perspective.
REGULATORY
PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
CLIENT CLIENT DESIGN CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION OPERATION /

DESIGN
„BODY“ REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS USE ETC.
re 3. depicts interrelationships among project requirements and it puts client’s requirements with
ified requirements stemming out from the supply chain and construction into perspective.
SITE /
REGULATORY
REQUIREMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
CLIENT CLIENT DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OPERATION /

BODY“ REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS
DESIGN MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
REQUIREMENTS PROJECT TEAMS
CONSTRUCTION (SUPPLY CHAIN)
USE ETC.
SITE /
ENVIRONMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS Figure 3. Interrelationships among
Figure 3. Interrelationships among project requirements [27]
project requirements [27]
as “at least 80% of substation projects can use predefined standardized
designs while
standardization 20%
reducing or fewer
variability will require
of potential some generally
design solutions, form ofenabling
customization”. Cu-
reductions in time
According to Figure 3., thePROJECT
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY designer needs
TEAMS to translate
(SUPPLY CHAIN) the “voice of the
stomized
cost [30].designs
However,are referred toitself as does
being notinnovative designs representing
According
client” to Figure
defined inside 3., the designer
client requirements successfully needs to translate
into the “voice
and
of variability
tomorrow
the “voice
of possible
standards
of the
standardization
technical client” defined
guarantee any
inside
significant
[29].solutions, as according to [31]; the range of possible technical
client
reduction in
the designer” that is aligned with project requirements [27]. In essence, solutions can be wide even with standard technical specifications, advising the generation of more
requirements
Figureare
decisions 3.to
successfully
Interrelationships
be made on whatamong
into
exactlyproject
the
represents
“voice
requirements
of
[27]
the
client’s requirements
designer”
thorough and that
The decision process is even
precise is aligned
specifications for minorwith
translation
project requirements
requirements.
of inputs (requirements and constra-
[27]. In essence, decisions are to be made on what exactly
(seen as a problem), and the representation of those requirements in desi- ints) into an
or 80-20 rule can represents
output (decisions) client’s
be applied on substations, as “at leastrequirements
[9]. To correlate withprojects
80% of substation Figure (seen
Customization is opposite to standardization [30]. In general, and according to [32], Pareto’s principle
can3.,
useall as a
project
predefined
gn terms (seen as the needs
solution) [27]. requirements
standardized designsare treated
while 20% oras inputs
fewer into the
will require somedecision process forCustomized
form of customization”. the desi-
problem), and the representation of those requirements
ording to Figure 3., the designer to translate the “voice of the client” defined in
inside
designs aredesign
client terms
referred to as being (seen
innovative designs as the
representing
gner as additional constraints, while client’s requirements are treated as solution)
tomorrow standards[27]. [29].
rements successfully into theclients
Less experienced “voicetend
of the designer”
to provide that and
is aligned with requi-
project requirements
tendunclear ambiguous The decision process is translation of inputs (requirements and constraints) into an output (decisions)
Less
In essence, rements
decisionsexperienced
asare to be
input made clients
information oninwhat exactly
the design to provide
represents
process unclear
[27],client’s desi-and[9].
requirements
increasing ambiguous
requirements.
To correlate withFigure
(seen as requirements
Figure
aas additional3.,5.all is given
project for that
requirements as input
arepurpose
treated toinformation
as inputsillustrate the process
into the decision in
design
decision
for process.
the designer constraints, while client’s requirements are treated as requirements.
the designSatisfaction
lem), and thegn-uncertainty.
representation ofprocess [27],
of all
those requirements projectinincreasing
requirements
design termsaccordingdesign-uncertainty.
(seen to Lean
as the solution) [27].
Figure 5. is givenSatisfaction
for that purpose to illustrate ofthe design
all decision
project process. requirements
experiencedprinciples becomes
clients tend a daunting
to provide uncleartaskand
thatambiguous
requires, according
requirementsto [19],
asainput
high information in CONTROL
design process
according
level of engineering
[27],
to Lean
increasing effort principles
that is between two
design-uncertainty.
becomes
to three times
Satisfaction
a ofdaunting
higher com- task
all project
thatVARIABLES
requirements
requires,
VARIATION IN DESIGN
according to [19], DESIGN
INTENT a high level of
DESIGN LIMITS
engineering effort that is between two to three times higher compared to the traditional non-lean
pared to the traditional non-lean project delivery.
rding to Lean principles becomes a daunting task that requires, according to [19], a high level INPUT : of
OUTPUT
project delivery.
REQUIREMENTS & DESIGN DECISION
neering effortA that islevel
higher between two engineering
of required to three times higher
up-front compared
effort to the
in the design traditional CONSTRAINTS
process non-lean PROCESS
ct delivery. is depicted on Figure 4. as a curve No. 4. The ratio of a higher engineering

A
gher level ofefforthigher
can be
required level of
extrapolated
engineering required
between
up-front effort engineering
curve
inNo.
the 4design
and curve up-front
No.
process 3isduring effort
the
depicted in the
on Figure 4. asdesign
VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL
AND MANUFACTRURING VARIABLES
process is depicted on Figure 4. as UNACCEPTABLE
PERFORMANCE
ACCEPTABLE
PERFORMANCE
UNACCEPTABLE
PERFORMANCE
ve No. 4. The a curve

ratio of aNo.
detailed design 4.engineering
stage,
higher
3:1 as stated earlier.
The ratioeffort
as it closely of can
a higher
resembles to the engineering
ratio between
be extrapolated 2:1 and effort
between curve No.can 4 andbe extrapolated between curve No. 4 and
Figure 5. Design decision process in the context of variability [9]
e No. 3 during the detailed
curve No. design
3 duringstage,theas it detailed
closely resembles
design to the ratio between
stage, 2:1 and 3:1
as it closely as
resembles to thein ratio between 2:1 and 3:1 as
Figure 5.may
Variation Design decision
exist in the formprocess
of information thefedcontext of variability
as an input, but primary[9]variations are stemming
d earlier.
stated earlier. out of the design and environmental / manufacturing variations [9]. While design variations can be
Variationbymay
controlled existdesign
affecting in the form ofenvironmental
parameters, information/ manufacturing
fed as an input, butcannot
variations primary
be
controlled,
variations as are
thesestemming
are based on out
factory
of product ranges and
the design [9], and they are represented
environmental as standard
/ manufactu-
material / equipment properties.
ringresults
That variations [9].around
in variations While thedesign variations
mean acceptable can ofbethecontrolled
performance byand
design intent [9], affecting
usually
designseveral
involves parameters,
acceptable environmental / manufacturing
potential product solutions variations
as alternatives [10]. These arecannot
designer’sbe
controlled,
preferences thatas these
single arealternative
out one based among
on factory product
the others [10], andranges
seek out [9], anddesign
the best theyasarea
solution following the rule of optimization [10].
represented as standard material / equipment properties.
2.3 PURSUING OPTIMIZATION WITH DECISION-SUPPORT TOOLS
That results in variations around the mean acceptable performance of the
design
The intent
iterative design[9], andisusually
process involves
an example several
where making acceptable
of structure decisionspotential
is required product
which is
custom
solutionsto engineering, as a route between
as alternatives the current
[10]. These areanddesigner’s
a desirable future state comprising
preferences thatmultiple
single
nodes of which each node has multiple options to be chosen [33]. According to [34], engineers have
out lately
been one forced
alternative
to make among the incomplete
decisions with others [10], and
sets of seek out
information due the best
to time designandas
constraints,
a solution
rapid following
decision-making underthe
theserule of optimization
conditions represents one [10].
of the most difficult tasks for engineers.
Calculations are an integral part of the design process for various selections and verifications [35], and
engineers preferred to make them only once [36]. Although important decisions need to be made early
and they need to be made firmly [24], sometimes decisions are to be made just-in-time (JIT) [37].
In general, the quality of decisions can be improved by utilization of computer-based tools, such as
PURSUING OPTIMIZATION WITH DECISION-
knowledge-based systems (KBS) [9]. KBSs are categorized as decision-support tools [27]. Benefits
Figure 4. MacLeamy’s curve, as adapted from [28]

SUPPORT TOOLS
include a support for key decisions to be made earlier along with an exploration of alternative
solutions faster thus streamlining the design process [38]. Streamlining of the design process is also
achieved through automation of various engineering calculations ensuring efficiency and accuracy
Figure 4. MacLeamy’s curve, as adapted from [28] The iterative design process is an example where making of structure de-
[39].
2.2 DESIGN UNCERTAINTIES FROM PRODUCT VARIABILITY cisions is required
Three-dimensional whichalso
(3D) models is custom to engineering,
enable exploration as aforroute
of alternatives between
preparation the
of more
effective designs [40], but also enable reduction in engineering man-hours and thus a faster throughput
current and a desirable future state comprising multiple nodes of which
PERSPECTIVE of projects [41]. Faster throughput of projects is enabled due to the design automation but is also due
each
to rapid node hasof multiple
evaluation options
design alternatives to3D
[42]. bemodels
chosen [33].
are also According
being toknowledge
referred to as [34], en-
DESIGN UNCERTAINTIES FROM PRODUCT gineers have been lately forced to make decisions with incomplete sets
VARIABILITY
ording to Figure PERSPECTIVE
2., the Lean Design comprises both, the process design and the product design. due to time constraints, and rapid decision-making under
of information 4
e the process design determines how to produce, the product design determines what theseisconditions
to be represents one of the most difficult tasks for engineers.
According
uced [23]. Utilities to Figure
tend 2., the Lean
to standardize,
Figure
Design
practicing
4. MacLeamy’s
comprises
utilizationboth, the process de-
of standardized
curve, as adapted
specifications
from [28]
andare an integral part of the design process for various selecti-
Calculations
sign and the product design. While the process design determines how to
dardized designs [29]. According to [30], standardization is one of the methods of ons
produce, the product design determines what is to be produced [23]. Uti-
theand verifications [35], and engineers preferred to make them only once
applied
[36]. Although important decisions need to be made early and they need
Philosophylities 2.2toDESIGN
thattend
reduces variability.UNCERTAINTIES
In
standardize, practicing utilization of standardized FROM
simple words, the Lean specificati- PRODUCT VARIABILITY
Design is about design
to be made firmly [24], sometimes decisions are to be made just-in-time
ons and standardized designs [29]. According to [30], standardization is
PERSPECTIVE
one of the methods of the applied Lean Philosophy that reduces variability.
(JIT) [37].
3
In simple words, the Lean Design is about design standardization reducing In general, the quality of decisions can be improved by utilization of com-
variability of potential design solutions, generally enabling reductions in puter-based tools, such as knowledge-based systems (KBS) [9]. KBSs are
According
time toHowever,
and cost [30]. Figurestandardization
2., the Lean Design
itself does comprises
not guarantee any both, theas process
categorized design
decision-support toolsand the product
[27]. Benefits design.
include a support for
significant reduction in variability of possible technical solutions, as accor- key decisions to be made earlier along with an exploration of alternative
While the process design determines how to
ding to [31]; the range of possible technical solutions can be wide even
produce, the product design determines what is to be
solutions faster thus streamlining the design process [38]. Streamlining of
produced
with [23]. Utilities
standard technical tend
specifications, to standardize,
advising the generation ofpracticing
more utilization
the design process is of
alsostandardized specifications
achieved through automation of variousand
engi-
thorough and precise specifications even for minor requirements. neering calculations ensuring efficiency and accuracy [39].
standardized designs [29]. According to [30], standardization is one of the methods of the applied
Customization is opposite to standardization [30]. In general, and accor- Three-dimensional (3D) models also enable exploration of alternatives for
Lean
ding Philosophy
to [32], Pareto’s principlethat reduces
or 80-20 rule can bevariability. In simple
applied on substations, words,
preparation of morethe Lean
effective Design
designs [40], but is
also about designin
enable reduction
A. Foškulo, M. Kokoruš, Streamlining the Decision-Making Process on Tubular Rigid Busbar Selection During the Planning / Designing Stage by Utilizing 3
engineering man-hours and thus a faster throughput of projects [41]. Fa- gineering decision-making during the entire lifecycle [55]. Decisions are
ster throughput of projects is enabled due to the design automation but is often made, however, without considering of the effects on the project
also due to rapid evaluation of design alternatives [42]. 3D models are also level [56].
being referred to as knowledge repositories supporting standardization
[43], under which the equipment is grouped into blocks [44], thus further
enhancing reusability of same knowledge. In order to benefit from the 3D
ries supporting standardization
approach, the process [43], underboth
of creating which the equipment
standardized designsis re-usageintoDECISION-MAKING
forgrouped blocks [44], MODELS THROUGH THE
ther enhancing
and reusability
unique designs of same
basedknowledge.
on advancedIn3D order to benefit
modelling from must
techniques the 3D approach,
LENS OF theAGILITY
of creating be
both standardized
automated designs for
[42]. Generally, re-usage
reusing and unique
previously captured designs based
solutions is a on Inadvanced 3D by a computer, calculations and recalculations are conducted more quickly,
general, if performed
ng techniquesbase for “delta
must engineering”
be automated which
[42]. allows execution
Generally, reusingofpreviously
processes starting Agility
captured allowing
solutions is defineda as[54].
isanalyses
further exploration “the ability of[36],
of alternatives a system to thrive in an
and the decision-making uncertain
is improved and
through
from specifications up to delivery of final documentation, reducing times unpredictable evolving
simulations and environment;
BIM therefore coulddeploying
also stand effective response
for as a lean framework…” [57].
enabling
r “delta engineering” which allows execution of processes starting from specifications The effective up to
concurrent engineering, driving agility, and increased accuracy of estimations, designs and
response is related to the decision-making and the decision-
of engineering tasks through central project database [45]. According to calculations with 3D representation defined as a key for engineering decision-making during the entire
y of final documentation, reducing times of engineering tasks through central project database
implementation
[46], the substation model in 3D can embrace all aspects of the substation lifecycle [55]. Decisions are often [58] due made,
to the constantly
however, increasing
without considering demand
of the effects on for faster
the project
ccording to project
[46], the substation
lifecycle, and asmodel
such isindepicted
3D caninside
embrace
Figureall6.aspects of the substation
level [56]. project
decision cycles [59].
e, and as such is depicted inside Figure 6. While Simon’s model ofMODELS
2.4 DECISION-MAKING problemTHROUGH
solving is THE
considered
LENS OFto be suitable for
AGILITY
engineering problems, it does not include time as an attribute [60], which
Agility is defined as “the ability of a system to thrive in an uncertain and unpredictable evolving
DESIGN /
DEVELOPMENT
as a tempo
environment; or theeffective
deploying decision cycle
response …”time
[57]. Theis aeffective
uniqueresponse
feature of Boyd’s
is related Obser-
to the decision-
ve – Orient
making and the–decision-implementation
Decide – Act (OODA) decision
[58] due makingincreasing
to the constantly model [61]. demand for faster
CONCEPT / MANUFACTURING decision cycles [59].
DEFINITION / PROCUREMENT
Faster
While cycle
Simon’s modeltimes in OODA
of problem loop
solving is are instrumental
considered for perception
to be suitable for engineering problems, of the
it does
not include time as an attribute [60], which as a tempo or the decision cycle time is a unique feature of
concept of agility [62]. OODA loop is a single-agent
Boyd’s Observe – Orient – Decide – Act (OODA) decision making model [61].
model [63], and as
suchcycle
Faster it istimes
fullyin aligned
OODA loop with the argument
are instrumental that decisions
for perception of the concept are always
of agility made
[62]. OODA
by individuals
loop is a single-agent and individuals
model [63], and as alone
such it is[10].
fully OODA loop
aligned with the is depicted
argument as a cycle
that decisions are
always made by individuals and individuals alone [10]. OODA loop is depicted as a cycle at the top of
INSTALLATION / at the top of Figure 8.
Figure 8.
CONSTRUCTION
ORIENT
EXTERNAL IMPLICIT IMPLICIT GUIDANCE
INFORMATION GUIDANCE GENETIC CULTURAL & CONTROL
& CONTROL HERITAGE PARADIGMS
UNFOLDING
CIRCUMSTANCES
OBSERVE ANALYSIS & DECIDE ACT

INPUT SYNTHESIS
DISPOSAL OPERATION
MEMORY OF HISTORY
MAINTENANCE
UNFOLDING ACTION ON
ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNAL
RESULTS OF ENVIRONMENT
repositories supporting standardization [43], under which the equipment is grouped into blocks [44], ACTIONS
igure 6. Lifecycle of aenhancing
thus further substation inofasame
reusability 3Dknowledge.
environment with
In order to benefitimage
from the of
3D El Chaparral
approach, the station ORIENT PLAN
Figure
process6.ofLifecycle of astandardized
creating both substationdesigns
in a 3D
for environment withdesigns
re-usage and unique imagebased
of ElonChaparral
advanced 3D KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM CULTURE
KNOWLEDGE
REUSE &
station
modelling techniques must be automated [42]. Generally, reusing previously captured solutions is a
ONE PROJECT IS INPUT INTO
FUTURE PROJECTS OR FUTURE
TECHNOLOGY
BUSINESS PROCESSES
PROJECT PLAN
g InformationbaseModeling (BIM) whichisallows

seen as ofa processes
bridgestarting between decision-support tools as
DEVELOPMENT
PHASES OF PROJECTS ORGANIZATIONAL
for “delta engineering” execution from specifications up to STRUCTURE
Building
delivery ofInformation
ring calculations and standardized Modeling
final documentation, reducing(BIM)
designs times of
in is3D,
seen as tasks
engineering
with adata
bridge
throughbetween
bases decision-
central project
in the database
background [47]. PROJECT PLAN
[45]. According
support toolstoas[46], the substation calculations
engineering model in 3D can and embrace all aspects of thedesigns
standardized substation in
project
3D, LESSONS LEARNED STUDY DO
IMPLEMENTATION
“Building Information
lifecycle, and as Modeling
with data bases
such is depicted is the
inside
in the background development
Figure 6.
[47]. and use of a computer software model to
Figure 8. Linked OODA loop and PDSO cycle based on [63] with correction based on [64]
e the construction and operation of a facility. The resulting model, a Building Information
DESIGN /
BIM as “Building Information

CONCEPT /
Modeling is the
DEVELOPMENT
is a data-rich, object-oriented, intelligent and parametric digital representation of development

MANUFACTURING
and use of a the 8.facility,
Steps of OODA are described as follows [63]:
Figure Linked OODA loop and PDSO cycle based on [63] with correction based
computer software model to simulate the construction and operation of a
DEFINITION / PROCUREMENT • Observe step observe current environment and data / information gathered from both external
hich views and data appropriate to various users’
facility. The resulting model, a Building Information Model, is a data-rich,needs can be extracted andonanalyzed
[64]and internaltosources;
• Orient step enable orientation to current situation based on information fed, past experiences
e information that can be intelligent
object-oriented, used to make decisions
and parametric andrepresentation
digital improve theofprocess the faci-of delivering
Stepsand OODA the/ synthesis
of analysis are described
for creationas follows
of new [63]:and allowing knowledge to be reused;
knowledge
[48]. BIMlity,
as from
a Building Information Model is tobeing referred to ascan a “shared •knowledge
INSTALLATION /
which views and data appropriate various users’ needs
CONSTRUCTION be Decide step develops hypotheses in order to identify and derive one solution over others, thus
• Observe step observe current environment
representing an identification of a course of action; and and data / information
e for information
extracted about a facility
and analyzed to forming a reliable that
generate information basis canfor be decisions
used to make during its lifecyclefrom
• gathered
Act step allows both
testing external
of hypothesis by and
actinginternal sources;
on a decision previously made [61].
decisions
ception onwards” [49]. and improve the process of delivering the facility” [48]. BIM as a Main focus of OODA loop is put on the Orient step [61]. It is impacted by employees’ keen
Building Information Model is being referred to as a “shared knowledge re- understanding
project perspective, BIM stands to enable better decision-making shifting • the effort
DISPOSAL OPERATION
source for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions [64], shaping
Orient of step
to enable
the “big
observation,
picture”orientation to current
[62], or by keeping
decision and action [62].
situation[63].
a broad perspective based
It is aon informati-
“mental thing”
on fed, past experiences and analysis /OODA
synthesis for creation of new
ne critical cost
duringfactors early from
its lifecycle in the design onwards”
inception process [50], [49]. as depicted inside Figureability
MAINTENANCE
4. asknowledge
Knowledge a curve and allowing knowledge to be reused;
management is one cornerstone of agility [37]. loop lacks planning stage and
to store / recall data [61]. Remedy is achieved by linking OODA loop with Plan – Do – Study –
ompared to a traditional workflow given as curve No. 3. That means
Figure 6. Lifecycle of a substation in a 3D environment with image of El Chaparral station that decisions will be
From a project perspective, BIM stands to enable better decision-making • Decidecan step develops hypotheses in order to identify and derive one 6
aster and earlier in the process, as (BIM)
making specifications of materials and brand selection
shifting
Building the effort to
Information determine
Modeling critical
is seen as cost factors
a bridge earlydecision-support
between in the design pro-
tools as solution over others, thus representing an identification of a course
rlier as opposed
cess to the
engineering
[50], astraditional
calculations
depicted way Figure
and standardized
inside to identify
designs
4. as asuppliers
in 3D, with
curve No.and
data bases in the conducting
4background
compared [47].
to aa pre-selection of
of action; and
BIM as “Building Information Modeling is the development and use of a computer software model to
later on [51]. BIM the
traditional
simulate models
workflow comprise
construction given
and as “smart”
operationcurve No.objects
of a facility. 3.
TheThat containing
means
resulting model,that project-relevant
decisions
a Building will
Information information,
others, calculations
beModel,
made is a[52].
faster Substation
and
data-rich, earlier inspecific
object-oriented, the process,
intelligent calculations
and as making
parametric can
digital be integrated
specifications
representation of theof ma-with 3D
facility, • substation
Act step allows testing of hypothesis by acting on a decision previo-
from which views and data appropriate to various users’ needs can be extracted and analyzed to
terials and brand selection can start earlier as opposed to the traditional usly made [61].
as depicted on Figure
generate 7. Such
information that canan approach
be used of having
to make decisions integrated
and improve the process calculations
of delivering the allows analysis
imization ofway
the to identify
design
facility” [48]. BIM suppliers
as a Buildingand
continuously conducting
during
Information the
Model is a
entire pre-selection
being design
referred toandas aof brands
planning
“shared later
phase
knowledge [50],
Main [53].
focus of OODA loop is put on the Orient step [61]. It is impacted by
on [51]. BIM models comprise “smart” objects containing project-relevant
resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle
employees’ keen understanding of the “big picture” [62], or by keeping
from inception onwards” [49].
information, among others, calculations [52]. Substation specific calcula-
From a projectEfficient BIM
perspective, BIMEngineering
stands to enable better decision-making shifting the effort to a broad perspective [63]. It is a “mental thing” [64], shaping observation,
tions cancritical
determine be integrated with
cost factors early 3Ddesign
in the substation model,
process [50], asinside
as depicted depicted
Figure 4.on
as aFigu-
curve decision and action [62].
reNo.
7. 4Such antoapproach
compared a traditional of having
workflow integrated
given
OPTIMIZED
as curve No.calculations allows
3. That means that analysis
decisions will be
made faster and earlier in the process, as making specifications of materials and brand selection can
TIONAL
and 3D Physical
start earlier as opposedand
optimization theSecondary
ofto the design continuously during the entirea pre-selection
traditional way to identify suppliers and conducting
design and of Knowledge management is one cornerstone of agility [37]. OODA loop lacks
CONFIRMED CONSTRUCTION
IGN
planning
brands laterphase [50],
BIM [53].
on [51].Design models comprise “smart” objects containing project-relevant information, planning stage and ability to store / recall data [61]. Remedy is achieved by
YES
among others, calculations [52]. Substation specific calculations can be integrated with 3D substation linking OODA loop with Plan – Do – Study – Orient (PDSO) cycle, thus ena-
model, as depicted on Figure 7. Such an approach of having integrated calculations allows analysis
OPTIMIZATION
and optimization of the design continuously during the entire design and planning phase [50], [53]. bling decision-making cycling for knowledge creation inside OODA loop
NO to be combined with knowledge storage / retrieval within PDSO cycle [63].
Efficient BIM Engineering
CALCULATIONS PDSO cycle is depicted as a cycle at the bottom of Figure 8.
OPTIMIZED
3D Physical and Secondary
FUNCTIONAL
DESIGN Design
CONFIRMED CONSTRUCTION According to [63], from engineering standpoint, PDSA / PDSO cycling can
YES
OPTIMIZATION
be described as:
Figure 7. Concept of Efficient BIM Engineering – Integrated
NO Calculations [53]
CALCULATIONS • Plan step for project scoping and developing a project plan along
with reusing
5 explicit knowledge from previous projects by means of
Figure 7. Concept of Efficient BIM Engineering – Integrated Calculations [53] project documentation;
Figure 7. Concept of Efficient BIM Engineering – Integrated Calculations [53] 5 • Do step deals with implementation of project plan along with reusing
both explicit and tacit knowledge from previous projects;
In general, if performed by a computer, calculations and recalculations are
conducted more quickly, allowing further exploration of alternatives [36], • Study step enables assessment and reflection onto what has occu-
and the decision-making is improved through simulations and analyses rred in the project and deals with lessons learnt;
[54]. BIM therefore could also stand for as a lean framework enabling con- • Act step deals with decision whether to reuse previous knowledge on
current engineering, driving agility, and increased accuracy of estimations, new project or to abandon it.
designs and calculations with 3D representation defined as a key for en-
Act step also represent a link to Observe step of OODA loop for the purpo- decisions would never are to be revisited [64], Agile principles ultimately
se of orientation whether or not to reuse previous project knowledge, thus • Always
induce thelooking
speedforand
more innovative
thus, fasterways to deliver
response future projects under seemingly
times.
impossible time restraints [69];
PDSA cycle is renamed as PDSO cycle [63]. • Reuse existing standardized designs as a jumpstart for each new project also involving
customized configurations [67];
According to [63], PDSO cycle from a perspective of the project level and • Form alliances with vendors thus enabling shorter lead-times [66] and cost reductions [68].
the project knowledge: RIGID BUSBAR DESIGN PROCESS,
According to [57], Agile principles can be incorporated into Lean principles without a compromise.
While Lean principles ultimately come down to optimize the project and not its piece [30], and to
• Starts with Orient step toward Plan step where specific knowledge VARIABLES AND CONSTRAINTS
ensure that once made decisions would never are to be revisited [64], Agile principles ultimately
is carried induce the speed and thus, faster response times.
In general, the rigid buswork design process involves selection of the mini-
• Knowledge reuse occurs at Plan steps by means of reusing pro- 2.5 RIGID
mum bus BUSBAR DESIGN
size required forPROCESS,
ampacity,VARIABLES
insulators, AND CONSTRAINTS
hardware, electrical clea-
ject documentation, from earlier projects thus representing explicit rance, and determining the short-circuit fault current [70].
In general, the rigid buswork design process involves selection of the minimum bus size required for
knowledge; ampacity, insulators, hardware, electrical clearance, and determining the short-circuit fault current
[70].
• Knowledge reuse occurs at Do step from previous projects on both ESTABLISH DESIGN CRITERIA
explicit and tacit level, including lessons learnt;

SELECT TRIAL CONDUCTOR
• Study steps deals with reflecting and assessing what has occurred SHAPE AND MATERIAL
in the project; ELIMINATE SMALLER CONDUCTORS BASED

ON AMPACITY AND RADIO NOISE
• PDS steps are related to knowledge flow during project completion

or stage completion; SELECT TRIAL CONDUCTOR SPACING SELECT TRIAL CONDUCTOR SIZE
• Knowledge flows from Orient step of PDSO cycle to Observe step CALCULATE SHORT-CIRCUIT FORCE CALCULATE WIND FORCE CALCULATE DAMPED CONDUCTOR WEIGHT
of OODA loop.
UNIT HORIZONTAL FORCE UNIT VERTICAL FORCE
Operated within OODA loop, information is processed into knowledge
(knowledge created) and reused, saving rework [63]. Decisions as such UNIT VECTOR FORCE
are a commitment to action, but not action itself [61].
Action can flow from two directions, namely from Decide and from Orient SELECT TRIAL INSULATOR CALCUATE MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR CALCULATE MAXIMUM
CANTILEVER STRENGTH (START SPAN BASED ON CONDUCTOR FIBER CONDUCTOR SPAN BASED ON
WITH STANDARD STRENGTH) STRENGTH VERTICAL DEFLECTION
through Implicit Guidance and Control (IG&C) link [64]. Later on, one ena-
bles more rapid flow as the Decide step if skipped [64], as opposed to the CALCULATE MAXIMUM SELECT MAXIMUM
flow form Decide which is required when one is unsure about the course CONDUCTOR SPAN BASED ON
INSULATOR CANTILEVER
SPAN BASED ON
CONDUCTOR
of the action or when there is no plausible action that can be inferred via STRENGTH
I C CALCULATE
MINIMUM
IG&C link [62]. CONDUCTOR
SPAN BASED
ON
IS I ≥ C ?
As a rapid execution of OODA loop is essential for the overall project
RESONANCE
success [62], this can be achieved in two ways, either using IG&C link and SELECT STRONGER
INSULATOR
SELECT EXPANSION
FITTINGS WHERE NEEDED
skipping the Decide stage, or speeding up the Decide stage, but for both
keeping our observation better matched to the reality is a key prerequisite DO MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SPANS FIT SUBSTATION
ARRANGMENT AND IS THIS THE MOST ECONOMICAL DESIGN ?
for both ways [64].
According to [64], different ways of executing OODA loop deal with: SELECT ALTERNATE
CONDUCTOR AND / OR
SATISFACTORY
DESIGN
CONDUCTOR SPACING
• Usage of existing repertoire of actions directly through IG&C link

when faced with low levels of uncertainty, and Figure 9. Flowchart for the rigid buswork design process based on [71]
• Creating new repertoire of actions through the Decide stage em- Figure 9. Flowchart for the rigid buswork design process based on [71]
ploying a circular process through the feedback of unfolding interac- 8
tion with environment. The flowchart of the horizontal rigid busbar design process is given in Fi-
gure 9, with a made assumption that the maximum span length is not
Standardization is seen as a method for creation of repertoires of action limited by the aeolian vibration. According to [72], the procedure for rigid
from perspectives of both OODA loop and Lean philosophy [64]. A succe- bus design is the following : (1) material and size selection based current-
ssful organization is described as one being able to employ the existing carrying requirements, (2) determine bus centerline-to-centerline spacing,
repertoire, create a new repertoire through circular OODA loop, and upda- (3) calculate the maximum short-circuit force for bus to withstand, (4) de-
te orientations [64]. termine the total bus conductor loading including environmental factors,
(5) calculate the maximum bus span / support spacing, (6) calculate the
Figure 8. presents such linked OODA and PDSO cycles based on [63] with
maximum vertical deflection, (7) determine the minimum required support
deleted input into the Decision from the Implicit Guidance & Control as The flowchart of the horizontal rigid busbar design process is given in Figure 9, with a made
insulator cantilever strength, (8) provide thermal expansions for conduc-
non-existent according to [64]. assumption that the maximum span length is not limited by the aeolian vibration. According to [72],
tors,
the (9) adequately
procedure for rigid busposition busfollowing
design is the couplers: (1)/ material
fittings,andand
size(10) verify
selection thecurrent-
based pre-
A prime example of an Agile enterprise is an Agile Utility. Such an Utility sencerequirements,
carrying of aeolian (2)
vibration.
determine bus centerline-to-centerline spacing, (3) calculate the maximum
short-circuit force for bus to withstand, (4) determine the total bus conductor loading including
is able to:
To illustratefactors,
environmental a relationship
(5) calculate between
the maximumdesign variables
bus span / supportand environmental
spacing, /
(6) calculate the
maximum vertical deflection,
manufacturing variables(7)todetermine the minimum
constraints, Figure required supportrepresenting
10 is given insulator cantilever
an
• Streamline the design process and automate it [66], [67]; strength, (8) provide thermal expansions for conductors, (9) adequately position bus couplers / fittings,
interaction
and of presence
(10) verify the designofvariables and constraints.
aeolian vibration.
• Standardize the process [68]; To illustrate a relationship between design variables and environmental / manufacturing variables to
constraints, Figure 10 is given representing an interaction of design variables and constraints.
• Design in parallel [69], thus employing Concurrent Engineering;
DESIGN VARIABLES
• Define and employ standardized designs for each voltage level [67],
[68], thus developing standard layouts [66] and applying it [67], [68]; SPAN
L
PHASE SPACING
S
CONDUCTOR OUTER
RADIUS R
CONDUCTOR WALL
THICKNESS T
• Utilize IT [66] through utilizing automated design tools [68] based on

3D models [66]; AEOLIAN
VIBRATION
SHORT-CIRCUIT
FORCES
ENVIRONMENTAL
FORCES
RADIO
NOISE
AMPACITY
• Employ designs for procurability and designs for constructability [66]

and final solution optimization [68]; INSULATOR LOAD
CONDUCTOR STRESS
CONDUCTOR DEFLECTION
• Always looking for more innovative ways to deliver future projects
under seemingly impossible time restraints [69]; CONSTRAINTS
• Reuse existing standardized designs as a jumpstart for each new Figure 10. Interaction of design variables and constraints for the rigid buswork selection [71]
project also involving customized configurations [67]; Figurethe10.first
Inside Interaction of design
row of design variables
variables, andphase
span and constraints
spacing for
arethe rigiddesign
clearly buswork controllable
selectionwhile
variables, [71]the conductor outer radius and conductor thickness are an example of environmental /
• Form alliances with vendors thus enabling shorter lead-times [66] and manufacturing variables, which can be theoretically regarded as uncontrollable if unprocurable, due to
cost reductions [68]. Inside
the the first
availability row ofthatdesign
of materials changes variables,
from a countryspan and phase
to a country [73]. Twospacing are cle-
bottom rows inside
Figure 10 represent
arly design constraints for variables,
controllable the rigid buswork selection.
while In the isolation,outer
the conductor each ofradius
constraints
andcan
According to [57], Agile principles can be incorporated into Lean princi- be easily satisfied [36]. However, the selection of the design variable to satisfy one constraint will not
conductor thickness are an example of environmental / manufacturing
ples without a compromise. While Lean principles ultimately come down necessarily satisfy other constraints, thus making the rigid buswork design as an iterative process [71],
variables, whichcalculations
can be [74].theoretically regarded andas uncontrollable
requirementsifare unpro-
to optimize the project and not its piece [30], and to ensure that once made involving excessive Minimum electrical structural usually
curable,
defined insidedue to the
company availability
standards of thus
[75], and materials
they havethat changes
an anchor in the from
practicea of
country to
standardized
designs. Standardization can also be reflected into environmental / manufacturing design variables
such as the conductor outer radius and its wall thickness being design controllable variables if indeed
such materials are procurable, thus further reducing variability on the input side of the design decision
A. Foškulo, M. Kokoruš, Streamlining the Decision-Making Process onprocess.
Tubular Customization
Rigid Busbar canSelection
be manifested insidethe
During Figure 10. as: / Designing Stage by Utilizing
Planning
24 3D Substation BIM Design Software, Journal of Energy, vol. 67 Number 3•(2018),
An addition
SpecialofIssue,
new types of constraints such as physical site constraint [71], and due to
p. 20–29
upgrading [76] among others;
• Harsher existing types of constraints such as the deflection limit due to aesthetics [77], due to
capacity increase [7], and / or due to the new substation location among others;
a country [73]. Two bottom rows inside Figure 10 represent constraints Giving a timely input to design engineers up-front, the following is argued:
for the rigid buswork selection. In the isolation, each of constraints can be
easily satisfied [36]. However, the selection of the design variable to satisfy • Variation in manufacturing variables is reduced through an early iden-
one constraint will not necessarily satisfy other constraints, thus making tification of suppliers (perspective of procurability);
the rigid buswork design as an iterative process [71], involving excessive • Variation in design controllable variables is reduced through an early
calculations [74]. Minimum electrical and structural requirements are usu- incorporation of principles of constructability (which may or may not
ally defined inside company standards [75], and thus they have an anchor be grounded into principles of standardization);
in the practice of standardized designs. Standardization can also be re-
flected into environmental / manufacturing design variables such as the • Reduction in variation in both manufacturing and design controllable
conductor outer radius and its wall thickness being design controllable variables reduces the total number of technical solutions (design al-
variables if indeed such materials are procurable, thus further reducing va- ternatives) of the acceptable performance;
riability on the input side of the design decision process. Customization
• The reduced total number of design alternatives with acceptable per-
can be manifested inside Figure 10. as:
formance makes the identification of a best solution easier among
An addition of new types of constraints such as physical site constraint the rest based on designer’s preferences.
[71], and due to upgrading [76] among others;
Having integrated calculations incorporated into BIM, the following is
• Harsher existing types of constraints such as the deflection limit due argued:
to aesthetics [77], due to capacity increase [7], and / or due to the
• Time required to single out the best solution is reduced;
new substation location among others;
• A change in one or in all existing design variables, due to upgrading • Time required to verify the best solution is reduced;
among others [7], [76];
• Time required to verify any solution is reduced.
• or it can encompass a new rigid buswork concept such as the A-
frame arrangement whose calculations are not covered by relevant While integrated calculations with BIM contribute to agility through spee-
standards [78]. ding up of the verification process by automation and to the selection of
an optimized solution from the perspective of the design, lean principles
All in all, both standardized and customized designs for the rigid busbar contribute to the time reduction through a filtration of numerous design al-
selection require undertaking of several design iterations before an optimi- ternatives by focusing on best suited ones when observed from the project
zed technical solution can be identified as the best option. level. A question can be asked regarding possible differences in cycling
within a PDSO cycle between an Agile enterprise and other enterprises.
PROSPECTIVES FOR STREAMLINING OF AN Would such differences be grounded in the standardization and custo-
mization? And if they are, how these differences are manifested from a
ENGINEERING DECISION-MAKING PROCESS perspective of a decision-making process? What stages of the decision-
Reviewing the literature in the previous section, the following has become making process contribute to the final streamlining of a decision-making
evident: process? Subsequently, how does this relate to the rigid busbar system
design process and from the context of BIM? Answers to these questions
• Lean design stage should produce designs that are construction and shall be put forward by observing modus operandi of an Agile Utility as
procurement-driven; presented inside section 2.4 of this paper, in contrast to the usability test
• Design-uncertainties should be dealt up-front for both standardized performed on the rigid busbar system design falling under the category of
and•customized
Lean design
designs; stage should produce designs that aare construction
customized andtheprocurement-driven;
design from company’s perspective.
• • Design-uncertainties
Optimization should be pursued for both should
productbe and dealt up-front
process design for both standardized and customized designs;
having the project level in mind;
• Optimization should be pursued for both product and process design having the project level
• Design and decision-making processes are complementary and they TUBULAR BUSBAR SYSTEM DESIGN
in mind;with BIM;
can be streamlined
• BIM•is a Design and decision-making
decision-support tool enabling both Lean processes
EXAMPLE FROM EL CHAPARRAL
are complementary and they can be streamlined with
and Agile princi-
ples to design;
BIM;
PROJECT
• Agile enterprises utilize IG&C link inside PDSO cycle for deploying The Company ongoing project consists of a 115 kV switching station, El
• BIM is aofdecision-support
existing repertoires the action based on atoolrangeenabling both Lean
of standardized and as
Chaparral, Agile principles
a greenfield to design;
investment and of a 115 kV substation, 15 de
• Agile enterprises utilize IG&C link inside PDSO cycle for deploying existing
designs reducing the decision cycle time, while all other companies Septiembre, as a brownfield investment, both inrepertoires of stations
El Salvador. Both
have to create new repertoires of the action before being able to uti- are of breaker-and-a-half arrangement.
lize such the action
an IG&C link; based on a range of standardized designs reducing the decision cycle time, while all
• Orientation other
stepcompanies
is the criticalhave to create
step inside new repertoiresSome
the decision-making
of client’s
of the action initial design requirements
before being ablerelating to the busbar
to utilize
of El Chaparral station were ambiguous in regards to:
such system
process; an IG&C link;
• Rigid bus system design is a typical example of an iterative process. • Basic Insulation Level (BIL) between 550 kV and 650 kV, representing
• Orientation step is the critical step inside the decision-making process;
a parallel requirement for both highest voltage for equipment of 123
The concept model presented on Figure 11 takes into account require-
• Rigid bus system design is a typical example
ments to include procurability and constructability up-front in the design
of an iterative
kV and 145 kV process.
respectively;
The before
process, concept modela quest
undertaking presented on Figure
for optimization 11 takesde-into• account
of the functional Aluminum requirements to include
rigid tube properties as Standard procurability
Pipe Size (SPS) 3.5 inch
sign. Once optimized and conforming to all project requirements, the func- was stated but with no other defined requirements relating to its
and constructability up-front in the design process, before schedule
tional design is confirmed before its components are ready to be procured
undertakingtype (outera quest for wall
radius and optimization
thickness), norof the to alloy
related
andfunctional design.
henceforth installed Once optimized and conforming to all project
/ constructed. type. requirements, the functional design is
confirmed before its components are ready to be procured and henceforth installed / constructed.
Up-front BIM Engineering
FUNCTIONAL OPTIMIZED
DESIGN
3D Physical and Secondary PROCUREMENT /
Design CONFIRMED CONSTRUCTION
YES
OPTIMIZATION
NO
PROCURABILITY / CALCULATIONS
CONSTRUCTABILITY
Figure 11. Upgraded concept of Efficient BIM Engineering – Integrated Calculations with timely input
Figure 11. Upgraded concept of Efficient BIM Engineering – Integrated Calculations
with timely input regarding procurability / constructability fed up-front
regarding procurability / constructability fed up-front
Giving a timely
25 input to design engineers up-front, the following is argued:
3D Substation BIM Design Software, Journal of Energy, vol. 67 Number 3 (2018), Special Issue, p. 20–29
• Variation in manufacturing variables is reduced through an early identification of suppliers
ptiembre, related to alloy type. investment, both in El
as a brownfield
Form a perspective of refurbishment of existing station, 15 de Septiembre, not directly related to th
angement.
busbar system, following ambiguities were related to:
to the• Form
busbarnewsystem
Aa perspective
rigid of to
tube Elof be
of refurbishment Chaparral
installed
existing station
between
station, 15 de Septiem- were
two existing
conductors 115
according to kV standard,
ANSI H35.2 disconnectors required
as suppliers failed to pro- a rig
bre, not directly related to the busbar system, following ambiguities were vide exact specifications especially regarding the value of electrical DC
tube SPS 2.5 inch, schedule 40 of alloy 6063-T6
related to: resistance @ type, whileEncountered
20°C parameter. electrical DC challenges
engineering resistance were @ 20°
V and 650 kV, rigidrepresenting a parallel to arequirement

related to:
parameter
• A new
stated was referring
tube to be installed between two existing 115
connectors required a rigid tube SPS 2.5 inch, schedule 40 of alloy
SPS
kV dis-
3 inch, schedule 80, alloy 6061-T6 tube;
• Inability to timely define procurability of tubular conductors early in
3 kV •andNo 145initial
6063-T6
kV respectively;
type, requirements for post insulators were
while electrical DC resistance @ 20°C parameter
ted was referring to a SPS 3 inch, schedule 80, alloy 6061-T6 tube;
sta- the designstated.
stage; However, as existing steel gantri
• were initially 3.5fordimensioned as not being ableno to ofreceive additional gravitational loads of lin
• Designing both stations in parallel with definition regarding the insta-
Pipe Size (SPS)
No initial requirements inch waswerestated
post insulators stated. but
However, with
as llation line traps and eventual usage of post insulators still lagging
traps, each new line trap had tonew belineinstalled
existing steel gantries were initially dimensioned as not being able to
on pedestal and supported with additional ste
behind the design of the buswork system;
hedule type receive (outer radius
additional gravitational and
loads of linewall thickness),
traps, each trap
• nor
adapter
had to be installed between tops of two post insulators.
installed on pedestal and supported with additional
adapter installed between tops of two post insulators. The existing
steel The existing rigid tube goes betwee
First time dealing with IEEE 605-2008 standard, as all calculations
were conducted manually;
these
rigid tubetwo post insulators slightly beneath • theResolution
goes between these two post insulators slightly beneath bottom ofrequirement
of the such astatingsteel adapter
BIL 650 while
kV over 550 kV, thussatisfyin
tion, 15 de Septiembre,
minimal
se-to-ground not
voltagephase-to-ground directly
clearance towards the top ofvoltage related
the bottom of such a steel adapter while satisfying the minimal pha-
the to
clearance
the steel support the
influencing the buswork system as the tube conductor centerline-to-
groundtowards the top of the steel support supportin
height has increased;
: supporting this entire assembly. This solution is depicted in Figure
this
12. b).entire assembly. This solution is depicted in Figure
• Downstream steel12. b).
support engineering required timely inputs for their
part of engineering in order to fit in to the previously locked solution
woThe rigid
existing
The rigidbuswork
115 kVsystem
buswork system at El
disconnectors
at El Chaparral Chaparral
switching
rrently two diameters and it is depicted in Figure 12.a).
required switching
station supports cu-
a rigid station supports
for the foundation design. currently two diameters and it
3-T6depicted
type,inwhile Figureelectrical
12.a). DC resistance @ 20°C All of these requirements had put a great deal of pressure on the electrical
design engineer (representing up-stream engineering) to make timely de-
ch, schedule 80, alloy 6061-T6 tube;

cisions in a short period of time whilst limited information of high levels of
uncertainty at engineers’ disposal. Upstream engineering thus had to be
conducted by observing multiple “what-if” scenarios involving calculations
were stated. However, as existing steel gantries and analyses as a part of the multi-iterative design process, before relevant
information could be passed downstream.
e to receive additional gravitational loads ofDuring
line upstream engineering decisions were made by following Lean prin-
d on pedestal and supported with additional ons steel

ciples of optimizing the project and not its piece, and by ensuring decisi-
once made are never revisited again from the upstream engineering
standpoint:
insulators. The existing rigid tube goes between
• Type TR-289 post insulators were specified instead of type TR-286
he bottom of such a steel adapter while satisfying at both stations, as requirement for BIL 650 kV ultimately prevailed
over BIL 550 kV,
nce towards the top of the steel support supporting
• Type TR-288 post insulators were discarded as a solution due a les-
ser cantilever strength when compared to type TR-286, as type TR-
d in Figure 12. b). 286 post insulators were a strict tender requirement;
station supports currently two diameters and it withis regards to greater permissible tensile, torsion and compression
• Upgraded version of type TR-289 post insulators were specified
forces;
• All rigid tubular conductors were defined as SPS 3.5 inch, schedule
40, alloy type 6063-T6 over alloy type 6061-T6 due to better volume
Figure 12. (a) Isometric view of the rigid tubular buswork system, (b) Tubular rigid conductor electrical conductivity at 20°C percent IACS;
installed between two disconnectors and going in-between two post insulators for line trap installatio
• Volume electrical conductivity at 20°C percent IACS for alloy type
6063-T6 inside calculations was fixed at the typical value of 53 as
according to IEEE 605-2008, rather than applying allowed value of 55
to be utilized, as allowed by NEMA standard [74];
Other atypical client’s requirement were related to:• Damping rope due to Aeolian vibration was specified on an entire
• Standardization of equipment / materials between both
weightstations;
span length, instead on only its two thirds, and of type procurable
falling into range advised by IEEE 605-2008;
• Steel structure designs to follow the foundation
• Clamps / fittings design, aslinksfoundations
with current were
were specified supporting previous
busbar
expandability through single spans, therefore concept of continuous
designed by one of Client’s subcontractor. busbars was not followed.
Project requirements were related mostly to procurability
In essence, these of decisions
rigid tube conductors
made aimed at worst case according
scenario due to to AN
weights and forces transferred onto steel structures, in order to pass
H35.2 standard, as suppliers failed to provide exact specifications
downstream especially
batches of information relevant for theregarding the value
steel structure design,
electrical DC resistance @ 20°C parameter. Encountered engineering challenges were related
all for the purpose of both minimizing number of iterations both upstream
and downstream, but also for streamlining downstream engineering pro- to:
cess. However, even though design variables of span length and phase-
to-phase distance (initially already supporting a value of 2.44 meters based
on BIL 650 kV as according to [79], [80]) were locked, that still has not
relieved design requirement to satisfy all constraints as indicated inside Fi-
1
gure 10., thus requiring exploration of several alternatives including calcu-
lations before turning to the validation of selection for both equipment and
Figure 12. (a) Isometric view of the rigid tubular buswork system, (b) Tubular rigid materials inside the buswork system. Conducting these calculations and
conductor installed between two disconnectors and going in-between two post generation of subsequent drawings manually proved to be an undertaking
buswork system, (b) Tubular rigid conductor
insulators for line trap installation wasting engineering resources. Solution for streamlining both the design
process and decision-making process has been sought in the meantime
tween Other
twoatypical
post insulators for line trap installation
client’s requirement were related to:
by the company, and by following current industry trends, company has
acquired “primtech” solution for the smart substation design which was
later utilized on entire HV equipment on a station including verification of
• Standardization of equipment / materials between both stations;
results on busbar conductor selection as well. “Primtech’s” integrated cal-
• Steel structure designs to follow the foundation design, as foundati- culations were conducted according to IEC 60865-1 in which the accuracy
ons were previously designed by one of Client’s subcontractor. of calculations has been previously already established. Obtained results
ween both
Project stations;
confirmed that our designs according to IEEE 605-2008 were on the safe
requirements were related mostly to procurability of rigid tube side of the calculation. The most important is that calculations were per-
ndation design, as foundations were previously

bility of rigid tube conductors according to ANSI

formed much faster as being automated, thus enabling a faster selection which up-front project related information is being fed. Elements marked
of the best / optimal solution. with the green color belong to both paths of the repertoire definition /
usage.
Streamlining of a decision-making process is conducted through all steps
DISCUSSION of OODA loop combined with a 3D BIM model as a heart of a PDSO cycle:
the Observe step through utilization of the Lean principles, and for the De-
Drawing on the problem statement brought forward inside Section 3, cide and Act steps through agility due to integrated calculations. The pre-
example of the modus operandi of an Agile Utility defined in Section 2.4, requisite for both is a 3D BIM model as a knowledge repository.
and on the described usability test set forth in Section 4 of this paper, this
section presents a discussion about relevant questions asked in Section 3
from a perspective of a PDSO cycle.
Agilethis paper,
Utilities are ablethis section
to use presentsofaaction
existing repertoires discussion
skipping theabout
De-
CONCLUSION
relevant questions asked in Section 3 from a
cideperspective
stage through of a PDSOlayouts,
standardized cycle.answering the question whether During Plan, Do and Study steps of a PDSO cycle, knowledge from pre-
the current design is the best solution or not. This path is given with blue vious project flows into the new project, meaning that design variables
colorAgile Utilities
inside the Figure 13.are able toenterprises
All non-Agile use existing repertoires
and Agile Utilities dea- andof constraints
action skipping the Decide
relevant for buswork stage
design are takenthrough
from previous pro-
lingstandardized layouts, answering
with innovative / customized the question
designs must follow whetherjects
an entire sequence the ascurrent
relevant design is the
ones during thefirst
best solution
iteration. or input
Up-front not. must be
from Observe to Act marked with red arrows. In all cases, Act step cannot given from project management level regarding availability of materials /
be This
skippedpathas it is giventowith
is related blue color
undertaking inside
of analysis the Figure
/ calculations as a 13. All non-Agile
equipment enterprises
that impact final and Procurability
buswork design. Agile Utilities
and constructa-
dealingforwith
prerequisite innovative
a solution capture and/ justification.
customized designs must follow an entire
bility concepts must besequence
taken into from Observe
an account during to
the Act
design stage.
New marked
repertoires with red arrows.
of action are createdInbyall cases,
cycling Act
within a bigger cannotThis
step loop be reduces the total number of alternative solutions, thus faster and
skipped as it is related to undertaking of
more accurate identification of a best optimal solution from a project level
analysis
between Observe/ calculations
step and Act step as athrough
prerequisite
feedbackfor a solution
#2 with possibi- capture and justification.
is supported. Reduction in number of iterations reduces the number of
lity of several iterations to be conducted by cycling through smaller loop engineering man-hours required. Through usage of software with integra-
NewObserve
between repertoires
and Decideof action are created
through feedback by new
#1. Once cycling within
repertoire a bigger loop between Observe step and Act
ted calculations, verification of design solutions is conducted much faster
step through
is defined as the bestfeedback
solution under#2required
with conditions
possibilityand itof several and
is verified iterations to beStreamlined
more accurate. conducted byprocess
design cycling has through
a direct impact on
through running analysis / calculations, such a solution is saved as a 3D streamlining of an engineering decision-making process. Streamlined and
smaller loop between Observe and Decide
BIM model for future knowledge reuse. Saving a solution as a 3D model through feedback #1. Once new repertoire is defined as the
more accurate information flow is a key for streamlining the engineering
best solution under required conditions and it is verifieddecision-making
applies also to each new reused standardized solution stemming from through running process.analysis / calculations, such a
IG&C link.
solution is saved as a 3D BIM model for future knowledge reuse. Saving a solution as a 3D model
Figure 13. presents
applies also toa new
eachconceptual model of
new reused a PDSO cycle based
standardized on
solution
stemming from IG&C link.
the depicted one in Figure 8.
Figure 13. presents a new conceptual model of a PDSO cycle based on the depicted one in Figure 8.
USING EXISTING REPERTOIRES OF
ACTION BASED ON
STANDARDIZATION
EXTERNAL ORIENTATION ANCHORED IN LEAN PROJECT
INFORMATION DELIVERY SYSTEM
WASTE
REDUCTION PROJECT LEAN
POSSIBILITY BEST
DEFINITION DESIGN SOLUTION ?
OBSERVE LEAN DECIDE ACT

USE SUPPLY (HYPOTHESIS) (TEST)
UNFOLDING YES
CIRCUMSTANCES NO
LEAN ASSEMBLY
ANALYSIS /
CALCULATIONS
FEEDBACK #1
FEEDBACK #2
ORIENT PLAN
KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM REUSE &
ONE PROJECT IS INPUT INTO 3D BIM PROJECT PLAN
FUTURE PROJECTS OR FUTURE SUBSTATION DEVELOPMENT
PHASES OF PROJECTS
MODEL
LESSONS LEARNED PROJECT PLAN

STUDY DO
IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 13. PDSO cycle with indicated differences between an Agile and non-Agile enterprise in
respect to the design process based on utilization of BIM models, as adapted from Figure 8.
Figure 13. PDSO cycle with indicated differences between an Agile and non-Agile
enterprise in respect to the design process based on utilization of BIM models, as
adapted from Figure 8. RECOMMENDATIONS
TheThe
OrientOrient steponisfive
step is based based onLPDS.
triads of fiveThetriads of LPDS.
Lean Design is impac-TheFuture
Leanpapers
Design isonimpacted
leaning by relate
this topic could the Lean Supply
to the decision-making for
tedthrough
by the Leanprocurability, the design of other switchgear parts inside the power substation. Also, fu-
and by and
Supply through procurability, thebyLean
the LeanAssembly
Assembly through constructability. These influences are
ture papers could relate to an extension of 3D modeling with BIM in regar-
through constructability. These influences are marked with green arrows
marked
inside with
the Orient step.green
Same canarrows inside
be applied theProject
to the Orient step.step
Definition Samedscan beconstruction
to the applied tosequencing
the Project Definition
through utilization ofstep of
four-dimensional
(4D) BIM models (3D space + time), and / or utilization of five-dimensional
LPDS
of LPDS as indicated
as indicated witharrows.
with orange orange arrows.
The Orient stepThe Orient
as such, and if step as such, and if based on LPDS, enables pro-
(5D) BIM models involving 3D space + time + cost as additional dimensi-
based on LPDS, enables pro-active search for waste reduction possibiliti-
activethesearch
es during Observe for
step.waste reduction
The Observe possibilities
step enables a correlation ofduring
de- the thus
ons, Observe
examiningstep. The Observe
the engineering step enables
decision-making process afrom both
signcorrelation
requirements and ofconstraints
designwith requirements andWhile
project requirements. constraints
design with
levels project
of overall requirements.
project optimization While
and design solutiondesign
optimization.
requirements and constraints are fed from the Orient step of PDSO cycle
requirements
through and constraints
Unfolding Circumstances, are fed
the input enabling from
constant the Orient step of PDSO cycle through Unfolding
correlation
withCircumstances, the input
project level is fed through Externalenabling constant
Information input correlation with project level is fed through External
into Observe.
Information
As Figure input
13. is defined frominto Observe.
a design engineer’s perspective, the External
As Figure 13. is defined from
information input is a direct correlation a design
to project engineer’s
management through perspective, the External information input is a
direct correlation to project management through which up-front project related information is being
fed. Elements marked with the green color belong to both paths of the repertoire definition / usage.
Streamlining
27 of a decision-making
3D Substation process
BIM Design Software, Journal of Energy,isvol.conducted through
67 Number 3 (2018), Special all
Issue,steps
p. 20–29of OODA loop combined
with a 3D BIM model as a heart of a PDSO cycle: the Observe step through utilization of the Lean
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [10]. It is all about finding a best solution among the set of alternatives ha-
ving sound preferences that trigger the right course of action. That is why
It is often believed that tender requirements correlate fully to client’s requ- engineers are decision-makers and not mere problem solvers [10]. This
irements. However, such a belief is a mistake. Unless tender requirements paper is dedicated to a right course of the action. To dharma.
are fully unambiguous, the client is more likely to hint what it does not want
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of Energy VOLUME 67 Number 3 | 2018 Special Issue

journal homepage: http://journalofenergy.com/

LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF HV SUBSTATIONS

DESIGN PRODUCT FABRICATION & ALTERATION &

Asset management, in general, as a decision-making process should be observed within a larger

CLIENT CLIENT DESIGN CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION OPERATION /

CLIENT CLIENT DESIGN CONSTRUCTION OPERATION /

ct delivery. is depicted on Figure 4. as a curve No. 4. The ratio of a higher engineering

ve No. 4. The a curve

Figure 4. MacLeamy’s curve, as adapted from [28]

OBSERVE ANALYSIS & DECIDE ACT

g InformationbaseModeling (BIM) whichisallows

BIM as “Building Information

is a data-rich, object-oriented, intelligent and parametric digital representation of development

explicit and tacit level, including lessons learnt;

in the project; ELIMINATE SMALLER CONDUCTORS BASED

• PDS steps are related to knowledge flow during project completion

• Usage of existing repertoire of actions directly through IG&C link

• Utilize IT [66] through utilizing automated design tools [68] based on

• Employ designs for procurability and designs for constructability [66]

Up-front BIM Engineering

V and 650 kV, rigidrepresenting a parallel to arequirement

ch, schedule 80, alloy 6061-T6 tube;

d on pedestal and supported with additional ons steel

ndation design, as foundations were previously

bility of rigid tube conductors according to ANSI

OBSERVE LEAN DECIDE ACT

LESSONS LEARNED PROJECT PLAN

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] International Energy Agency. “World

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