INSTRUCTION MANUAL

HB013 FLOW OVER A NOTCH

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED

508 SOI 22/1 SOMDET PHRACHAO TAKSIN RD.
BUKKALO THONBURI BANGKOK 10600, THAILAND
TEL. +66 (0) 24760034 FAX +66 (0) 24761500
E-mail: essom@essom.com
www.essom.com

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 CONTENTS
Page
Receipt of goods A
1. General description 1-1
2. Theory 2-1
3. Test procedures 3-1
4. Typical data 4-1
5. Sample calculations 5-1
6. Performance curves 6-1
Addendum
Addendum A-1 Hook or point gauge instruction

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying
or storing in any medium be electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.

1 170812
 RECEIPT OF GOODS
1. On Receipt of Goods
(a) On receipt of the goods at the consignee’s premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any damages
or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage should be
reported immediately to the insurance agent.
(b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items
should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.
(c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of
parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and
Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
(d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs for
evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
(e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim has
been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under custody’s
for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.
2. Manufacturers Liability
(a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like to
alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to the
liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
(b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing
harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or
damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the
instruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.
(c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the
instruction manual are observed.

A 170812
 INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HB013 FLOW OVER A NOTCH

Figure 1-1 HB013 Flow over a notch

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The apparatus is for the study of flow over a notched weir. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench
(separately supplied)
Three weir plates, a rectangular notch and two vee notches, are provided. Characteristics of flow over the
notches can be observed and coefficients of discharge can be determined. The plates are attached to the open
channel of the Hydraulics Bench. Water is supplied to the channel via a discharge diffuser and passes through a
stilling baffle to smooth the flow. A vernier hook and point gauge is provided to measure the height of water level
in the channel.
1.1 Technical Data
1.1.1 Plastic weir plates
1.1.1.1 Size : 165 mm high x 245 mm wide x 5 mm thick.
1.1.1.2 Type : Rectangular notch, 60o and 90o V- notches.
1.1.2 Stainless steel vernier hook or point gauge : Range 0-150 mm reading 0.05 mm
1.2 Optional
1.2.1 HB013-001 Stainless steel weir plates instead of plastics.
1.2.2 HB013-002 Plastics broad crested weir.
1.2.3 HB013-003 Plastics trapezoidal weir.
1.2.4 HB013-005 Stainless steel linear head/flow weir.

1-1 C060912
2. THEORY
The flow of water between two points over a notch follows Bernoulli’s equation
Point 1= A point on the surface of a liquid a distance upstream from the crest of a weir (usually 4 times the
height from the notch bottom.)
Point 2 = A point in differential area dA above the crest of the weir.

1
h h
x
2
H dh H dh H
. H-h H-h
2θ

Rectangular weir V-notch weir

front view front view

Side view
Figure 2-1 Rectangular weir and V-notch weir
Apply Bernoulli’s equation between point 1 and 2 in figure 2-1 gives:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
+ + Z1 = + + Z2 ……………………..(2.1)
γ 2g γ 2g
2
Where: p = pressure, N/m
V = velocity, m/s
Z = elevation, m
γ = specific weight of water, N/m3
2
g = acceleration due to gravity, N/s
Reference points 1 and 2 refer to point 1 and point 2 in figure 2-1
Since point 1 is on the surface of the water and the cross-section area at point 1 is very large, then
pressure p1 = 0 and velocity V1 ≈ 0 , and also point 2 is in the jet over the weir crest then p 2 = 0 , from equation
(2.1) gives:

V2
0 + 0 + Z1 = 0 + 2 + Z 2
2g
V22
= Z1 − Z 2 = h ……………………..(2.2)
2g
∴ V = V2 = 2gh

Then the volume flow rate passing through the differential area dA will be
dQ = dA ⋅ V
……………………..(2.3)
= dA 2gh
Rectangular notch:
dA = b ⋅ dh ……………………..(2.4)
Where: b = width of notch, m

2-1 110912
 Substitute dA from equation (2.4) in equation (2.3) gives
dQ = b ⋅ dh ⋅ 2gh
= b 2g ⋅ h 1/2 dh
……………………..(2.5)
Q = b 2g ∫ H h 1/2 ⋅ dh
0
2
= b 2g ⋅ H 3/2
3
For ESSOM HB013: b = 30 mm or 50 mm
V-Notch
dA = 2 x ⋅ dh
……………………..(2.6)
= [2 (H − h ) tan θ]⋅ dh
Substitute dA from equation (2.6) in equation (2.3) gives
dQ = [2 (H - h )tanθ ]dh ⋅ 2gh
( )
= 2tanθ 2g ⋅ Hh 1/2 − h 3/2 dh
Q = 2tanθ 2g H
( )
1/2
∫0 H − h h ⋅ dh
= 2tanθ 2g H
(1/2
∫0 Hh − h
3/2
)
⋅ dh
H
⎡ 2Hh 3/2 2h 5/2 ⎤
= 2 tanθ 2g ⋅ ⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 5 ⎥⎦
0
⎡ 2H 5/2 2H 5/2 ⎤
= 2 tanθ 2g ⋅ ⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 5 ⎥⎦
8
= 2g ⋅ tanθ ⋅ H 5 / 2 ……………………..(2.7)
15
For ESSOM HB100: 2 θ = 90° or 60°
In practice the actual flow rate should be smaller than the above theoretical flow rate due to the energy loss
caused by the fluid viscosity. Then the actual flow rate will be:
Rectangular notch actual flow rate:
2
Qact = C d 2g × b × H 3 / 2 ……………………..(2.8)
3
V-Notch actual flow rate:
8
For 90° V-Notch, Qact = C d 2g × tan 45° × H 5 / 2 ……………………..(2.9a)
15
8
For 60° V-Notch, Qact = C d 2g × tan 30° × H 5 / 2 ……………………..(2.9b)
15
Where: CD = Coefficient of discharge, dimensionless constant
In practice calculations may be made through logarithmic analysis.
3
For a rectangular notch log Q = log K 1 + log H , K1 = Constant
2
5
For a V-notch log Q = log K 2 + log H , K2 = Constant
2

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3. TEST PROCEDURES

Figure 3-1 HB013 Flow over a notch

3.1 Install the hook or point gauge upstream of the notch at a distance of at least 4 times the height of water level
above the notch.
3.2 Turn on the water pump of the Hydraulics bench and slowly open the flow control valve until water starts
flowing over the notch then stop the pump.
3.3 Wait until the overflow stops and record the water level in the channel by the hook or point gauge (see
addendum A-1). This is the lowest point level of water for the notch (HL) at the top of the data sheet.
3.4 Start the pump again and open the flow control valve until the flow rate in the flow meter is around 5 lpm (see
Hydraulics bench manual) allow the flow to continue for at least 1 min. to obtain a steady state, then record the
water level in the flow channel by hook or point gauge (HH).
3.5 The different of water levels in 3.4 (HL) and 3.5 (HH) is H.
3.6 Repeat 3.5 and 3.6 at a flow rate of about 10, 15, 20, 25 lpm or until the water level in the open channel is near
it’s maximum.
3.7 Calculate Cd for the notch.
3.8 Change the notch to another type or size and repeat steps 3.3 to 3.7.

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 DATA SHEET
HB013 FLOW OVER A NOTCH
Tested by………………..…………Date..………………
Water level at lowest point of the notch, HL = ……………………. cm
Flow rate, Q Level above
Flow
Volume, Time, the Notch,
meter, HH log log
V T Q Q H Cd
Q (cm) Q H
(l) (s) (l/min) (m3/s) H H
(l/min)
(cm) (m)
1. Rectangular
Notch weir
5 cm wide

2. Rectangular
Notch weir
3 cm wide

3. Weir V-
Notch 60°

Water level at lowest point of the notch = ………..….. cm

4. Weir V-
Notch 90°

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4. TYPICAL DATA
DATA SHEET
HB013 FLOW OVER A NOTCH
Tested by….…......H.Pririn……….Date..….22/01/07..…
Water level at lowest point of the notch, HL = ……7….. cm (Weir 5 cm wide, Weir 3 cm wide, Weir V-notch 60o and
Weir V-notch 90o)
Flow rate, Q Level above
Flow
Volume, Time, the Notch,
meter, HH log log
V T Q Q H Cd
Q 3 (cm) Q H
(l) (s) (l/min) (m /s) H H
(l/min)
(cm) (m)
1. Rectangular 25 12 32.38 22.24 0.000371 3.30 3.70 0.0370 -3.43 -1.43 0.35
Notch weir
5 cm wide 20 9 29.16 18.52 0.000309 3.60 3.40 0.0340 -3.51 -1.47 0.33
15 6 24.69 14.58 0.000243 4.10 2.90 0.0290 -3.61 -1.54 0.33
10 4 20.62 11.64 0.000194 4.30 2.70 0.0270 -3.71 -1.57 0.30
5 4 64.78 3.70 0.000062 5.74 1.26 0.0126 -4.21 -1.90 0.30

2. Rectangular 25 12 31.19 23.08 0.000385 3.70 3.30 0.0330 -3.41 -1.48 0.72
Notch weir
3 cm wide 20 9 28.47 18.97 0.000316 4.19 2.81 0.0281 -3.50 -1.55 0.76
15 6 25.65 14.04 0.000234 4.69 2.31 0.0231 -3.63 -1.64 0.75
10 4 31.50 7.62 0.000127 5.42 1.58 0.0158 -3.90 -1.80 0.72
5 4 68.53 3.50 0.000058 6.08 0.92 0.0092 -4.23 -2.04 0.75

3. Weir V- 25 12 31.72 22.70 0.000378 1.80 5.20 0.0520 -3.42 -1.28 0.45
Notch 60°
20 9 27.91 19.35 0.000322 2.19 4.81 0.0481 -3.49 -1.32 0.47
15 6 26.63 13.52 0.000225 2.74 4.26 0.0426 -3.65 -1.37 0.44
10 4 25.68 9.35 0.000156 3.46 3.54 0.0354 -3.81 -1.45 0.48
5 4 89.27 2.69 0.000045 4.74 2.26 0.0226 -4.35 -1.65 0.43

o
Water level at lowest point of the notch = ……9.5….. cm ( Weir V-notch 90 )
4. Weir V- 25 12 32.09 22.44 0.000374 5.47 4.03 0.0403 -3.43 -1.39 0.49
Notch 90°
20 9 28.90 18.69 0.000311 5.75 3.75 0.0375 -3.51 -1.43 0.48
15 6 25.57 14.08 0.000235 6.07 3.43 0.0343 -3.63 -1.46 0.46
10 4 30.66 7.83 0.000130 6.81 2.69 0.0269 -3.88 -1.57 0.47
5 4 66.65 3.60 0.000060 7.46 2.04 0.0204 -4.22 -1.69 0.43

4-1 110912
5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
5.1 With a V- notch 60°
5.1.1 Typical Test Data at Shaded Row
- Volume, V 12 l
- Time, T 31.72 s
- Level above the Notch, H 5.20 cm
5.1.2 Sample Calculations
Flow rate from measuring tank:
Measuring volume 12(l) 1(m 3 )
Q = = ×
time 31.72(s) 1,000(l)
3
−4 m
= 3.7831× 10
s
Water level above the notch:
1 (m )
H = 5.20 (cm )× = 0.052 m
100 (cm )
from equation (2.9b)
8
Qact = 2g × tan 30° × H 5 / 2
Cd
15
Substitute Q and H in equation (2.9b) give the coefficient of discharge:
3
m ⎛m ⎞
⎟⎟ × tan 30° × (0.052(m ))(5 / 2 )
-4 8
3.7831×10 = Cd 2 × 9.81⎜⎜
S 15 ⎝ s2 ⎠
∴ Cd = 0.449

5.2 With a rectangular notch, 5 cm wide

5.2.1 Typical Test Data at Shaded Row
- Volume, V 12 l
- Time, T 32.38 s
- Level above the Notch, H 3.70 cm
5.2.2 Sample Calculations
Flow rate from measuring tank:
Measuring volume 12(l) 1(m 3 )
Q = = ×
time 32.38(s) 1,000(l)
3
m
= 3.7059 × 10 − 4
s
Water level above the notch:
1 (m )
H = 3.70 (cm ) × = 0.037 m
100 (cm )
From equation (2.8):
2
Qact = 2g × b × H 3 / 2
Cd
3
Substitute Q and H in equation (2.8) give the coefficient of discharge
m3 = C 2 2 × 9.81 m × 0.05 × ( 0.037 m )3/ 2
3.7059 ×10−4 d
s 3 s2
∴ Cd = 0.352

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6. PERFORMANCE CURVES
6.1 Plot the obtained results as graph of Q vs. H A typical graph is shown below.

6.2 If we plot log Q vs. Log H , the typical graph will be as below:

4.6 Rectangular Notch weir 5 cm wide

Weir V-notch 60o
4.4

4.2

4
Log Q

3.8

3.6

3.4

3.2

3
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
Log H

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 ADDENDUM A-1
HOOK OR POINT GAUGE INSTRUCTION

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 HOOK OR POINT GAUGE INSTRUCTION
The hook or point gauge is used for measurement of water level or difference in water levels.

1
1

3
3 4 4

5 2 5
2
6
6
8

7
7

Legend
1. Vernier
2. Vernier lock screw
3. Fine adjustment lock screw
4. Fine adjustment screw
5. Sliding rod with hook or point needle
6. Vernier rod screw
7. Base plate or frame
8. Support
1. Components
1.1 The vernier gauge (1) is attached vertically to the frame or base plate (7). Various maximum range and
reading are available.
1.2 The vernier is attached to the sliding rod (5) by screw (6).
1.3 The vernier itself has three screws, vernier lock screw (2), fine adjustment lock screw (3), and fine
adjustment screw (4)
2. Instruction for use
2.1 Attach the base plate to appropriate provided support 8.
2.2 Place or attached the support on to the equipment to measure the water level.
2.3 Loosen screw 2 and slide the vernier to near “0” reading (within 1-2 mm.)
2.4 Loosen screw 6 and move the rod such that the hook or point needle nearly touches the lower water level,
then lock screw 6.
2.5 Lock the screw 3 and adjust screw 4 until the hook or point needle just touch the water.
2.6 Record the vernier reading for the lower water level (HL).
2.7 Loosen screw 3 and move the vernier until the hook or point needle nearly touch the higher water level.
2.8 Lock screw 3 and adjust screw 4 until the hook or point needle just touch the higher water level.
2.9 Record the higher water level reading (HH).
2.10 Level difference is 2.9 – 2.6 readings (HH-HL=H).

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