Instruction Manual

FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus,

(with transducer)
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Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is accurate; however no liability is accepted for
errors. Should an error be discovered please inform the company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given are
for guidance only and are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given apparatus; due to the complex
variables applicable to most experiments.

EdLabQuip GmbH
Peiner Str. 157E, 30519 Hannover, Germany
www.edlabquip.com
sales@edlabquip.com
Tel: +49 511 56 37 98 70
 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

Contents
1. Receipt of the Goods …………………………………………………………………………. 2
2. Description ………………………………………………………………………..………… 3
3. Theory …….…………………………………………………………………………… 4
4. Experimental Procedure ……………………………..………………………………… 9
6. Data Sheet & Sample Data …..…………………………………………………………… 10
7. Sample Calculations ……………………………………………………………………….. 14
8. Graphical Representation ………………………………………………………………. 15

APPENDIX 1: Differential Pressure Transducer ……………………………………………… 16

APPENDIX 2: Schematic Diagram for Differential Pressure Indicator ……………………. 21
APPENDIX 3: Differential Pressure Indicator ……………………………………………… 23
APPENDIX 4: Calibration Certificates ………………………………………………………. 28
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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

1. RECEIPT OF GOODS

On Receipt of Goods
Equipment shipped overseas are usually partially assembled to reduce possibility of damage and
shipping volume.
Parts list of packing list is normally shipped with shipping documents. When the shipping boxes reach
the site, the box should be carefully opened, and the parts must be checked / examined for damage and
identified according to the parts list.
(a) On receipt of the goods at the customers premises, the shipment should be inspected for any
damages or missing items. These items should be checked against the delivery note, packing list or
shipping documents.
(b) If there is any damage to the equipment or a discrepancy in missing items as listed shipping
documents, then the insurance company should be notified within three working days on receipt of
the shipment if the loss or damage was not apparent at the time of taking delivery from the port.
(c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any
damage or loss of parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of
time as stated in the Terms and Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the
damaged equipment.
(d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along
with any correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should
include detailed photographs for evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the
shipment.
(e) The seller will only replace damaged parts on notification by the insurance company that the claim
has been accepted.
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Manufacturers Liability
(a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual,
we would like to alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate
our equipment with regard to the liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
(b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their
equipment causing harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third
parties for consequences of failure or damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not
installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the instruction manual published by the
manufacturers or suppliers.
(c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as
outlined in the instruction manual are observed.

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

2. Description

Inclined manometer

Orifice plate unit

Acrylic pipe

Slope scale

Water inlet Water outlet

Indicator control box

Differential pressure
transducer

Figure 1: FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter, with transducer

The Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus is designed to determine the coefficient of discharge of
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a flow measuring device. It is meant to be used with FM 100 Hydraulic Bench (supplied
separately), and to make use of circulating water supply and the measuring tank to measure the
flow rate and compare it with reading of the vortex flow meter..
The apparatus consists of an orifice plate made from stainless steel, pipe inlet and outlet, and an
inclined manometer. Pressure drop across the device can be connected to a vertical manometer
with a vent valve and hand air pump. A differential pressure transducer is also fitted to the
apparatus to provide electronic measurement on a digital indicator.
The whole assembly is on a stand with four rubber levelling feet. This facilitate mounting of the
unit on the hydraulics bench.

1.1 Technical Data

Acrylic Tube:
- Orifice meter : 20mm diameter on 29mm tube
- Flow range : 1.6 up to 16 m³/h or 26.67 up to 266.67 lpm
Manometer:
- Inclination : 1:10, 1:5, 1:2, and 1:1
- Scale : 0-450mm x 1mm graduation
Differential pressure transducer : with digital indicator
Power supply : 220V, 1ph, 50Hz

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

3. Theory
3.1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
3.1.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
When the flow is very slow, the particles of the fluid will move in layers parallel to the pipe wall
in the direction of the flow. The particles at the centre of the pipe move faster than the particles
near the wall. This type of flow is called “Laminar Flow”.
When the flow is very fast, the particles have an irregular motion in a defused pattern but, in
general, move in the direction of flow with particles near the pipe wall move slower than the
particles near the centre of the pipe. This type of flow is called “Turbulent Flow”. Flows in
most cases of engineering applications are turbulent flows.
The flow may be indicated by a dimensionless quantity called Reynolds Number, ReD
vD vD
ReD  
 
where  = Density of the fluid, kg/m³
v = Average velocity of fluid in pipe, m/s
D = Pipe inside diameter, m
 = Dynamic viscosity of fluid, Ns/m² or Pa.s
 = Kinetic viscosity of fluid = /, m²/s
Flow is laminar when ReD ≤ 2000,
and is turbulent when ReD ≥ 4000
Transition range is when 2000 < ReD < 4000
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Path of particles velocity profile

Figure 3-1: Laminar flow

Path of particles velocity profile

Figure 3-2: Turbulent flow

3.1.2 Pressure and Head

Atmospheric pressure:
It is the ratio between the weights of the atmosphere per unit area on the earth surface. Thus one
atmospheric pressure is equal to 101.325 kilo-Newton per square meter (kN/m²) or 114.7 pound
per square inch (psi). Since the barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure, this pressure
is often referred to as Barometric pressure, pb. Pressure on a pressure gauge is the pressure
above atmospheric pressure.

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

Pressure head (p/)

Pressure head is the height of the liquid that exerts pressure on a surface area. Pressure
measuring device measures pressure difference from that of atmospheric pressure. The resulting
pressure is called gauge pressure, which can be positive of negative value.
p p

 g
where p/ = Pressure head, m
p = Pressure, N/m²
 = Specific weight, N/m³
 = Density of fluid, kg/m³
g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s²

Velocity Head (Hv)

When a liquid flows in a pipe or in an open channel it has a kinetic energy (Ek). The kinetic
energy per unit weight is called Velocity Head.
1 2
Ek  mv
2
1w 2
 v
2g
Ek v 2
Hv   = Velocity Head (Hv)
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w 2g
where Ek = Kinetic Energy Nm
m = Mass of fluid kg
w = Weight of fluid N
v = Velocity of fluid m/s
g = Acceleration due to gravity m/s²

Velocity Head may be defined as a height from which the liquid may fall due to gravity and
attain a velocity equal to the velocity of fluid flow.

Elevation Head or Static Head (Hs)

When a liquid is at an elevation, it has a potential energy. Potential energy per unit weight of the
liquid is called Elevation head or static head. Potential energy of the object at the elevation Z
is:
EP = w.Z
where, EP = Potential energy, N.m
w = Weight, N
Z = Elevation, m

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

Total Head, H
The total head of a liquid at any point is the total energy per unit weight of the liquid and equal
to summation of pressure head, velocity head and elevation head of the liquid. Thus the total
head is:
Total head = pressure head + velocity head + elevation head
p v2
H  
 2g
Friction Head, hf
When a liquid flows from one point of a piping section to the next, part of the total energy is lost
due to friction between the liquid and the wall, and the interaction of the liquid particles. Energy
loss due to friction per unit weight of the liquid is called friction head or head loss due to
friction. Friction head between points 1 and 2 is:
p p   v2 v2 
h f ,12   1  2    1  2       
    2g 2g 

3.2 Flow Measuring Devices: Orifice Plate

There are several devices commonly used
for flow measurement namely: orifice
meter, Venturi meter, Pitot tube, nozzle, h
variable area meter, vortex flow meter,
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D1 D1 /2
water meter, and measuring tank. One of
these is employed on this test apparatus.

3.2.1 Orifice Meter D2

When an orifice plate is placed in a pipe, D1

the velocity of water flowing through the 1 2
pipe at or immediately after the orifice is
higher than velocity before the orifice. At
the same time, static pressure before the
orifice is higher than at the orifice. The
pressure difference is measured by a
manometer. In this case, applying
Bernoulli’s equation between point 1 and
point 2 gives:
Figure 3-3: Von Karman Vortex street

p1 v12 p2 v22
  Z1    Z2 (1)
 2g  2g
Subscripts 1 & 2 mean point 1 and point 2 of a liquid in the pipe. Point 1 is before orifice plate,
point 2 is at vena-contract of the jet.
Since Z1=Z2, hence

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

p1 v2 p v2
 1  2  2
 2g 1  2g

v22  v12 p  p2
 1
2g 
 p  p2 
v22  v12  2 g  1  (2)
  
From continuity equation:
A1v1  A2 v2

A2 v2
v1  (3)
A1
Substituting v1 from equation (3) in equation (2) gives:
2
2 Av   p  p2 
v   2 1   2g  1
2 
 A1    
  A2  
2
 p1  p2 
2
v 1  
2    2g  
  A1     
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1  p  p2 
v2  2g  1 
A 
2
  
1  2 
 A1 
1
v2  2 g h (4)
4
D 
1  2 
 D1 
Thus the ideal flow rate (theoretical flow rate) is:
Qth  A2 v2
A2
Qth  2 g h (5)
4
D 
1  2 
 D1 
Since there are some energy loss between section 1 and 2 there are also a vena-contract after
flow through the orifice. Thus, the actual flow rate will be:
Co Ao
Qact  2 g h (6)
4
D 
1  o 
 D1 
where,

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

Qact = actual flow rate, m³/s

Co = coefficient of discharge for orifice
Ao = cross section area of orifice, m²
D1 = pipe diameter, m (=29mm, for this test equipment)
D2 = orifice diameter, m (=20mm, for this test equipment)
h = difference is pressure head, m
From the above equation we obtain:

1   Do D1 
4
Qact
Co  (7)
Ao 2 g h
For this test equipment,
Qact  Co ko 2 g h

Ao 2g
where, ko  = constant (8)
1   Do D1 
4

From equation (6) we can write in another form as follows:

 2 2 g h
Qact  Co D1 (9)
 D1 Do   1
4
4
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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

4. Experimental Procedures

Inclined manometer

Orifice plate unit

Acrylic pipe

Slope scale

Water inlet Water outlet

Indicator control box

Differential pressure
transducer

Figure 4-1: FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter, with transducer

1. Before Testing
1.1 Set up the Hydraulics Bench as per Hydraulics Bench Manual
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1.2 Place the FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow meter on the Bench, adjusts the screw at the base
for level, and connect water supply hose from the Bench to the test apparatus.
1.3 Prepare the manometer and connect pressure tapping hoses from FM 100.OFM to the
manometer.
1.4 Open the measuring tank drain valve and close the Hydraulics Bench flow control valve.

2. Start the Test

2.1 Start the Hydraulic Bench pump and slowly open the Bench flow control valve until air
bubbles are completely removed from the test set, then reduce the Flow rate to about 5 lpm
on the Flow meter or to the required Flow rate.
2.2 Observe water levels in the manometer and ensure that all levels can be observed. It they are
too high, pump air into the manometer head manifold. If they are too low, slightly close the
test set discharge valve (if any) or bleed air out from the manometer head manifold by vent
valve.
2.3 Record all manometer levels, and the corresponding differential pressure on the digital
indicator.
2.4 Record the measuring tank volume and time. (see Hydraulics Bench Manual)
2.4 Repeat steps 2.2 to 2.4 for flow rate of 10, 15, 20 and 25 lpm on Rotameter (if any).

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

5. DATA SHEET
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& SAMPLE DATA

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

DATA SHEET
FM 100.OFM ORIFICE PLATE FLOW METER

Tested by: ……………………..…………… Date: ……….……

Meas. Vol. Vol. Diff. Water manometer level, cm H2O

tank Time flow flow pressure
No. Left Right Diff. Remark
volume s rate rate (indicator)
l lpm m³/s cm H2O column column column
cm cm cm

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
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7.

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

DATA SHEET
FM 100.OFM ORIFICE PLATE FLOW METER

Tested by: ……………………..…………… Date: …27.02.2015.……

Meas. Vol. Vol. Diff. Water manometer level, cm H2O

tank Time flow flow pressure
No. Left Right Diff. Remark
volume s rate rate (indicator)
l lpm m³/s cm H2O column column column
cm cm cm
1.71 x
1. 10 58.46 10.263 - 24.7 22.0 2.7
10-4
2.62 x
2. 10 38.04 15.773 - 27.1 20.6 6.5
10-4
3.34 x
3. 15 44.69 20.139 - 29.7 18.9 10.8
10-4
4.11 x
4. 15 36.35 24.759 - 33.4 16.6 16.8
10-4
4.91 x
5. 20 40.53 29.608 - 37.8 13.5 24.3
10-4
5.71 x
6. 20 34.91 34.374 - 39.8 6.2 33.6
10-4
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6.58 x
7. 25 37.80 39.683 - 43.6 1.2 42.4
10-4

Note: Water temperature = 30°C

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

CALCULATIONS SHEET
FM 100.OFM ORIFICE PLATE FLOW METER

Tested by: ……………………..…………… Date: …27.02.2015.……

D1 = 29.0 cm, D2 = 20.0 cm, v at 30°C = 0.801 x 10-6 m²/s

Actual flow rate,

Reynolds number,  h,
Qact
Re m h Co
lpm

10.26 13,590 0.027 0.164 0.658

15.77 20,889 0.065 0.255 0.652

20.14 26,678 0.108 0.329 0.646

24.75 32,797 0.168 0.410 0.636

29.61 39,222 0.243 0.493 0.633

34.37 45,527 0.336 0.580 0.625

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39.68 52,561 0.424 0.651 0.642

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

6. Sample Calculations
Typical Test Data at Shaded Row
Test runs were conducted by a team of engineers and technicians at the factory prior to shipment
to customer. Typical test data were shown as below.
From measuring tank:
Volume = 10 l
Time = 58.46 s
Qact = 10/58.46 s = 0.171 l/s = 1.71 x 10-4 m³/s  10 lpm
Manometer level (on test set)
Left 24.7 cm, right 22.0 cm, difference = 2.7 cm
Coefficient of Discharge Cd of Orifice Meter
Qact = 1.71 x 10-4 m³/s (from measuring tank)
h = 2.7 cm
D1 = 29 mm = 0.029 m
Do = 20 mm = 0.020 m
From equation (6) of Orifice meter.
Co Ao
Qact  2 g h
1   Do D1 
4
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1   Do D1 
4
Qact
Co 
Ao 2g h

1   0.020m 0.029m 
4
1.71 10 4 m³/s
Co  
  0.020m 
2
0.027
2  9.8m/s²
4
1.71104
Co  632.13   0.658
0.027

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

7. Graphical Results
Coefficients of discharge at various rate of flow for different devices may be plotted in graph as
per below.

1.2

1.0

Coefficient, Cd
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flow rate, Q x 104 , m3/s

Figure 7-1: Relations of volume flow rate Q and discharge coefficient, Cd.
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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

APPENDIX 1
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DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSDUCER

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

APPENDIX 2
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMM FOR

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE INDICATOR

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus
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APPENDIX 3
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE INDICATOR

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 FM 100.OFM Orifice Plate Flow Meter Apparatus

APPENDIX 4
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CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES

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