TD 005 Temperature Measurement Bench

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
TD 005 Temperature Measurement Bench

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Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is accurate; however no liability is accepted
for errors. Should an error be discovered please inform the company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given
are for guidance only and are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given apparatus; due to the complex
variables applicable to most experiments.
EdLabQuip GmbH
Peiner Str. 157E, 30519 Hannover, Germany
www.edlabquip.com
sales@edlabquip.com
Tel: +49 511 56 37 98 7
CONTENTS
Receipt of Goods ………………………………………………….. 2

1. General Description ………………………………………….. 5
1.1 Technical Data ……………………………………………………………………… 5
2. Theory …………………….………………………………………………….. 7
2.1 General Principle of Temperature Scale …………………………………………. 7
2.2 Temperature Measuring Devices - The Thermometer ………………….……… 8
2.3 Calibration of Temperature Instruments ...……………………………..……….. 14
2.4 Errors Associated with Incorrect Application .…………………...……… 15
2.5 Lead and Conduction Errors ………………………………………..…... 15
2.6 Transient Response of Thermal Systems ……………………………………. 20
2.7 Thermocouple Compensation ……………………………………………… 22
3. Experimental Procedures .…………………………………………………. 26
3.1 0°C Test ..…………………..………………………………………………… 26
3.2 Alternative Reading by Precision Resistors ………………………………….... 26
3.3 Water Temperature (100°C) ……...……………………………………………… 27
3.4 Hot Air Blower for Room Temperature Above 100°C …………………………. 27
3.5 Alternative Test for Room Temperature to Above 10°C ..….……………… 28
3.6 Dynamic Response ………………………………………………………………. 28
3.7 Incorrect Application ………………………………………………………………. 28
3.8 Air Humidity Determination ……………………………………………………… 28
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4. Results .………………………………………………………………… 30
5. Sample Graphs …………………………………………………………. 37
ADDENDUM 1: Characteristic Temperature & Electric Resistance of PT100.. 41
ADDENDUM 2: Thermocouple Type K ………………………………………….. 42
ADDENDUM 3: Table for (NTC) Thermistor Probe …….………………………. 43
ADDENDUM 4: Temperature Indicator …………………………………………. 44
ADDENDUM 5: Calibration Certificates …………………………………………. 47
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any
medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written
permission.
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RECEIPT OF GOODS
1. On Receipt of Goods
(a) On receipt of the goods at the customer’s premises, the shipment should be inspected for any damages
or missing items. These items should be checked against the delivery note, packing list or shipping
documents.
(b) If there is any damage to the equipment or a discrepancy in missing items as listed shipping documents,
then the insurance company should be notified within three working days on receipt of the shipment if
the loss or damage was not apparent at the time of taking delivery from the port.
(c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage
or loss of parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated
in the Terms and Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
(d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with
any correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include
detailed photographs for evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
(e) The seller will only replace damaged parts on notification by the insurance company that the claim has
been accepted.
2. Manufacturers Liability
(a) Before proceeding to install, commission or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we
would like to alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our
equipment with regard to the liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
(b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment
causing harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for
consequences of failure or damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed,
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maintained and operated as outlined in the instruction manual published by the manufacturers or
suppliers.
(c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as
outlined in the instruction manual are observed.
3. Safety Guidelines
1.3.1 General Safety Concerns
Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction manual we
would like to alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety practices were not
performed in accordance with the local standards and governing bodies regulations.
-Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating
equipment hazards and lack of cleanliness.
To be able to achieve the aim, of “accidents can be avoided” it must be ensured that the equipment is
installed correctly, regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential
hazards associated with the particular equipment.
We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.
1.3.2 Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission, or
operate the equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers
recommendations and instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in
the contents.
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4. Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is
competent in the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective
devices such as an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to as a
residual current device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use.
The supply network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the
supply voltage in the case of an overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to
the equipment. (An overload relay)
5. Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on
handling and unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the
structure. In the case of a mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the
structure framework so that no damage will occur during the lifting operation.
(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation
5.1 Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal color code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Black----------------------------Line.
-Gray or white. -----------------Neutral.
- Red------------------------------Ground.
(b) The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Red, blue and black. ---------Line.
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- Light gray or white - ---------Neutral.

- Green ---------------------------Ground.
5.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long
period of time without circulation it will stagnate.
(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti rust
additive such as used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
(d) The water should be at temperature under 45degreesC to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means
of a water treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.
5.3 Rotating Equipment

(a) If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc these items are
provided with a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may occur
when the rotating parts fail. These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in operation
(rotating) and only removed for maintenance periods.
After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do not
operate any rotating parts unless machine guards are in place.
5.4 Steam Equipment
(a) When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by
the operators and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and performing
maintenance schedules. During operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a high
temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging and hazardous effects on students if safety
precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained
and not exceeded on the equipment.
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(c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained. This
should also include pressure reducing valves.
(d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be
checked regularly.
(e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc and any
frameworks or joints should have the hardware checked for tightness.
(f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.
5.5 High Temperature Equipment
(a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be
remembered by the operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and performing
maintenance schedules. During operation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a high
temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging and hazardous effect on students if safety
precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained
and not exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly for
safe operation.
6. Maintenance Safety Practices
(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the
equipment
(b) Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the equipment is
being worked on, inspected and should not be operated.
(c) Check the operation of any protective devices, such as an ELCB so that it operates in accordance with
its specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any
malfunction of the device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the equipment
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back to a service condition.

(d) Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no covers,
panels are left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
(e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that have
to be taken to prevent infection from harmful micro organisms.
7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment
(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the students can
be safeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious accident
if caught in rotating equipment, i.e. tie etc.
Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature present.
(c) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.
(d) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.
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1. General Description
The Temperature Measurement Bench is bench-top unit designed to for studying methods of
temperature measurement of several commonly used devices as well as understanding related
principles. The apparatus is equally suitable for student experiments or demonstration.
Heat sources and means of calibration and accuracy comparison of the different devices are
provided.
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Figure 1: Front View of Temperature Measurement Bench
1 Power switch 9 Stainless steel water pot

2 PT100 indicator 10 Hot plate
3 Thermocouple indicator 11 Vapour pressure thermometer
4 Thermistor indicator 12 Bimetallic thermometer
5 Millivoltmeter for thermocouple 13 Glass thermometer
6 Sensor terminals 14 Vacuum flask or ice pail
7a Precision resistor for PT100 15 Hot air blower
7b Precision resistor for thermistor 16 Thermometer plate
8 Wet and dry bulb thermometer
1.1 Technical Data

Primary temperature sensing devices
• Platinum resistance-thermometer; range -49.9°C to 199.9°C × 0.1°C resolution.
• Thermistor, 0-200°C × 0.1°C resolution.
• Thermocouple, type K- Ni Cr/Ni Al, -75°C to +120°C × 1°C resolution
General industrial temperature measuring devices
• Bimetallic thermometer, 0-200°C.
• Vapour pressure thermometer, 20-150°C.
• Mercury in glass thermometer, 0-150°C.
• Self adhesive surface temperature indicator, various strips with range from 40 to 250°C.
• Wet and dry bulb thermometers.
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Heat sources
• Water heater, consisting of hot plate and stainless steel pot.
• Hot air heater with blower and stand.
• Ice pail.
Other instruments
• Digital millivoltmeter
• Digital read-out units; for platinum resistance thermometer, thermistor and thermocouple.
Power supply : 220 V, 1 Ph, 50 Hz, Other voltages are available upon request.
1.2 Equipment Operation

Thermometer / sensor plate
This is a flat plate where all temperature sensors and thermometer are placed before temperature
measurement. Self-adhesive temperature indicator is attached to a rod and this rod is then placed
on the temperature plate.
Temperature measurement
Before temperature is measured, the thermometer plate with thermometer and sensor is placed
on the flask or water pot or on the plate stand for air temperature measurement.
The flask is used for measuremet of 0°C temperature (ice water) up to room temperature.
Water pot is used for measurement of water temperature from room temperature up to 100°C
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(boiling water).
Hot air blower is used for measurement from room temperature to above 100°C.
Alternatively, flushing oil (for flushing engine) which is available at petrol station can also be used
for measurement from room temperature to above 100°C.
Alternative calibration / measurement
The indicators for platinum resistance, type K thermocouple, and thermistor are pre-circuited and
calibrated to indicate temperature directly. However, precision resistors are provided for
calibration of 0°C and 100°C;
100  for setting 0°C for platinum resistance thermometer PT100.
1 k for setting 100°C for thermistor.
10 k for setting 25°C for thermistor
This is simply done by connecting the resistor to the indicator terminals in place of the sensors.
For type K thermocouple temperature may be alternatively determined by connecting the
thermocouple to the milli-voltmeter the temperature can then be determined from the provided
voltage-temperature table.
1.3 Learning Objectives and Tests

 Understanding the physical principles of each device
 Understanding calibration techniques
 Understanding lead and conduction errors
 Dynamic response
 Errors associated with incorrect applications
 Air humidity
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2. Theory
2.1 General Principle of Temperature Scale
It is a common experience that bodies feel hot or cold to the sense of touch, depending upon
their temperature. In setting up a scale for the measurement of temperature, it is customary to
use for one reference point the temperature of a mixture of cracked ice and water and for a
second reference point the temperature of boiling water at standard barometric pressure. On the
Fahrenheit (°F) scale the numbers 32 and 212 are assigned to these reference temperatures.
The numbers 0 and 100 are assigned to those temperatures on Celcius (°C) or centigrade
scale. Referring to Fig. 2, 212 °F is equivalent to 100°C, 1°F is equal to 5/9 °C, or
F Fahrenheit scale
R Absolute temperature, degree Rankine
C Centigrade scale
K Absolute temperature, degree Kelvin
Figure 2: Temperature Scales

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tC = 5/9(t F-32) (1)

where, tC = temperature, °C, tF = temperature, °F
Temperature below zero on both °F and °C scales are common in nature and in engineering
practice. It would be desirable to have a temperature scale with the zero at the lowest conceivable
temperature. It has been pointed out that the molecules of a gas are in motion at high velocities. If
a gas is confined within a closed vessel at a given temperature, the average velocity of translation
of the molecules is a function of the temperature. If the temperature is increased, the mean
molecular velocity of transition is increased; if the temperature of the gas is decreased, the mean
molecular velocity of transition is decreased. If the gas could be cooled until the molecular motion
of transition ceased and the molecules come to rest, the temperature would be the lowest
temperature of which man can conceive. This temperature is called the "absolute zero" of
temperature.
On the Fahrenheit scale, absolute zero is -459.6°F (approximately 460) as indicated in Fig. 2.
Absolute temperatures measured in Fahrenheit degrees are called degrees Rankine (R). On the
Centigrade scale, absolute zero is -273 °C, and absolute temperatures measured in degrees
Centigrade are called degree Kelvin (K).
Then,
TR = tF + 460 (approximately) (2)
TK = tC + 273 (3)
Where TR = absolute temperature °R, TK = absolute temperature °K
Since the absolute temperature is a function of the mean molecular velocity of a gas, the
numerical value of the absolute temperature is one of the measurable properties, which defines the
state or molecular condition of the substance.
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The basic for establishing a temperature scale to serve as a primary standard is the fact that at
constant temperature, the pressure-volume product for a pure gas approaches a constant finite
value as the pressure approaches zero. The basic standard fixed points of International Standard
Temperature Scale are as follows:
- temperature of equilibrium between liquid and gaseous oxygen at the pressure of 1
standard atmosphere (oxygen point) = -182.97°C
- between ice and air-saturated water at normal atmospheric pressure (ice point) = 0°C
- between liquid water and its vapour at the pressure of 1 standard atmosphere (steam point) =
100°C
- between liquid sulphur and its at the pressure of 1 standard atmosphere (sulphur point) =
444°C
- between solid silver and liquid silver at normal atmospheric pressure (silver point) = 960.5°C
- between solid gold and liquid gold at normal atmospheric pressure (gold point) = 1063°C
For ordinary use, the mercury thermometer agrees closely with the International Standard Scale,
but above 200°C the divergence between the two scales may be appreciable.
The common mercury thermometer can be used to about 250°C. This limit may be extended to
500°C if the capillary tube above the mercury is filled with nitrogen or carbon dioxide under high
pressure. The lower limit for the mercury thermometer is -39°C. For lower temperatures, alcohol,
pentane, or petroleum ether may be used as thermometric substance. When the stem of a total-
immersion thermometer is only partial immersed, as in a thermometer well, a correction for stem
exposure must be made. Temperatures are also measured by means of bimetallic strip expansion,
electrical resistance, thermocouples and various forms of optical pyrometers.
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2.2 Temperature Measuring Devices - The Thermometers

Instruments for measuring temperature are classified in Table 1, which also gives the approximate
range of temperatures for which each class is suitable and the degree of accuracy usually
obtainable.
Table 1: Range and Accuracy of Thermometers and Pyrometers
Type Range, °F (°C) Accuracy, °F (°C)

Glass thermometers Mercury - filled -38 to 760 (-38.89 to 404.44) 0.5 to 2 (-17.50 to-16.67)
Mercury - and nitrogen - filled -38 to 1000 (-38.89 to 537.78) 0 to 10 (-17.78 to-12.22)
Alcohol-filled -95 to 150 (-70.56 to 65.56) 1 to 2 (-17.22 to-16.67)
Pentane - filled -300 to 70 (-184.44 to 21.11) 1 to 2 (-17.22 to-16.67)
Pressure-gauge thermometers Vapour - pressure type
Alcohol - filled 200 to 400 (93.33 to 204.44) 2 to 10 (-16.67 to-12.22)
Ether-filled 100 to 300 (37.78 to 148.89) 2 to 10 (-16.67 to-12.22)
Sulphur - dioxide - filled 20 to 250 (-6.67 to 121.11) 2 to 10 (-16.67 to-12.22)
Liquid-filled or gas-filled type alcohol - filled - 50 to 300 (-45.56 to 148.89) 2 to 10 (-16.67 to 12.22)
Mercury - filled - 38 to 1000 (-38.89 to 537.78) 2 to 10 (-16.67 to-12.22)
Nitrogen - filled -200 to 1000 (-128.89 to 537.78) 2 to 10 (-16.67 to-12.22)
Bimetallic thermometer -100 to 1000 (-73.33 to 537.78) 0.5 to 25 (-17.50 to 3.89)
Electrical resistance thermometer -400 to 1800 (-240 to 982.22) 0.005 to 5 (-17.78 to-15.00)
Thermocouples Base - metal -300 to 2000 (-184.44 to 1093.33) 0.5 to 20 (-17.50 to-6.67)
Rare - metal -300 to 2800 (-184.44 to 1537.78) 0.5 to 20 (-17.50 to-6.67)
Optical pyrometers 1400 up (760 up) 20 (-6.67) for black-body conditions
Radiation pyrometers 1000 up (537.78 up) 20 (-6.67) to 30 for black-body
Fusion pyrometers 1100 to 3600 (593.33 to 1982.22) 20 (-6.67) in best makes
Calorimetric devices 100 to 2500 (37.78 to 1371.11) Uncertain
Colour- temperature charts 800 to 2900 (426.67 to 1593.33) Uncertain
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2.2.1 Liquid-in-glass Thermometers
The liquid-in-glass thermometers are usually filled with mercury and have a vacuum in the
capillary. Since freezing point of mercury is -39°C, alcohol or pentane is used where lower
temperature is encountered. To measure temperatures above 300°C, the mercury is scaled under
pressure with nitrogen or carbon dioxide in the capillary. With special glass, such thermometers
may be usable up to 500°C, although difficulties with bulb and stem distortion may be encountered
above 500°C. The quality of the glass has an important bearing on the accuracy and
permanence of the thermometer.
Figure 3: Glass thermometer
2.2.2 Solid-expansion Thermometers

In solid-expansion thermometers, the sensitive bimetallic strip or coil which is fixed at one end.
The bimetallic thermometer employs the principle of solid expansion. It consists of two thin metal
strips of different material usually steel and steel-nickel alloy (36% nickel). The bimetal strips of
different expansion coefficient are attached together in a form of a cantilever beam, as shown in
Figs. 4.1, 4.2 below. The beam will bend when temperature increases. This bimetallic
thermometer is suitable of the temperature measurement range of 0°C to 200°C and is widely
used for control switch of household appliances such as iron, hot plate, etc.
The quality of these instruments varies from the domestic room thermometers of relatively low cost
to laboratory and industrial thermometers accurate to about ½ percent of the scale range. Solid-
expansion thermometers should be checked frequently, because the zero point may change with
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use.
Bimetallic Thermometer
Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2
2.2.3 Pressure-gauge thermometers

The pressure-gauge thermometers are the least expensive of the distant-reading and recording
types and are widely used in industrial service. The operating fluid may be a gas, vapour, or liquid;
the fluid bulb is connected by capillary tubing to a pressure-spring displacement unit, as shown in
Figure 8 below. Inexpensive units used for automobiles instrument boards have an accuracy of
only 2 to 10°C, while larger units for industrial and laboratory service may have a maximum error
of 1 to 3 percent of the scale range. The sensitive bulb of a pressure-gauge thermometer is
comparatively large in size and is subject to radiation effects when used in air or gas. These
radiation errors are minimized through the use of stainless-steel bulb or socket, but it is best to
locate the bulb where it will not see the surfaces much hotter than the temperature being
measured.
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Figure 5: Pressure Thermometers
2.2.4 Thermocouples
Thermocouples are pairs of wires, of dissimilar metals, connected at both ends. When the two
junctions are subjected to different temperatures, an electrical potential is set up between them.
This voltage is almost directly proportional to the temperature difference, and hence a voltage
measuring instrument placed in the circuit will measure temperature. Table 2 gives the e.m.f.
generated at various temperatures with commonly used thermocouples. For use at
temperature below 300°C, copper-constantan (copper 60% with nickel 40%) thermocouples are
best because of their resistance to correction and consequent long life with stable calibration.
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Between 400°C and 760°C iron-constantan thermocouples are best and are and can be used
either an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. The rusting of the iron at low temperature in the
present of moisture make iron-constantan less desirable than copper-constantan for temperature
range in which the latter can be used. For high temperature work platinum-platinum 10 percent
rhodium thermocouples should be used. In reducing atmosphere the couple must be thoroughly
protected. A slightly more sensitive high-temperature thermocouple consists of platinum-platinum
13 percent rhodium. Chromel (chromium 90% with nickel 10%) -alumel (nickel 95% with 5% of
aluminium, manganese and silicon) thermocouples are more stable than iron-constantan but less
stable than platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouples for higher-temperature work of up to 1260
°C as well as for low-temperature work of as low as -250 °C.
Any convenient size of wire may be used, but a good electrical contact at the junctions and the
insulation of the rest of the wire are important. Junctions may be twisted together, but for
mechanical strength and to ensure good electrical contact in spite of oxidation, welded or soldered
junctions are preferable. Insulation may be enamel, silk, cotton, or other fibres for low
temperatures, and asbestos, glass fibre, porcelain or other refractory for high temperatures.
Selected metals should be used for Fig. 6, and each batch of wire should be calibrated.
Figure 6: Thermocouple
Thermocouples may be either of the millivoltmeter type or of the potentiometer type. Millivoltmeter
instruments have the advantage of direct reading. The accuracy of a high grade millivoltmeter
pyrometer with 15 cm scale and with calibrated couple and leads is usually within 1 or 2 percent of
scale range. The potentiometer instruments measure the thermocouple voltage as shown in Fig. 7
by balancing a known battery voltage against it. Potentiometer-type industrial recorders and
controllers using thermocouples are commonly used in industry because of their advantage of
high accuracy. The usual guarantee on such instruments is normally less than 1 percent of scale
range. Potentiometer-type industrial temperature recorders and controllers using thermocouples
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are widely used because of their advantage of high accuracy. The usual guarantee on such
instruments by the manufacturers is less than 1 percent of scale range.
Figure 7: Seebeck Voltage
Since the temperature measurement by a thermocouple is the difference in temperature between

the two junctions, the cold junction or reference junction should be kept at a known temperature.
In laboratory work, this is usually done by inserting the couple junction in a vacuum bottle with
crack ice and water. For industrial high-temperature work, the temperature of a cold junction
buried 3 meters underground is approximately constant (within 3°C). Internal compensating
devices may be built into the instrument to compensate for cold junction when it is at the
instrument. These cold-junction compensators may be manually adjusted, or they may be
automatic.
Temperature measurement point
Copper
A A Copper wire
wire
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B Reference Copper Temperature

point (0°C) wire Room Temperatur
indicator
temperature indicator
Figure 8.1: Keep reference junction with ice Figure 8.2: Keep reference junction with bridge circuit
Table 2: Property of Thermocouple

Temperature Range Voltage
Type Mixture
°C °F mV
Platinum -30% Rodium
B 0 to 1820 32 to 3310 0 to 13.814
Platinum - 6% Rodium
R Platinum -13% Rodium Platinum -50 to 1768 -60 to 3210 -02.26 to 21.108
S Platinum -10% Rodium Platinum -50 to 1768 -60 to 3210 -0.236 to 18.698
J Iron /Constantan -210 to 760 -350 to 1400 -8.096 to 42.922
K Cromel /Alumel -270 to 1372 -450 to 2500 -6.458 to 54.875
T Copper/Constantan -270 to 400 -450 to 750 -6.258 to 20.869
E Cromel/ Constantan -270 to 1000 -450 to 1830 -9.835 to 76.358
At point reference junction (0°C)
2.2.5 Electrical-resistance thermometer (Thermistor)

Electrical-resistance thermometer employs a bridge circuit and may use a null or balance method
of indication as already described for the thermocouple potentiometer. The thermally sensitive
variable resistor is a coil of fine wire, usually manganese oxide, cobalt, nickel or platinum, and the
change in resistance of this wire with temperature is measured. This type of thermometer is a
highly accurate and sensitive temperature measuring device and has the advantage of being
adjustable in scale and range by adjusting the resistance of the bridge. But a disadvantage is it
rather high cost, and its usage is normally limited to the distance-reading installations in which
precise measurements are needed or where the range covered is only a few degrees, as for
example, in the accurate control of temperatures in room or storage spaces.
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Figure 9.1: PT100 Figure 9.2: Circuit PT100
Figure 9.3: Thermistor (NTC) Figure 9.4: Circuit Thermistor
2.2.6 Radiation Pyrometer

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In the radiation pyrometer, a thermocouple, a thermopile or a thermistor is located at the focus of a

lens within a lens tube as shown in Figure 6. When this device is sighted upon a large area such
as an incandescent fuel bed or furnace wall, the temperature attained by the thermocouple will
be a function of the temperature of the object sighted upon. It will be almost independent of
distance from the object, as long as the entire field of the lens is covered. The reading will depend
upon the emissivity of the source of radiation. The instrument is calibrated for black-body conditions
and will be approximately correct when sighted into a large furnace through a small opening. The
instrument reading may be 10 to 50 percent low when sighted upon the light-coloured or metallic
surface in the open. Radiation psycometers are ordinarily used for temperature above 650°C, but
by substituting a thermopile (series thermocouples) or thermistor for a single couple the instrument
may be adapted for lower temperatures. The radiation pyrometer is made in both indicating and
recording types and is also used as sensitive element for control devices.
Figure 10: Radiation Pyrometer
2.2.7 Optical pyrometer

Optical pyrometer measures temperature by indicating the brightness of the radiation received
from an object, in a narrow band of the visible spectrum. The optical pyrometer measures
monochromatic radiation, and the radiation pyrometer measures total radiation. Most optical
pyrometers are operated by visual comparison of the apparent brightness of the body under
observation with the brightness of a standard light source. The brightness of the standard light is
varied either by absorption devices such as polarizing prism or by varying the filament current in
12
electric lamp. In this later type, if the lamp filament and the object are both in focus in the same
field, the filament will disappear when the current has been adjusted to give the filament the same
brightness as the object. This type of instruments was used to determine the international
temperature scale above the gold point.
2.2.8 Self-adhesive surface temperature (Thermo strip)

Thermo strips are indicators that show status by change of colour (irreversibly) at a known
temperature. The strip is attacked to a metal and immersed in a liquid. The scale for this type of
thermometer is rough.
Normal After change
Figure 11: Thermo strip

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Figure 12: Mixture of gases and vapours (Psychometric chart)
13
2.2.9 Psychrometer (wet and dry bulb thermometers)
The combined wet- and dry-bulb dual ordinary mercury thermometer called "psychometer" is most
widely used for air humidity measurement. The dry-bulb thermometer gives a room or atmospheric
air temperature where as the wet-bulb gives a saturation temperature of water which is
corresponded to the dew point. The radiation from surrounding warmer surfaces tends to make the
wet-bulb thermometer read higher than actual saturation temperature; therefore this is offset by the
velocity of air flow over the wet-bulb. This velocity for correction can be offset by velocity of air flow
over the wet-bulb. At 270-300 m/min the effect balances.
This velocity is set up by a fan blowing over the wet-bulb in the case of a stationary type
psychometer or by swinging the wet-bulb vigorously in the case of sling type psychometer.
The humidity measurement is then determined from the humidity chart as shown in Fig. 13.
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Figure 13: Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer
2.3 Calibration of Temperature Instruments

The calibration of temperature instruments usually done by one of three methods as follows:
2.3.1 The instrument to be calibrated may be compared with standard instrument of suitable type.
This may be done in a well-stirred fluid, with the sensitive element of the two fasten together.
2.3.2 The readings of the instrument may be determined melting or the solidifying point of pure solid
materials. The points usually used are ice, 32°F (0°C); tin, 449°F (231.6°C); lead, 621°F
(327.22°C); zinc, 787°F (419.44°C); aluminium, 1220°F (660°C); sodium chloride, 1473°F
(800.55°C); and copper, 1982°F (1083.330°C). Cooling curves (temperature vs. time) should
be plotted and the point determined from the flat portion of the curve.
2.3.3 The readings of the instruments may be determined at the boiling po ints or the
saturation temperatures of pure liquids. Water is usually used and temperatures are taken
from the steam tables. Pressure must be measured very accurately, as by dead weight
apparatus. The atmospheric boiling point of naphthalene, 425°F (218.33°C) and of sulphur,
832°F (444.44°C) are often included.
14
2.4 Errors Associated with Incorrect Application
2.4.1 Accuracy of Temperature Instruments
The accuracy of temperature measurement depends on instrument and on method of application.
Almost any required degree of accuracy in scale and calibration may be obtained with glass -
stem thermometers, electrical-resistance thermometers, or thermocouples, but large errors may be
introduced by improper application. Most of these errors are due to
• Stratification or poor mixing of the fluid,
• Radiation, and
• Incomplete immersion or conduction.
As the ambient temperature increases, these errors become greater.
2.4.2 Surface Temperature Measurement

Surface temperatures are best measured with thermocouples, but they may also be measured with
ordinary thermometers or with radiation instruments. A thermometer pressed firmly against a hot
surface and sealed with plastic material will read low, the error varying about 3°C when the true
temperature is 10°C above ambient to 10°C when the true temperature is 90°C above ambient.
More accurate surface-temperature measurements may be made with thermocouples, either
attached to the surface with adhesive or imbedded in cement in a shallow groove. Fine wires should
be used, and insulated lead wires should be in contact with the surface for some distance with the
couple. For high temperature or for quick readings from inaccessible surfaces, a radiation
thermopile or radiation pyrometer may be used.
2.5 Lead and Conduction Errors

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A heat-transfer process is associated with all temperature measurements. When a thermometer is

exposed to an environment, the temperature is determined in accordance with the total heat-energy
exchange with the temperature-sensing element. In some instances the temperature of the
thermometer can be substantially different from the temperature which is to be measured.
Conduction, convection, or radiation, in general, all three modes must be taken into account in
analysing a temperature-measurement problem. Conduction is described by Fourier’s law:
Heat transfer may take place as a result of one or more of three modes, i.e.,
T
q  kA (4)
x
k = thermal conductivity, W/m.K
A = area through which the heat transfer takes place, m²
Q = heat-transfer rate in the direction of the decreasing temperature gradient, W
If a temperature gradient exists along a thermometer, heat may be conducted into or out of the
sensing element in accordance with this relation.
Convection heat transfer described in accordance with Newton’s law of cooling:
q  hATs  T  (5)
h = conventional heat-transfer coefficient, W/m²

A = surface area exchanging heat with the fluid, m²
Ts = surface temperature, K
T = fluid temperature, K
The radiation heat transfer between two surfaces is proportional to the difference of the fourth
power of absolute temperatures, according to the Stefan-Boltzmann’s law of thermal radiation:

q12  FG F T14  T24  (6)
15
where FG is a geometric factor and F€ is a radiation factor.
As illustrated in Fig. 14, a thermocouple junction is installed in the flat plate whose temperature is to
be measured. The plate is exposed to a convection environment on both sides and the
thermocouple wires are also exposed to the same environment.
Figure 14: Schematic diagram of general thermocouple installation in a flat plate
0.8
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0.6
Tf-Tp
Ti-Tp
0.4
0.2
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
k
K
Figure 15: Temperature-compensation curves for installation as per Fig. 14.
The thermocouple wires are covered with insulating materials as shown. If the plate temperature is
higher than the convection environment, heat will be conducted along the thermocouple wire and
the temperature of the junction will be lower than the true plate temperature. An analytical solution
to this problem is given in Fig. 15. This solution neglects radiation heat-transfer effects. The
nomenclature for the parameters in Fig. 15 is as follows:
h1, h2 = convection heat-transfer coefficients on the sides of the plate as indicated, W/m²K
ht = convection heat-transfer coefficient from each of the thermocouple wires, W/m²K
k = thermal conductivity of the plate material, W/mK
 = plate thickness, m
16
Tf = fluid temperature surrounding the thermocouple wire, K
Ti = temperature indicated by the thermocouple, K
Tp = true plate temperature (at a large distance away from the thermocouple junction), K
rs = 2rt , where rt is the radius of each of the thermocouple wires, m
1
 h  h2  2
m 1  m-1 (7)
 k 
3  1  
K  2 k A 2  k B 2 rt 2   i  W/K
1 3
(8)
   ht k i 
where, kA and kB are the thermal conductivities of the two thermocouple materials, i is the thickness
of the thermocouple insulation, and ki is the thermal conductivity of the insulation.
If the solid is a relatively massive one, the temperature correction can be made in accordance with
calculations is presented in graphical form in Fig. 16. In this figure k is the thermal conductivity of
the solid, r is the radius of the wire or 2 times the radius for two wires, L is the length of the
thermocouple leads, hs is the convection heat-transfer coefficient between the solid and the fluid, kA
is the equivalent conductivity area product for axial conduction in the wire, and R is the radial
thermal resistance of the wire, insulation, and convection to the fluid. For a wire of radius rw,
covered by a layer of insulation having an outside radius rt and thermal conductivity ki the value of R
is calculated from
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r 
ln i 
1
  w
r
R (9)
h2ri 2k i
where, h is the convection heat-transfer coefficient from the outside of the insulation to the fluid. We
should note that the length L is sufficiently long in many applications to make the hyperbolic tangent
term unity in the equation for X in Fig. 16.
Figure 16: Temperature correction for installation on a relatively massive plate.
The term Bi=hsr/k is called the Biot number of Biot modulus and is important in heat transfer
applications which involve combined conduction-convection systems like the thermocouple
installations illustrated here. This parameter indicates the relative magnitude of the resistance to
heat transfer resulting from convection to the resistance to heat transfer from conduction. Large
values of Bi indicate just the opposite. The function F (Bi) in Fig. 16 is an approximation and can be
extended somewhat beyond the range of Bi < 1.0; however, larger values of Bi would indicate a
17
large effect of convection and thus a larger temperature error. In these cases, the installation should
be modified.
The conduction lead error may be reduced by laying the wire along the solid to reduce the
temperature gradient. Obviously, the wire must be electrically insulated from the solid if the solid is
a metal.
Example 1: Conduction error for thermocouple.
A copper-constantan thermocouple is attached to a 1/16” thick stainless-steel plate [k=35Btu/h.ft] as
shown in Fig. 14. The diameter of the wires is 0.04”, and the following estimates are made of the
significant heat-transfer parameters:
h1 = 4.0 Btu/h.ft².°F
h2 = 2.5 Btu/h.ft².°F
ht = 20 Btu/h.ft².°F
hA = 14 Btu/h.ft².°F
hB = 220 Btu/h.ft².°F
Tf = 500 Btu/h.ft².°F
The thermocouple wires are coated with an electrically insulating lacquer which may be considered
negligibly thin insofar as heat transfer is concerned. The plate is cooled on the side opposite the
thermocouple installation, and the thermocouple indicates a temperature of 300°F. Calculate the
true plate temperature.
Solution: we observe that
1
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 in  0.0071 ft
16
rt = 0.02 in = 0.00167 ft
i ≈ 0
Ti = 300°F
From Eqn. (7):
 4.0  2.5  1 2
m   3.62
 350.0142
From Eqn. (8):
 0.00167
1 2
12 12 32  1 
K  2 14  220   0  0.0251
 20 
The parameters for use with Fig. 15 are thus
mrs = 2 (0.00167)(3.62) = 0.00856

k 350.0071
  9.9
K 0.0251
Using these values, we obtain from Fig. 15,
Ti  T p
 0.008 , or
T f  Tp
18
300 – Tp = (0.08)(500 – Tp), and Tp = 282.6 °F
The thermocouple conduction error is Ti-Tp = 17.4°F. This error could be reduced by either using
smaller thermocouple wires or insulating the wires.
Example 2: Error in low-conductivity solid.
A thermocouple wire having an effective diameter of 1.5mm is attached to a ceramic solid having
the properties of: =2500kg/m³, c=0.7kJ/kg.K, and k=0.9W/m.K. The thermocouple has an effective
conductivity of 80W/m.K. The wire is very long and essentially bare, with a convection coefficient of
250W/m².K. The convection coefficient hs is 20W/m².K. Calculate the true plate temperature when
the thermocouple indicates 200°C and the fluid temperature is 90°C.
Solution: we make use of Fig. 16 and Eqn. (9) and calculate the quantities
1 1
R   0.849

h2ri 2502 0.75  10 3 

k A  80 0.75  10 3 
2
 1.414  10 4
Because L ∞ 1.0, and
X 
kA / R


1.414 10 4  0.208 
12
 0.208; F Bi   1.473

rk 0.9
We then calculate
T p  Ti 6.085  0.208
  0.778
Tp  T f 6.085  1.473
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And, with Ti = 200°C, Tf = 90°C, the true plate temperature is

Tp = 584.6°C
This installation results in a very large error.
Example 3: Error in high-conductivity solid.
Repeat example 2 for installation on a block of aluminium with k = 200 W/m.K.
Solution: we recalculate the appropriate parameters as
X 
kA / R


1.414  10 4 0.849  
12
 0.0274
rk 
 0.75  10 3 200 
Bi  

hs r 250 0.75  10 3 
 9.36  10 4 ; F Bi   1.271
k 200
Then,
T p  Ti 0.0274  9.36  10 4
  0.0204
Tp  T f 0.0274  1.271
And Tp = 202.3°C
Of course, this indicates the extreme importance of the conductivity of the solid to the measurement
error.
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2.6 Transient Response of Thermal Systems
When a temperature measurement is to be made under non-steady-state conditions, it is important
that the transient response characteristics of the thermal system be taken into account. Consider
the simple system shown in Fig. 17. The thermometer is represented by the mass m and specific
heat c and is suddenly exposed to a convection environment of temperature T∞. The convection
heat-transfer coefficient between the thermometer and fluid is h, and radiation heat transfer is
assumed to be negligible. It is also assumed that the thermometers substantially uniform in
temperature at any instant of time; i.e., the thermal conductivity of the thermometer material is
sufficiently large in comparison with the surface conductance because of the convection heat-
transfer coefficient. The energy balance for the transient process may be written as
hAT  T   mc
dT
(10)
d
For this equation appropriate units are:
h in W/m².K
A in m²
T in K
m in kg
c in J/kg.K
 in s or h
The temperature of the thermometer as a function of time can be expressed as:
T  T
 e hA mc  (11)
T0  T
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where, T0 is the thermometer temperature at time zero. The time constant for the system in Fig. 17
is:
mc
 (12)
hA
dT
q  hA(T  T)  mc
dτ
T, m, c
Surface area,A
Figure 17: Simple thermal system exposed to a sudden change in ambient temperature
When the heat-transfer coefficient is sufficiently large, there may be substantial temperature
gradients within the thermometer itself and a different time.
To indicate the approximate response times for semi-infinite solids, Fig. 18 and Fig. 19 show the
surface temperature rises to be expected from different heat-flux inputs. The approximate signal
outputs from resistance thermometers and different thermocouple materials are also indicated.
These figures may be used to estimate when transient effects become important.
20
Figure 18: Surface temperature rise for semi-infinite insulating solids subjected to constant surface heat fluxes between 1
W/m² and 10 kW/m². Signal levels to be expected from platinum and gold resistance thermometers and chromel-alumel
thermocouples are also indicated.
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Figure 19: Surface temperature rise for semi-infinite metallic solids subjected to constant heat fluxes between 1 W/m² and
10 kW/m². Signal levels to be expected from chromel-alumel-constantan and copper-constantan thermocouples are also
indicated.
21
2.7 Thermocouple Compensation
Suppose a thermocouple is used to measure a transient temperature variation. The response of the
thermocouple will be dependent on several factors, as outlined above, and will follow a variation like
that of Eqn. (11) when subjected to a step change in environment temperature. If a compensating
electric network is applied to the system, it is possible to increase the frequency response of the
thermocouple. The disadvantage of the compensating network is that it reduces the thermocouple
output; however, if the measuring instrument is sufficiently sensitive, this problem is not too critical.
Rc
Thermocouple Ei C R Output
input
Figure 20: Typical thermocouple-compensation network.
A typical thermocouple-compensation network is shown in Fig. 20. The thermocouple input voltage
is represented by Ei, the output voltage is represented by Eo. This particular network will attenuate
low frequencies more than high frequencies and has a frequency response to a step input that is
approximately opposite to that of a thermocouple. The network and thermocouple may thus be used
in combination to produce a more nearly flat response over a wide frequency range. The output of
the network is given by:
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Eo 1  j c
 (13)
Ei 1  j c
R
where, 
R  Rc
 c  Rc C
frequency of the input signal
j  1
The amplitude response is given by the absolute value of the function in Eqn. (13). Thus
 Eo  1  2  c2
   (14)
 Ei  amplitude 1   2 2  c2
The high-frequency compensation of the network is improved as the value of  is decreased, but
this brings about a decreased output since the steady-state output is:
 Eo  R
    (15)
 Ei  steady state R  Rc
In practice, the compensating circuit is usually designed so that c is equal to the time constant for
the thermocouple. Variable resistors may be used to change the compensation with a change in
thermal environment condition.
The overall problem we have described above is one of compensating a thermocouple output so
that higher-frequency response may be obtained.
22
1.0
0.8
-45o slope
0.6
0.4
0.2
T-T 0.1
To-T 0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.0 10
T
2
Figure 21: Thermocouple response to step change in environmental temperature
The step response of the thermocouple given by Eqn. (11) will hold, of course, only for the
conditions described. Therefore, the compensating network of Fig. 20 will achieve the desired
objectives in varying degrees, depending on the exact thermal environment to which the
thermocouple is exposed. Let us examine the thermocouple and compensating-network response
in more detail. Fig. 21 shows the thermocouple response to a step change in temperature of the
environment T∞. We assume that the voltage output of the thermocouple is directly proportional to
temperature over this range so that the voltage output would also follow a similar curve.
Eo
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Ei (  0.1)
Eo 0.1
Ei
0.01
0.1 1.0 10 100
Tc
Figure 22: response of the network in Fig. 20 for a step voltage input with =0.1
In Fig. 22 we have plotted the output voltage of the compensating network for a step-voltage input
and for =0.1. The thermocouple response is obtained by solving the electric-network equivalent of
the thermocouple. In that network the thermal capacitance is analogous to electric capacitance, and
the convection heat-transfer coefficient is analogous to thermal or electric resistance. If Fig. 21 and
Fig. 22 are added together, we obtain the plot shown in Fig. 23, where the response is shown for
different values of the ratio c/ for c/>1, the response curve “overshoots” the steady-state voltage
ratio of 0.1. It is clear that the curve =c offers a broader frequency response than the
uncompensated curve. Careful inspection will also show that some overshoot can be desirable. The
curve for c/=1.1 indicates a substantial extension of the frequency response within a plus or minus
range of about 5%. Excessive overshoot, of course, gives a decided nonlinear response. Optimal
dynamic response of the network will be obtained when c/≈1.1, provided the thermocouple input
behaves nicely. In practice, variable resistors will be provided in the circuit to adjust the
compensation in accordance with the actual variation in the thermal environment.
We note again that the foregoing discussion pertains a step-function input, and the actual input may
be markedly different. In practice, one should make the thermocouple as small as possible and
23
calibrate against some known transient temperature. Adjustments to the network can be made to
obtain the best calibration.
No compensation
1.5
Tc / T = 2
1.1
Eo
0.1
Ei
T= Tc
0.01
0.1 1.0 10 100
T
Figure 23: Combined response of thermocouple and compensating network to step change in environment temperature
Example 4: Thermocouple time constant

A thermocouple bead has the approximate sphere of a sphere 1.5mm diameter. The properties may
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be taken as those of iron (=7900 kg/m³, c=450 J/kg.K). Estimate the time constant for the
thermocouple.
Solution:
We use Eqn. (12) to calculate the time constant with,
4
m  V   r 3
3
2
A  4r
So, 
 43 r 3c

79004500.75  10 3   11.85 s
h4r 2 375
Example 5: Thermocouple Compensation

Design a thermocouple-compensation network like that shown in Fig. 20 having a steady-state
attenuation of a factor of 10. Let the network have the same time constant as the thermocouple
bead in Example 4.
Solution:
R
We take   0.1 and  c  Rc C  11.85
R  Rc
We must arbitrarily choose a value for one of the resistances. Let us choose a value of Rc which will
make C a reasonable number. Take
Rc = 1 M = 106
24
Then, C = 11.85/106 = 1.185 x 10-5 = 11.85 µF. Using the above value of Rc we obtain
R = 0.111 M.
A more practical set of values would be,
C = 10 µF
Rc = 1.185 M
R = 0.132 M
Reference:
Holman JP, Experimental Methods of Engineers, 6th ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
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25
3. Experimental Procedures
3.1 0°C Test
0°C Test with ice pail 0-100°C Test with water
3.1.1 Fill the pail to almost full with ice.

3.1.2 Flush the ice with clean water and stir well
3.1.3 Place all thermometers except wet and dry bulk thermometers to the thermometer plate.
The mercury in glass thermometer must be held to the plate by hand.
The adhesive type thermometer must be attached to the provided rod and place the rod on
the thermometer plate.
3.1.4 Place the thermometer plate on top of the flask such that the whole thermometer is
immersed in the ice water and keep stirring.
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3.1.5 Connect the sensor cable for PT100, type-K thermometer and thermistor to their respective
indicators according to the colours of the terminals.
3.1.6 Wait until the readings are stable, e.g., 2 minutes. Check that the thermometer indicator
reads 0°C. If not, adjust zero on the temperature indicators. (no adjustment for
millivoltmeter).
3.1.7 Record all thermometer readings.
3.1.8 Remove type-K thermocouple sensor from its indicator and connect it to the millivoltmeter
and record the milli-volt reading.
3.1.9 Fill the wet bulk temperature pot, wait until the temperature readings are stable, and record
the wet and dry bulb temperatures.
3.2 Alternative Reading by Precision Resistors

3.2.1 Place the 100Ω precision resistor and the PT100 indicator terminals. The indicator should
read "0".
Record the indicator reading.
3.2.2 Place 1kΩ precision resistor across the thermistor indicator terminal. The indicator should
read 100°C. Record the indicator reading.
3.2.3 Replace the 1kΩ precision resister with 10kΩ resistor. The indicator should read 25°C.
Record the indicator reading.
26
3.3 Water Temperature (0-100°C)
3.3.1 Pour the ice water into the stainless-steel pot to near full and place the pot on the hot
plate.
3.3.2 Place the thermometer plate across the top of the pot.
3.3.3 Stir the pot well. If temperature is well below 10°C by mercury in glass reading, turn on the
hot-plate until the temperature reaches 10°C.
3.3.4 Remove the pot from the hot plate and keep stirring, then record all thermometers
readings after the readings are stable or after 2 minutes.
3.3.5 Switch the Type-K thermocouple sensor to millivoltmeter and record the reading.
Note: Convert the Type-K thermocouple sensor to millivoltmeter and record the reading.
3.3.6 Put the pot back onto the hot plate and heat it to about 20°C and repeat steps 3.3.4 and 3.3.5
3.3.7 Repeat step 3.3.6 every 10°C interval until the temperature reaches boiling point (100 °C).
Switch off the hot plate after all readings have been taken.
3.4 Hot Air Blower for Room Temperature Above 100°C

From room temperature to above 100°C, a hot air blower
is used as a temperature source. Variation of temperature
is done by placing the thermometer on a provided support
at different distance from the blower. Since the blower can
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only provide a narrow hot air stream, only one

thermometer at a time can be placed in full hot air stream
at the same distance by rotating the thermometer plate.
Procedure for measuring temperatures by hot air blower
is as follows:
3.4.1 Remove the thermometer plate from the water pot and place in on a provided stainless-
steel temperature plate stand.
3.4.2 Put the hot air blower on a stand and tighten it with a wing bolt.
3.4.3 Place a liquid-in-glass thermometer on the thermometer plate by hand and adjust the stand
such that the thermometer is at the centre of the air stream.
3.4.4 Turn on the blower and adjust the distance between the blower and the thermometer such
that the thermometer reads a required temperature, e.g. 110°C, after about 2 minutes.
Record the thermometer reading.
3.4.5 Replace the liquid-in-glass thermometer with another type and record the reading after 2
minutes.
3.4.6 Repeat step 3.4.5 for all thermometers.
3.4.7 Put the liquid-in-glass thermometer back on the thermometer plate. Move the stand closer
to the blower such that the temperature reading is 120°C and record the reading.
3.4.8 Repeat steps 3.4.5 and 3.4.6
3.4.9 Repeat steps 3.4.7 and 3.4.8 at higher temperatures.
27
3.5 Alternative Test for Room Temperature to Above 10°C
Flushing oil, which is available at petrol stations, is used in the provided oil pot. The flushing oil
has a flash point well above 200°C. It is recommended that the test can be carried out up to 200°C
using this oil. Procedure is the same as in section 3.3.
3.6 Dynamic Response

In this experiment, we will demonstrate the temperature readings vs. time for the various devices.
3.6.1 Prepare the apparatus as per steps 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 and stir the pot well
3.6.2 Place the thermometer plate across the ice pail and keep stirring
3.6.3 Record room temperature reading of a thermometer, e.g. Mercury thermometer
3.6.4 Place the thermometer in the pail and record the temperature reading every 10 seconds
until it reaches 0°C or until 120 seconds has elapsed.
3.6.5 Repeat steps 3.6.3 and 3.6.4 with other temperature measuring devices.
3.7 Incorrect Application

Incorrect application may happen in many ways, e.g. not enough exposure of the device to the
temperature source (incomplete immersion), not allowing enough time for the device to reach its
final reading, sensing part of the device is also in contact with other temperature sources such as
metallic wall, source temperature not uniform, poor connection of wirings, etc. In this experiment,
we will demonstrate a case of incomplete immersion.
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3.7.1 Prepare the apparatus as per steps 3.1.1 and 3.1.2

3.7.2 Record the room temperature reading of a thermometer, e.g. mercury thermometer (use
the same data sheet as per section 3.5)
3.7.3 Fill the ice pail to full. Immerse the thermometer in the ice pail as much as possible
(complete immersion) and record the temperature reading every 10 seconds until it
reaches 0°C or until 120 seconds have elapsed.
3.7.4 Repeat steps 3.7.2 and 3.7.3 for other temperature measuring deivices.
3.7.5 Repeat steps 3.7.2 to 3.7.4 with half immersion of 3.5. This is done by lowering the ice
water level in the pail.
3.8 Air Humidity Determination

From the psychometric chart (Fig. 12), air humidity can be determined as follows:
3.8.1 Draw a vertical line from the dry bulb temperature to intersect the wet bulb temperature.
3.8.2 The intersection indicates:
(a) Relative humidity of the air (%)
(b) A horizontal line from the intersection will intersect the humidity ratio line on the right
of the graph. This intersection indicates the amount of water vapour per unit weight
of air.
(c) The same line in (b) will intersect the 100% relative humidity line on the left of the
graph. The temperature of the intersection is a dew point.
28
Remarks
1. Temperature reading of PT100 and thermistor can be taken by millivoltmeter in the same
way as in the case of type-K thermocouple by using different charts (Addendum 1 and 3).
2. Note that the temperature reading should be 0°C on ice water and should be 100°C on
boiling water.
If the reading is not 0°C or 100°C, reading error should be considered as deviation which
should be adjusted for other temperature readings on the same thermometer.
3. The thermometers supplied under this experiment has not have not been calibrated and
certified by a recognised authority. Therefore, if two thermometer readings do not agree,
we can not say which one is correct unless they are compared to a calibrated thermometer.
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29
4. RESULTS
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30
DATA SHEET
TD 005 TEMPERATURE MEASURING BENCH
Experiment: Comparison of thermometer readings
Tested by: ……………………………… Date: ………………..
° ° ° °
Sling psychrometer readings:  Beginning of demonstration: Wet-bulb …… C; Dry-bulb …… C  End of demonstration: Wet-bulb …… C; Dry-bulb …… C
 Ice water  Warm water  Hot oil
° ° °
Precision resister: 100  reading = ……. C, 10 k  reading = …… C, 1 k  reading = …… C
°
K- type thermocouple Temperature readings, C
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Glass thermometer
° Potential ° Platinum Vapour Strip Remarks
C Temp. C Bimetallic
voltage, mV resistance Thermistor pressure Temp.
Temp.
Temp. Temp. indicator
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DATA SHEET
Tested by: ……………………………… Date: ………………..
Experiments
°
A. Dynamic response (temperature drop from room temperature to 0 C).
B. Incorrect application (degree of immersion). Low and High
Temperature (°C)
Temperature
and time
Remark
0s 10 s 20 s 30 s 40 s 50 s 60 s 70 s 80 s 90 s 100 s 110 s 120 s
Thermometer
and immersion
Liquid in glass
Low
High
Bimetallic
Low
High
Vapour pressure
Low
High
PT 100
Low
High
Type K
Low
High
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Thermistor
Low
High
Type K with
Millivoltmeter
Low
High
Note
Immersion High = ………….mm, Low = ………….mm
32
DATA SHEET
Tested by: ……………………………… Date: ……01.06.2006
° ° ° °
Sling psychrometer readings:  Beginning of demonstration: Wet-bulb 29 C; Dry-bulb 30 C  End of demonstration: Wet-bulb 29 C; Dry-bulb 30.5 C
 Ice water  Warm water  Hot oil
° ° °
Precision resister: 100  reading = …1. C, 10 k  reading = 24.3 C, 1 k  reading = 97.3 C (Thermistor)
°
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Glass thermometer
Temp.
0.0 -1.18 0 -0.03 -0.6 0.0 2.0 - After 5 minutes (in ice box)
10.0 -0.81 9.7 8.9 9.1 10.0 11.0 - After 2 minutes
20.5 -0.41 19.6 19.5 19.4 20.0 20.0 - After 2 minutes
31.5 0.00 30.0 29.2 30.0 31.0 30.8 - After 2 minutes
41.0 0.35 39.4 38.5 38.6 41.0 40.0 - After 2 minutes
50.5 0.74 47.9 47.5 48.2 50.0 49.0 - After 2 minutes
60.5 1.17 57.8 56.1 57.6 60.0 58.0 - After 2 minutes
70.5 1.57 69.3 67.0 66.9 70.0 66.0 - After 2 minutes
80.0 1.97 76.4 75.5 76.2 80.0 75.0 - After 2 minutes
89.8 2.26 85.4 86.7 84.4 88.0 84.0 - After 2 minutes
99.4 2.76 97.0 95.2 94.6 99.0 93.0 - After 2 minutes
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Note: Air Humidity

From section 3.8 and psychometric chart (Fig. 12), 30.5°C dry-bulb temperature intersects the 29°C we-bulb temperature at 90% relative humidity. From this
point, humidity ratio is 25 grams moisture per kilogram dry-air and dew point temperature is 28.5°C.
33
DATA SHEET
Tested by: ……………………………… Date: 01.06.2006
° ° ° °
Sling psychrometer readings:  Beginning of demonstration: Wet-bulb …… C; Dry-bulb …… C  End of demonstration: Wet-bulb …… C; Dry-bulb …… C
 Ice water  Warm water Hot oil
° ° °
Precision resister: 100  reading = …1 C (PT100), 10 k  reading = 24.3 C (Thermistor), 1 k  reading = 97.3 C (Thermistor)
°
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Glass thermometer
Temp.
100.5 2.89 97.3 100.1 - 100.0 91 - After 2 minutes
111.0 3.00 104.4 106.2 - 111.0 97 - After 2 minutes
120.5 3.35 114.2 117.2 - 120.0 105 - After 2 minutes
130.0 3.92 124.2 128.0 - 130.0 112 - After 2 minutes
140.0 4.27 133.8 135.1 - 139.8 122 - After 2 minutes
150.0 4.64 144.1 145.5 - 149.6 131 - After 2 minutes
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DATA SHEET
Tested by: ……………………………… Date: 01.06.2006
Experiments
°
A. Dynamic response (temperature drop from room temperature to 0 C).
B. Incorrect application (degree of immersion). Low and High
Temperature (°C)
Temperature
and time
Remark
0s 10 s 20 s 30 s 40 s 50 s 60 s 70 s 80 s 90 s 100 s 110 s 120 s
Thermometer
and immersion
Liquid in glass
Low 27 4 2 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
High 27 4 3 2.5 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bimetallic
Low 29 20 4 3.5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
High 29 6 4 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5
Vapour pressure
Low 27 30 19 18 18 16 16 16 16 16 15 15 15
High 21 13 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 9
PT 100
Low 27.4 7.6 3.8 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4
High 27.3 7.2 3.8 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1
Type K
Low 27.4 7.6 3.8 2.4 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4
High 27.3 7.2 3.8 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
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Thermistor
Low 25.1 9.0 5.3 3.5 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
High 23.8 7.8 3.5 3.5 2.7 2.2 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8
Type K Milli-
voltmeter (mV)
Low -0.041 -0.659 -0.939 -1.060 -1.100 -1.116 -1.118 -1.123 -1.139 -1.153 -1.165 -1.177 -1.185
High -0.044 -0.754 -0.963 -1.058 -1.099 -1.129 -1.144 -1.155 -1.164 -1.170 -1.175 -1.178 -1.181
Type K
converted to °C
Low 28.98 13.68 6.67 3.62 2.60 2.20 2.15 2.03 1.63 1.28 0.97 0.67 0.46
High 28.98 11.30 6.05 3.67 2.63 1.88 1.50 1.23 1.00 0.85 0.72 0.64 0.56
Note: Immersion High = about 7 mm, Low = about 2 mm
35
Observations
1. From the test data for section 3.5, it is noted that different devices reach their final
temperature at different times. In a normal reading where temperatures change, 1-2 minutes
should be allowed before the temperatures are recorded. Dynamic response is different for
different thermometers.
2. Less immersion no only results in slow arrival at final temperature but also incorrect final
temperature reading. Different types of thermometers show different degrees of error.
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36
5. SAMPLE GRAPHS
TD 005 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BENCH
Dynamic Response
Vapour Pressure Thermometer
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Dynamic Response
(Bimetallic Thermometer)
37
Dynamic Response
(Thermocouple Type K)
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Dynamic Response
(Thermistor)
38
Dynamic Response
(Thermocouple Type K)
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Dynamic Response
(Mercury-in-glass Thermometer)
39
Dynamic Response
(Platinum resistant Thermometer, PT100)
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40
ADDENDUM 1: Characteristic: Temperature and Electric Resistance of PT100
RTD (Pt 100 )

Revised to ITS - 90
Electric Resistance in ohm
TempC 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-40 84.27 83.88 83.48 83.08 82.69 82.29 81.89 81.50 81.10 80.70 80.31
-30 88.22 87.83 87.43 87.04 86.64 86.25 85.85 85.46 85.06 84.67 84.27
-20 92.16 91.77 91.37 90.98 90.59 90.19 89.80 89.40 89.01 88.62 88.22
-10 96.09 96.69 96.30 94.91 94.52 94.12 93.73 93.34 92.95 92.55 92.16
0 100.00 99.61 99.22 98.83 98.44 98.04 97.65 97.26 96.87 96.48 96.09
0 100.00 100.39 100.78 101.17 101.56 101.96 102.34 102.73 103.12 103.51 103.90
10 103.90 104.29 104.68 105.07 105.46 105.86 106.24 106.63 107.02 107.40 107.79
20 107.79 108.18 108.57 108.96 109.35 109.73 110.12 110.51 110.90 111.28 111.67
30 111.67 112.06 112.45 112.83 113.22 113.61 113.99 114.38 114.77 115.15 115.54
40 115.54 115.93 116.31 116.70 117.08 117.47 117.86 118.24 118.62 119.01 119.40
50 119.40 119.78 120.16 120.55 120.93 121.32 121.70 122.09 122.47 122.86 123.24
60 123.24 123.62 124.01 124.39 124.77 125.16 125.54 125.92 126.31 126.69 127.07
70 127.07 127.45 127.84 128.22 128.60 128.98 129.37 129.75 130.13 130.51 130.89
80 130.89 131.27 131.66 132.04 132.42 132.80 133.18 133.56 133.94 134.32 134.70
90 134.70 136.08 135.46 135.84 136.22 136.60 136.98 137.36 137.74 138.12 138.50
100 138.50 138.88 139.26 139.64 140.02 140.39 140.77 141.15 141.53 141.91 142.29
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110 142.29 142.66 143.04 143.42 143.80 144.17 144.55 144.93 145.31 145.68 146.06
120 146.06 146.44 146.81 147.19 147.57 147.94 148.32 148.70 149.07 149.45 149.82
130 149.82 150.20 150.57 150.95 151.33 151.70 152.08 152.45 152.83 153.20 153.58
140 153.58 153.95 154.32 154.70 155.07 155.45 155.82 156.19 156.57 156.94 157.31
150 157.31 157.69 158.06 158.43 158.81 159.18 159.55 159.93 160.30 160.67 161.04
160 161.04 161.42 161.79 162.16 162.53 162.90 163.27 163.65 164.02 164.39 164.76
170 164.76 165.13 165.50 165.87 166.24 166.61 166.98 167.35 167.72 168.09 168.46
180 168.46 168.83 169.20 169.57 169.94 170.31 170.68 171.05 141.42 171.79 172.16
190 172.16 172.53 172.90 173.26 173.63 174.00 174.37 174.74 175.10 175.47 175.84
200 175.84 176.21 176.57 176.94 177.31 177.68 178.04 178.41 178.78 179.14 179.51
Example Reading: At -23oC Resistance = 90.98 Ohms

At 187oC Resistance = 171.05 Ohms
41
ADDENDUM 2: Thermocouple Type K
Sample Calculations
Thermocouple Type K
At 10 s display:
Low = -0.659
High = -0.754
Tare is a the reading at room temperature.
Room temperature = 30°C, Thermoelectric voltage in millivolt from the table (Addendum 2) is
1.203mV.
Thus the corrected voltage is:
Low = 1.203 – 0.659 = 0.544
High = 1.203 – 0.754 = 0.499
From thermoelectric voltage in Millivolt table at:
Low = 13.68°C
High = 11.30°C
Nickel - Chromium (Chromel) / Nikkle - Aluminium (Alumel)

Revised to ITS-90
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Thermoelectric Voltage in Millivolts

Temp 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
°C
-40 -1.527 -1.564 -1.600 -1.637 -1.673 -1.709 -1.745 -1.782 -1.818 -1.854 -1.889
-30 -1.156 -1.194 -1.231 -1.268 -1.305 -1.343 -1.380 -1.417 -1.453 -1.490 -1.527
-20 -0.778 -0.816 -0.854 -0.892 -0.930 -0.968 -1.006 -1.043 -1.081 -1.119 -1.156
-10 -0.392 -0.431 -0.470 -0.508 -0.547 -0.586 -0.624 -0.663 -0.701 -0.739 -0.778
0 0.00 -0.039 -0.079 -0.118 -0.157 -0.197 -0.236 -0.275 -0.314 -0.353 -0.392
0 0.00 0.039 0.079 0.119 0.158 0.198 0.238 0.277 0.317 0.357 0.397
10 0.397 0.437 0.477 0.517 0.557 0.597 0.637 0.677 0.718 0.758 0.798
20 0.798 0.838 0.879 0.919 0.960 1.00 1.041 1.081 1.122 1.163 1.203
30 1.203 1.244 1.285 1.326 1.366 1.407 1.448 1.489 1.530 1.571 1.612
40 1.612 1.653 1.694 1.735 1.776 1.817 1.858 1.899 1.941 1.982 2.023
50 2.023 2.064 2.106 2.147 2.188 2.230 2.271 2.312 2.354 2.395 2.436
60 2.436 2.478 2.519 2.561 2.602 2.644 2.685 2.727 2.768 2.810 2.851
70 2.851 2.893 2.934 2.976 3.017 3.059 3.100 3.142 3.184 3.225 3.267
80 3.267 3.308 3.350 3.391 3.433 3.474 3.516 3.557 3.599 3.640 3.682
90 3.682 3.723 3.765 3.806 3.848 3.889 3.931 3.972 4.013 4.055 4.096
100 4.096 4.138 4.179 4.220 4.262 4.303 4.344 4.385 4.427 4.468 4.509
110 4.509 4.550 4.591 4.633 4.674 4.751 4.756 4.797 4.838 4.879 4.920
120 4.920 4.961 5.002 5.043 5.084 5.124 5.165 5.206 5.247 5.288 5.328
130 5.328 5.369 5.410 5.450 5.491 5.532 5.572 5.613 5.653 5.694 5.735
140 5.735 5.775 5.815 5.856 6.896 5.937 5.977 6.017 6.058 6.098 6.138
150 6.138 6.179 6.219 6.259 6.299 6.339 6.380 6.420 6.460 6.500 6.540
42
ADDENDUM 3: Table for (NTC) THERMISTOR PROBE

°C kΩ Max kΩ Typical kΩ Min °C kΩ Max kΩ Typical kΩ Min °C kΩ Max kΩ typical kΩ Min
-50 344.6 329.5 315 5 22.45 22.05 21.66 60 3.087 3.020 2.954
-49 325.0 310.9 297.4 6 21.52 21.15 20.75 61 2.993 2.927 2.862
-48 306.5 293.5 280.9 7 20.64 20.30 19.95 62 2.902 2.833 2.774
-47 289.4 277.2 265.5 8 19.81 19.48 19.16 63 2.815 2.751 2.689
-46 273.4 262.0 251.0 9 19.01 18.70 18.40 64 2.731 2.668 2.607
-45 258.3 247.7 237.5 10 18.24 17.96 17.68 65 2.650 2.588 2.528
-44 244.2 234.3 224.7 11 17.51 17.24 16.98 66 2.571 2.511 2.452
-43 231.0 221.7 212.8 12 16.81 16.56 16.31 67 2.496 2.436 2.378
-42 219.6 209.9 201.6 13 16.14 15.00 15.67 68 2.423 2.364 2.307
-41 207.0 198.9 191.1 14 15.50 15.28 15.06 69 2.352 2.295 2.239
-40 196.0 188.5 181.2 15 14.88 14.69 14.48 70 2.284 2.228 2.173
-39 185.5 178.5 171.7 16 14.31 14.12 13.93 71 2.218 2.163 2.109
-38 175.6 169.0 162.7 17 13.75 13.58 13.40 72 2.154 2.100 2.047
-37 166.3 160.2 154.3 18 13.22 13.06 12.69 73 2.092 2.039 1.987
-36 157.6 151.9 146.3 19 12.72 12.56 12.41 74 2.033 1.98 1.929
-35 149.4 144.1 138.8 20 12.24 12.09 11.05 75 1.975 1.924 1.873
-34 141.7 136.7 131.8 21 11.17 11.63 11.50 76 1.920 1.869 1.820
-33 134.5 129.8 125.2 22 11.32 11.2 11.07 77 1.866 1.816 1.768
-32 127.7 123.3 119.0 23 10.80 10.78 10.67 78 1.814 1.765 1.717
-31 121.2 117.1 113.1 24 10.49 10.38 10.27 79 1.764 1.716 1.669
-30 115.2 111.3 107.6 25 10.10 10.00 9.90 80 1.715 1.668 1.622
-29 109.4 105.7 102.2 26 9.732 9.632 9.533 81 1.668 1.621 1.576
-28 103.9 100.5 97.21 27 9.380 9.291 9.181 82 1.622 1.577 1.532
-27 98.68 95.52 92.46 98 9.043 8.944 8.843 83 1.578 1.533 1.490
-26 93.8 90.64 87.97 29 8.721 8.622 8.523 84 1.535 1.491 1.448
-25 89.2 86.43 83.74 30 8.412 8.313 8.215 85 1.494 1.451 1.409
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-24 84.85 82.26 79.74 31 8.112 8.014 7.817 86 1.433 1.411 1.370
-23 80.76 78.33 75.96 32 7.826 7.728 7.631 87 1.415 1.373 1.333
-22 76.89 74.61 72.39 33 7.551 7.454 7.358 88 1.377 1.336 1.296
-21 73.23 71.10 68.02 34 7.288 7.192 7.096 89 1.341 1.300 1.261
-20 69.77 67.77 65.82 35 7.035 6.940 6.845 90 1.305 1.266 1.228
-19 66.44 64.57 62.74 36 6.793 6.699 6.605 91 1.271 1.232 1.195
-18 63.30 61.54 59.83 37 6.360 6.497 6.375 92 1.238 1.200 1.163
-17 60.33 58.68 57.07 38 6.337 6.245 6.154 93 1.205 1.168 1.132
-16 57.51 55.97 54.47 39 6.123 6.032 5.942 94 1.174 1.137 1.102
-15 54.85 53.41 51.99 40 5.918 5.827 5.738 95 1.144 1.108 1.073
-14 52.33 50.98 49.65 61 5.718 5.629 5.541 96 1.115 1.079 1.045
-13 49.95 48.68 47.43 42 5.526 5.438 5.351 97 1.086 1.051 1.018
-12 47.69 46.50 45.33 43 5.342 5.255 5.169 98 1.059 1.024 0.9914
-11 45.55 44.43 43.33 44 5.165 5.080 4.993 99 1.032 0.9984 0.9659
-10 43.52 42.47 41.44 45 4.995 4.911 4.827 100 1.006 0.9731 0.9412
-9 41.55 40.57 39.60 46 4.832 0.749 4.666 101 0.9808 0.9489 0.9171
-8 39.69 38.77 37.86 47 4.675 4.593 4.512 102 0.9563 0.9246 0.8938
-7 37.82 37.06 36.21 48 4.524 4.443 4.363 103 0.9326 0.9014 0.8712
-6 36.25 35.44 34.64 29 4.379 4.299 4.22 104 0.9096 0.8789 0.8402
-5 34.66 33.90 33.15 50 4.239 4.160 4.083 105 0.8873 0.8572 0.8280
-4 33.15 32.44 31.74 51 4.103 4.026 3.949 106 0.8656 0.836 0.8074
-3 31.72 31.05 30.39 52 3.972 3.896 3.821 107 0.8446 0.8155
-2 30.36 29.73 29.11 53 3.846 3.771 3.697 108 0.8242 0.7956
-1 29.06 28.40 27.90 54 3.725 3.651 3.579 109 0.8044 0.7763
0 27.83 27.28 26.74 55 3.609 3.536 3.464 110 0.7851 0.7576
1 26.65 26.13 25.62 56 3.496 3.425 3.354
2 25.52 25.03 24.56 57 3.388 3.318 3.249
3 24.44 23.99 23.54 58 3.284 3.215 3.147
4 23.42 23.00 22.58 59 3.184 3.116 3.049
43
ADDENDUM 4: TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

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© Copy right 08.13 TD 005 Temperature Measurement Bench
45
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ADDENDUM 5: CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL

Receipt of Goods ………………………………………………….. 2

- Light gray or white - ---------Neutral.

5.3 Rotating Equipment

back to a service condition.

Figure 1: Front View of Temperature Measurement Bench

1 Power switch 9 Stainless steel water pot

1.1 Technical Data

1.2 Equipment Operation

1.3 Learning Objectives and Tests

Figure 2: Temperature Scales

tC = 5/9(t F-32) (1)

2.2 Temperature Measuring Devices - The Thermometers

Type Range, °F (°C) Accuracy, °F (°C)

Figure 3: Glass thermometer

2.2.2 Solid-expansion Thermometers

Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2

2.2.3 Pressure-gauge thermometers

Figure 5: Pressure Thermometers

Figure 7: Seebeck Voltage

Since the temperature measurement by a thermocouple is the difference in temperature between

B Reference Copper Temperature

Table 2: Property of Thermocouple

At point reference junction (0°C)

2.2.5 Electrical-resistance thermometer (Thermistor)

Figure 9.1: PT100 Figure 9.2: Circuit PT100

Figure 9.3: Thermistor (NTC) Figure 9.4: Circuit Thermistor

2.2.6 Radiation Pyrometer

In the radiation pyrometer, a thermocouple, a thermopile or a thermistor is located at the focus of a

Figure 10: Radiation Pyrometer

2.2.7 Optical pyrometer

2.2.8 Self-adhesive surface temperature (Thermo strip)

Normal After change

Figure 11: Thermo strip

Figure 12: Mixture of gases and vapours (Psychometric chart)

Figure 13: Wet and Dry Bulb Thermometer

2.3 Calibration of Temperature Instruments

2.4.2 Surface Temperature Measurement

2.5 Lead and Conduction Errors

A heat-transfer process is associated with all temperature measurements. When a thermometer is

h = conventional heat-transfer coefficient, W/m²

Figure 14: Schematic diagram of general thermocouple installation in a flat plate

rs = 2rt , where rt is the radius of each of the thermocouple wires, m

Figure 16: Temperature correction for installation on a relatively massive plate.

mrs = 2 (0.00167)(3.62) = 0.00856

 0.208; F Bi   1.473

And, with Ti = 200°C, Tf = 90°C, the true plate temperature is

Figure 20: Typical thermocouple-compensation network.

Example 4: Thermocouple time constant

Example 5: Thermocouple Compensation

0°C Test with ice pail 0-100°C Test with water

3.1.1 Fill the pail to almost full with ice.

3.2 Alternative Reading by Precision Resistors

3.4 Hot Air Blower for Room Temperature Above 100°C

only provide a narrow hot air stream, only one

3.6 Dynamic Response

3.7 Incorrect Application

3.7.1 Prepare the apparatus as per steps 3.1.1 and 3.1.2

3.8 Air Humidity Determination

Note: Air Humidity

TD 005 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BENCH

TD 005 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BENCH

TD 005 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT BENCH