TD 060 Free & Forced Heat Convection

Instruction Manual
TD 060 Free & Forced Heat Convection

09.13
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is accurate, however no liability is accepted for
errors. Should an error be discovered please inform the company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given are
for guidance only and are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given apparatus; due to the complex
variables applicable to most experiments.
EdLabQuip GmbH
Peiner Str. 157E, 30519 Hannover, Germany
www.edlabquip.com
sales@edlabquip.com
Tel: +49 511 56 37 98 70
Contents
Receipt of the Goods …………………………………………………………………………… 2
Safety Guidelines ………………………………………………………………………………. 2
1. Description …………………………………………………………………………..…….. 5
2. Theory ……………….………………….……………………….…………………………. 8
2.1 Introduction ……………..…..…………………………………………..…………. 8
2.2 Dimensionless Parameters .……….…………………………………………………….. 9
2.3 Natural Convection ..…………………..…………….………………………………….. 9
2.4 Forced Convection ……………………………………………………………….. 9
3. Experiments ….………………………………..…………………………………… 11
Experiment 1: Free & Forced Convection ……………………………………………… 11
3.1 Relevant Theory ……………………………………………………………………….. 11
3.2 Equipment Setup ………………………………………………………………………. 11
3.3 Experiment Procedure for Free Convection ……………………………………. 13
3.4 Experiment Procedure for Forced Convection ……………………………………. 14
Experiment 2: Improved Heat Transfer by Cylindrical Tube & Fin Surfaces ………….. 18
3.5 Relevant Theory ………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.6 Experiment Setup ……………………………………………………………… 18
3.7 Experiment Procedure ……………………………………………………………… 21
Experiment 3: Temperature Distribution along Cylindrical Tube & Fin ………….. 27
3.8 Relevant Theory ……………………………………………………………………….. 27
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3.9 Equipment Setup ………………………………………………………………. 27

3.10 Experiment Procedure ………………………………………………………………. 29
Appendix 1: Software for PC-Data Acquisition System ………………….…………………… 34

Appendix 2: Temperature Indicator ……………………………………………………… 49
Appendix 3: Voltage & Current Indicator ..……………………………………………. 53
Appendix 4: Calibration Certificates ……………………………………………………… 55
Appendix 5: How-Wire Anemometer ……………………………………………………… 63
Page 1
RECEIPT OF GOODS
On Receipt of Goods
(a) On receipt of the goods at the customers premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected
for any damages or missing items. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping
documents. Any damage should be reported immediately to the insurance agent.
(b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or
missing items should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with a copy to the supplier.
(c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any
damage or loss of parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of
time as stated in the Terms and Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the
damaged equipment.
(d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along
with any correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should
include detailed photographs for evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the
shipment.
(e) The supplier will only replace damaged or missing items on notification by the insurance company
that the claim has been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are
damaged or missing while under custody’s for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is
therefore vital.
Manufacturers Liability
(a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual,
we would like to alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate
our equipment with regard to the liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
(b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their
equipment causing harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third
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parties for consequences of failure or damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not
installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the instruction manual published by the
manufacturers or suppliers.
(c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as
outlined in the instruction manual are observed.
Safety Guidelines
1. General Safety Concerns
- Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction
manual we would like to alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if
safety practices were not performed in accordance with the local standards and governing bodies
regulations.
- -Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock,
rotating equipment hazards and lack of cleanliness.
- To be able to achieve the aim, of “accidents can be avoided” it must be ensured that the equipment
is installed correctly, regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the
potential hazards associated with the particular equipment.
- We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their
equipment.
2. Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission or
operate the equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers
recommendations and instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated
in the contents.
Page 2
Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician
who is competent in the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable,
protective devices such as an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
(c) This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to
as a residual current device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
(d) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its
use. The supply network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate
the supply voltage in the case of an overload in a specified period of time without causing any
damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)
Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on
handling and unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment,
the structure. In the case of a mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath
the structure framework so that no damage will occur during the lifting operation.
(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation
1. Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal colour code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Black-------------------------------Line.
- Grey or white --------------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow -------------------Ground.
(b) The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Red, blue and black -----------Line.
- Light grey or white -------------Neutral.
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- Green-Yellow ------------------Ground
2. General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long
period of time without circulation it will stagnate.
(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti
rust additive such as used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
(d) The water should be at temperature under 45degreesC to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by
means of a water treatment programmer being introduced using the expertise available locally or
on site.
3. Rotating Equipment
(a) If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc these items
are provided with a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may
occur when the rotating parts fail. These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in
operation (rotating) and only removed for maintenance periods.
After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do not
operate any rotating parts unless machine guards are in place.
4. Steam Equipment
a) When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered
by the operators and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and
performing maintenance schedules. During operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a
high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging and hazardous effects on students if
safety precautions are not observed.
Page 3
b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are
maintained and not exceeded on the equipment.
c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained.
This should also include pressure reducing valves.
d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be
checked regularly.
e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc and any
frameworks or joints should have the hardware checked for tightness.
f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.
5. High Temperature Equipment

(a) When using high temperature equipment there is a number of vital precautions which must be
remembered by the operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and
performing maintenance schedules. During operation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a
high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging and hazardous effect on students if
safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are
maintained and not exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly
for safe operation.
Maintenance Safety Practices
(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the
equipment
(b) Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the
equipment is being worked on, inspected and should not be operated.
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(c) Check the operation of any protective devices, i.e. ELCB so that it operates in accordance with its
specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any
malfunction of the device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the
equipment back to a service condition.
(d) Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no
covers, panels are left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
(e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that
have to be taken to prevent infection from harmful micro organisms.
General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment
(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the
(a) Health and Safety of the students can be safeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious
accident if caught in rotating equipment. i.e. tie etc.
(c) Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature
present.
(d) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.
(e) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.
Page 4
1. Description
Air duct
Heating surface
window
Anemometer port
AC Voltmeter
ature indicator
Temperature indicator
Heater control
Power switch
Fan speed control
Temperature selector switch

Tapered fin surface AC Amp meter
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erature indicator
Cylindrical surface
Flat surface
Figure 1: Free & Forced Heat Convection Apparatus
The bench-top apparatus is used for studying heat transfer by free and forced convection in a
vertical duct. The system is illustrated in Fig. 1.
The basic unit comprises a vertical duct mounted on a stand. The heating surface is attached to
the middle of the duct. Three types of heating surfaces are available; vertical flat plate, plate
with cylinders, and finned plate. The various heating surfaces are illustrated in the bottom part
of Fig.1. A front window is provided for visual observation inspection of the heating surface.
Air enters the duct at the bottom duct with flow straightener and escapes via the top. A fan is
attached to the top of the duct to induce forced convection.
Air velocity is measured by a thermal probe anemometer. Temperatures of hot surface and of air
at different points in the duct are measured y thermocouples.
A control and display panel is provided for voltmeter, ammeter and temperature indicators. A
temperature limit switch is provided to prevent the maximum temperature from exceeding the
set limit.
For PC-data acquisition option a separate manual (TD 060.50) explains the details of the system
and operation.
Page 5
Typical Tests
 Principles of free and forced heat convection
 Heat transfer in flat plate, cylindrical and fins surfaces
 Temperature distribution on cylindrical and finned surfaces
 Effect of air velocity on heat transfer
Technical Data
Duct:
Cross section : 120 x 120 mm
Length : 1000 mm
Heater:
Power : 300 W, with dimmer switch
Heating surfaces: : aluminium
Flat : 100 cm²
Cylindrical : ca. 750 cm²
Finned : ca. 2000 cm²
Fan with speed control unit : maximum flow rate over 3.0 m³/min
: maximum air velocity over 3.0 m/s
Hot wire anemometer : 0-10 m/s, 0-70°C
Control and indicator panel:
Input power : digital voltmeter and digital ammeter
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Temperature indicator : digital with 0.1 resolution and a selection switch

Temperature sensors : thermocouple for heating surfaces
: anemometer alternative reading for inlet air
Temperature control unit to set heating surface temperature
Power supply : 220V, 1Ph, 50Hz. Other power supply is available on request
Equipment Layout Diagram

The following schematic diagram (Fig. 2) shows the layout of the equipment set up.
Page 6
AT2 AT3 AT4 Fan
Cover
10 cm Air duct
Hot plate
Voltmeter
ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4
Detail Heating surface window
Front
window Voltmeter
Rear T/C cable
Heater control
AT1
knob
Heater cable Heater cable ELCB & CB

T/C Terminal Power switch
7.5 T/C cable Fan control
52.5 knob
52.5 7.5 mm
Heater Terminal Ammeter
Air duct side view Front view Temperature selector switch
Figure 2: Apparatus schematic diagram

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T = Temperature sensor
ST1 = Heater temperature
AT1 = Inlet air temperature
ST2, ST3, ST4 = Temperature on finned or cylindrical surface
AT2, AT3, AT4 = Air temperature after heat transfer by the hot surfaces
Page 7
2. Theory
2.1 Introduction
Heat transfer due to convection involves the energy exchange between a surface and adjacent
fluid. Two main classifications of connective heat transfer, which will be examined in the
experiment are:
Free convection: Fluid motion is a result of the density difference arising from the temperature
variation throughout a region of the fluid. The flow patterns are determined by the buoyant
effect of the heated fluid. The Nusselt number is dependent on the Grashof and Prandtl numbers.
Forced convection: Fluid flow is induced by an external agent such as a fan or pump. The
Nusselt number is dependent on the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers.
2.2 Dimensionless Parameters

Certain parameters are useful in the correlation of convection data and in functional relations for
the convective heat coefficients. The parameters required for the convection are listed below and
can be found in general heat transfer textbooks.
CL inertial force
Reynolds number: Re  
 viscous force
c molecular diffusivit y of momentum
Prandtl number: Pr  
k molecular diffusivit y of heat
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hL heat transfer by convection

Nusselt number: Nu  
k conduction across fluid layer of thicknes, L
h heat flux to th fluid
Stanton number: St  
cC heat transfer capacity of fluid flow
gßL3 2  buoyancy force

Grashof number: Gr  
2 viscous force
where,
 = fluid density, kg/m³
µ = fluid viscosity, kg/ms
k = fluid conductivity, W/mK
c = fluid specific heat, Ws/kgK
ß = fluid coefficient of cubical expansion = 1/T
C = fluid velocity, m/s
g = acceleration due to gravity, m/s²
L = characteristic dimension, m
h = heat transfer coefficient, W/m²K
 = fluid temperature difference, (K)
Page 8
2.3 Natural Convection

Natural convection from horizontal pipe:
hL
Nusselt number: Nu 
k
Nu  0.47Pr Gr 
0.25
for Pr Gr  105 to108
Nu  0.1Pr Gr 
0.33
for Pr Gr  108
D
Approximate heat transfer coefficient:

0.25

h  1.32  for Gr  10 4 to10 9
d 
h  1.25
0.33
for Gr  109 to1012
where, Figure 3: Natural convection
from pipe
= temperature difference between cylinder and fluid
d = diameter of cylinder
Natural convection from a vertical plate or cylinder
Nu  0.56Pr Gr 
0.25
for Pr Gr  105 to109
Nu  0.12Pr Gr 
0.33
for Pr Gr  109 q
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Approximately: L
0.25

h  1.42  for Gr  10 4 to10 9
 L
h  1.31
0.33
for Gr  109 to1012 b
Figure 4: Natural convection from

2.4 Forced Convection vertical plate
Laminar flow in pipe:
k
Nu  3.65 for h  3.65
d
c d
Figure 5: Laminar flow pipe
Page 9
Turbulent flow over cylinder:

Generally: Nu = 0.26 Re0.6 Pr0.3
For gases: Nu = 0.24 Re0.6
c d
Figure 6: Turbulent flow over cylinder
Turbulent flow over banks of pipes:

Generally: Nu = 0.33 Ch Re0.6Pr0.3
For gases: Nu = 0.30 Ch Re0.6
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In-line pipes: Ch ≈ 1.0

Staggered pipes: Ch ≈ 1.1
d
d c
Figure 7: In-line pipes Figure 8: Staggered pipes
Page 10
3. Experiments
Experiment 1: Demonstration of Free and Forced Convection
3.1 Relevant Theory

A heated surface dissipates heat by conduction, convection and radiation. For the equipment, the
primary heat dissipation is by convection.
Air in contact with a hot surface is heated and rises due to reduction in density. The heated air is
replaced by a cooler air from below and is in turn heated and rises. This is called free
convection. If air is forced to rise such as by the use of a fan, the process is called forced
convection.
The hotter the surface temperature the higher the convective current in order to dissipate more
heat. If more power is supplied to the hot surface, the temperature must rise to dissipate more
heat.
3.2 Equipment Setup
AT2 AT3 AT4 Fan

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Cover
10 cm Air duct
Hot plate
Voltmeter
ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4
Front
window Voltmeter
Rear T/C cable
Heater control
AT1
knob

52.5 knob
52.5 7.5 mm
Figure 9: Equipment setup
Page 11
Figure 10: Flat plate heater
3.2.1 The flat plate heater [B] (Fig. 10) is installed on the rear of the duct. This is done by
thumb screw [A].
C
09.13
A
D
H
F
B
E G
Figure 11
3.2.2 Install 4 temperature sensors [A] (Fig. 11) and tighten 4 screws [B] by hand (Do not use
wrench)
3.2.3 Place the cover [C] and tighten screws [D]
3.2.4 Connect the plug [E]
3.2.5 Insall the velocity stick [F] by pushing the sensor end into the hole [G]. Make sure the
sensor head opening [H] faces against the air current.
Page 12
F A B C D E
Figure 12: The rear of the control box
3.2.6 See Fig. 12. Make sure that the LCB [F] is off, then connect power main line [F] to a
wall outlet 220V AC.
3.2.7 Connect one end of the heater cable to “Output 220V AC” [C].
3.2.8 Connect one end of the fan cable to “Fan” [B].
3.2.9 Connect one end of the T/C cable to “Signal Input” [D] and connecting port [E] to
computer.
3.2.10 Turn ON both ELCB and CB [F].
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D C B
Figure 13: Control box
3.3 Experiment Procedure for Free Convection (Fan turned off)

3.3.1 Press down “ON” switch [A] at the control box to turn on all displays.
3.3.2 Gradually increase the power of the heater to about 20W (Volt x Amp) by turning
clockwise the control knob [C].
3.3.3 Wait until the plate heater temperature is steady, then record hot plate temperature (ST1)
from the temperature indicator [D] and inlet air temperature (AT1) from the hot wire
anemometer [F] (Fig. 11).
3.3.4 Repeat 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 for 40, 60 and 80W heater input power.
3.3.5 Plot a curve of input power vs. flat-plate heater temperature rise (ST1-AT1).
Page 13
3.4 Experimental Procedure for Forced Convection

3.4.1 Set the heater input power at a specific watt such as 80W (Volt x Amp).
3.4.2 Turn on the fan by turning the fan control knob [B] (Fig. 13) and adjust the air flow to a
low velocity, e.g. 0.5 m/s by using the anemometer [F] (Fig.11) to monitor the air
velocity.
3.4.3 Wait until the flat-plate heater temperature (ST1) is steady and record AT1 from the hot
wire anemometer [F] (Fig. 11).
3.4.4 Repeat 3.4.2 and 3.4.3 at high velocities, e.g. 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 m/s respectively.
3.4.5 Plot a graph of ST1-AT1 vs. air velocity.
Note For All Experiments

The temperature sensors of AT1 is attached to the duct for convenience of temperature reading.
However, after long period of experiment, the thermocouple built-in with anemometer for AT1
will pick up temperature from the heating plate by radiation. Thus the indicated temperature will
be slightly than actual.
It is, therefore, recommended that at AT1 taken as:
a. Room temperature using another thermometer.
b. Inlet duct temperature from the anemometer.
09.13
Page 14
DATA SHEET
Tested by……………………..Date…………….
Experiment 1A: Free Convection
Ambient temperature = ………..C
Temperature C
Input power
W (V X A) Inlet air Heater
ST1-AT1
AT1 ST1
20
40
60
80
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Experiment 1B: Forced Convection

Ambient air temperature = ………….. C
Heater input power: ……………….Volts, ……….…………. Amps, Volt X Amp =…………..Watts
Temperature C
Air velocity
m/s Inlet air Heater
ST1-AT1
AT1 ST1
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Page 15
SAMPLE DATA
Tested by……… H. Pairin……..Date……21/10/06…….
Experiment 1A: Free Convection
Ambient temperature = ……29.5…..C
Temperature C
Input power
W ( V x A) Inlet air Heater
ST1-AT1
AT1 ST1
20(64.6 x 0.310) 34.1 48.1 14.0

40(75.1 x 0.532) 34.6 59.9 25.3
60(85.5 x 0.701) 35.0 72.8 37.8
80(95.9 x 0.834) 35.4 87.5 52.1
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Experiment 1B: Forced Convection

Ambient air temperature = ……29.5…….. C
Heater input power : ……95.9…...Volts,……0.834….Amps, Volt X Amp =……80...Watts
Temperature C
Air velocity
m/s Inlet air Heater
ST1-AT1
AT1 ST1
0 35.5 100.0 64.5

0.5 34.9 98.9 64.0
1.0 34.5 96.1 61.6
1.5 34.5 93.4 58.9
2.0 34.3 91.6 57.3
Page 16
Free convection of flat plate

90
80
70
60
Q, W
50
40
30
20 Experimental data
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
o
ST1-AT1, C
Forced convection of flat plate

2.5
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2
Velocity, m/s
1.5
0.5
Experimental data
0
56 58 60 62 64 66
o
ST1-AT1, C
Page 17
Experiment 2: Demonstration of Improved Heat Transfer by Cylindrical and Fin Surfaces

(Increase of surface)
3.5 Relevant Theory

Heat transfer from a hot surface is improved by increasing the surface area in contact with the
air. This is done by adding tubes or fins to the hot plate. Comparison can be made between the
two types of surface. It should be noted, however, that the flat plate, plate with cylinders and fin
plate have different surface areas.
Heat input to the hot plate is transferred to the air.
3.6 Equipment Setup
AT2 AT3 AT4 Fan
Cover
10 cm Air duct
Hot plate
Voltmeter
ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4
Front
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window Voltmeter
Rear T/C cable
Heater control
AT1
knob

52.5 knob
52.5 7.5 mm
Page 18
3.6.1 The flat plate heater [B] (Fig. 15) is installed on the rear of the duct. This is done by
thumb screw [A].
C
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A
D
H
F
B
E G
wrench)
- For installation of plate with cylinder heater, see Fig. 17. Tighten all 4 screws [B] by
hand (Do not use wrench). Make sure that the sensors have good contact with the
cylinder.
- For installation of fin plate heater, see fig. 18. Tighten all 4 screws [B] by hand (Do not
use wrench). Make sure that the sensors have good contact with the fin and should not
make the fin bend.
Page 19
B B
Figure 17: Plate with cylinder heater Figure 18: Fin plate heater
C
H
F
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E G
Figure 19
3.6.3 See Fig. 19. Place the cover [C] and tighten screws [D].
3.6.4 Connect the plug [E].
3.6.5 Install the velocity stick [F] by pushing the sensor end into the hole [G]. Make sure the
sensor head opening [H] faces against the air current.
F A B C D E
Page 20
3.6.6 See Fig. 20. Make sure that the LCB [F] is off, then connect power main line [A] to a
3.6.9 Connect one end of the “Thermocouple” to port [D] and connecting port [E] to
computer.
3.6.10 Turn ON both ELCB and CB [F] at the right hand side of the control box.
D C B

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3.7 Experiment Procedure (see Fig. 21)

3.7.1 Turn on all displays by pressing down “ON” switch [A] at the control box. Press the
button [E] temperature selector switch on T1. Turn the knob [C] heater control 80W
(Volt x Amp) temporarily is increase the flat plate heater temperature (ST1) to about
80°C (at the display [D]). Then lower the power to about 40W (Volt x Amp).
3.7.2 Wait until the hot plate temperature (ST1) is steady and record AT1, ST1, AT2, AT3 and
AT4 by using the anemometer [F] (Fig. 11] for air and temperature indicator [D] for
heater.
3.7.3 Turn on the fan by turning the fan control knob [B] and slowly adjust the air flow to a
low velocity, e.g. 1m/s by using the anemometer [F] (Fig. 19) to monitor the air velocity
and repeat 3.7.2.
3.7.4 Repeat 3.7.3 for air velocity of 2 and 2.5 m/s.
3.7.5 Replace the flat plate heater with the plate with cylinders heater, then repeat 3.7.1 to
3.7.4.
WARNING: See Fig. 22.
1) Do not touch the heater [B], it is hot. Use the handle [A] to take the heater out.
2) Take all 4 temperature sensors out before removing the heater.
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Figure 22: Plate heater
3.7.6 Replace the plate with cylinders heater with the fin plate heater, then repeat 3.7.1 to
3.7.4. See the warning in 3.3.5.
3.7.7 Plot a graph of air velocity vs. ST1-AT1.
3.7.8 The heat transfer coefficient can be determined by using the slope of the graphs.

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a) Room temperature using another thermometer.
b) Inlet duct temperature from alternative reading of the anemometer.
Page 22
DATA SHEET
Tested by……………………..Date…………….
Experiment 2: Improve Heat Transfer with Increased Surface Areas

Heater Input power: ……………….Volts,……….………….Amps, Volt X Amp =…………..Watts
2
Heat transfer area: Plate ……100……… cm
2
Cylinders ……750……... cm
2
Fins ……2000……… cm
Air Velocity
Temperature(C) Remark
m/s
Average
Flat plate AT2 AT3 AT4 ST1 AT1 ST1 – AT1
AT2 to AT4
0
1
2
2.5
Plate with
cylinders
0
1
09.13
2
2.5
Finned plate
0
1
2
2.5
Page 23
SAMPLE DATA
Tested by……… H. Pairin……..Date……21/10/06…….
Experiment 2: Improve Heat Transfer with Increased Surface Areas

Ambient temperature = ……30.8…..C
Heater Input power: ……75.1…….Volts,……0.532………….Amps, Volt X Amp =……40……..Watts
2
Heat transfer area: Plate 100 cm
2
Cylinders 750 cm
2
Fins 2000 cm
Air Velocity
Temperature(C) Remark
m/s
Average
Flat plate AT2 AT3 AT4 ST1 AT1 ST1 – AT1
AT2 to AT4
0 41.5 37.8 36.2 38.5 68.7 34.9 33.8
1 37.5 36.0 35.1 36.2 65.5 34.2 31.3
2 36.4 35.3 34.6 35.4 63.8 33.9 29.9
2.5 35.8 35.0 34.4 35.1 60.8 33.1 27.7
Plate with
cylinders
0 36.9 35.5 34.8 35.7 55.0 34.0 21.0
1 34.3 33.8 33.6 33.9 45.1 33.2 11.9
09.13
2 33.0 32.6 32.4 32.7 42.8 32.1 10.7

2.5 32.2 32.0 31.8 32.0 41.1 31.7 9.4
Fin plate
0 37.8 36.6 35.6 36.7 49.7 34.5 15.2
1 35.3 34.8 34.4 34.8 42.5 34.0 8.5
2 35.0 34.5 34.2 34.6 41.1 33.9 7.2
2.5 34.8 34.4 34.1 34.4 40.8 33.8 7.0
Page 24
Improve heat transfer with increased surface areas

4
Flat plate
Plate with cylinders
3 Finned plate
Velocity, m/s
-1 ST1-AT1, oC
5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35
Downstream air temperature distribution
42 Flat plate, Q = 40 W
V =0
V = 1 m/s
40 V = 2 m/s
V = 2. 5 m/s
38
Temperature, C
09.13
36
AT2
AT3
34 AT4
32 Distance from heater,mm

0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Downstream air temperature
38 Plate with cylinders, Q = 40 W

V=0
37 V = 1 m/s
V = 2 m/s
V = 2.5 m/s
36
Temperature, C
35
34
33
32
AT2 AT3 AT4
31 Distance from heater, mm
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Page 25
38
Finned plate, Q = 40 W V=0
V = 1 m/s
V = 2 m/s
37 V = 2.5 m/s
36
Temperature, C
35
AT2
34 AT3
AT4
33
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from heater, mm

09.13
40 Q = 40 W, V = 2.5 m/s
Flat plate
38 Finned plate
36
Temperature, C
34
32
AT2 AT3 AT4
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from heater, mm
Page 26
Experiment 3: Demonstration of Temperature Distribution along Cylindrical Tube and

Fin
3.8 Relevant Theory

For the heat transfer to be 100% effective, temperatures at all points on the surface must be the
same. This will not occur for this test as heat must be transferred by conduction from the heated
plate to the tubes or fins. The steeper the temperature gradient the less efficient the heat transfer.
It should be noted that the plate with cylinder and plate with fins have different heat transfer
areas.
3.9 Equipment Setup
AT2 AT3 AT4 Fan
Cover
10 cm Air duct
Hot plate
Voltmeter
ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4
Front
window Voltmeter
09.13
Rear T/C cable
Heater control
AT1
knob

52.5 knob
52.5 7.5 mm
Figure 24: Plate with cylinder heater
Page 27
3.9.1 The plate-with-cylinder heater [B] (Fig. 24) is installed on the rear of the duct. This is
done by thumb screw [A].
A A
B B
Figure 25: Plate with cylinder heater Figure 26: Fin plate heater
wrench). Make sure that the sensors have good contact with the cylinder.
- For installation of plate with fin heater, see Fig. 26. Tighten all 4 screws [B] by hand
(Do not use wrench). Make sure that the sensors have good contact with the cylinder
and do not make fin bend.
09.13
H
F
E G
Figure 27
3.9.3 See Fig. 27. Place the cover [C] and tighten screws [D].
3.9.4 Connect the plug [E].
3.9.5 Install the velocity probe of the hot wire anemometer [F] by pushing the probe end into
the hole [G]. Make sure the sensor head opening [H] faces against the air current.
Page 28
F A B C D E

3.9.6 See Fig. 28. Make sure that the LCB [F] is off, then connect power main line [A] to a
3.9.9 Connect one end of the “Thermocouple” cable to “Signal Input” [D] and connecting port
[E] to computer.
3.9.10 Turn ON both ELCB and CB [F] at the right hand side of the control box.
D C B
09.13
3.10 Experiment Procedure for Temperature Distribution (see Fig. 29)

3.10.1 Turn on all displays by pressing down “ON” switch [A] at the control box. Press the
button [E] temperature selector switch on T1. Turn the knob [C] heater control 60W
(Volt x Amp).
3.10.2 Wait until the hot plate temperature (ST1) is steady, then record ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST4
by pressing the button [E] to T1, T2, T3, and T4 respectively to record corresponding
temperatures from the temperature indicator [D].
3.10.3 Turn on the fan by turning the fan control knob [B] and adjust the air flow to 1m/s by
using the hot-wire anemometer [F] (Fig. 27) to monitor the air velocity.
3.10.4 Wait until the temperatures are steady then record ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST4.
3.10.5 Repeat 3.10.3 and 3.10.4 for air velocity 2 m/s.
Page 29
3.10.6 Replace the flat plate heater with the cylinder heater with fin-plate heater, then repeat
3.10.1 to 3.10.5.
WARNING: See Fig. 30.
a) Do not touch the heater [B]; it is hot. Use the handle [A] to take the heater out.
b) Take all 4 temperature sensors out before removing the heater.
Figure 30: Plate heater
3.10.7 Plot a graph of air velocity vs. ST3, ST4 versus the distance from the flat plate for
09.13
different air velocities for both plates with cylinders and fins.

c) Room temperature using another thermometer.
d) Inlet duct temperature from alternative reading of the anemometer.
Page 30
DATA SHEET
Experiment 3: Temperature Distribution
Tested by……………………..Date……………
Heater Input power: ……………….Volts,……….………….Amps, Volt X Amp =…………..Watts
Distance from flat plate: ST2 = ………… mm, ST3 = …………. mm, ST4 = …………..mm
Air velocity Temperature C

m/s ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4
0
1
2
Finned plate
0
1
2
09.13
Page 31
SAMPLE DATA
Experiment 3: Temperature Distribution
Tested by……… H. Pairin……..Date……21/10/06…

Ambient temperature = ……28…..C
Heater Input power: ……85.5…….Volts,……0.701………….Amps, Volt X Amp =……60....Watts
Distance from flat plate: ST2 = ……7.5…… mm, ST3 = ……60……. mm, ST4= 12.5….mm
Air velocity Temperature C

m/s ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4
0 62.6 59.4 53.0 48.2
1 50.5 44.6 38.4 35.1
2 48.2 41.9 36.3 33.5
Fin plate
0 52.6 51.7 49.5 46.2
1 46.0 43.0 40.3 37.2
2 45.6 41.2 38.8 35.9
09.13
Page 32
Temperature distribution of plate with cylinders

70
ST1 V=0
ST2
V = 1m/s
60 ST3 V = 2 m/s
ST4
Temperature, mm
50
40
30
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from flat plate, mm
Temperature distribution of finned plate

70
V=0
09.13
V = 1m/s
60 ST1 ST2 V = 2 m/s
Temperature, mm
ST3
ST4
50
40
30
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance from flat plate, mm
Page 33
APPENDIX 1
SOFTWARE FOR PC-DATA ACQUISITION
SYSTEM
09.13
Page 34
1. Introduction
1.1 General Description
The experiment procedure can be found in the section 3 of this manual. This program can
display, control and record data of the experiments.
1.2 System requirements
Hardware Requirements 2000/xp Vista WIN7

Pentium 1 GHz Pentium 1.6 GHz or 1 GHz or faster 32-bit (x86)
CPU
or better better or 64-bit (x64)
1 GB RAM (32-bit)
Memory 512 MB 1GB
or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
Disk Free Space 2 GB 5 GB 5 GB
Display Resolution 1024 x 768, 256 color or better
Data Acquisition Device NI USB-6008/6009 (provided)
Software Requirements
Operating System Microsoft Windows 2000 / XP/Vista/Win7 (Premium) 32bit
Data Acquisition Driver
Device Driver (provided)
Software
Application Program Microsoft office Excel
1.3 Program Capability

1.3.1 Data Display
09.13
The program can display real-time data of the signals on dial gauges or numeric display types.
The data table and graph palette easy control of the data displayed. In the graph area, user can
also edit both the x and y scales range of the graph for easy reading.
1.3.2 Easy Command Menu
The program has several modes of command. All functions are accessible from the menu bar,
tool bar and main display window.
1.3.3 Function of the Display
The program can display details of the recorded signals. These data are indicated on the screen
both in graphical and numeric form.
1.3.4 Signals Checking
In the calibration page, the program will detect signals and display the scaled reading.
2. Program Installation
The installation consists of three main Software Programs:
a) A/D card installation
b) Runtime engine for Windows Installation
c) Operating Program Installation
Page 35
2.1 Software and Hardware

The operating software is a development program for user interfaces. The USB connector and
hardware has been pre-installed in the factory.
2.2 A/D Card and Software Installation

NOTE: DO NOT ATTACH THE A/D CARD OR CABLE TO THE COMPUTER BEFORE
INSTALLING THE DRIVER AND THE SOFTWARE.
2.2.1 Insert the installation disc into the CD/DVD-ROM drive
If the window does not work in auto run mode open the CD/DVD-ROM explorer and double
click on USB_drive.exe.
09.13
Figure 1: File currently displayed on the disc
2.2.2 This window shows USB driver installation in a few seconds.
Figure 2: Installing driver
2.2.3 On the CD/DVD-ROM explorer double click on setup.ex as shown in Fig. 1.

2.2.4 Wait while the installer initialises.
Page 36
Figure 3: Installer initialises
2.2.5 The program will install in default directory.

It is recommended to use the default directory for convenience. Then click the “Next”
button to continue.
09.13
Figure 4: Default destination directory
2.2.6 Click the “I accept the Licence Agreement” button to continue.
Page 37
Figure 5: Licence agreement
2.2.7 Click the “Next” button to start installation

09.13
Figure 6: Start installation
2.2.8 Wait until the progress bar is completed.
Page 38
Figure 7: Progress bar status
2.2.9 Click “Finish” button to finish the installation

09.13
Figure 8: Installation complete
Page 39
2.2.10 Click “Restart” button to restart your computer.
Figure 9: Restart your computer
3. How to use the Program
Open the program by double-clicking at the icon on the desktop, then screen will appear as
shown in Fig. 10.
09.13
Figure 10: Main menu display
3.1 Program TD 060 Free & Forced Heat Convection

3.1.1 General page (Model), select the tab “TD 060 Free & Forced Heat Convection” (Fig. 10)
then the General page (Model) will appear as shown in Fig. 11.
Page 40
Figure 11: General display (Model)
3.1.2 Click the tab page as per the figure below to find the subject as you want.
09.13
Figure 12: General display (General Description)
Page 41
Figure 13: General display (Technical Data)

09.13
Figure 14: General display (schematic diagram)
Figure 15: General display (signal diagram)
Page 42
3.1.3 The operating program consists of three experiments such as free and forced convection,
improved heat transfer, and temperature distribution.
Figure 16: Free convection

09.13
All of the buttons, which are circled in Fig. 16, have the same functions on each page.
Fill in the name of the person using the program
Click to collect the data results
Click to delete the results for each experiment as required
Click to save the experiment results as the file
Click to show in forms of the graph for each data file
Button „PRINT“ used to print data by

the printer which is installed on your computer.
3.1.4 Click this icon to select type of experiment as shown in Fig. 16, the page of
that experiment will be shown as per Fig. 17. Then select type of the experiment as “Free
Convection”.
Page 43
Figure 17: Free convection experiment
Alternatively, select type of experiment from this button menu

then the page for “Forced Convection” will be shown as in Fig. 18.
09.13
Figure 18: Forced convection
Page 44
3.1.5 Click the tab as shown in Fig. 19, then select “Flat Plate” experiment.
Figure 19: Improved heat transfer (Flat plate)

09.13
There are three options of experiment as in Fig. 19 , select the other experiments
by using this button . The data is collected and saved separately for each
experiment, which can be used to plot graph for that experiment and compare it by selecting the
button and click the tab
“PLOT GRAPH”, then the graph will be shown as:
Figure 20: Graph – temperature vs. distance from flat plate.
Page 45
3.1.6 Click the page of experiment as shown in Fig. 21, the page will be shown as in
Fig. 21, there are two choices of experiments for study such as Plate with Cylinder or
Finned Plate as per the menu .
Figure 21: Improved heat transfer (Finned plate)

We can use experiment results as various air speeds for comparison with the maximum of three
values at each time.
09.13
If we would like to save the file, click the button “SAVE TO FILE”. Then the screen will appear
as in Fig. 22, save the file at “File>Save as>”, then select the file address as required.
Figure 22: Example of data files
Page 46
3.1.7 Printing Graph

To print the graph select “Printer name” for printing as required and click the button “PRINT”.
The graph will be printed accordingly.
Figure 23: Printing graph

09.13
3.1.8 Exit the Program

When the experiment has finished already, click the button “EXIT” at the bottom and on the
right hand side of the program as shown in Fig. 23.
Page 47
TROUBLESHOOTING
If you click the button (RUN) , this icon must be shown as . If

not, check first the USB wires and connections whether or not connected to input port of the
computer and this equipment.
The next step, open the file of “Control panel>Device Manager” and click at the
“Communication Port” as per figure below. If it is correct, the icon “USB Serial Port (COM13)”
will be appeared as shown below. Then the port number (COM…) in front of program page
must be set up in the same number. Consequently, the program should be working as usual.
09.13
Finally, if it doesn’t show “COM…” as above figure, restart the computer and try it again. The
problem may be concern with the driver or basic input/output system (BIOS) that is not
completed. Please contact with manufacturers to solve this problems.
FOR PROGRAM TD 060 FREE & FORCED HEAT CONVECTION (Air velocity interface)
1. One side connects to meter’s RS232 output socket, another side is the USB plug to connect
the computer’s USB terminal. If the computer already ON “LED indicator” will show light.
2. Select the “Type switch” to 2(Used for cooperating the Isolate RS232 Instrument, the
instruments is built to isolate (photo couple) RS232 output interface.
Page 48
APPENDIX 2
TEMPERATURE INDICATOR
09.13
Page 49
09.13
Page 50
09.13
Page 51
09.13
Page 52
APPENDIX 3
VOLTAGE & CURRENT INDICATOR
09.13
Page 53
09.13
Page 54
APPENDIX 4
CALIBRATION CERTIFICATES
09.13
Page 55
09.13
Page 56
09.13
Page 57
09.13
Page 58
09.13
Page 59
09.13
Page 60
09.13
Page 61
09.13
Page 62
APPENDIX 5
HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETER
09.13
Page 63
09.13
Page 64
09.13
Page 65

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Instruction Manual

3.9 Equipment Setup ………………………………………………………………. 27

Appendix 1: Software for PC-Data Acquisition System ………………….…………………… 34

5. High Temperature Equipment

Fan speed control

Temperature selector switch

Figure 1: Free & Forced Heat Convection Apparatus

Temperature indicator : digital with 0.1 resolution and a selection switch

Equipment Layout Diagram

AT2 AT3 AT4 Fan

Heater cable Heater cable ELCB & CB

Figure 2: Apparatus schematic diagram

2.2 Dimensionless Parameters

hL heat transfer by convection

gßL3 2  buoyancy force

2.3 Natural Convection

Approximate heat transfer coefficient:

Figure 4: Natural convection from

Figure 5: Laminar flow pipe

Turbulent flow over cylinder:

Figure 6: Turbulent flow over cylinder

Turbulent flow over banks of pipes:

In-line pipes: Ch ≈ 1.0

Figure 7: In-line pipes Figure 8: Staggered pipes

Experiment 1: Demonstration of Free and Forced Convection

3.1 Relevant Theory

3.2 Equipment Setup

AT2 AT3 AT4 Fan

Heater cable Heater cable ELCB & CB

Figure 9: Equipment setup

Figure 10: Flat plate heater

Figure 12: The rear of the control box

Figure 13: Control box

3.3 Experiment Procedure for Free Convection (Fan turned off)

3.4 Experimental Procedure for Forced Convection

Note For All Experiments

Experiment 1B: Forced Convection

20(64.6 x 0.310) 34.1 48.1 14.0

Experiment 1B: Forced Convection

0 35.5 100.0 64.5

Free convection of flat plate

Forced convection of flat plate

Experiment 2: Demonstration of Improved Heat Transfer by Cylindrical and Fin Surfaces

3.5 Relevant Theory

3.6 Equipment Setup

AT2 AT3 AT4 Fan

Heater cable Heater cable ELCB & CB

Figure 14: Equipment setup

Figure 15: Flat plate heater

Figure 20: The rear of the control box

Figure 21: Control box

3.7 Experiment Procedure (see Fig. 21)

Figure 22: Plate heater

Note For All Experiments

Experiment 2: Improve Heat Transfer with Increased Surface Areas

Experiment 2: Improve Heat Transfer with Increased Surface Areas

2 33.0 32.6 32.4 32.7 42.8 32.1 10.7

Improve heat transfer with increased surface areas

Downstream air temperature distribution

32 Distance from heater,mm

Downstream air temperature

38 Plate with cylinders, Q = 40 W

Downstream air temperature

TD 060 Free & Forced Heat Convection - EdLabQuip - 2013 - Recuced Size

TD 060 Free & Forced Heat Convection - EdLabQuip - 2013 - Recuced Size