FM 060 Pressure Measurement Apparatus

INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FM 060 Pressure Measurement Apparatus

07.13
Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is accurate; however no liability is accepted for
errors. Should an error be discovered please inform the company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given are for
guidance only and are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given apparatus; due to the complex variables
applicable to most experiments.
EdLabQuip GmbH
Peiner Str. 157E, 30519 Hannover, Germany
www.edlabquip.com
sales@edlabquip.com
Tel: +49 511 56 37 98 70
CONTENTS
Receipt of goods 2
Safety guidelines 2
1. General description 5
2. Theory 7
3. Test procedures 11
4. Data sheets 14
5. Sample data 16
6. Sample Calculations 19
Appendices
1. Commissioning 20
2. Vacuum pump 22
3. FM 100.01 Dead Weight pressure tester 28
4. Inclined water manometer 34
5. Mercury manometer 36
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or
storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission.
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RECEIPT OF GOODS
1. On Receipt of Goods
(a) On receipt of the goods at the customers premises, the shipment should be inspected for any damages or
missing items. These items should be checked against the delivery note, packing list or shipping documents.
(b) If there is any damage to the equipment or a discrepancy in missing items as listed shipping documents, then
the insurance company should be notified within three working days on receipt of the shipment if the loss or
damage was not apparent at the time of taking delivery from the port.
(c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss
of parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms
and Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
(d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed
photographs for evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
(e) The seller will only replace damaged parts on notification by the insurance company that the claim has been
accepted.
2. Manufacturers Liability
(a) Before proceeding to install, commission or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would
like to alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with
regard to the liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
(b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment
causing harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of
failure or damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as
outlined in the instruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.
(c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in
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the instruction manual are observed.
3. Safety Guidelines
3.1 General Safety Concerns
Before proceeding to install, commission or operate the equipment described in the instruction manual we would like
to alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety practices were not performed in
accordance with the local standards and governing bodies regulations.
-Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating equipment
hazards and lack of cleanliness.
To be able to achieve the aim, of “accidents can be avoided” it must be ensured that the equipment is installed
correctly, regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential hazards associated
with the particular equipment.
We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.
3.2 Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission or operate the
equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers recommendations and
instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in the
contents.
4. Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is
competent in the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective devices
such as an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
2
This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to as a residual
current device (RCD) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use. The
supply network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the supply voltage
in the case of an overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to the equipment. (An
overload relay)
5. Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on handling and
unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the structure. In the case of a
mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the structure framework so that no damage
will occur during the lifting operation.
(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation
5.1 Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal colour code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Black------------------------------Line.
- Grey or white -------------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow -------------------Ground.
(b) The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Red, blue and black. ------------Line.
- Light grey or white --------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow --------------------Ground.
5.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long period of
time without circulation it will stagnate.
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(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.

(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti rust additive
such as used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
(d) The water should be at temperature under 45degreesC to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means of a
water treatment programmer being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.
5.3 Rotating Equipment

(a) If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc these items are provided
with a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may occur when the rotating
parts fail. These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in operation (rotating) and only
removed for maintenance periods.
After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do not operate
any rotating parts unless machine guards are in place.
5.4 Steam Equipment
(a) When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the
operators and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and performing maintenance
schedules. During operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a high temperature and pressure
which can have a very damaging and hazardous effects on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained. This should
also include pressure reducing valves.
(d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be checked
regularly.
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(e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc and any frameworks or
joints should have the hardware checked for tightness.
(f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.
5.5 High Temperature Equipment
(a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by
the operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and performing maintenance schedules.
During operation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a high temperature and pressure which can have a
very damaging and hazardous effect on students if safety precautions are not observed.
(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not
exceeded on the equipment.
(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly for safe
operation.
6. Maintenance Safety Practices
(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the equipment
(a) (b)Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the equipment is being
worked on, inspected and should not be operated.
(b) Check the operation of any protective devices, .i.e ELCB so that it operates in accordance with its
specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any malfunction
of the device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the equipment back to a service
condition.
(c) (d)Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no covers,
panels are left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
(d) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that have to be
taken to prevent infection from harmful micro organisms.
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7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment

(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the students can be
safeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious accident if caught
in rotating equipment. i.e. tie etc.
(c) Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature present.
(d) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.
(e) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.
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1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The apparatus is designed to introduce basic pressure measuring devices as well as pressure
gauge calibration.
The apparatus consists of mercury and water manometers, pressure and vacuum gauges, and a
diaphragm pump for generation of pressure and vacuum. The pump is installed on a panel back
with ports for pressure and vacuum measurement. Dead weight pressure tester is separately
supplied.
Pressure gauge Vacuum gauge
Piston wing Calibration weight
U- tube mercury
manometer
Pressure gauge
Vacuum control valve
Vacuum control valve Reservoir
for mercury manometer
Pressure control valve
Bull’s eye level Cylinder Adjustable feet

Inclined manometer Switch
Figure 1: Front view

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1.1 Technical Data

Bourdon gauge :1 ea 0 to -1 kg/cm2
:1 ea 0 to 3 kg/cm2
Manometer :1 ea 0-400 mm  1 mm graduation U-tube mercury manometer.
:1 ea 0-400 mm  1 mm graduation, 1:10, 1:5, 1:2 and 1:1 slope
inclined water manometer.
Diaphragm pump : 0.18 kW
FM 100.01 Dead Weight Pressure Tester
- Stainless steel piston and cylinder
- Pressure gauge : 0 to 3 kg/cm2
- Piston cross-section: 250 mm2
- Piston weight : 0.5 kg
- Calibration weight : 10.5 + 21 + 22 kg
Power supply : with transformer 110V to 220V, 1Ph, 60Hz.
: Standard: 220V, 1 Ph, 50Hz
1.2 Experimental Capabilities

- Familiarisation with different pressure measuring devices
- Comparison of water and mercury manometers and mercury manometers with Bourdon gauge
- Calibration of Bourdon gauge
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HB
FM 210
060 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Front panel
Rear panel (Pressure) 2 3
Rear panel (Vacuum)
9 4 6
10
7
8
5 1
11
Identification
1) Mercury manometer 6) Pressure control valve for mercury manometer 11) Pressure / Vacuum pump
2) Pressure gauge 7) Vacuum control valve
3) Vacuum gauge 8) Pressure control valve
4) Pressure manifold 9) Inclined water manometer control valve
5) Vacuum control valve 10) Inclined water manometer
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Figure 2: Schematic diagram of FM 060 Pressure Measurement Apparatus
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2. Theory
2.1 Definition of Pressure
Average pressure means vertical force acting on a defined unit area or equal to the magnitude of
forces vertically acting on an area divided by the measurement unit of that area. It may be
expressed in terms of an arithmetic equation as follows:
F
p = …………………. (1)
A
where: p = Pressure, N / m2, kg / cm2 or lb / in2
F = Vertical acting force, N, kg or lb
A = Force acting area, m2, cm2 or in2
2.2 Variation of Pressure of a Fluid
The theory states that “a pressure of a fluid in a still or equilibrium condition or so-called static
fluid state varies directly with the depth (or elevation) measured from the surface of that fluid”.
Imagine a tiny fluid cylindrical element column having a height of h and a cross-sectional area A
located within the same kind of fluid with the upper end at the surface of the fluid as shown in
figure 3 below.
Fatm
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W
h
A
F
Figure 3: Force acting on a fluid element within a static fluid.
Consider the vertical forces acting on the cylindrical fluid column. A force (F) due to pressure on
the bottom surface of the column acts on that bottom surface. If the top surface is in the atmosphere
then there is a force (Fatm) due to atmospheric pressure acting on the upper surface of the column.
Moreover there is also another force (W) due to the Earth’s gravity acting on the fluid column.
Thus under an equilibrium condition of the fluid we obtain the following relationship.
F = W + Fatm
pA =  (h  A) + patm  A
p =  h + patm
=  g h + patm …………………. (2)
where: p = pressure at the lower end (at depth level h) N / m2
 = Density of fluid kg / m3
 = Specific weight of the fluid N / m3
g = Acceleration due to earth gravity m / s2
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W = Weight of the fluid cylindrical column. N

F = Force of fluid pressure acting on the lower N end area of the column element.
Fatm = Force of atmospheric pressure acting on the N upper end area of the column element
patm = Atmospheric pressure N / m2
The atmospheric pressure patm, if measured in terms of absolute pressure (actual pressure) is equal
to 1.013 bar (or 14.7 psi). If we substitute the value of pressure in equation (1) with the value of
absolute pressure it will also make the pressure p in equation (2) an absolute pressure as well. Thus
the pressure in the form of absolute pressure must be indicated by an additional denotation abs. (for
“absolute”) after the unit pressure measurement such as150 bar abs or 75 psi abs or by writing the
word absolute before the word “pressure” such as the absolute pressure in the tank is 150 bar.
In the case of measurement of atmospheric pressure patm in terms of gauge pressure (comparative
pressure), the value of the atmospheric pressure is equal to zero. If we substitute the value of
atmospheric pressure in equation (2) with the value of gauge pressure it will also make the pressure
p in equation (1) a gauge pressure as well. The pressure in the form of gauge pressure would not be
indicated by any additional denotation or word “gauge” after the unit pressure measurement or
before the word “pressure” as in the previous case of the absolute pressure. But it is indicated with
the figure value and the measurement unit only as 150 bar or 75 psi.
Thus, if we substitute the value of atmospheric pressure (patm) with a gauge pressure (equals to
zero) the equation (2) will be reduced to the following:
p = gh …………………… (3)
And since the values of  ,  and g are constant, it can be concluded that the pressure of the static
fluid varies directly with the depth h- measured down from the free surface of that static fluid.
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2.3 Equipment for Pressure Measurement

There are various types of instruments for measuring pressure. The commonly used ones are as
follows:
2.3.1 Pressure gauge
elliptical cross section metal tube
Spring
Pinion gear
joint
Dial Scale
Axial
Figure 4: Pressure gauge mechanism
This type of instrument consists of a so-called Bourdon tube of elliptical cross section bent into a
form of a circular curve. The curvature of this metal tube will change when the pressure inside the
tube rises resulting in a change of radius of the circular bend. Thus there is a movement at the end
of the metal tube. The movement at this end point of the tube is transferred to a mechanism causing
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the needle indicator of the pressure gauge to point at various calibrated positions depending on the
magnitude of the fluid pressure inside that metal tube.
2.3.2 Piezometer
h h
P P
Figure 5: Piezometer
This is a very simple instrument used for measuring liquid pressure only. The Piezometer is a glass
tube with an end open to the atmosphere. The lower end of the glass tube is connected to the liquid
source to be measured causing the liquid inside the source of container to move freely within the
tube as shown in figure 5. The height of the liquid in the tube varies directly with the magnitude of
that liquid pressure by the following relation:
p = gh  h
where: p = Liquid pressure in the container. N / m3
 = Density of the liquid kg / m3
 = Specific weight of the liquid. N / m3
g = Acceleration due to the earth’s gravity m / s2
h = Height of liquid in the Piezometer tube, m
2.3.3 Manometer
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2.3.3.1 A Simple manometer or open-end manometer.
Figure 6: Simple manometer or open-end manometer

The simple manometer consists of a glass U tube containing a liquid (normally mercury) with one
end open to the atmospheric pressure and the other end connected to the fluid source to be
measured. The pressure in the fluid source or container will push the liquid in both sides of the U
tube with different levels of liquid as shown in figure 6. The level difference of liquid in the U
tube can be used to determine the pressure of the fluid in the container.
2.3.3.2 Differential manometer
p1 p2
Figure 7: Differential manometer
h
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The differential manometer consists of a U-shape glass tube for measuring the pressure difference
of the fluids in two different containers as shown in figure 7. The level difference of liquid in the U
tube can be used to determine the pressure difference of the fluids in the two containers.
2.3.3.3 An inclined manometer

h
H
Figure8: An Inclined manometer
In the case the pressure in the container is very low which causes the level difference in the liquid
in the U tube to be very small. This makes it very difficult to read the value of h. Thus if the tube
on the right hand side is inclined the linear length of the liquid in the right hand tube will increase
resulting in a more accurate reading of the length H as shown in figure 8. The ratio of h/H is sin 
or
h = H.sin 
where sin  can be 1/10, 1/5 or 1/2 or any other fraction.
Thereby the value of H obtained from the length reading of the inclined tube can then be used to
determine the fluid pressure in the container.
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2.3.4 Pressure sensor and indicator (optional)

The digital pressure indicator consists of sensor head capable of transmitting a pressure value and
converting it into 4-20 mA or 1-5V signals. The signal is then further transmitted and converted
into digital numbers on the monitor screen.
2.3.5 Mercury Barometer (optional)
patm
Figure 9: Barometer h
This type of pressure measuring equipment is essentially a manometer for measuring atmospheric
pressure. It consists of a glass tube closed at one end and open at the other end. The tube is initially
filled with a liquid (normally mercury). It is then turned over into an upside down position with the
open end submerged in a small container of the same liquid as show in figure 9.
The height of the liquid column h rising above the surface of the liquid in the container can be used
to determine the atmospheric pressure.
2.3.6 Aneroid Barometer (optional)

Aneroid barometer is a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. The aneroid is an exhausted
chamber with corrugated diaphragm walls, the collapsing of which is resisted by a spring. The
deflections of the diaphragms against the spring are indicated or recorded by a lever mechanism.
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The aneroid barometer is also made in the more accurate null type in which the diaphragm is
brought back to an initial position by changing the tension of the loading spring. This same motion
rotates the scale to give the new reading.
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3. TEST PROCEDURES
Pressure gauge Vacuum gauge
U-tube mercury
manometer
Inclined water Pressure control valve
manometer control for mercury manometer
valve Vacuum control valve
Pressure control valve Vacuum control valve

Inclined manometer
Vacuum gauge
Figure 10: FM 060 Pressure Measurement Apparatus

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HB
FM 210
060 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Front panel
Rear panel (Pressure) 2 3
Rear panel (Vacuum)
9 4 6
10
7
8
5 1
11
Identification
1) Mercury manometer 6) Pressure control valve for mercury manometer 11) Pressure / Vacuum pump
2) Pressure gauge 7) Vacuum control valve
3) Vacuum gauge 8) Pressure control valve
4) Pressure manifold 9) Inclined water manometer control valve
5) Vacuum control valve 10) Inclined water manometer
Figure 11: Schematic Diagram of Pressure Measurement Apparatus
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All the tubing connections are done at the factory, no need for site connections. Only valve
operation is required.
3.1 Valve Operation for Measuring Pressure by Mercury Manometer
To measure pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, open valve No. 6 and valve No. 13;
close valve No. 5 and valve No. 12.
To measure pressure lower than atmospheric pressure (vacuum), close valve No. 6 and valve
No. 13 and open valve No. 5 and valve No. 12.
3.2 Valve Operation for Measuring Pressure by Inclined Water Manometer

Inclined water meter is used for measuring only pressure higher than atmospheric pressure. To
measure pressure, open valve No. 9.
3.3 To Adjust Pressure Higher and Lower than Atmospheric Pressure

Before starting the experiment, both the pressure control valve (No.8) and the vacuum control
valve (No. 7) must be fully open.
To adjust pressure higher than atmospheric pressure, leave the vacuum control valve (No. 7)
fully open and slightly close the pressure control valve (No. 8) to a desired pressure.
To adjust pressure lower than atmospheric pressure (vacuum), leave the pressure control valve
(No. 8) fully open and slightly close the vacuum control valve (No. 7) to a desired vacuum.
Please note: pressure/vacuum control valve operation.
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3.4 Pressure Gauge and Mercury Manometer Test (for pressure both higher and lower than
atmospheric pressure)
3.4.1 Turn the vacuum pump operation switch to “ON” position.
3.4.2 Adjust the pressure (or vacuum to the required level not exceeding 0-0.5 kg/cm2).
3.4.3 Record pressure or vacuum reading from the corresponding pressure gauge.
3.4.4 Record the differential level of mercury from the U tube manometer by operating valves
as per section 3.1.
3.4.5 Change to other pressure levels by following instructions in 3.3 and repeat steps 3.4.3 to
3.4.4.
Caution: Notice the manometer levels and stop the experiment before the manometer
liquid spill over.
3.4.6 Calculate the pressure from the recorded data.
3.1.8 Compare the calculated pressure values with the gauge reading values obtained in 3.4.3.
3.5 Inclined Manometer and Mercury Manometer Test (for pressure higher than atmospheric
pressure only)
3.5.1 Set the inclined water manometer slope to a required maximum pressure range. (See
Appendix 4, section 3.3).
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3.5.2 Adjust the “0” level of the water reservoir and record the inclined manometer reading.
(See Appendix 4 in details).
3.5.3 Turn the vacuum pump operation switch to “ON” position.
3.5.4 Follow the instructions in 3.3 to adjust the pressure to a required level, not exceeding the
pressures specified in Appendix 4 section 3.3.
3.5.5 Slowly open valve No. 9 to fully open.
3.5.6 Record the differential level of mercury from the U-tube manometer by operating vlaves
as per 3.1.
3.5.7 Record the inclined water manometer level (see Appendix 4 in details).
3.5.8 Change to other pressure levels by following the instructions in 3.3 and repeat steps 3.5.6
to 3.5.7.
Caution: Notice the manometer levels and stop the experiment before the manometer
liquid spills over.
3.5.9 Convert the inclined scale reading to mm of water head pressure.
3.5.10 Convert the mercury manometer readings to mm of water head pressure.
3.5.11 Compare pressure readings from inclined water manometer and mercury manometer.
3.3 Dead Weight Pressure Tester
Calibrate the pressure gauge against the dead weight pressure tester as per Appendix 3 to obtain
the correct pressure reading of the pressure gauge.
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Calibration weight
Piston wing Pressure gauge
Cylinder Reservoir
Bull’s eye level

Adjustable feet
Figure 12: Pressure Measurement Apparatus (Dead Weight Pressure Tester)
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4. DATA SHEETS
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DATA SHEET
FM 060 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
Tested by: …………………. …… Date: ……..…………………..
Room temp……………C
1.1 Water Manometer (mm water) Mercury Manometer

Left Leg Right Difference Slope Actual Left Right Difference Equivalent
(mm) Leg (mm) (mm) Leg Leg (mm) Water Note
(mm) (mm) (mm) column
(mm)
1.2 Mercury Manometer Pressure/Vacuum Gauge

Left Leg Right Leg Difference Equivalent Gauge Equivalent
Note
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(mm) (mm) (mm) Water Reading Water column

column 2 (mm)
(kg/cm )
(mm)
16
5. SAMPLE DATA
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17
DATA SHEET
Tested by: ……………………..……Date:..22/07/11…
1. Manometer Test
Room temp……30………C

(mm)
310 70 240 - 240 187 207 20 272
361 60 301 - 301 185.5 208 22.5 306
371 50 321 - 321 185 208.5 23.5 319.6
381 40 341 - 341 184 209.5 25.5 346.8
391 30 361 - 361 183.5 210 26.5 360.4
400 20 380 - 380 182 211 29 394.4
410 10 400 - 400 181.5 211.5 30 408

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(mm) (mm) (mm) Water Reading Water column Note
column 2 (mm)
(kg/cm )
(mm)
198 271 73 992.8 0.1 1000
164 305 141 1917.6 0.2 2000
127 342 215 2924 0.3 3000
89 378 289 3930.4 0.4 4000
51 417 366 4977.6 0.5 5000
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DATA SHEET
Tested by: ……………………..……Date:..22/07/11…
1. Manometer Test
Room temp……30………C

(mm)

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(mm) (mm) (mm) Water Reading Water column Note
column 2 (mm)
(kg/cm )
(mm)
163 231 68 924.8 0.1 1000
123.5 270.5 147 1999.2 0.2 2000
84 309 225 3060 0.3 3000
45 347 302 4107.2 0.4 4000
8 386 378 5140.8 0.5 5000
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6. Sample Calculations
5.1 Comparison between Water Manometer with Mercury Manometer
Typical Data: (page 18, table 1.1 row 1)
Test runs were conducted by a team of engineers and technicians at the factory prior to shipment to
customer. Typical test data were shown below.
Water manometer left leg = 310 mm·H2O
Water manometer right leg = 70 mm·H2O
Mercury manometer right leg = 207 mm·Hg
Mercury manometer left leg = 187 mm·Hg
Water Manometer = 310 – 70 mm·H2O

= 240 mm·H2O
Mercury Manometer;
Difference = 207 – 187 mm·Hg
= 20 mm·Hg
= 20 x 13.6
= 272 mm·H2O
5.2 Comparison between Pressure Gauge with Mercury Manometer

Typical Data: (page 18, table 1.2 row 1)
customer. Typical test data are shown below.
Gauge reading = 0.1 kg/cm2
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Mercury Manometer;
= 73 mm·Hg
= 73 x 13.6
= 992.8 mm·H2O
Pressure Gauge;
= 0.1 kg/cm2
= 0.1 x 1000.026
= 1000 mm·H2O
1.1. Comparison between Vacuum Gauge with Mercury Manometer

Typical Data: (From page 19, table 1.2 row 1)
customer. Typical test data are shown below.
Gauge reading = 0.1 kg/cm2
Mercury Manometer;
= 68 mm·Hg
= 68 x 13.6 = 924.8 mm·H2O
Vacuum Gauge ;
= 0.1 kg/cm2
= 0.1 x 1000.026
= 1000 mm·H2O
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APPENDIX 1
COMMISSIONING
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21
COMMISSIONING
The apparatus is shipped without manometer fluids in the apparatus for overseas shipment
regulations and to void spilling. Liquid filling is to be done as follows:
1. Inclined Manometer
The liquid is water.
See Appendix 4 for water filling.
2. Mercury Manometer
To fill the manometer, see Appendix 5.
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22
APPENDIX 2
VACUUM PUMP
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23
07.13 FM 060 Pressure Measurement Apparatus
24
25
26
27
28
APPENDIX 3
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DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE TESTER
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DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE TESTER
Calibration weight
Piston wing Pressure gauge
Cylinder Reservoir
Bull’s eye level

Adjustable feet
Figure 1: Dead Weight pressure tester

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The tester is designed to calibrate pressure gauges.
It consists of a precision machined stainless steel piston and cylinder using predetermined weights
placed on the upper end of the piston rod. The assembly is mounted on level screws with a bull’s
eye level. The pressure gauge is connected to the cylinder, thus subject to known pressure and
comparison with the gauge reading can be made. Leaking liquid from the cylinder is returned to a
reservoir for refilling the cylinder without removing the piston.
Calibration weights
Piston
Gauge
Piston wing Drain
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Cylinder Reservoir
Front View
Adjustable feet
Bull's eye level
Reservoir
TopView
Weight
Piston Cylinder
Figure 2: schematic diagram of pressure tester
Area of piston 250 mm2

Weight of piston 0.5 kg
Maximum gauge pressure 3 kg/cm2
30
The equipment comprises of a precision machined piston and cylinder. Weights may be added to
the piston so that a number of predetermined pressures are set up within the cylinder. The cylinder
is attached to the base plate with securing screws and for maintaining a level position levelling
screws are installed on the base plate. The equipment can be checked for alignment by using a
bull’s eye level.
Weights supplied are (22.0) + (21.0) + (10.5) kg. Piston weight is 0.5 kg. The gauge under test
is linked to the cylinder, by a flexible tube; and leakage past the piston is taken to drain, which is
drilled opposite an annular recess at the top of the cylinder.
1.1 Technical Data

Pressure gauge : Bourdon tube, 0-3 kg/cm2
Piston cross – section : 250 mm2
Piston weights : 0.5 kg
Calibration weight : 1  0.5 + 2  1.0 + 2  2.0 kg
2. THEORY
The pressure generated by the piston and weights is equal to a force exerted on the cylinder divided
by the piston area and can be written in the mathematical equation as:
F
p
A
where: p = Pressure, kg/cm2 (or other unit)
= Force, kg (or other unit)
07.13
F
A = Piston cross section area, cm2
 d 2 
  , d is the diameter of the piston in cm. 
 4 
 250 mm 2  2.5 cm 2
Exact diameter of the piston is indicated on the piston.

This pressure, p, is transmitted to the pressure gauge and comparison between actual pressure and
gauge reading can then be made.
3. TEST PROCEDURE
 Install the pressure gauge to gauge cylinder of the tester and ensure that the connection is
tight.
 Remove the piston and fill the cylinder and the reservoir with the clean (preferably distilled)
water to half full and take the “zero” gauge reading.
 Insert the piston into the cylinder; open the ball valve to allow air bubbles to move into the
reservoir.
 Adjust the piston so that the piston wing is about 25 mm. above the cylinder then close the
ball valve.
 Rotate the piston to minimize friction effect and take the gauge reading due to piston weight.
 Add additional weights on the piston and record readings until all weights are used or
maximum gauge reading is reached.
31
 If the piston wing is too low i.e. less than 15 mm. above the cylinder, open the ball valve and
pull up the piston such that the wing is about 25 mm above the cylinder and close the ball
valve.
 Remove the weight and record pressure reading for every weight.
4. Data Sheet
FM 100.01 DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE TESTER
Tested by: ………………..Date: …….…………
2
Area of piston………………..mm
Total Pressure in Gauge Absolute gauge

weight cylinder reading error gauge error
F p pg
kg 2 2 2 %
kg/cm kg/cm kg/cm
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
07.13
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
32
FM 100.01 DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE TESTER

Tested by: ………………..Date: 10/12/2003…
2
Area of piston…250…..mm
Total Pressure in Gauge Absolute gauge

weight cylinder reading error gauge error
F p pg
kg 2 2 2 %
kg/cm kg/cm kg/cm
0.5 0.20 0.20 0.00 0
1.0 0.40 0.42 0.02 4.76
1.5 0.60 0.62 0.02 3.22
2.0 0.80 0.81 0.01 1.23
3.0 1.20 1.20 0.00 0
3.5 1.40 1.40 0.00 0
4.0 1.60 1.60 0.00 0
4.5 1.80 1.80 0.00 0
5.0 2.00 1.98 0.02 1.01
5.5 2.20 2.20 0.00 0
6.0 2.40 2.40 0.00 0
6.5 2.60 2.60 0.00 0
07.13
7.0 2.80 2.81 0.01 0.35

7.0 2.80 2.81 0.01 0.35
6.5 2.60 2.60 0.00 0
6.0 2.40 2.40 0.00 0
5.5 2.20 2.20 0.00 0
5.0 2.00 1.98 0.02 1.01
4.5 1.80 1.80 0.00 0
4.0 1.60 1.60 0.00 0
3.5 1.40 1.40 0.00 0
3.0 1.20 1.20 0.00 0
2.0 0.80 0.81 0.01 1.23
1.5 0.60 0.62 0.02 3.22
1.0 0.40 0.42 0.02 4.76
0.5 0.20 0.20 0.00 0
33
5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
From the second row of the sample data:
F
Pressure in the cylinder: p 
A
F  1.0kg , 1.0kg
p 
A  2.5cm
2 2
2.5cm
kg
 0.4
2
cm
Since gauge reading, pg = 0.42, then:
Gauge error  p g  p
kg
 (0.42  0.40)
cm 2
kg
 0.02
cm 2
gauge error
Percent gauge error   100
gauge re ading
0.02 kg / cm 2
  100
0.42kg / cm 2
 4.76
07.13
34
APPENDIX 4
07.13
INCLINED WATER MANOMETER
35
INCLINED WATER MANOMETER
Slope mark
Pressure ports
Tubes and scale
Level gauge
Footing
Figure 1 Inclined water manometer (dual set)
1. DESCRIPTION
The new inclined water manometer is designed to minimize cost and to ease operation. The
manometer employs a clear acrylic tubes and industrial tube fittings. The slope is adjustable.
Pressure ports are at tube top end.
Scale length : 400mm or as required
Graduation : 1 mm
07.13
Number of manometers : 1 standard, plus 1 optional

Standard slope : 1:10, 1:5, and 1:2
Application : low differential air pressure
2. USE
2.1 Set the manometer on a level floor and adjust the footings to ensure that the manometer is
level by observing the level gauge at the base. In FM 060 it is levelled with the apparatus.
2.2 Ensure that the water in the manometer is half full.
2.3 Set the manometer inclination at a desired slope by screwing the right hand setting knob at
the indicated slope. Observe that the levels on both legs are equal.
2.4 Connect the manometer pressure ports to the differential pressure source and record the
readings on both legs.
2.5 The actual differential pressure is the difference between the two readings in 2.4 divided by
the slope; e.g. 10, 5 or 2.
36
APPENDIX 5
MERCURY MANOMETER
07.13
37
MERCURY MANOMETER
1. Description:
This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes with top reservoirs for
U-Tubes Mercury Manometer mercury overspill and vent valves. Pressure ports are at the top.
Vent valve
Range : 500 or 950 mm
Pressure inlet Pressure inlet Graduation : 1 mm
valve (rear) valve (rear) Application : High differential pressure of water or air
The manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes connected as a U-tube. The top
part of each tube has a chamber which acts as the mercury reservoir in case
of a pressure surge. Connected to the chamber is pressure inlet port with a
valve and a vent valves. These valves are used to bleed out air in the
system.
1. Instruction for Use:
Mercury manometer can measure either water or air pressure, depending on
the pressure medium used in experiment/apparatus.
1.1 Differential pressure for air
2.1.1 Make sure there is nothing but air above the mercury. If there is
any water in any tube, empty the manometer tubes and refill
with mercury about half full.
2.1.2 Close both vent valves.
2.1.3 Connect the pressures from the pressure sources to the
manometer inlet valves using flexible hoses.
2.1.4 The differential pressure is the difference in height of the two
manometer columns. The equivalent height of water column for
the differential pressure is calculated as follows:
07.13
Equivalent water column height = 13.6  mercury column height difference.

1.2 Differential pressure of water
2.2.1 Connect the pressure inlet valves to the differential pressure
source to be measured.
2.2.2 Slightly open one of the valves at the pressure source and at the
mercury manometer. Water will flow into the connected tube of
the manometer and push the mercury to a higher level in the
other tube.
2.2.3 Slowly open the vent valve of the second tube to allow air
bubbles in the system (if any) out. Continue 2.2.2 until all air
bubbles in this tube are removed, then close the vent valve.
2.2.4 Repeat 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 for the other tube of the manometer.
Now only water remains on top of the mercury in the
manometer. The manometer is ready to record differential
pressure. Equivalent height of water column for the differential
pressure is calculated as follows:
Equivalent water column height = (13.6-1) mercury column height difference.
= 12.6  mercury column height difference.
2. Mercury Manometer Filling

Mercury is removed from the manometer during shipment. Filling of the manometer with mercury
is to be done at site as follows;
Note: Due to overseas transport regulations, we cannot supply the mercury. Buyer must source it
locally. Approximately 50 cc. or 700 g. is required.
38
The manometer sent to a customer may have some differences from the below pictures but the
concept of filling mercury is the same.
Mercury mano vent valves
Mercury
2.1 Remove left (or right) side vent Mercury mano right
side vent tube Manometer
tube from the mercury mano vent
valve by pushing and holding red Mercury mano left
or blue plastic shoulder of quick side vent tube
coupling and use the other hand
pull the tube out.
Water
Water mano vent valve
Manometer
For hand air pump
2.2 Connect the tube from the

mercury container to the mercury Mercury
container
mano vent valve then open the
valve.
Tube
07.13
Valve open
2.3 Slightly tilt the panel to inclined

position and fill the mercury
only half of the manometer
height. If the test set is too heavy Mercury level
to be tilted, lightly knock the
manometer panel to make sure
all mercury flows down to the
bottom.
2.4 Remove the tube of the mercury
container from the mercury
mano vent valve the same
method as 3.3.
2.5 Connect the left (or right) side
vent tube back to the mercury
mano vent valve then close the
valve.
39

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL

the instruction manual are observed.

(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.

5.3 Rotating Equipment

7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment

Pressure gauge Vacuum gauge

Piston wing Calibration weight

Pressure control valve

Bull’s eye level Cylinder Adjustable feet

Figure 1: Front view

1.1 Technical Data

1.2 Experimental Capabilities

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of FM 060 Pressure Measurement Apparatus

W = Weight of the fluid cylindrical column. N

2.3 Equipment for Pressure Measurement

2.3.1 Pressure gauge

elliptical cross section metal tube

Figure 4: Pressure gauge mechanism

2.3.3.1 A Simple manometer or open-end manometer.

Figure 6: Simple manometer or open-end manometer

Figure8: An Inclined manometer

2.3.4 Pressure sensor and indicator (optional)

2.3.5 Mercury Barometer (optional)

2.3.6 Aneroid Barometer (optional)

Pressure control valve Vacuum control valve

Figure 10: FM 060 Pressure Measurement Apparatus

3.2 Valve Operation for Measuring Pressure by Inclined Water Manometer

3.3 To Adjust Pressure Higher and Lower than Atmospheric Pressure

Piston wing Pressure gauge

Bull’s eye level

Figure 12: Pressure Measurement Apparatus (Dead Weight Pressure Tester)

1.1 Water Manometer (mm water) Mercury Manometer

1.2 Mercury Manometer Pressure/Vacuum Gauge

(mm) (mm) (mm) Water Reading Water column

1.1 Water Manometer (mm water) Mercury Manometer

1.2 Mercury Manometer Pressure/Vacuum Gauge

Left Leg Right Leg Difference Equivalent Gauge Equivalent

1.1 Water Manometer (mm water) Mercury Manometer

1.2 Mercury Manometer Pressure/Vacuum Gauge

Left Leg Right Leg Difference Equivalent Gauge Equivalent

Water Manometer = 310 – 70 mm·H2O

5.2 Comparison between Pressure Gauge with Mercury Manometer

1.1. Comparison between Vacuum Gauge with Mercury Manometer

DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE TESTER

DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE TESTER

Piston wing Pressure gauge

Bull’s eye level

Figure 1: Dead Weight pressure tester

Figure 2: schematic diagram of pressure tester

Area of piston 250 mm2

1.1 Technical Data

Exact diameter of the piston is indicated on the piston.

Total Pressure in Gauge Absolute gauge

FM 100.01 DEAD WEIGHT PRESSURE TESTER

Total Pressure in Gauge Absolute gauge

7.0 2.80 2.81 0.01 0.35

INCLINED WATER MANOMETER

INCLINED WATER MANOMETER

Figure 1 Inclined water manometer (dual set)

Number of manometers : 1 standard, plus 1 optional

Equivalent water column height = 13.6  mercury column height difference.

2. Mercury Manometer Filling

Mercury mano vent valves