APA Citation
Guide
What is APA style or format?
1. APA stands for American
Psychological Association.
2. APA format is a common style for
essays and papers in the Social
Sciences.
What is APA style or format?
3. Its unique in-text citation and
reference pages allow for:
a. ease of reading comprehension
b. ensure consistent presentation
of content
Why do we need to cite our
sources?
❖ Citing sources is a practice
of academic honesty.
❖ Crediting sources is key to
avoiding plagiarism.
2 ways of crediting sources
❖ In the text of the paper when
source is quoted, paraphrased or
summarised. (in-text citation)
❖ In an alphabetically arranged list at
the end of the paper. (References)
How to do
In-text Citation
Work of a single author
Last name of author and year of
publication are inserted in the text.
◦ … from theory of bounded
rationality (Simon, 1945)
Work of a single author
If the name of the author is mentioned in
the narrative, cite only the year of
publication in the parenthesis.
◦ Simon (1945) posited that…
Work of TWO authors
Always cite both names every time the
reference occurs in the text. In the
parenthesis, use the ampersand (&)
◦ as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach,
1998)
Work of TWO authors
If the citation is part of the narrative,
join the two names with “and”
◦ …as Leiter and Maslach (1998)
demonstrated
Work of three or more authors
Cite all authors’ names the first time
the reference occur
◦ Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler
(1991) found…
Work of three or more authors
In subsequent citations, just include the
name of the first author followed by “et
al.”
◦ Kahneman, et al. (1991) found…
Note: et al. is Latin word for “and others”
How to list
References
APA References
Keep in mind
1. Capitalise only the first letter of the
first word of the title and subtitles, as
well as the first letter of proper nouns.
2. The full title of the book, including any
subtitle, should be italicised.
APA References
Keep in mind
3. The first line of entry is flush with the
left margin, all subsequent lines are
indented to form a “hanging indent”.
4. All entries must be arranged
alphabetically.
APA References
Keep in mind
5. Remove any hyperlink from websites
that you cite.
APA References
Keep in mind
6. A DOI (digital object identifier) is an
assigned number that helps link content
to its location on the Internet. It is
therefore important, if one is provided,
to use it when creating a citation. All
DOI numbers begin with a 10 and are
separated by a slash.
Citing a book
In print
Author, A. (year of publication). Title of
work. Publisher City, State: Publisher.
Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY:
Simon and Schuster.
Citing a book
E-book from an e-reader
Author, A. (year of publication). Title of work [E-
Reader Version]. Retrieved from http://xxx or
DOI:xxxx
Eggers, D. (2008). The circle [Kindle Version].
R Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/
Citing a book
Book from database
Author, A. (year of publication). Title of work.
Retrieved from http://xxx or DOI:xxxx
Eggers, D. (2008). The circle [Kindle Version].
R Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/
Citing an article from a magazine
In print
Author, A. (year, month of publication). Article title.
Magazine title, Volume(Issue), pages.
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or
s should they go? Time, 167(15), 3-40.
Citing an article from a magazine
Found Online
Author, A. (year, month of publication). Article
title. Magazine title, Volume(Issue),
Retrieved from http://xxx.
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15),
Retrieved from http://www.content.time.com/time/magazine/article/
0. 0,9171,1179361,00.html
Citing an article from a Newspaper
In Print
Author, A. (year, month date of publication). Article title. Magazine
t title, page number.
Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective
l legal weapon. New York Times, p. D5
Note: If the pages appear on discontinuous pages, give all the page
numbers separated by a comma. (e.g. pp. B1, B3, B5-B7)
Citing an article from a Newspaper
Found Online
Author, A. (year, month date of publication). Article
title. Newspaper title, Retrieved from
n. newspaper homepage URL
Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective legal
weapon. New York Times, Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Citing an article from a website
With author
Author, A. (year, month date of publication). Article
title. Retrieved from URL
Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two flaccos. Retrieved
f from http://www.grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-
f flaccos/
Citing an article from a website
Without author
Article title. (year, month date of publication).
R Retrieved from URL
Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police. (2015,
j January 16). Retrieved from http://nbcmiami.com/news/local/
t Teen- Posed-as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-
2 288810831.html
Citing a journal article
In print
Author, A. (year of publication). Article title.
Periodical title, Volume(Issue), pages.
Nevin, A. (1990). The changing of teacher education and special
e education. Teacher Education and Special Education: The
j Journal of Teacher Education Division of the Council for
e Exceptional Children. 13(3-4), 147-148.
Citing a journal article
Found online
Author, A. (year of publication). Article title.
r Periodical title, Volume(Issue), pages.
d DOI:xx.xxxx or Retrieved from journal URL
Jameson, J. (2013). E-Leadership in higher education: the fifth “age”
o of educational technology research. British Journal of
e EducationalTechnology. 44(6), 889-915. DOI: 10.1111/bjet.
1 12103
Citing an Encyclopaedia entry
Author, A. (year of publication). Entry title. In
e Encyclopaedia title, (Vol. xx, pp. xx). City,
s State of publication: publisher.
Kammen, C., & Wilson, A.H. (2012). Monuments. In Encyclopaedia
o of local history. (pp. 363-364). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Citing a YouTube video
Author, A. [Screen Name]. (year, month day).
Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://xxxx
Aplason, M. [markaplason]. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl
caught on video tape 14 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v.6nyGCbxD848
Citing a YouTube video
Keep in mind:
1. The person who posted the video on YouTube
is considered the author.
2. If his real name is not available, use only the
screen name WITHOUT BRACKETS.
