The Palgrave Handbook of African Politics,

Governance and Development

 Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba  •  Toyin Falola
Editors

The Palgrave Handbook
of African Politics,
Governance and
Development
Editors
Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba Toyin Falola
Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute Department of History
University of South Africa University of Texas at Austin
Johannesburg, South Africa Austin, Texas, USA

ISBN 978-1-349-95231-1    ISBN 978-1-349-95232-8 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8

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To Professor Mahmood Mamdani for his intellectual vision
and
To President Thabo Mbeki for his political vision
 Preface

There is an inextricable link between politics, governance and development.

This is because the nature of politics affects the quality of governance, which
inevitably determines development outcomes. In almost six decades of moves
towards political independence, politics, governance and development in Africa
have evolved and morphed into their contemporary position. Politics in Africa
has been defined by the antinomies of liberal and radical thoughts, with the
former having the upper hand. In the 1960s, discourse on politics was largely
determined by the theory of political development, which emanated from the
modernization school. In this context, liberal theorists such as Samuel
Huntington, Sidney Verba, Jason Finkle and Richard Gamble considered newly
independent countries in Africa as arenas for contestation over political power
in ways that made conflicts inevitable. In the perspectives of these scholars, lack
of hegemony among the elites undermined the capacity for forming legitimate
political authority. Consequently, the military was considered the most cohe-
sive, disciplined and modernized institution capable of presiding over the affairs
of the newly independent countries. Thus, political infighting among the
nationalists who led African countries to independence provided a convenient
excuse for the military to strike and take over power. From the first military
coup in Egypt in 1952 to the Togo coup of 1963, African countries became a
hotbed of coups and countercoups for the next four decades.
The Cold War also shaped the politics of Africa in the first two decades of
independence in ways that saw the two main rival powers contesting for space
and relevance in Africa. To a great extent, politics in Africa during this time was
shaped by the two competing ideologies of Socialism and Capitalism, with the
former having footholds in countries that pledged allegiance to the former
Soviet Union and the latter being countries that had the West, represented by
the United States of America and Britain, as their base of support.
From the 1980s, discourses on African politics have centered around state
formation, the state’s capacity to deliver public good, the development and
entrenchment of institutions, the role of the state in the economy, as well as the

vii
viii   PREFACE

nature and the character of political elites. Even in the post-independence era,
the state still functions essentially as an instrument of extraction for the political
elites. Following on the heels of the key arguments of the dependence theory
that the Third World should delink from the core capitalist countries, African
countries formed various alignments with other countries in the global South
from the 1950s. In the light of the Bandung conference of 1955, African coun-
tries joined other countries in the South to take a non-aligned position on the
raging Cold War of the time. However, the reality of the search for develop-
ment aid and the politics of raw material extraction compelled many of the
countries to be aligned one way or the other.
Notwithstanding the relative success of the postcolonial state in establishing
state-owned enterprises to generate revenue and employ millions of citizens,
the commodity crisis of the 1970s and the early 1980s led to the collapse of
these companies. The resulting debt crisis necessitated the intervention of the
Bretton Woods institutions, namely the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund. Founded on the neoliberal principle of market efficiency, these
organizations identified the state as the main culprit in the socio-economic
problems that faced African countries. Consequently, they recommended the
rolling back of the state and the primacy of the market in the management of
the economy. It was in this context that the idea of good governance came to
dominate discourses on politics and development in Africa. From this perspec-
tive, the need to protect the market necessitated the observance of certain prin-
ciples to which the state must adhere. These included observance of rule of law,
protection of property rights, an efficient court system and independence of the
Central Bank, among others. Beyond mere policy advice, acceptance and adop-
tion of these prescriptions were made contingent to qualification to receive
external aid from both bilateral and multilateral agencies. It was also in this
context that the third wave of democracy swept across the continent. Despite
the tone of finality that underpinned these policy prescriptions, the scorecard in
terms of nation-building, democratic consolidation and inclusive development
in Africa has fallen below average as the continent continues to dominate the
league of least developed countries in all indexes of human development.
As the search for the most appropriate political arrangement which is capa-
ble of fostering socio-economic development in Africa continues, this hand-
book is a modest contribution to the debates on how the past encounter with
the West in forms of colonialism, neocolonialism and coloniality as well as the
internal contradictions of the political milieu on the continent have stifled the
realization of the massive potential for accelerated development.
Contributors to this volume went beyond the niceties of political, economic
and social theories and sophisticated methodologies to engage with history and
how it has continued to impact on the contemporary experiences of African
countries and its peoples. They also went beyond fixation with the past and the
present and look to what the future holds for socio-economic and political
development on the continent. The uniqueness of this volume lies in its multi-
disciplinarity as contributors include scholars from various disciplines such as
  PREFACE 
   ix

political science, history, economics, international relations, philosophy, educa-

tion, sociology and political economy. Although they share different views and
perspectives, their contributions have further stimulated our minds and
enhanced our understanding of the challenges that the continent continues to
face with regard to politics, governance and development. While the analyses
of these scholars will no doubt help in shaping knowledge in these areas of
study, their recommendations will assist policymakers in making informed and
high-quality policy choices that can help to ameliorate the current and future
challenges confronting the continent and its peoples.
 Contents

1 Introduction: Contextualizing the Debates

on Politics, Governance and Development    1
Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba and Toyin Falola

Part I  Theories and Concepts   33

2 Competing Theories and Concepts on Politics, Governance,

and Development   35
Wanjala S. Nasong’o

3 Theory of the Crises of the State   57

Ogenga Otunnu

4 Post-colonialism: Theoretical Foundations

and Relevance to African Politics   71
Godwin Onuoha

5 Decoloniality as a Combative Ontology

in African Development   83
William Mpofu

6 Theories of Social Change and Development in Africa 103

Augustine Okechukwu Agugua

7 Theoretical Foundations of Nation-Building 123

Lawrence Ogbo Ugwuanyi

xi
xii   Contents

Part II History and Contexts of Politics, Governance,

Politics, and Development 135

8 Pre-colonial Political Institutions:

Relevance for Contemporary Africa 137
Elizabeth A. Eldredge

9 Politics and Society in Pre-colonial Africa: Implications

for Governance in Contemporary Times 159
Alinah K. Segobye

10 Settler and Non-settler Colonialism in Africa 173

Adelaja Odutola Odukoya

11 Nationalism in Africa: Concepts, Types and Phases 187

Maurice N. Amutabi

12 Nationalism and Political Independence in Africa 203

James Olusegun Adeyeri

Part III  The Military in Politics 217

13 Theories of Military in African Politics 219

G.S. Mmaduabuchi Okeke

14 Coups and Countercoups in Africa 243

Richard Obinna Iroanya

15 Military and Transition Politics 259

Rotimi Ajayi and Yusuf Ibrahim

16 Civil–Military Relations in Africa 277

Browne Onuoha

Part IV  Identity Politics, Conflict, and Development 289

17 Politics of Identity and the Crisis

of Nation-Building in Africa 291
Ikenna Mike Alumona and Stephen Nnaemeka Azom
  Contents 
   xiii

18 Migration and Xenophobia in Africa 307

Lanre Ikuteyijo and Peter Olayiwola

19 Identity Politics and Wars of Secession in Africa 321

Nicasius Achu Check

20 Ethnic Identity and Conflicts in Africa 335

Ferdinand O. Ottoh

21 Identities, Conflicts, and Africa’s Refugee Crises 353

Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso

22 Resource Control and Conflict in Africa 367

Victor Ojakorotu

Part V  Social Forces, Governance, and Development 387

23 Trade Unions and the Struggle for Democracy in Africa 389

Kolawole E. Omomowo

24 The Peasantry and Politics in Africa 405

Linnet Hamasi

25 Civil Society Organizations and Democratic

Governance in Africa 419
Dele Seteolu and James Okuneye

26 Uncivil Society and Ethnic Militia in African Politics 437

Mumo Nzau

27 Migration and Urbanization in Africa 451

John Lekan Oyefara

Part VI  Democracy, Governance, and Development 469

28 Democracy and Political Development in Africa 471

Adeolu Durotoye
xiv   Contents

29 Political Parties and Democracy in Africa 485

Jo-Ansie van Wyk

30 Institutions, Neopatrimonial Politics and Democratic

Development 503
E. Remi Aiyede and A. Afeaye Igbafe

31 Gender and Governance 523

Damilola Agbalajobi

32 Political Participation and Political Citizenship 537

Oluyemi O. Fayomi and Grace T. Adebayo

33 Media and Politics in Africa 553

Sharon Adetutu Omotoso

34 Public Procurement and Development in Africa 573

Vincent Efebeh

Part VII  The Political Economy of Development 587

35 Challenges of Economic Development in Africa:

The Dichotomy of a Debate and the Africanist View 589
Adewale Aderemi and Faeren Agaigbe

36 Resource Governance and the Crisis of Development 607

Cyril Obi

37 Illicit Financial Flows and the African Development

Conundrum 619
Samuel Ojo Oloruntoba

38 Public Good and the Crises of Service Delivery in Africa 633

Olugbenga Olatunji

39 Rethinking Regional Integration for Development

and Eradication of Poverty in Africa: The Missing Link 645
Christopher C. Nshimbi
  Contents 
   xv

40 The Resilient Informal Economy in the Milieu of African

Development 661
Oluyemi O. Fayomi, Grace Adebayo, and Uchechukwu Okorie

Part VIII  Africa in Global Politics 677

41 The Role of International Financial Institutions in Africa 679

Adeoye Akinola

42 Africa in the Global Trading System695

Lere Amusan

43 Africa and Foreign Direct Investment709

Scott D. Taylor

44 Africa and the BRICS: In Whose Interest?723

Ian Taylor

45 Africa’s Development Narratives: From Growth to Wellbeing737

Lorenzo Fioramonti

46 The Politics of Foreign Aid751

Dikeledi A. Mokoena

47 From OAU to AU: Rethinking Supranational

Governance in Africa771
Babatunde Fagbayibo

48 Pan-Africanism is Africa’s Third Way: The Cultural

Relevance of African Political Economy783
Rita Kiki Edozie

Part IX The Future of African Governance, Politics,

and Development801

49 Demography and the Future of Africa803

Timothy A. Atoyebi and Oludare Anuodo
xvi   Contents

50 From Hard to Human Security: Rethinking

the Security Architecture in Africa815
Adewale Sunday Owolabi

51 Research, Innovation and Higher Education

in Sub-Saharan Africa829
Chika A. Ezeanya-Esiobu

52 Energy Security and the Future of Development in Africa841

Lucky E. Asuelime and Blessing Simura

53 Climate Change, Food Security and Sustainable

Development in Africa853
Jennifer Turyatemba Tumushabe

54 The Political Economy of Corruption869

Samuel Zalanga

55 Rethinking Governance and Development883

Augustin Kwasi Fosu

Index 899
 Notes on Contributors

Taiwo  Grace  Adebayo  is currently a research assistant to Oluyemi Oyenike

Fayomi, Head of Department of Political Science and International Relations,
Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State. She attended the University of Lagos,
Akoka, Lagos, where she obtained a B.Sc. in Political Science.
Akinola  Adeoye is an international political economist with experience of
eight years of teaching, research and supervision of students formerly at
Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. He is currently a postdoctoral fellow in
the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. His research interests include
governance and democracy, international political economy, regionalism, peace
and conflict studies. He has published widely in these areas.
Adewale Aderemi  is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political Science,
Lagos State University, Nigeria. He specializes in the political economy of
development in Africa.
Owolabi Sunday Adewale  obtained an MA in Public and International Affairs
from the University of Lagos, Nigeria, in 2012. He lectured on a part-time
basis between 2012 and 2014 at the Federal College of Education (Special) in
Oyo. Adewale moved to the United Kingdom in 2014 and received an MA in
International Political Economy in 2016 from the University of Sheffield. His
primary research interests are in international political economy and social sci-
ence research methodology.
James Olusegun Adeyeri  teaches History at Lagos State University, Nigeria.
He has published in journals within and outside Nigeria.
Faeren Agaigbe  is a Lecturer at the Department of Political Science, Benue
State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.
Damilola  Agbalajobi  is a doctoral student at the Department of Political
Science, University of Lagos and a Lecturer at the Department of Political
Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. She specializes in gen-
der and development in Africa.

xvii
xviii   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Augustine  Okechukwu  Agugua lectures in the Department of Sociology,

University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria. His research interests cover politi-
cal sociology, political economy, inter-group relations, formal organizations
and criminology. He has contributed chapters in those fields within and outside
Nigeria. His latest publication is “The Place of Culture in Economic Growth
and Development in West Africa,” 2015, in the ECOWAS Commission title
Growth and Development in West Africa.
E. Remi Aiyede  is Senior Lecturer, Department of Political Science; former
Sub-Dean, Faculty of the Social Sciences; and Coordinator Leadership and
Governance Programme, Centre for Sustainable Development, University of
Ibadan. His research effort has been focused on political institutions, gover-
nance and public administration reforms, especially the political economy of
institutional choice and change, innovation, interpretation and use, and how
they play out in state–society relations, the public service, the military, parlia-
ment and civil society organizations.
Rotimi Ajayi  is Professor of Political Science at Federal University, Lokoja,
Nigeria. He was previously a Vice Chancellor of Landmark University,
Omuaran, Kwara State, Nigeria. His research focuses on foreign policy, democ-
ratization and military strategies.
Ikenna Mike Alumona  is Senior Lecturer in Comparative Government and
Politics, Department of Political Science, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
University (formerly Anambra State University), Igbariam, Anambra State,
Nigeria. He is co-editor with Shola Omotola of The State in Contemporary
Nigeria: Issues, Perspectives and Challenges (2016). He is also coeditor with
Oshita O. Oshita and Freedom C. Onuoha of a forthcoming volume entitled
Issues and Challenges of Internal Security Management in Nigeria.
Lere Amusan  is Professor of International Relations and Head, Department
of Politics and International Relations, North West University, South Africa.
He has written extensively on politics of development and underdevelopment
in the Third World states. His recent publications are: “Imposed Socially
Responsible Pricing on AIDS/HIV in Developing Areas: South Africa and
Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies” (Indian Quarterly); and “The
Quest for Hegemony and the Future of African Solutions to African
Development Problems: Lessons from Headways in African Security Sector”
(Journal of Asian and African Studies).
Maurice  N.  Amutabi  is Vice Chancellor, Lukenya University, Athi River,
Kenya. He was previously Deputy Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student
Affairs (ASA) at Kisii University, Kenya, and served as Director of Research at
the Catholic University of Eastern Africa. He has taught at Central Washington
University, USA (2005–2010) and Moi University in Kenya (1992–2000).
Prof. Amutabi is widely published, and is the author of The NGO Factor in
Africa: The Case of Arrested Development in Kenya (2006), among other titles.
   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 
   xix

Oludare  Anuodo is a Lecturer in the Department of Sociology, Bowen

University, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria.
Lucky  E.  Asuelime  is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Politics and
International Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa. He is a spe-
cialist in African diplomacy, politics, development and security. He has pub-
lished in journals and books, including in Nuclear Proliferation in South Africa:
History and Politics.
Timothy A. Atoyebi  is a Lecturer at Bowen University in Oyo State, Nigeria.
Stephen Nnaemeka Azom  is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science,
Federal University Lafia, Nasarawa State. His specialization and research inter-
ests are in international economic relations, development studies and oil
politics.
Nicasius Achu Check  is a Research Specialist in the Governance and Security
Research desk at the Africa Institute of South Africa, a research program of the
Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa. He holds a D.Phil. in Politics
and International Relations from the University of Johannesburg. He has
edited several books and published several chapters in books and articles on
conflict resolution and regional integration. His areas of specialization and
competence include genocide studies, African philosophy, humanities on the
African continent and African development initiatives.
Adeolu  Durotoye is Head of International Relations and Diplomacy, Afe
Babalola University, Nigeria. He has taught political science and international
relations at the University of Leipzig in Germany, University of Toronto at
Mississauga in Canada and the University of Ibadan in Nigeria. He is presently
an external Ph.D. examiner at the Department of Political Science, University
of Pretoria in South Africa. His areas of research interest include North–South
relations, African politics, democracy and governance.
Rita Kiki Edozie  is a Professor of International Relations and African Affairs
at Michigan State University’s (MSU) James Madison College of Public Affairs
and a former Director of MSU’s cross-college, multi-disciplinary, African
American and African Studies program, housed in the university’s College of
Arts and Letters. She has published several books, journal articles and book
chapters on the comparative politics and international relations of Africa, global
development, democratization and pan-Africana diaspora studies. Among her
recent books are The African Union’s Africa: New Pan-African Initiatives in
Global Governance (2014) and Malcolm X’s Michigan Worldview: An Exemplar
for Contemporary Black Studies (2015).
Vincent Efebeh  is a doctoral candidate and a Lecturer at the Department of
Political Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. He holds
two Master’s degrees from University of Lagos, Nigeria. His research focuses
on international relations and political economy.
xx   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Elizabeth  A.  Eldredge  is an independent postdoctoral scholar and historian

with eighteen years of teaching experience, including at Michigan State
University, 1991–2005. Her research covers the pre-colonial and colonial his-
tory of Southern Africa with a thematic focus on authority, power and politics
and the socio-political roles of women. Her recent publications are The Creation
of the Zulu Kingdom: War, Shaka and the Consolidation of Power (2014) and
Kingdoms and Chiefdoms of Southeastern Africa: Oral Traditions and History,
1400–1830 (2015).
Chika A. Ezeanya  holds a Ph.D. in African Development and Policy Studies
from Howard University in Washington, DC and is currently a senior faculty
member in the College of Business and Economics of the University of Rwanda.
At the core of Chika Ezeanya’s research interests is the multidisciplinary explo-
ration of indigenous knowledge, and homegrown and grassroots-based
approaches to the sustainable advancement of sub-Saharan Africa. Chika is also
interested in education as a tool for sub-Saharan Africa’s transformation.
Babatunde  Fagbayibo  is an Associate Professor of Law at the University of
South Africa, where he also manages the Verloren van Themaat Centre for
Public Law Studies. His research interests include supranational regionalism,
African Union, democratic governance and international law. He has written
and published widely on matters affecting Africa’s integration and develop-
ment. He was recognized in 2014 as one of the top thirty-five Africans under
the age of thirty-five by Young People in International Affairs.
Toyin Falola  is the Jacob & Frances Sanger Mossiker Chair in the Humanities
and a University Distinguished Teaching Professor. He has written numerous
books and won many awards.
Oluyemi  O.  Fayomi is the Head of Department of Political Science and
International Relations, Covenant University, Nigeria. She specializes in
democracy and development.
Lorenzo  Fioramonti  is Professor of Political Economy at the University of
Pretoria (South Africa), where he directs the Centre for the Study of Governance
Innovation. He is also Senior Fellow at the Centre for Social Investment of the
University of Heidelberg and at the Hertie School of Governance (Germany)
and Associate Fellow at the United Nations University. Lorenzo is the first and
only Jean Monnet Chair in Africa, a prestigious recognition awarded by the
European Commission to distinguished academics, and also holds the
UNESCO–UNU Chair in Regional Integration, Migration and Free Movement
of People. He is the author of over sixty scientific articles and ten books.
Lorenzo’s research interests range from alternative economic paradigms to the
governance of the commons, global political innovations and new forms of
supra-national regionalism.
Agustin Kwasi Fosu  is Professor, Institute of Statistical, Social, and Economic
Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana; Extraordinary Professor,
   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 
   xxi

Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of Pretoria,

Pretoria, South Africa; Visiting Professor of Economics, School of Business,
Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland; and Research Associate, Centre for the
Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, UK.
Linnet  Hamasi is a Lecturer and also an Examinations and Timetabling
Coordinator at Kisii University, Kenya. She has served as a junior research fel-
low in the Institute of Research at the Catholic University of Eastern Africa.
She holds a Ph.D. in Peace and Conflict Studies from Masinde Muliro
University of Science and Technology, Kenya. She teaches gender studies,
development studies, peace studies, global politics and research methods,
among others. Hamasi is interested in research on governance, development,
gender and youth Issues. She has had various consultancies in the same areas
and has published many book chapters, among them “Market Women and
Peace Building among the Pastoral Communities of Kenya” and “Election Hot
Spots in Ole Kajuado County, Kenya.”
Yusuf  Ibrahim  is a lecturer in Political Science, Federal University Lokoja,
and currently a doctoral student in South Africa.
Afeaye Igbafe  is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science and Public
Administration, University of Benin and a Ph.D. Candidate in the Department
of Political Science, University of Ibadan.
Lanre Ikuteyijo  is a Lecturer and researcher at Obafemi Awolowo University,
Nigeria. He has over ten years of research, supervision and teaching experi-
ence. His areas of interest include migration, urbanization, criminology and
social research methods. Among his publications is “Policing Irregular
Migration in the West African Sub-Region: Implications for Regional
Integration,” in Regional Economic Communities, edited by A.O. Olutayo and
A.I. Adeniran (CODESRIA publication).
Richard  Obinna  Iroanya is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Thabo
Mbeki African Leadership Institute, University of South Africa. He was a
European Union, Erasmus Mundus Scholar in Sweden and France between
2007 and 2009. Previously, he was a researcher at the Africa Institute of South
Africa. His research focus areas are peace and security, conflict, and democracy
and political risks. He has contributed several book chapters and articles in his
areas of research interest.
Dikeledi A. Mokoena  is an Andrew Mellon Doctoral Fellow in the Department
of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria and a Faculty at Thabo Mbeki
African Leadership Institute, University of South Africa.
William Jethro Mpofu  is a Researcher at the Wits Center for Diversity Studies,
The University of the Witwatersrand, and a doctoral student at the University
of South Africa. He has published widely on Zimbabwe.
xxii   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Wanjala  S.  Nasong’o is Associate Professor and Chair, Department of

International Studies at Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee. His research inter-
ests include democracy and governance, ethnonationalism and conflict studies.
He has published extensively in these areas; most recently The Roots of Ethnic
Conflict in Africa: From Grievance to Violence (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015).
Christopher C. Nshimbi  is Department of Science and Technology–National
Research Foundation Research Fellow and Deputy Director of GovInn—the
Centre for the Study of Governance Innovation—in the Department of
Political Sciences at the University of Pretoria. He researches regional and sub-­
regional integration (especially Eastern and Southern Africa and Southeast
Asia), borders and borderlands, informal cross-border trade, networks of grass-
roots non-state actors and social cohesion. He also teaches regional integration
as well as political dynamics in the Department of Political Sciences. Nshimbi
has participated and sits on regional and international technical working groups
on labor and migration as well as the integrated water sector.
Mumo Nzau  is a political scientist, consultant researcher and practitioner in
the areas of security, strategy, governance, peace and conflict, and develop-
ment, and has published numerous peer-reviewed articles and book chapters.
Mumo Nzau taught and researched for ten years at the Catholic University of
Eastern Africa; the University of Nairobi, as well in state agencies associated
with his areas of expertise.
Cyril Obi  is a program director at the Social Science Research Council and
leads the African Peacebuilding Network program, bringing his extensive
research, networking and publishing experience on African peace, security and
development to the Council. From January 2005 to 2011 he was a Senior
Researcher at the Nordic Africa Institute in Uppsala, Sweden. He has been on
leave since 2005 from the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs where he
is an Associate Research Professor. In 2004 he was awarded the Claude Ake
Visiting Chair at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research at the
University of Uppsala. Obi is also a research associate of the Department of
Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa, and a visiting scholar to
the Institute of African Studies, Columbia University, New York.
Adelaja Odutola Odukoya  is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political
Science, University of Lagos, Nigeria. He was previously a Visiting Scholar to
York University in Canada. He has published in journals and edited books.
Victor Ojakorotu  holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from the University
of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Currently, he holds a posi-
tion as Head of Department, Politics and International Relations, North West
University, Mafikeng Campus, South Africa. His research interests can be
broadly categorized into peace and conflict issues (oil) and how peace advocacy
can promote interethnic harmony in local communities in Africa and elsewhere.
He has published on a range of topics including: oil and environmentalism,
social movements and post-conflict reconstruction processes in the Niger Delta
of Nigeria and Cabinda of Angola.
   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 
   xxiii

Godwin Okeke  is a consultant and Senior Lecturer in Political Science at the

University of Lagos, with over eleven years of teaching, research and supervi-
sion of students. His areas of core competence are national and African politics,
international relations, peace and conflict studies and global governance. He
has traveled widely and has published in journals (local and foreign) and writ-
ten chapters of books. Okeke has attended several international conferences
and workshops, and belongs to several international bodies, including the
Academic Council on the United Nations System. He is currently working on
an edited book entitled Nigerian Politics: A Book of Readings.
Uchechukwu  Okorie  is a doctoral student in the Department of Economics
and Development Studies, Covenant University, Nigeria. A researcher for the
past six years, he has completed research project, attended international confer-
ences and published over twenty scholarly articles in both local and interna-
tional journals and conference proceedings.
James  Okuneye is a postgraduate student in the Department of Political
Science at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. His research
interests are international relations and development studies.
Peter  Olayiwola graduated with a distinction from the Department of
Sociology and Anthropology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
He is currently undertaking postgraduate study at the School of Oriential and
African Studies, University of London. His research interests include: migra-
tion, social inequalities/stratification, poverty and development studies.
Samuel  Ojo  Oloruntoba is a Senior Lecturer and the Coordinator of the
Research Cluster on Innovation and Developmental Regionalism at the Thabo
Mbeki African Leadership Institute, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South
Africa. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the same Institute from August 2013 to
October 2014. He obtained his Ph.D. in Political Science with specialization in
International Political Economy of Trade from the University of Lagos, Nigeria,
where he is tenured a Faculty member. He was previously a Visiting Scholar at the
Program of African Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston and a Visiting
Fellow at Brown University in United States of America. He has published in
journals and contributed to book chapters both locally and abroad. The book he
edited entitled Regionalism and Integration in Africa: EU-ACP Economic
Partnership Agreements and Euro-Nigeria Relations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2016).
Olatunji Olugbenga  is a public administration and public policy expert who has
taught, researched and supervised students for about two decades. His research
interests include public health policy, environmental policy, democratization and
politics of development and underdevelopment, with a particular focus on Africa.
He has published locally and internationally in these areas. His books include
Government and Politics for Nigerian Students (2003), Public Management in
Nigeria (edited) (2005) and Selected Topics on Politics of Development and
Underdevelopment (2011).
xxiv   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Kolawole  E.  Omomowo is DST/NRF Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with

DST/NRF SARChI Chair in Social Policy, College of Graduate Studies,
University of South Africa. He completed his Ph.D. degree at the University of
Western Cape, South Africa in September 2015. His research interests are in the
areas of the intersection between micro-credit (institutions and consumers), social
reproduction, social policy and poverty discourses. How the structure of political
economy affects productive, individual and collective consumptions with regard
to social wellbeing is imperative to how he interrogates these research areas.
Sharon Adetutu Omotoso  was formerly acting Head of Department, Politics
& International Relations, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria, where she
taught politics and philosophy. She is currently with the Gender Studies Unit
at the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, where she was
recently appointed Coordinator of Women Research and Documentation
Centre. Her research interests include applied ethics, political communications,
media and gender studies, philosophy of education, socio-political philosophy,
and African philosophy, and she has published extensively in these areas. She is
a coeditor of her most recent work titled “Political Communication in Africa.”
Browne  Onuoha  is Professor and Head of Department of Political Science,
University of Lagos. He specializes in democracy, civil–military relations and
political economy.
Godwin Onuoha  serves as an adjunct instructor in the Department of Political
Science at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he teaches
courses in politics and culture, and Sub-Saharan Africa politics. He was previ-
ously the African Humanities Post-Doctoral Research Associate at Princeton
University and an African Research Fellow and Senior Research Specialist at the
Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa. He is a political anthropologist
with interdisciplinary research interests that intersect political science, history,
social theory and anthropology. He is the author of Challenging the State in
Africa: MASSOB and the Crisis of Self-Determination in Nigeria (2011), and his
articles have appeared in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, African Studies, Ethnic
and Racial Studies, Review of African Political Economy, and Current Sociology.
He is on the editorial board of Democratic Theory: An Interdisciplinary Journal.
Ferdinand  O.  Ottoh  is a scholar in international relations with ten years of
teaching, research and supervision at the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
His areas of interest include regional and international security management,
human security, war and crisis and strategic studies, ethnic conflict, and peace-
building. He has published in these areas, most recently French Military
Intervention in Mali and Transnational Organized Crime.
Ogenga  Otunnu  is an Associate Professor of History at DePaul University.
He is the founding Director of the Graduate Studies in Refugee and Forced
Migration at DePaul University. He is the cofounder of the Center for Forced
Migration Studies (Buffett Center, Northwestern University) and a visiting
Associate Professor at Northwestern University. Dr. Otunnu has trained human
   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 
   xxv

rights organizations and non-governmental organizations working with dis-

placed populations in every region of the globe. He is a consultant for interna-
tional organizations, including the UNHCR. He has published nationalism in
Africa; African political philosophies and liberation; political violence in Africa;
genocide in Rwanda; genocide in Northern Uganda.
John Lekan Oyefara  teaches demography, social statistics and social research
methods at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria; he is an eru-
dite scholar and a recipient of various research grants and fellowships within and
outside Nigeria. He has authored over fifty articles in local and foreign journals
and books. Specifically, his articles have appeared in leading international/for-
eign journals in social sciences, demography and population studies, including
The International Social Science Journal, a UNESCO publication, which has
been translated into about five leading languages; GENUS - Journal of Population
Sciences, a publication of the International Union for the Scientific Study of
Population; African Population Studies, a publication of Union for African
Population Studies; and SAGE Open, a publication of SAGE Publications, USA.
Alinah  K.  Segobye  is an Honorary Research Professor at the University of
South Africa based at the Thabo Mbeki African Leadership Institute. She is also
affiliated with the African Futures Institute and the Institute of Economic
Research on Innovation at the Tshwane University of Technology in Pretoria,
South Africa. She was a Visiting Scholar at the Rotary Peace Centre, Division
of Peace Studies University of Bradford in 2016 and formerly Deputy Executive
Director at the Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa and Associate
Professor of Archaeology at the University of Botswana.
Dele  Seteolu teaches Political Science at the Lagos State University, Ojo,
Lagos. He obtained a doctorate degree in Political Science at the Obafemi
Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. He is a specialist on foreign policy analy-
sis, political economy and international economic relations. He was Secretary,
Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), Lagos State University and
Convener, NEC ASUU Committee on Civil Society and Human Rights. He is
a public affairs analyst and social critic. His recent publications include “Nigeria,
South Africa Relations” published in the African Journal of Political Science
and International Relations.
Blessing Simura  is an independent researcher in Zimbabwe. He has published
widely on issues pertaining to Africa.
Ian Taylor  is Professor in International Relations and African Politics at the
University of St. Andrews and focuses largely on the political economy of Africa.
He has authored eight academic books, edited another eleven and has pub-
lished over 140 peer-reviewed scholarly articles and chapters in books. He holds
a D.Phil. from the University of Stellenbosch and an M.Phil. from the University
of Hong Kong and taught at the University of Botswana for four years. He has
conducted research in and/or visited thirty-nine African countries.
xxvi   NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Scott  D.  Taylor is Associate Professor and Director of the African Studies
Program in the Edmund A.  Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown
University. He is the author of Politics in Southern Africa (with Gretchen Bauer)
(2011); Culture and Customs of Zambia (2006); Business and the State in
Southern Africa (2007); and Globalization and the Cultures of Business in Africa
(2012). He consults widely with international organizations on development
and political economy issues.
Jennifer  Turyatemba  Tumushabe  is an environmentalist who has lectured,
researched and supervised students at Kabale University, Uganda, for ten years.
Research interests include climate change mitigation and adaptation with
emphasis on food security, renewable energy and biodiversity ecosystem ser-
vices for sustainable development. She has recently published The Puzzle in the
Implementation of Uganda’s Food Security Policy (2016). She is Country
Coordinator of Clean Air Action Corporation on the Carbon Emission
Reduction Program.
Lawrence Ogbo Ugwuanyi  is Professor of African Philosophy at the University
of Abuja, Nigeria with twenty-one years of experience in teaching and research.
His research interests include modern African philosophy and Afro-theorism.
Formerly Visiting Scholar to the University of South Africa (2005) and Visiting
Associate Professor to Great Zimbabwe University (2014), he has written over
forty academic research papers including “The Philosopher-King and the Modern
State in Africa,” West African Review, USA (2013) and “The Question of
Happiness in African Philosophy,” South African Journal of Philosophy (2014).
Jo-Ansie  Van  Wyk  teaches international politics at the University of South
Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. She has published widely on African issues such
as political leadership, electoral authoritarianism, the African Union and envi-
ronmental politics. She is the coeditor of the South African Foreign Policy
Review (Vols. 1 and 2) (2013 and 2015).
Olajumoke  Yacob-Haliso  is Senior Lecturer in Political Science at Babcock
University, Nigeria. Olajumoke’s research has focused on women in peace,
conflict and security as well as on comparative African politics. Her essays have
been published in the Journal of Peacebuilding and Development, Wagadu: A
Journal of Transnational Women’s and Gender Studies (2012). The Liberian
Studies Journal, and elsewhere. She is coeditor of Women in Africa: Contexts,
Rights, Hegemonies, and of the forthcoming book, Gendering Knowledge in
Africa and the African Diaspora: Contesting History and Power (2017). She is
also Editor of the Journal of International Politics and Development. Olajumoke
is currently (2016/2017) a postdoctoral fellow of the American Council of
Learned Societies’s African Humanities Program.
Samuel  Zalanga is Professor of Sociology at Bethel University, St. Paul,
Minnesota. He is currently the associate editor for Africa for the Journal of
Third World Studies. His broad area of scholarly interest and specialization is
development studies and social change.
 List of Figures

Fig. 21.1 Trend of global displacement and proportion

of displaced/1996–2015 (end-year) 355
Fig. 21.2 Refugee populations by UNHCR regions/2015 356
Fig. 43.1 FDI in Africa 712
Fig. 53.1 Conceptual framework 856
Fig. 53.2 Major causes of policy malfunction in Uganda 861
Fig. 55.1 GDP annual growth (%), Africa vs. world (1961–2012) 885
Fig. 55.2 Per capita GDP annual growth, Africa vs. world (1961–2012) 885
Fig. 55.3 Africa’s per capita GDP, PPP (constant 2005 US$), 1960–2012 886
Fig. 55.4 Africa’s human development index, 1980–2010 887
Fig. 55.5 Africa’s poverty picture ($1.25), 1981–2010 887
Fig. 55.6 Economic freedom, SSA vs. world, 1975–2010 [0–10] 889
Fig. 55.7 Index of electoral competitiveness (IEC) (1–7) 890
Fig. 55.8 Executive constraint (XCONST) [1–7] 891
Fig. 55.9 Polity II score, average SSA, 1960–2013 892
Fig. 55.10 Frequency of armed conflicts in SSA, 1960–2008 893
Fig. 55.11 Incidence of elite PI in SSA—Coups d’état, SSA, 1960–2013 893

xxvii
 List of Tables

Table 13.1 Military coups in African countries, 1960–2015 226

Table 17.1 List of ethnic parties in Nigeria’s first republic 300
Table 30.1 Elements and alternative substitute concepts
for neopatrimonialism 517
Table 40.1 Analysis of formal and informal business operations in the
African economy667
Table 40.2 Hausman test result 668
Table 44.1 Key product composition of BRICS imports from Africa
(percentage share, 2010) 727
Table 44.2 IMF Primary Commodity Prices 2016 730
Table 47.1 Comparative table of the OAU and the AU 778
Table 50.1 Geographical distribution of poverty in Nigeria 822
Table 50.2 Head count poverty ratios of Multidimensional Poverty
Index (MPI) poor and destitute at regional state level 823

xxix