ZOOM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

DURGAPUR

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Herbarium On Medical Plants

Submitted By :
NAME: SAIKAT MALLICK
CLASS: XII C
STREAM: SCIENCE
ROLL NO:26
SESSION: 2022-2023

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 STUDENT PARTICULARS

Name : SAIKAT MALLICK

Class : XII/C
Roll No. :26
School’s Name : Zoom International
School
School Code : 15754
Name of the Examination : AISSCE
Subject : BIOLOGY (044)
Topic : Herbarium on Medical
plants
Mentor : Miss Kankana
Singha Roy
Mrs. Session : 2022-23
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PEDIGREE
CHARTS
OF
GENETIC
TRAITS
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am immensely indebted to almighty God for his
blessings and grace without which I could not have
undertaken this task and my efforts would never had been a
success. I would like to thank the management for the
academic and technical support.
I humbly consider a privilege and honour to express my
heartiest and profound gratitude to Mr. Raj Paulson Shekhar,
Principal, Zoom International School, Durgapur for his
appropriate direction, valuable suggestions, under judging
assistance so generously extended to me.
Above all, I wish to express my deepest feelings of gratitude
to Ma’am Sampa Kundu, HOD of Biology, Kankana Singha
Roy, without whom this project would have never takenplace.
I am deeply grateful for her help, valuable guidance and
support. Her in-depth knowledge and vast experience proved
to be the guiding light throughout the course of my project. I
would like to thank our Lab-Assistant Mr. Binod Mishra for
his cooperation.
I also owe a sense of gratitude to my parents for the
encouragement and support throughout the project.
Saikat Mallick
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 TEACHER’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this "Biology Investigatory
Project" on the topic "Herbarium on Medical
plants" has been successfully completed by
Saikat Mallick of class XII C, CBSE
Registration number ................................. of
Zoom
International School, Durgapur under the guidance
(Kankana Singha Roy) of as prescribed by Central
Boardof Secondary Education (CBSE) in the
academic session of 2022-23.

Signature of External Examiner

Signature of Biology Teacher

Date:

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 INDEX
SL.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Acknowledgement 4
2. Certificate 5

3. Objective 7
4. Introduction 8-9

5. Experiments 10-14
• Rolling tongue
• Widow peak
• Colour blindness
• Earlobe attachment
6. Conclusion 15
7. Bibliography 16

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 OBJECTIVE

PEDIGREE
CHARTS OF
GENETIC TRAITS

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 INTRODUCTION
1. A record of inheritance of certain genetic traits for two or
more generations presented in the form of a diagram or family
tree is called pedigree.

2. In a pedigree, a square represents the male, a Circle-the

female, solid symbol shows the trait under study and a cross
or shade (of any type) in the symbol signifies the carrier of a
recessive allele.

3. Parents are shown by horizontal line while their offspring

are connected to it by vertical line.

4. The offspring are also shown in the form of a horizontal

line below the parents and numbered with Arabic numerals.

5. Each generation is given a roman numeral and a separate

row or horizontal line.

6. Pedigree analysis is the study of pedigree for the

transmission of particular trait and finding the possibility of
absence or presence of that trait in homozygous or
heterozygous state in a particular individual.

7. It is useful for the genetic counsellors to advice intending

couples about the possibility of having children with genetic
defects like haemophilia, colour blindness, alkaptonuria ,
phenylketonuria , thalassemia, sickle cell anaemia etc.

8. The rolling of tongue is the ability of a person to roll the

tongue in U shape. The inability to roll the tongue is caused
by an autosomal recessive allele a. Thus, both homozygous
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dominant (AA) and heterozygous (Aa) individuals are able to
roll the tongue while homozygous recessive (aa) individuals
are unable to roll the tongue.

9. Widow peak is a V shaped hair line across the forehead. It

is a dominant trait. Thus, both homozygous dominant (AA)
and heterozygous (Aa) individuals have widow peak, while
homozygous recessive (aa) individuals have straight hairline.

10.Haemophilia is a sex linked disorder which is also called

bleeder's disease in which the patient lack blood clotting
factor and continue to bleed even from a minor cut. The
disease is caused due to a recessive sex linked gene h carried
by X chromosome. A female becomes haemophilia only when
both its X chromosomes carry the gene (XhXh). A female
having only one allele for haemophilia (XXh) is a carrier. In
males, a single gene for the defect is able to express itself as
the Y-chromosome is devoid of any corresponding allele
(XhY).

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 EXPERIMENTS
OBJECTIVE
To study the prepared pedigree charts of genetic traits such as
rolling of tongue, widow's peak, colour blindness, earlobe
attachment etc.

REQUIREMENTS
Prepared pedigree chart of the genetic traits.

PROCEDURE
Observe the given pedigree chart and write comment on it.

Problem 1 (Inability to roll the tongue)

Inability to roll the tongue appears in the progeny
due to recessive gene. Find out the possible genotype of
the family members in the following pedigree.

Solution/Comments
The trait is present in the father parent due to presence of two
recessive genes (1-2 aa). The trait can appear in the progeny
only when it becomes homozygous recessive. Since, only one
of the progeny carries the trait, the mother parent must be
heterozygous (test cross aa 50% heterozygous, 50%
recessive), i.e.. –I-1 aa. II-2, II-3 and II-4 are heterozygous

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(test cross) and, therefore, Aa. The cross between II-1and
husband also produces one homozygous recessive (III-2 = aa).
This is possible only it the outsider is heterozygous (Aa).
Naturally III-1 also a heterozygous (Aa).
II-3 is heterozygous (Aa). Her husband can be either
heterozygous (Aa x Aa AA, 2Aa,aa) or homozygous dominant
(Aa x AA 2AA, 2Aa). Since none of the progeny is with
recessive rolling tongue the possibility is that the new entrant
in the pedigree is homozygous dominant (AA). III-3, III-4,
III-5 are either AA or Aa.

Problem 2 (Widow Peak)

In the pedigree given below, indicate whether the shaded
symbols belong to dominant or recessive trait. Also give
genotype of the whole pedigree.

Solution/Comment
Since the shaded symbol appears in all the offspring, father
must be homozygous dominant while the mother homozygous
recessive (AA x aa = all Aa) because in all other cases this

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possibility is absent (Aa x aa = 2Aa + 2aa ; aa x AA = all Aa:
aa x Aa = 2aA + 2aa). All the members of II generation will,
therefore, be heterozygous (Aa). This is further confirmed by
marriage of II-1 with homozygous recessive (Aa x aa =aa +
Aa) bears children of both the parental types. Marriage of II-3
with the homozygous recessive can produce both recessive
and heterozygous.

Problem 3 (Colour blindness)

Colour blindness is a sex linked recessive disorder of humans.
The pedigree chart given below shows the inheritance of
colour blindness in one family. Study the pattern of
inheritance and answer the following questions.

(i) Give all the possible genotypes of the members 4, 5and 6

in the pedigree chart.
(ii) A blood test shows that the individual 14 is carrier of
colour blindness. The member number 15 has recently

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married the member numbered 14. What is the possibility that
their first child will be hemophilic male?

Solution/Comment
(i) The allele for colour blindness is present on X
chromosome (Xc), while the chromosome Y does not bear
corresponding allele for this character.
* A male has only one X chromosome, which he receives
from his mother.
* He is colour blindness if his mother is carrier.
* A female becomes colourblind, when her mother is a
carrier and father is colourblind.
Thus, in the above case
The genotype of number 4 Will be XX, that of member 5 will
Xc Y and that of member 6 will be XY.

(ii) The possibility of 1st child to be colourblind will be ¼ =

25%.

Problem 4 (Earlobe attachment)

Given below is a pedigree chart of a family with five children.
It shows the inheritance of attached earlobes as opposed to the
free ones. The squares represent the male individuals and
circles, the female individuals. Which one of the following
conclusions drawn is correct?

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A. The parents are homozygous recessive
B. The trait is Y-linked
C. The parents are homozygous dominant
D. The parents are heterozygous

Solution/Comment
The correct option is D. The parents are heterozygous
Here, in the pedigree chart, since females are also getting
affected, it is not Y-linked inheritance.

If the parents were homozygous dominant or recessive, then

all progenies would have earlobes like the parents.

Parents with free earlobes produced progenies with attached

earlobes which means that both the parents are heterozygous
in nature.

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 CONCLUSION
1. Law of Dominance
“When parents with pure, contrasting traits are crossed
together, only one form of trait appears in the next
generation. The hybrid offsprings will exhibit only the
dominant trait in the phenotype.”

2. Law of Segregation
“During the formation of gamete, each gene
separates from each other so that each gamete
carries only one allele for each gene.”
A genetic disorder is a genetic problem caused by one or more
abnormalities in the genome especially a condition that is
present from birth. Most genetic disorders are quite rare and
affect only one in every thousands or millions.
Mendel's principles of segregation and independent
assortment are valid explanations for genetic variation
observed in many organisms. Alleles of a gene pair may
interact in a dominant vs. recessive manner or show a lack of
dominance. Even so, these principles can be used to predict
the future…at least the potential outcome of specific crosses.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY
MANUAL IN BIOLOGY-XII

• BYJUS.COM

• NCERT BOOKS

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