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NEET 2021
Crash Course - PCB
 NEET 2021
Crash Course - PCB
Batch starting from - 24th MAY
*Crash Course Link Available
in Description box

Apply Coupon Code: RMCC

SLIDES BY
-Mohammed Basidh

TODAY’S TIMETABLE
CELL - The Unit of Life
 INTRODUCTION
❖ Cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
❖ An organism consist of one or more cells, accordingly there are two
types of organisms, i.e.,
➢ Unicellular (composed of single cell)
➢ Multicellular (composed of many cells).
❖ In unicellular organism, single cell performs all the essential functions
of life.
❖ In multicellular organism, different kinds of tissues perform different
function and have division of labour.
❖ Cytology - Study of form, structure, and composition of cell.
 CELL THEORY
❖ Anton Von Leeuwenhoek first saw and described a live cell.
❖ Robert Brown later discovered the nucleus.
❖ Metthias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann( 1938) proposed the cell
theory which was later modified by Rudolf Virchow(1855)
➢ All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
➢ All cells arise from pre-existing cells
 SIZE AND SHAPE OF A CELL
❖ Shape and size of cells varies
greatly according to their
position and function.
❖ Mycoplasma is the smallest cell
and largest isolated cell is the
ostrich egg.
❖ The shape of cell may be
cuboid, columnar, polygonal,
thread-like or irregular.
 STRUCTURAL OUTLINE OF A CELL
Each cell consists of
❖ Nucleus, the central part of the cell, which is spherical in shape. The nucleus
is composed of chromosomes (contains the genetic material,DNA), nuclear
membrane.
❖ Cytoplasm, a semi-fluid matrix that occupies the volume of the cell.Inside the
cytoplasm all cellular activities like gaseous exchange, elimination of wastes,
hereditary mechanisms, etc occur.
❖ Eukaryotic cells also contain other cell membrane bound cell organelles like
mitochondria, vacuoles, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, etc.
❖ The prokaryotic cells lack all these membrane bound organelles.
❖ Ribosomes are not bounded by membrane and are found in all cells.
 TYPES OF CELL
❖ On the basis of the
organisation, complexity
and variety, all cells can be
grouped into two types:

➢ Prokaryotic cells.
➢ Eukaryotic cells.
 Question
Who proposed a modification in the cell theory?
A. Schleiden and Schwann

B. Rudolf Virchow

C. Robert Hooke

D. Marcello Malpighi
 Answer
B. Rudolf Virchow
 PROKARYOTIC CELL
❖ Cell which do not have a nuclear membrane and other membrane
bound organelles, is called prokaryotic cell.
❖ Prokaryotic cells are represented by Bacteria, Blue-green algae,
Mycoplasma and PPLO.
❖ All prokaryotic cells have cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
except in Mycoplasma.
❖ Genetic material is naked.
❖ A specialized differentiated cell membrane called Mesosome is the
characteristic of prokaryotes.
 PROKARYOTIC CELL
➢ Bacterial cells may be
○ Bacillus (rod-shaped)
○ Coccus (spherical)
○ Vibrio (comma-shaped)
○ Spirillum (spiral).
 CELL ENVELOPE
❖ Cell envelope is the outermost covering of protoplasm of the bacterial
cell.
❖ It consist of three layers.
➢ Glycocalyx - outermost
➢ Cell wall - Middle
➢ Cell membrane - Innermost
Glycocalyx (Mucilage Sheath):
➢ It is the outermost layer,that gives sticky character to the cell.
➢ It could be in the form of loose mucilaginous sheath called slime
layer or thick and tough covering called capsule.
➢ It helps in resisting phagocytosis.
 CELL ENVELOPE
Cell Wall
➢ It is present just below the
glycocalyx made up of
peptidoglycan.
➢ It is a rigid and solid covering that
gives shape and strong structural
support to the cell.
Plasma Membrane
➢ It is the innermost layer of the cell
envelope.
➢ It is semi-permeable in nature and
is responsible for the interaction of
the cell with the outside
environment.
 GRAM STAINING
➢ According to Christian Gram (1884) various types
of reactions are shown by the cell walls of different
bacteria.
➢ On the basis of the differences in the cell wall and
the response to the staining procedure, bacteria
are classified into

➢ Gram positive (+ve) bacteria are those that take

up the Gram stain and retain blue or purple colour,
e.g., Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium, etc.
➢ Gram negative (-ve) bacteria are those that do
not take up Gram stain and loose the blue or
purple in colour, e.g., Escherichia coli, (E.coli),
Acetobacter, etc.
 FLAGELLA
➢ Bacteria can be motile or non-motile.
➢ Thus, motile bacteria possess one or more thread-like appendages
extending from their cell wall called flagella.
➢ Each flagellum is about 1-7 nm long covered by a protein coat.
➢ The bacterial flagellum is differentiated into the following three parts
○ Filament, the longest portion, extending from the cell surface to
the-outside. It is made up of protein called flagellin.
○ Hook, a curved and tubular structure made up of protein subunits.
○ Basal body, the most complex part of flagellum.
 PILI & FIMBRIAE
➢ Pili and fimbriae are the other surface structures that help the bacteria to attach with
host and other substances

PILI FIMBRIAE
➢ They occur only in Gram negative ➢ They occur in both Gram positive and
bacteria. Gram negative bacteria.

➢ They are longer and broder. ➢ They are shorter and narrower.

➢ They are responsible for conjugation in ➢ They are specialised for attachment of
bacteria. bacteria to its host

➢ They are tubular structures. ➢ They are bristle-like solid structures

FLAGELLA, PILI & FIMBRIAE
 RIBOSOMES
➢ Ribosomes are small, but are complex
both in structure and chemical
composition.
➢ Ribosome are attached with cell
membrane having two sub-units:
○ Smaller subunit (30S)
○ Larger subunit (50S) to form
together 70S prokaryotic
ribosomes.
➢ Ribosomes are site of protein
synthesis.
➢ Ribosomes attached with mRNA to
form a chain are called polyribosomes.
 INCLUSION BODIES
➢ Inclusion bodies are non-living structures present in the cytoplasm
and not bounded by any membrane system.
➢ They may either lie free in the cytoplasm (e.g.,Cyanophycean
granules, glycogen granules) or may be covered by non-protein
membrane (e.g., Gas vacuoles, sulphur granules).
 Question
Q) Mesosomes are the infoldings of cell membrane, which
(i) are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
(ii) help in cell wall formation, DNA replication and respiration.
(iii) increase the surface area of plasma membrane

A. (i) and (ii)

B. (ii) and (iii)
C. (i) and (iii)
D. (i), (ii) and (iii)
 Answer
B. (ii) and (iii)
 EUKARYOTIC CELL
➢ Eukaryotic cells are present in
Protista, Plants, Animals, and
Fungi. Cytoplasm is divided into
compartments due to presence
of membrane-bounded
organelles.
➢ The cells contain well-organized
nucleus with nuclear
membrane. The genetic
materials are arranged in
chromosomes.
 PLASMA MEMBRANE
➢ Every living cell is covered by a thin, elastic, transparent,
semi-permeable and regenerative membrane called cell membrane
also called plasma membrane
➢ cell membrane is composed of lipid which forms a bilayer with protein
molecules embedded in it at places
➢ Lipid
○ Polar Hydrophilic End.
○ Non-polar Hydrophobic End.
➢ Proteins
○ Integral Proteins -These proteins are buried partially or totally in
the phospholipid bilayer.
○ Peripheral Proteins - They have weaker association
 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
➢ This model was given by
Singer and Nicholson (1972).
➢ According to this model, the
lipid bilayer and integral
proteins appear like a mosaic
arrangement and the
quasi-fluid nature of lipid
enables the lateral movement
of the proteins within the
overall bilayer.
➢ This ability of proteins to move
within the membrane indicate
the fluidity of the lipid part.
 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE
➢ Active Transport
○ Active transport is the movement of the molecules across the
membrane against their concentration gradient,ATP is utilised.
○ e.g., Na+ / K+ pump.
➢ Passive Transport
○ Passive transport is the mode of movement of molecules or
substances across the membrane without any requirement of
energy.
■ Osmosis
■ Simple Diffusion
■ Facilitated Diffusion
 TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE
➢ Active Transport Passive Transport
➢ The transport involves ➢ The cells do not
an expenditure of spend energy in
energy by the cells. passive transport.
➢ This transport is
➢ It occurs against the
always along the
concentration gradient
concentration gradient
➢ It is comparatively
➢ It is a rapid process.
slow process.
 CELL WALL
➢ It was first discovered by Robert Hooke (1665).
➢ It is a rigid and a non-living structure which forms an outer covering of the plasma
membrane in plants and fungi.
➢ It is absent in animal cells.
➢ Cell wall of algae - cellulose, galactans, mannans and calcium carbonate.
➢ Cell wall of plant - cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and proteins.
➢ Middle Lamella
○ It is the layer mainly made up of calcium and magnesium pectates. It cements
the cell walls of two adjoining cells together.
○ Plasmodesmata connects the cytoplasm of neighboring cells.
➢ Primary Cell Wall
○ It is produced inner to the middle lamella in a young and growing cell.
➢ Secondary Cell Wall
○ The thick secondary wall is formed inner towards membrane to the primary
wall.
 Question
Q). This structure between two adjacent cells is an effective transport
pathway.

A. Plasmalemma
B. Plastoquinones
C. Plasmodesmata
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
 Answer
C. Plasmodesmata
 ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
➢ The endomembrane system consists of
○ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
○ Golgi complex
○ Lysosomes
○ Vacuoles
➢ These are considered together as an endomembrane system
because their functions are coordinated with each other
➢ Endoplasmic Reticulum are the tubular structure scattered in the
cytoplasm.
➢ It divides the intracellular space into
○ Luminal (inside ER) compartment
○ Extra-luminal (cytoplasm) compartment
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
○ These are smooth because they
do not bear ribosomes.
○ It is present in cells where they
acts as a major site for the
synthesis of lipid
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER):
○ They are found extensive and
continuous with the outer
membrane of nucleus.
○ These have rough membrane
because they bear ribosomes
 GOLGI APPARATUS
➢ It was first discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898)
➢ Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus is made up of many flat, disc-shaped sacs
called cisternae.
➢ Cisternae of Golgi apparatus are found stacked parallel to each other.
➢ They are concentrically arranged near the nucleus with two distinct faces
○ Cis face {forming face)-
■ convex in shape
■ lies towards the cell membrane
■ responsible for receiving secretory materials from the SER.
○ Trans face (maturing face)
■ concave in shape
■ lies towards the nucleus
■ responsible for releasing the material, secreted by cis face and
modified in the cisternae.
GOLGI APPARATUS
 LYSOSOMES
➢ These are membrane bounded
vesicles that are produced by the
Golgi apparatus.
➢ They are rich in several hydrolytic
digestive enzymes
(hydrolases-lipases, proteases,
carbohydrases, etc).
➢ They are capable of digesting
macromolecules from various
sources like carbohydrates, lipids and
nucleic acids.
➢ These are called suicidal bags due
to the presence of hydrolytic
enzymes
 VACUOLES
➢ Vacuole are a large membranous sac found in
the cytoplasm. These store substances water,
sap, excretory products
➢ Plant vacuoles contain also contain pigments
and toxic molecules
➢ It occupies 90% of the volume of the cell.
➢ The vacuole is bounded by a single
membrane structure known as tonoplast
➢ Contractile Vacuole plays an important part in
osmoregulation and excretion in Amoeba.
➢ Food Vacuole occur in the cells of mainly
protozoan protists. These are formed by
engulfing the food particles.
 Question
Q). Which of these is not a function of Golgi apparatus?

A. Site of synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids

B. Secretion
C. Membrane transformation
D. Site of protein synthesis
 Answer
D. Site of protein synthesis
 MITOCHONDRIA
➢ Mitochondria is double membrane-bound structure with the outer
membrane and inner membrane dividing its lumen in two
compartments.
➢ The inner membrane forms a number of infoldings called cristae
towards the matrix.
➢ Two membranes have their own specific enzyme.
➢ Mitochondria are sites for aerobic respiration.
➢ They produce cellular energy in form of ATP so, they are called power
house of the cells.
➢ The matrix of mitochondria also contain circular DNA molecules, a few
RNA molecules, ribosomes and components of protein synthesis.
MITOCHONDRIA
 PLASTIDS
➢ Plastids are found in plant cells and in Euglenoids.
➢ Leucoplasts
➢ These are the colourless plastids with stored nutrients.
○ Amyloplasts are the carbohydrates containing leucoplast.
○ Elaioplasts are the leucoplast which stores oils and fats.
○ Aleuroplasts are the protein storing leucoplast.
➢ Chromoplasts
○ These are the leucoplast, which are yellow or reddish in
appearance because of the presence of fat soluble carotenoid
pigment carotene.
○ Xanthophyll and some other pigments are also present
 CHLOROPLAST
➢ These are the plastids which are greenish in colour containing photosynthetic
pigments chlorophyll and carotenoids.
➢ These pigments are responsible for trapping the light energy, essential for the
photosynthesis,.
➢ Chloroplasts are also bounded by double membrane envelope like mitochondria
➢ The inner membrane is grounded by a space known as stroma or matrix.
➢ It contains enzymes which are essential for the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins.
➢ Thylakoids are number of membranous like flattened structures that run
throughout the matrix or stroma.
➢ When several thylakoids are arranged or organised in the stack (like the piles of
coins), called grana or the intergranal thylakoids.
➢ Many flat membranous tubules interconnect the thylakoids of different grana
known as stroma lamellae.
 CHLOROPLAST
➢
 CYTOSKELETON
➢ The network of interconnected proteinaceous filaments and tubules,
which extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane
➢ The cytoskeletal structures maintain the shape of the cell and its
extensions.
➢ It is also involved in many functions in a cell as mechanical support,
motility, etc.
 CILIA AND FLAGELLA
➢ These are hair-like projections of cell membrane.
➢ They are covered with plasma membrane.
➢ Axoneme, contains a number of microtubules, running parallel to the
long axis.
➢ Axoneme has nine pairs of doublets of peripheral microtubules that
are radially arranged and a pair of centrally located microtubules - (9
+ 2) array.
➢ The central tubules are connected by bridges and is also enclosed by
a central sheath, which is connected to one of the tubules of each
peripheral doublets by a radial spoke.
 CENTROSOME
➢ Centrosome have two cylindrical structures known as centrioles.
➢ Both the centrioles lie perpendicular to each other in which each has
an organisation like the cartwheel.
➢ They are made up of nine evenly spaced peripheral fibrils (triplet in
nature) of tubulin protein. Adjacent triplets are also being linked.
➢ The centre part of the proximal region of the centriole possess
rod-shaped proteinaceous mass known as hub, which is connected
with tubules of the peripheral triplets fibrils known as radial spokes.
 Question
Q). As they release hydrolase that digest old and damaged cells, the
term suicide bags is aptly used by cell biologists for

A. Golgi bodies
B. Lysosomes
C. Giyoxysomes
D. peroxisomes
 Answer
B. Lysosomes
 NUCLEUS
➢ It contains all the genetic information related to metabolism and transmission.
➢ Nucleus was first described by Robert Brown.
➢ Largest cell organelle also known as brain of the cell..
➢ Nuclear Envelope
○ It is a double membrane bound envelope that surround the nucleus and
separates the Nucleus from the cytoplasm.
➢ Nucleoplasm
○ It is a clear fluid which contains nucleotides and enzymes (DNA/RNA
polymerases) for the synthesis of RNAs and DNA.
➢ Nucleolus
○ It is a naked, round and slightly irregular structure, which is attached to the
chromatin at a specific region.
○ It is a site for active ribosomal RNA synthesis.
NUCLEUS
 CHROMOSOMES
➢ The nucleus in the interphase has a loose nucleoprotein fibres called chromatin.
➢ But during different stages of cell division cells show structured chromosomes in
place of the nucleus.
➢ The chromosomes are meant for the equal distribution of genetic material.
➢ Each and every chromosome is composed of a primary constriction or the
centromere. On the sides of which the disc-shaped structures are present known
as kinetochores.
➢ Types of chromosomes:
○ Metacentric
○ Sub-metacentric
○ Acrocentric
○ Telocentric
■ Telocentric chromosomes are not present in humans.
CHROMOSOMES
 Question
Q).Ribosomes are produced and assembled in

(a) mitochondria
(b) cytoplasm
(c) nucleolus
(d) Golgi apparatus
 Answer
(c) nucleolus
 DIFFERENCE
Features Plant Cell Animal Cell

➢ Cell Shape ➢ Square or rectangular in ➢ Irregular or round in

shape shape
➢ Cell Wall ➢ Present ➢ Absent
➢ Plasma/Cell ➢ Present ➢ Present
Membrane
➢ Endoplasmic ➢ Present ➢ Present
Reticulum
 DIFFERENCE
Features Plant Cell Animal Cell

➢ Nucleus ➢ Present and lies on one ➢ Present and lies in

side of the cell the centre of the cell
➢ Lysosomes ➢ Present but are very rare ➢ Present
➢ Centrosome ➢ Absent ➢ Present

➢ Golgi Apparatus ➢ Present ➢ Present

 DIFFERENCE
Features Plant Cell Animal Cell

➢ Cytoplasm ➢ Present ➢ Present

➢ Ribosomes ➢ Present but are very ➢ Present

rare
➢ Plastids ➢ Present ➢ Absent

➢ Mitochondria ➢ Present but fewer in ➢ Present and are

number numerous
 DIFFERENCE
Features Plant Cell Animal Cell

➢ Vacuoles ➢ Few large or a single, ➢ Usually small and

centrally positioned numerous
vacuole
➢ Cilia ➢ Absent ➢ Present in most of
the animal cells
➢ Mode of ➢ Primarily autotrophic ➢ Heterotrophic
Nutrition
WHICH ONE IS ANIMAL CELL?
 NEET 2021
Crash Course - PCB

₹10,000/- ₹7,000/-
Use Coupon Code: RMCC

Buy Now -
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NEET 2021
Crash Course - PCB
 NEET 2021
Crash Course - PCB
Batch starting from - 24th MAY
*Crash Course Link Available
in Description box

Apply Coupon Code: RMCC