PHYSICAL EDUCATION

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC – BADMINTON
NAME-HARSH KHANDURI
CLASS – 12th C ROLL
NO –25608599
SESSION – 2022-23

SUBMITTED TO– MR. AJAY SIR

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that HARSH

KHANDURI, a student of class XII-C
has successfully completed the
project work on
chemistry, titled as “PREPARATIONOF
SOAP” under the guidance of “MR.
AJAY sir”.

Signature of external Signature of subject

examiner teacher
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to
our school ‘KV IMA’, principal sir Mr.
‘MAM CHAND’, to the management team
of our school who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic PREPARATION OF SOAP,
which also helped in doing a lot of research
and I came to know about so many new
things.

Secondly I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finishing this project within the limited
time.

THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

 INDEX
CONTENT

AIM
REQUIREMENTS
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVATION
TABLE RESULT
BIBLOGRAPHY
AIM -:
TO MAKE SOAP
 REQUIREMENTS
APPARATUS
Beakers
Drop pipette
Test tubes
Petri dish
Stop watch

CHEMICALS

Mahuwa Oil
Caustic soda
Starch water
 THEORY
Soap is a sodium salt or
potassium salt of many
combinations of fatty
acids having cleansing action in
water. Some of the examples
are: Sodium stearate, sodium
oliate and sodium palmitate
formed using stearic acid oleic
acid and palmitic acid. The
soaps contain fats and oils

Soaps are potassium or sodium salts of

a carboxylic acid having a long
aliphatic chain attached to it. They are
surfactants (compounds that reduce the
surface tension between a liquid and
another substance) and therefore help in
the emulsification of oils in water
 PROCEDURE

Soap making has remained unchanged over the

centuries. The ancient Roman tradition called

for mixing rain water, potash and animal

tallow (rendered form of beef or mutton fat).

Making soap was a long and arduous process.

First, the fat had to be rendered (melted and

filtered). Then, potash solution was added.

Since water and oil do not mix, this mixture

had to be continuously stirred and heated

sufficiently to keep the fat melted. Slowly, a

chemical reaction called saponification would

take place between the fat and the hydroxide

which resulted in a liquid soap. When the fat

 and water no longer separated, the mixture

was allowed to cool. At this point salt, such as

sodium chloride, was added to separate the

soap from the excess water. The soap came to

the top, was skimmed off, and placed in

wooden molds to cure. It was aged many

months to allow the reaction to run to

completion.

All soap is made from fats and oils, mixed with

alkaline (basic) solutions. There are many

kinds of fats and oils, both animal and

vegetable. Fats are usually solid at room

temperature, but many oils are liquid at room

 temperature. Liquid cooking oils originate

from corn, peanuts, olives, soybeans, and

many other plants. For making soap, all

different types of fats and oils can be used –

anything from lard to exotic tropical plant

 RESULT
During saponification, ester reacts with an inorganic base

to produce alcohol and soap. Generally, it occurs when

triglycerides are reacted with potassium or sodium

hydroxide (lye) to produce glycerol and fatty acid salt,

called 'soap'.
BIBLOGRAPHY
 www.projects.icbse.com\chemistry
 www.projectsyapa.com\chemistry
Comprehensive Practical Chemistry
Google images