RECOVERING AN ADVENTIST APPROACH

TO
THE LIFE AND MISSION OF THE LOCAL CHURCH

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Russell C. Burrill

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- tESpfcsKyf............................................................................................ 343
12/ tESpfcsKyfESifhed*Hk;csKyfjcif; ............................................................................ 346

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Recovering an Adventist Approach to the Life and Mission of the Local Church
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- a'otoif;awmfrsm;\toufwmESifhomoemjyKjcif;udk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrS tjzpfrSefw&m;udkaqmifí Dr. Burrill onf tMuHjyKoGm;onfrSm jyóemtajccHudk
csOf;uyfyHkpmtkyfonf Dr. Russell C. Burrill rS xda&mufaompdefac:csufwpf&yfudk em;rvnfEdkifaomolrsm;twGuf ae&may;ygonf/
Dr. Burrill onf toif;awmfrsm;BuD;xGm;rIESifh toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;
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21st Century (1997), aemufNyD;vmOD;rnfrSm Rekindling a Lost Passion: Recreating a
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Church Planting Movement (1999).
Dr. Burrill onf "r®opfusrf;wGif&SmazGawGU&SdcJhonfrSm toif;awmfwpf&yfudk Berrien Springs, Michigan Werner Vyhmeister, Dean
omoemjyKjcif;\trdefYawmfjzifh xdef;csKyfjcif;udkcH&onf/ omoemjyKjcif;\r[mAsL[mrSm November, 1998. SDA Theological Seminary
Andrews University
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r&Edkifaomtwm;tqD;rsm;ESifhywfoufaomtoif;awmfpdkufxljcif;udpöESifh tcuftcJ jzpf y gonf / or® musrf ; pmt&aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? ord k i f ; t&aomf v nf ; aumif ;
&Sd a omf vnf; ? toif ; awmfo nf rd r dwd kY \ pD ; yG m;a&;tpnf ;ta0;wGi f taotcsm bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuftm;jzifh ppfaq;azmfxkwfjcif;jyKoGm;onf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;
tcdkiftrmjzifh toif;awmfpdkufxljcif;vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfudkjyefvnfjzpfzdkYBuKd;pm;cJhonf/ ,HkMunfcsufwGif omoemjyKjcif;taumiftxnfazmfjcif;udkvnf; wifjyxm;onf/
toif;awmfpdkufxljcif;ESifhywfoufí &efyHkaiGrsm;xdef;csKyfjcif;taMumif;t&mESifh or®musrf;pmESifhordkif;t&wGif&SdaomtajctjrpfwdkYonf zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmí ajrmuf
ywfoufí trIaqmif clergy wdkY\tcef;u@udk t"dyÜm,fjyefvnfNyD;owfrSwf&ef tar&duajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftm; aemuf&mpkESpfwGif toif;awmfonf trSefwu,f
pwif ívIyf &S m;rI wpf &yft&Sd ef jyKvsuf &S do nf/ jyefv nfí t"dy Üm,fa zmfñ Tef ;rIo nf aysmufqHk;aeaomolrsm;udkurf;vSrf;í cspfjrwfEdk;pGmaomajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\
trIaqmif clergy wdkY\tcef;u@rSm avhusifhoifMum;ay;ol? t&nftcsif;wyfqif rdwfo[m,jzpfjcif;wGif aygif;pnf;oGm;jcif;&SdoGm;rnf/ aemufqHk;wGif bk&m;ocif\
ay;ol rsm;jzpfy gonf/ tajccHMunfh½ Iapmifha&S mufoltjzpfr[kwfawmhyg/ jyef NyD;í EdkifiHawmfwGif u,fwifjcif;&&SdoGm;rnf/ zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyfoGm;onfhyHkpHrSm
wwd ,urÇ mrS m&Sd a omtrI a qmif clergy wd k Y \ tcef ; u@uJ h o d k Y yd kí wl v mrnf / tajrmftjriftm;jzifh ygpwmrsm;udktm;udk;tm;xm;rjyKaomajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
toif;awmfwpf&yfaejzifh taemufEdkifiHrsm;uJhodkYaomtoif;awmfyHkpHrsm;r[kwf&awmhyg/ rsm;ay:xGufvm&efESifh ajrmuftar&duwpfcGifvHk;ysHUESHYoGm;ap&ef vlrsKd;tkyfpkwdkif;wGif
tcktcsdefwGif vltenf;i,ftjrifrSm ygpwmrsm;onf toif;awmf 30 rS 40 txd wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udkay:xGufvmatmif jyKvkyfoGm;&rnf/
BuD;Muyf&jcif;udk rarQmfrSef;aomfvnf; olwdkYtjrifrSm toif;awmfrsm;onf ygpwm
rsm;udk tm;ud k;tm;xm;rI avsmh yg;í omreftoif;om;rsm;tay:üom tv,f A[dk
jyKcsuf&Sd&rnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfcsufonf usrf;pmawmfjrwftay:ü eufeJaom,HkMunfrI
&SdonfhtwGuf xdktm;udk;tm;xm;rIonf pnf;urf;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí ,HkMunf
rIESifhaqmif&GufrIwdkYonf omoemjyKjcif;tay:üvnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf/ þpmwrf;wGif
tMuHjyKaomyHkpHrSm pdefac:rIwpf&yfjzpfaomfvnf; taumiftxnfazmfoGm;Edkifygonf/
pma&;ol\ppfrSefaom,HkMunfrIonf ajrmuftar&duwGif ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfcsufrSm
wpfzefjyefíomoemjyKjcif;A[dkjyKcsufjzpfNyD; ygpwmrsm;tay:ü tm;udk;tm;xm;r&Sd?
toif;om;rsm;½dk;½dk;tmPm&&Sdaomtoif;awmfjzpfoGm;rnf/ pma&;ol\arQmfvifhcsufrSm
þpmwrf;onf tultnDwpf&yfjzpfí toif;awmfwGif jyefítwnfjyKjcif;cH&rnfrSm
omoemjyKjcif;udkA [dkjyKonfh? toif;awmfrsm;pdkufxla y;aomtzGJYtpnf;jzpf rnf/
 15 16

tydkif; (1)

c&pfawmfudkajrmfvifhaomowåraeYtoif;awmf\
omoemvkyfief;OD;wnfcsuf
 17
tcef ; BuD ; (1)
BuD ; rm;aomapcd k i f ; csuf \ omoemvk y f i ef ;
tk w f j rpf j zpf j cif ;
wpfusdyfwpfyg;aomwynfhawmfwdkYonf *gvdvJjynfodkY oGm;í a,½IrSmxm;
awmfrlaomawmifay:odkYwufMuvQif? udk,fawmfudkawGYjrifí ysyf0yfudk;uG,fMu\/
tcsKd YwdkYonf ,HkrSm;jcif;&SdMu\/ a,½Ionf teD;tyg;odkYcsOf;awmfrlNyD;vQif ]]aumif;uifbHkü
vnf;aumif;? ajrBuD;ay:üvnf;aumif;? pD&ifydkifaomtcGifhwefcdk;&SdorQwdkYudk igcH&NyD/
oifwd k Yo G m;í vl rsKd ;wumwd k Y u dk igh wynf h j zpf a pvsuf ? crnf ; awmf ? om;awmf ?
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\emrü AwådZHudkay;Muavmh/ igonf oifwdkYtm; ay;orQaom
ynwf a wmf wd k Y u d k a pmif h a &S muf a pjcif ;iS m qH k ; rMo0g'ay;Muavmh / igonf v nf ;
uyfurÇmukefonfwdkifatmif oifwdkYESifhtwltpOfrjywf&Sdonf[k wynhfawmfwdkYtm;
rdefYawmfrl\}} róJ 28;16-20/
þodk Yjzifh a,½I\urÇmajrBuD; ay:ücPwmaexdkif jcif;trI onf &Sif róJu
rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ þodkYapcdkif;csuftm;jzifh wynfhawmfwdkYtm; tjzpftysufwdkYjzpf
vmrnfudk EdkYpdkYuav;i,fuJhodkYaomtoif;awmfudk ol\vkyfaqmifcsufjzifhajymjycJhonf/
B
uD;r m;ao mapcd
i f;csu f\ t "d
k u t a&;B
uD;yH
k
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufonf toif;awmfrsm;\y#dnmOfpmcsKyfozG,f&yfwnf
vsuf&Sdonf/ toif;awmfrsm;\&yfwnfcsuftaMumif;t&mvnf;jzpfonf/ BuD;rm;
aomapcdkif;csufac:wGifjcif;rSm apcdkif;csuftwdkif;twmBuD;jrwfjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/
Frederick Bruner onf þapcd k if ;csuf \ yH k pH tm;jzif h- tm;vH k ;aomtaMumif ;t&mrS m
þodkYjzpfonf?- ]]tm;vHk;aomtmPmydkifrsm;?}} ]]tm;vHk;aomEdkifiHrsm;?}} ]]bk&m;ocif\
tm;vHk;aomemrrsm;?}} ]]tm;vHk;aomig\cdkif;apcsufrsm;?}} ]]tm;vHk;aomaeY&ufrsm;?}}
tvHk;pHkaomcdkif;apcsufig;rsKd;yg0ifvsuf&SdaMumif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/
F-3
18
awmifay:ab;ü&SdaomjrifuGif;onf ,cifuvGwfajrmufvmaomuRefrsm;u
vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 1500 ausmfu xm0&bk&m;ocifonf olwdkYtm; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH
taejzifh odemawmifwGifzGJUpnf;cJhaomjrifuGif;rsKd;ESifhwlygonf/ xdkae&mü xm0&bk&m;onf
£oa&vwdkYtm; ol\vlrsKd;tjzpfESifh ol\ynwfw&m;udkemcHzdkYjzpfygonf/ ,ckrSm
a,½Ionf acwfopf£oa&vwdkYtm; cdkif;apcsufwpf&yfay;vsuf&Sdrnf/ a,½Ionf
aojcif;rSxajrmufaMumif; oufaocHzdkYrjyKbJ? olonf ]]aojcif;rSxajrmufonfhtwGuf}}
olYtm;tcGifhtmPm&&Sdí apcdkif;csufrsm;udkrdefYrSmjcif;&Sdvdrfhrnf/
þjrif u G i f ; topf wG i f tmPm&S d a oma,½I tm; wynf h a wmf r sm;ud k ½ d k a o
av;jrwfjcif;jzifh ol\a&SUwGifOD;ñTwfapcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif wynfhawmfrsm;xJwGif
,HkrSm;jcif;&Sd&Sdyif&SdMuao;onf/ tm;vHk;wdkYrSm olYtm;udk;uG,frIrjyKMuao;yg/ aomr
wpfOD;wnf;omrubJ tjcm;aomwynfhawmfrsm;xJwGif oHo,&Sdao;í xajrmufcJh
aomt&Sifocifudk aumif;uiftxufodkY<ujref;rnfhaeY&ufwGifyifvQif oHo,&Sdao;
onf/ a,½Ionf þodkY0wfjyKudk;uG,foHo,&Sdaomwynfhawmfrsm;a&SUwGif udk,fudk
xifjyaomtcg olwdkYudkvspfvsLr½IbJ olwdkYudkvufcH,lygonf/ a,½Ionf olwdkY\
0wfjyKjcif;ESifhoHo,&Sdcsdefüyif <ujref;vmygonf/ þt&mum; a,½Ionf vlwdkYudk
&Sd&if;pGJtwdkif;vufcH,lonfudkazmfjyygonf/ olwdkYoHo,&Sdjcif;ESifh jyóemaygif;pHk
&SdvsufESifhvufcH,lygonf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufrsm;udkay;aqmif&mü ,HkMunfcsuf
rsm;&ifhusufrIudkrawmif;qdkyg/ tm;vHk;u0wfjyKEdkifonf/ tm;vHk;u tjcm;olrsm;udk
wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfatmifvkyfEdkifonf/ a,½Ionf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk BuD;Muyf
zdkY&Sdygonf/ ,HkMunfaomwynfhawmfESifhoHo,&Sdaomwynfhawmfrsm;udkñTefMum;vsuf
&Sdonf/
jyefvnfxajrmufaomocifudkjrif&aomtcg ,HkMunfNyD;cufcJaomol\pum;
rsm;udk rdef; armtHhMoíemcH Muygonf/ ]]aumif; uifES ifha jrBuD ;ay:wGif &Sd&S dorQaom
tmPmonf ightm;ay;awmfrlonf}} (Matt. 8:19 NIV). a,½Ionf <ujref;vmaom
tcgrSm ,cifuJhodkY olYwynfhawmfrsm;udkar;vsuf? vlrsm;wdkYonf vlom;jzpfaomighudk
tb,f olj zpfonfq dk Muoenf;[k wynhf awmfwdkY ud kr ar;awmhy g/ (Matt. 16:13).
xdktcsdefwGif olvmNyD; olonf aumif;uifESifhajrBuD;ay:wGif wpfOD;wnf;&&Sdaom
tmPmydkiftjzpf aMunmívmonf/ olonf wpfydkif;wpfptmPmydkifr[kwfawmhyg/
 19
tvHk;pHkaomtmPmydkifjzpfonf/ a,½Ionf pMu0VmBuD;wpfcGifwGif olonf tkyfcsKyfa&;
t&m&SdcsKyf (CEO) jzpfaMumif; aMunmrnfjzpfonf/ þonfrSm ajrBuD;ay:ü tmPm
t&SdqHk;tjzpf aMunmjcif;jzpfygonf/
odemawmifay:rSm bk&m;ocifonf £oa&vwdkYtm; rdk;Ncdrf;oHESifhtwl olYudk,fol
tmPmESifhwefcdk;udkazmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ a,½Iuvnf; ,ckvdktmPmESifh wefcdk;udk
apcdkif;csuftwGuf? "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmftwGufaMunmvsuf&Sdonf/ a,½Iom
r[kwfbJ? tmPmESifhtjynfhtpHk&Sdonfha,½Iu BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk xkwfjyefvsuf
&S do nf / þwefc dk ;BuD ;rm;aoma,½I\ tmPmyd kif pd k; rI udk omoemvk yfi ef ;twG uf
tBuD;rm;qHk;aomwifpm;csufjzpfygonf/ þtrIawmfudk ayghayghwefwefjzifh r,lqoifhyg/
a,½Iay;aomtrdefYawmfrsm;ESifhrwlnDyg/ þtrdefYawmfonf tjcm;aomtrdefYawmfrsm;udk
NcKHiHkoGm;aomtrdefYawmfjzpfygonf/ þtrdefYawmftay:ü opöm&Sdjcif;onf tjcm;aom
trdefYawmfrsm;tm;vHk;tay:ü opöm&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ þapcdkif;csuftay:ü emcHrIr&Sdjcif;
onf pMu0VmwpfcGifvHk;\tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&SdcsKyf\ tmPmtay:ü opömrJhjcif;jzpfonf/
uREf kyfwdkYo nf þa,½I &Sif\trI awmfüopö mrJhjcif ;rjyK&Jy g/ olonf tvHk;pH kaom
tmPmydkif&SdrI? jynfhpHkrIESifh tjyD;owftmPmydkifpdk;rI&Sdonf/
a,½Ionf rdrdudk,fudkwpfOD;wnf;aomtmPmydkifpdk;rI&Sdjcif;udkaMunmNyD;aemuf
olonf tcef;i,f 19 wGifazmfjyaom bk&m;\apcdkif;csufudkxkwfjyefvdkufonf/
trdefYawmfonf r,HkzG,faumif;aomapcdkif;csufjzpfonf/ ao;i,faomtzGJYtpnf;
wpfckjzpfonfh wynfhawmfq,fhwpfOD;wdkYonf qif;&JEGrf;yg;NyD; wpf0ufu,kHMunf
olrsm;jzpfí wpf0ufu,HkrSm;jcif;&Sd\/ þBuD;jrwfjcif;&SdonfhpDrHcsufudk EdkifiHwdkif;rS
wynf ha wmfr sm;jzpfz dk Y jynf hpH kp Gmrnfo dk Yj znfh pG rf ;ay;Edk if rnfe nf ;/ NyD ;ajrmufa tmif
aqmif&Gufay;Edkifaomwpfckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm tmPmpuftm;vHk;udkydkifqdkifaom
a,½I\wefcdk;awmftm;jzifhaqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
&Jwif;pGm&Sdaom tydk'fi,f 18 \bk&m;wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh EdkifiH
wumü wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk (tcef;i,f 19) udk tcGifhtmPmtm;jzifh
aqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf/ ]]a,½I\tmPmydkifpdk;rIonf urÇmwpfckvHk;udk
vTrf;rdk;Edkifonf? (i,f 19)/}} a,½Ionf tmPmukefvTJtyfjcif;cH&aom
pMu0VmwpfckvHk;jzpfí wynhfawmfrsm;onfxGufíw&m;a[mMuygonf/
20
omoemjyK&rnfhajronf eufeJpGm&Sdí a,½Ic&pf\bk&m;jzpfjcif;onf aumif;uif
ESifhajrBuD;tay:ü tmPmukefocifbk&m;jzpfygonf/ c&pf,mefwdkY\omoemvkyfief;onf
aojcif;rSxajrmufEdkifaomocifbk&m;taejzifhom em;vnfay;Edkifonf/ þapcdkif;csuf
\tajctjrpfrSm þa,½Ionf wynfhawmfrsm;tm; ol\wefcdk;awmfESifhenf;vrf;rsm;udk
ay;tyfrnfjzpfNyD; apcdkif;csufrsm;udkNyD;ajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;Edkifrnf/ odkYjzpfí
ol\apcdkif;csufrsm;udk NyD;ajrmufatmifuwdjyKcsufrSm uyfurÇmukefonfwdkifatmif
olwdkYESifhtwl&SdrnfhtaMumif; ajymoGm;onf (i,f 20)/ olwdkYESifhtwl&SdzdkYqdkonfrSm
EdkifiHaygif;pHkodkYa&muf&SdEdkif&ef tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkYESifhtwl&Sdjcif;rSm >cif;csuf
r&Sdtwl&Sdjcif;r[kwfbJ olwdkYxGufíwynfhawmfrsm; jzpfatmifjyKvkyf&mü olwdkYESifhtwl
&SdrnftaMumif;jzpfygonf/
wynfhawmfrsm;onf Edk ifiHtoD;oD;odk YoGm;&efomr[k wfbJ olwdkYoG m;&rSmu
c&pfawmfonf xdkEdkifiHtoD;oD;tm; tmPmydkifpdk;rI&SdaMumif;jzpfygonf/ olwdkYomoem
vkyfief;twGuf pwifrxGufcGmrD tmPmydkifpdk;rI&Sdaomolryg&SdbJESifhrxGufcGmoGm;&yg/
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufESifhtwl yg0if&rnfrSm yifawukawåaeYü ay:vGifpGma&muf&Sd
vmrnfhoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\uwdjyKcsufESifhtwl trIawmfudkoGm;a&mufaqmif&Guf
&rnfjzpfonf/
tjcm;aompOf ; pm;qJ taMumif ; t&mrS m {0H a *vd p ma&;q&mrsm;onf yd k í
tm;aumif;aomtav;xm;rIudk oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftm; wynfhawmfrsm;ESifhtwl
vdkufygí c&pfawmf\apcdkif;csufudkaqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf/ &Sifrmuk\a&;om;csuf
wGif ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rIjynfhpHkpGmr&Sdaomfvnf; &SifróJESifhwlnDaompifNyKdifazmfjycsuf&Sdí
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftcef;u@udk ydkrdktm;aumif;aomwifpm;rIudkjyKvkyfygonf/
&Sifrmukonf a,½Iu rdrdudk,fwdkiftm;vHk;aomtmPmpufudkydkifpdk;aMumif;aMunm
onfudkra&;om;bJ wynhfawmfrsm;onf trIawmfudkaqmif&Guf&mü tmPmpuf&Sd
aomtrIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;udk&&SdrnfjzpfNyD; a,½ItwGuftrIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;udk
edrdwfvu©Pmtm;jzifh xifay:vmrnf[kqdkoGm;onf/ &Sifrmuk\a&;om;csufwGif
wynfhawmfrsm;ESifhtwl a,½I\yg0ifrI&Sdí wynfhawmfrsm;onf a,½I\trIawmfudk
NyD; ajrmufatmifaqmif& Guf oG m;rnf ? ol\ tmPmpuftm;jzifh aqmif& Guf Ed kif rnf?
vlom;rsm;\cGeftm;jzifhaqmif&GufEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/
 21
&Sifvkum\a&;om;csufwGifvnf; twlwlyif&Sdí wynfhawmfrsm;u urÇmtESHY
oGm;a&mufaomtcgrSm oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\wefcdk;onf olwdkYESifhtwlyg&SdoGm;
rnf/ ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rIjynfhpHkpGmr&Sdaomfvnf; tusOf;csKH;í {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udk
a&;aompma&;q&mrsm;onf tvm;wlyifBuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&aom
wynfhawmfrsm;udk oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\wefcdk;yg0ifrIudk jyefvnf&Sifoefaom
ocifbk&m;\trIawmfudkNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&GufoGm;onf/ tjzpfrSefrSm oefY&Sif;
aom0dnmOf awmf\ wef cd k;onf ta&;ygí þwef cd k; udk &&SdN yD ;rS Edki fi HtoD; oD; od kY
oGm;a&muf&ef rSmMum;oGm;onf/
B
uD;r m;ao mapcd
i f;csu f\ &v ' f
k emcH&rnfhtrdefYudk BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufwGiftoHk;jyK&mü jyif;xefpGmtoHk;jyKcJhonf/
a,½I\trdefYawmfapcdkif;csufonf £oa&vwdkYtm; trdefYawmfrsm;ESifhrsm;pGm
uGmjcm;vsuf&Sdonf/ £oa&vwdkYtm; trdefYawmfapcdkif;csufonf olwdkYtm;cspfcif
jrwfE dk ;í vlY tzGJY tpnf; (vlrsKd ;pk ) wpf& yf jzpfzd kY ESi fh rS efu efo nf hxm0&bk& m;udk
a&mifjyef[yfapygonf/ olwdkYtm; acwf\,Ofaus;rIvrf;qHkvrf;cGwGif xm;&Sdjcif;cH&NyD;
EdkifiHwumrSolwdkYxHodkYvma&mufí ppfrSefonfhbk& m;taMumif;udkod&Sd oifMum;&ef
jzpfygonf/ xdkodkYuGmjcm;onfrSm a&S;£oa&vwdkYxHudk EdkifiHtoD;oD;rSvma&mufonfh
tpm; acwfopf£oa&vwdkYtm; xdkEdkifiHrsm;toD;oD;odkYoGm;a&muf&efjzpfygonf/
"r®a[mif;usrf;\tav;xm;rIrSm £oa&vwdkYtm; trIaqmif&mü
tjyifodkYxGuf&Sd&efr[kwfbJ EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS a,½k&SvifNrKdUodkY0ifa&muf
vmjcif;jzpfonf/ olwdkYonf £oa&vwdkY\bk&m;rSmxl;uJí ausmfapm
udwådol\vlrsKd;ü&Sdonfudk awGU&Sdapjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkYonf
wdkif;wpfyg;\bk&m;xHodkY*g&0jyK&ef vma&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ atmifEdkif
jcif ;tm;jzif hr [kwfb J bk& m;ocif\ y#d nmOftm; ol ES ifh £oa&vwd kY
tMum;wnfaqmufrIudk,HkMunfí urÇmodkYjzefYa0jcif;jzpfygonf/
tcsKd Uaomtoif ;awmfB uD; xG m;rIud kvd kvm;aompma&;q&mrsm;onf tMuHj yK
oG m ;onf r S m tav;xm;rI u d k wynf h a wmf j zpf j cif ; tay:üxm;&S d N yD ; apvT w f
22
oGm;a&mufjcif;xufydkrdkpdwftm;xufoefMuonf/ olwdkY\cHpm;csufrSm apvTwfjcif;
tay:ü wynfhjzpfjcif;xufOD;pm;ay;aeygonf/ þt&mvnf;rSefayvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
or®musrf;pm\a&;om;csufudk vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sd&rnf? tav;xm;rIudkapvTwfjcif;
tm; wynhfawmfjyKvkyfjcif;xufOD;pm;ay;ygonf/ ¤if;rSm wynfhawmfjyKvkyfjcif;\
&nf&G,fcsufudkravsmhyg;apyg/ odkY&mwGif wynfhawmfjzpf&ef atmifjrifpGmjyKvkyfjcif;onf
]oGm;a&mufjcif;} rSjyKvkyfEdkifí toif;awmfodkYvma&mufjcif;udkapmifharQmfjcif;xuf
ydkaumif;onf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;\erlemyHkpHjzpfonf/
toif ; awmf \ tusKd ; ouf a &muf j cif ; rS m atmif j rif r I & &S d j cif ; ES i f h vk y f i ef ;
quf vufívnfywf rIatmifjrifjcif;r&S donfwdkYwG if auseyfr I&Sd &rnf/ a,½I onf
ol\trdefYawmif;qdkcsufrSm ol\wynfhawmfrsm;tm;oGm;&efjzpfygonf/
taMumif;rSmBud,mjzpfaoma0g[m& (poreuthentes) trdefYrSm {0Ha*vd
owif;pum;wGif oHk;BudrfrStoHk;jyKí ol\vlwdkYudktrdefYawmfwpf&yftm;
udk,fxdvufa&mufwpfae&m&modkYoGm;a&muf&efjzpfonf/ (róJ 2;8/ 11;4/
28;7)/ þae&mwGifvIyf&Sm;oGm;&eftrdefYonf vdkufem&efjzpfonf/ trIrJh
trSwfrJhajymqdkjcif;r[kwfyg/ (odkYjzpfí poreuthentes udkbmomjyef&mü
oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;íomrefr[kwfbJ omoemtrdefYwpf&yfjzpfí vIyf&Sm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/) a,½Ionf ocifbk&m;jzpfí? wynfhawmfrsm;onf us,fjyefY
aomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;jyKvkyfí tjcm;ae&modkYvufurf;vSrf;&rnf? jynfol
rsm;ESifhxdawGY&ef enf;vrf;&Sm&rnf/
þtrd e f Y o nf wynf h a wmf r sm;u vspf v sL½I í r&Ed k i f y g/ ol wd k Y tm; Ed k i f i H
toD;oD;odkYoGm;&efwdkufwGef;jcif;r[kwfyg/ olwdkYtm;oGm;&eftrdefYay;jcif;jzpfí olwdkY
oGm;&onfrSm ta&;BuD;yHkjzpfonf/ tjcm;aomtydk'frsm;wGif oGm;a&muf&eftwGuf
wefcdk;tmPmudkapmifhqdkif;&onf/ odkY&mwGif þapmifhqdkif;rIrSm q,f&uftwkdif;twm
omjzpfonf/ xdkrSyifawukawåaeYa&mufvmí oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf qif;ouf
vmí trIawmfudkxrf;aqmif&ef wefcdk;tmPm&&Sdí toif;awmfodkYtrdefYay;jcif;cH&
onf/ qufíapmifharQmf&efrvdkawmhyg/ yifawukawåaeYwGifqif;oufvmaom oefY&Sif;
 23
aom0dnmOfawmfonf wynfhawmfrsm;tm;jynfh0pGmvufcH&,lygonf/ odkYjzpfí BuD;rm;
aomapcdkif;csuf\ta&;BuD;yHkonf toif;awmftm; a,½I\trIawmfüyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rI
jyKEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/
xd k t rI a qmif & ef v k y f i ef ; onf rnf o nf h v k y f i ef ; enf ; / apcd k i f ; csuf t &
xdktrIaqmifvkyfief;wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYjyKvkyfaomvkyfief;jzpfonf/ vlwdkYtm; AwådZHay;í
a,½IrdefYrSmcJhaomt&mtm;vHk;wdkYudkvdkufem&ef oGefoifjcif;jzpfonf/ þapcdkif;csuf
wGifyg0ifaomtrIawmfrsm;onf tajccHvkyfief;oHk;&yfwGifwnf&Sdygonf/ wynfhawmf
jzpfzdkYjyKvkyfjcif;? AwådZHay;jcif;ESifh oGefoifrIjyKjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/ þvkyfief;&yfoHk;ck
ay:wGif tajccHjzpfí trIawmfonf þvkyfief;oHk;&yfryg&SdbJESifh jynfhpHkrIr&SdEdkifyg/
toif;awmfonf þvkyfief;oHk;&yftrdefYwdkYudkvdkufemygrS {0Ha*vdapcdkif;csuftvkyfudk
jynfhrDatmifaqmif&GufcJhaMumif; ajymqdkEdkifayvdrfhrnf/ odkYjzpfí toif;awmfwpfckonf
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifh oGefoifrIrjyKbJESifh vlrsm;udkAwådZHay;vQif c&pfawmf\apcdkif;
csufudkvspfvsL½Ijcif;oufa&mufrnf/ toif;awmfwpfckonf vlawGudkwynfhawmf
jzpfzdkYoGefoifjcif;jyKvkyfaomfvnf; AwådZHudkray;vQif xdkenf;wlpGmyif c&pfawmfudk
emcHrIr&Sdyg/ toif;awmfonf c&pfawmf\trdefYawmfudkoGefoifay;aomfvnf; wynfh
awmfjzpfjcif;trdefYESifh AwådZHudkray;vQif a,½IudkemcHrIr&Sdyg/ toif;awmfonf vlrsm;
udkwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifh AwådZHudkay;aomfvnf; qufvufía,½I\ynwfw&m;udk
roGefoifvQif c&pfawmftm;emcHrIr&Sdyg/ þtrdefYawmfonf us,fjyefYrI&Sdygonf/
toif;awmftm;trdefY&SdonfrSm jyefvnfítoif;om;rsm;cdkifcHhaomwynfhawmfrsm;jzpf
atmifvdkvm;onf/ wpf0ufwpfysufc&pf,mefrsm;udkrvdkvm;yg/
ocifbk&m;\trdefYonf &Sif;vif;vGef;ít"dyÜm,faumuf,ljcif;rSm;,Gif;rIr&Sd
Edkifyg/ odkY&mwGif acwfopfc&pf,mefavmuwGif rMumcPrSm;,Gif;pGmem;vnfrI&Sdyg
onf/ toif;awmfonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftm; pdwfysufpGmyifjznfhqnf;ay;&ef
ysufuGufcJhygonf/ þonfrSm opöm&SdpGmjzifhtrdefYawmfudkraMunmcJhjcif;ESifh AwådZH
ray;cJhjcif;r[kwfbJ þvkyfief;oHk;&yfpvHk;udkaqmif&Guf&efysufuGufjcif;jzpfygonf/
þvkyfief;oHk;&yfpvHk;udkvdkufem&efvHk;0ta&;BuD;aMumif; od&Sdem;vnf&rnf/
toif;awmf\rlvZmpfjrpfrSm a,½I\apcdkif;csufwGifwnf&Sdygonf/ þapcdkif;
csufudkaqmif&GufEdkif&ef vdktyfonfhwefcdk;awmfonf yifawukawåaeYtjzpftysufrS
24
jynfhpHkapcJhonf/ yifawukawåtaejzifh BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufESifhqufoG,frIr&SdbJESifh
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftoHk;jyKyHkrSm wpfudk,faumif;qefí rMumcPjzpfcJh&onf/
odkYjzpfí oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf toif;awmfudk wefcdk;awmfwyfqifí a,½I\
trIawmfudkjznfhqnf;ay;onfjzpfygonf/ Ray Anderson onf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;
csuf\tcef;u@udk ao;odrfatmifrjyKvkyfaomfvnf; yifawukawåtcef;u@udk
ydk rdkBuD ;rm;aomtrIawmftwGu f wefc dk;tiftm;onf BuD; rm;aomapcdki f;csuf xuf
BuD;rm;aomtiftm;jzpfaMumif; tqdkjyKygonf/
yifawukawåonf trIawmf\bmom0g'twGuf toif;awmf\
Zmpf j rpf j zpf o nf / toif ; awmf \ bmom0g'onf toif ; awmf \
,H k Munf c suf wpf & yfj zpf o nf / xd k od k Y j zpfj cif ; rS m toif; awmf twG u f
bmom0g'onf trIawmfrSay:xGufvmí toif;awmfrSm rdrd\tae
txm;udkem;vnf oabmaygufí bk&m;ocif\udk,fydkiftrIawmftwGuf
£oa&vütxl;cefYtyfí c&pfawmfüpHkvifqHk;cef;wdkif a&muf&Sdygonf/
þonfrSm trIawmfonf OD;pm;ay;bmom0g'tm;jzifh toif;awmf\
obm0w&m;ESifh urÇmtwGu fbk&m;ocif\trIawmfqufpyfr Ioabm
w&m;jzpfonf/
Boer taejzif h em;0if a tmif q G ,f NyD ; jiif ;csuf rS m BuD ;rm;aom
apcdkif;csufr[k wfbJ yifawukawåo mvQif a&S;OD ;toif ;awmf\ tod
w&m;pOf;pm;csufwGif&Sdygonf/ þ,HkMunfcsufrSm acwfopftrIawmf
\xif &Sm;odomatmif jyKvk yf onf h,H kM unf csufE Si fhu Gm[vsuf &Sd onf/
acwfopft,ltqrSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufonf emcH&rnhftrdefYtjzpf
yifawukawåxuf ta&;BuD;aMumif;,HkMunfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí BuD;rm;
aomapcdkif;csufudk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnf/
yif a wuk a wå \ ta&;BuD ; yH k u d k Anderson axmuf j yjcif ; onf csD ; rG r f ; p&m
aumif; aomfv nf; þpma&;q&monf BuD ;rm;aomapcd ki f ;csuf ud k yifa wuk awå
atmuf w G i f x m;&S d j cif ; rS m ol o nf BuD ; pG maomtrS m;wpf & yf j zpf o nf / trS e f r S m
yifawukawåonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\tqufyifjzpfonf[k,HkMunf&ygonf/
 25
toif ;awmf \wnf aqmuf rI rS m BuD ;rm;aomapcd kif ;csuftay:üomrlwnfa Mumif;
þtcef ;rS mazmfj ycJ ho nf/ od kY& mwG if yif awukawåonf toif;awmf tm; wefcd k;
tmPmudkwyfqifí BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk aqmif&GufEdkif&efjzpfonf/ toif;awmf
onf c&pfawmfrSwnfaxmifcJhonf (BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf)? oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf
awmfrSr[kwfyg (yifawukawå)/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmftvkyfrSm c&pfawmftm;
oufaocHzdkYjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf c&pfawmfwnfaxmif
cJhaomt&mrsm;udk wefcdk;tmPmudkwyfqif&efjzpfygonf/ yifawukawåudkBuD;rm;
aomapcdkif;csuftay:rSmwif&SdvQif oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudk c&pfawmftxufü
wif&Sdjcif;jzpfrnf/
tu,f í om Anderson onf yif a wuk a wå u d k BuD ; rm;aomapcd k i f ; csuf
tay:rSmwif&Sdjcif;onf toif;awmf\tprSefuefrI&SdcJhaomf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf
onf oG e f o if c sufa y;aomwef cd k ; &S i f j zpf v d r f h r nf/ c&pf a wmfa omf v nf ; aumif ; ?
EIwfuywfawmfaomfvnf;aumif; oGefoifolrsm;r[kwfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí oefY&Sif;
aom0dnmOfawmf\oufaocHrIonf EIwfuywfawmfxufomí&Sdaernf/ Anderson
\&nf&G,fcsufrSm þodkYr[kwfyg/ obm0tm;jzifh þodkYpOf;pm;jcif;rSm xGuf&Sdonfh
&v'frSm þodkYyifjzpfygonf/
wref a wmf r sm;\toif ; awmf u d k q uf v uf x d e f ; od r f ; jcif ; onf
c&pfawmf\jyKjyifajymif;vJay;aomwefcdk;awmfESifh ol\wnf&SdrItay:ü
awG Y & vd r f hr nf/ yxr&mpk E Sp f r Sm toif ;awmf\ vdk u f avsmnD a xG & S dr I
tay:rSmr[kwfyg. . .
xdkolrsm;onf yxr&mpkESpfa&S;OD;c&pf,mefrsm;\ a&S;jzpfpOfe*dkrlv
tajctaeudk EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfrIyHkpH? 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;ESifh wrefawmfrsm;
yHkpHr[kwfaomtjyKtrlwdkYudk jyefvnfíyHkpH&SmazGvQif ,aeYtoif;awmf
trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;wdkYudk qufpyfrI&Sdrnfr[kwfawmhyg/ Pannenberg
\tMuHjyKcsuft&? yxr&mpkESpf\wrefawmfrsm;\vkyfaqmifcsufwdkYrSm
,ckESpfrsm;ü wrefawmf\vkyfief;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf&yfyifjzpfvdrfh
rnf/
F-4
26
Anderson onf or® musrf ; pm\tpOf t vmtquf t pyf u d k a jymif ; jyef í
vkyfaqmifcJhygonf/ toif;awmf\tpwGif BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufrSpwifcJhonf/
yifawukawårS toif;awmfudkwefcdk;tmPmwyfqifay;í xdktrIawmfudkNyD;ajrmufap
onf/ þuJhodkYjzpfvQif þpma&;q&mrSm oabmwlnDcsuf&SdEdkifrnf/
toif;awmfwnf&Sdjcif;rSm bk&m;ocif\trIawmfaqmifay;aom
vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;\obm0taetxm;jzpfonf/ toif;awmf\
trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;onf w&m;Oya't&? pnf;vHk;zGJYpnf;xm;&efjzpf
ygonf / ar&S d,tvkyf udk quf vuf aqmif& Guf jcif;ES ifh bk &m;ocif\
om;awmfv lZmwd cH,ljcif;ES ifhpyfqdki faom oefY& Sif;onfh0dn mOfawmf\
wnf &Sdj cif;jzpfygonf/ toif ;awmf \aqmif&Gu fjcif;trI rSm urÇmodkY
bk&m;ocif\trIawmfudkaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/ þonfrSm oHk;yg;
aygif;wpfqljzpfaom- crnf;awmf? om;awmfESifh oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf
awmfrSvmygonf/
,ckrSm uREfkyfwdkYawGU&Sd&aomtcsufrSm c&pf,mefrsm;\toif;awmftponf
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftay:üt"duwnf&Sdaeygonf/ xdkapcdkif;csufrSm tajccHtm;jzifh
xajrmufjcif;cH&aomc&pfawmf\wefcdk;tmPmjzifhrlwnfí olonf ol\aemufvdkuf
rsm;tm; wynfhawmfrsm;jzpf&ef trIawmfaqmif&Gufapjcif;? wynfhawmfjzpfolrsm;udk
AwådZHay;jcif;ESifh vlrsKd;wumwdkYrS wynfhawmfrsm;udktpOfrjywfoGefoifjcif;wdkYudk
aqmif&Guf&efrdefYrSmvsuf&Sdonf/ xdk&nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkifwdkYudk NyD;ajrmufapzdkY wynfh
awmfrsm;tm;uwday;onfrSm yifawukawåü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkay;rnf/ odkYjzpfí
yifawukawåonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftay:wGiftajcpdkufygonf/ þapcdkif;csufonf
toif;awmfwdkYtm; jznfhpGrf;ay;Edkifrnf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufonf t"dujzpfí
yifawukawårSm 'kwd,jzpfygonf/
þoabmw&m;tm;jzifh owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf yifawukawå
orm;rsm; b,fawmhrSrjzpfMuyg/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkay;tyfjcif;onf BuD;rm;
aomapcdkif;csufudkNyD;ajrmufatmifjzpfygonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf olü
NyD;jynfhpHkrIr&Sdyg/ olonf xajrmufaomc&pfawmfudk taptyg;jyKonf/ c&pfawmf\
 27
udk,fudkBuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkjynfhpHkrI&Sdaponf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf
c&pfawmfudkaomfvnf;aumif;? EIwfuywfawmfudkaomfvnf;aumif; tpm;,lír&Edkifyg/
oufaocHrIomjyKvkyfEdkifonf/
þaqG ; aEG ; csuf r S m oef Y &S i f ; aom0d n mOf a wmf t m; ta&;ygrI a vQmh c saom
&nf&G,fcsufr[kwfyg/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudk olYae&mrSefudkxm;&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfudk&ifqdkifae&maomtEÅ&m,fwpfckrSm trIawmfESifhvufawGU
ae&mwGifppfrSefaomtrSefw&m;qHk;jzwfjcif;ae&may;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdktEÅ&m,fonf
rSm;,Gif;aom0dnmOfonf tvkyfvkyfEdkifygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf 0dnmOf
tvkyfvkyfjcif;udk xm0&EIwfuywfawmfESifhcsdefq&rnf/ bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufESifh
vufawGUtoHk;csrIonf i&JrD;ESifhprf;oyfjcif;udkazmfjyonfh EIwfuywfawmfESifhudkufnDrI
&Sdr&Sdprf;oyfrSom ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftwGuf pdwfcs&ygrnf/ 0dnmOfawmfonf
bk& m;ocif\EI wfuywfawmftm;jzifh ppfr Sefa Mumif ; axmufcH rI&&SdrSo m ol onf
,aeYtoif;awmftwGuf wefcdk;tmPmay;í c&pfawmf\BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk
NyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufay;Edkifvdrfhrnf/
,aeYa,½I\ppfrSefaomtoif;awmfonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftoif;awmf
jzpf&rnf/ xdktoif;awmfonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk NyD;ajrmufatmiftav;xm;í
aqmif & G uf a omtoif ; awmf j zpf & rnf / toif ; awmf \ tpueOD ; rS m BuD ; rm;aom
apcdkif;csuftay:üwnf&SdvQif ol\toufwmESifhvufawGUaqmif&GufcsufrSm apcdkif;
csuf\NyD;ajrmufrIvkyfief;wGifvnfywf&rnf/ odkYrSom ol\&yfwnfrIrSm cdkifjrJvdrfhrnf/
þtcsuftay:üom a,½I\toif;awmfonf trSefwu,fyif bk&m;ociftwGuf
trIawmfxrf;&GufaomvlwdkYjzpfrnfudk vlrsKd;ESifhEdkifiHrsm;tusKd;twGufo,fydk;&rnf/
o r®
mu sr f;pmrS]]wyn fh
awmf}} a0g[ m&t " d
yÜ
m, fzG
i fh
qdkcsu f
BuD ; rm;aomcd k i f ; apcsuf \ trd e f Y awmf o nf toif ; awmf \ wnf a xmif & m
taMumif;wpf&yfjzpfonfhtavsmuf cdkif;apcsufonf toif;awmftm; wynfhawmf
rsm;jzpfzdkY cdkif;aponfhtwGuf uREfkyfwdkYonf wynfhawmfa0g[m&udk or®musrf;pmrS
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;em;vnfzdkYvdkonf/ toif;awmfBuD;xGm;&m
BuD;xGm;aMumif; t"dyÜm,frsm;rsm;azmfjycJhaomfvnf; missiological taMumif;wpf&yf
28
taejzifh toif;awmfrsm;ydkrdkaumif;rGefonfh&ifqdkifrIwpf&yfudk tultnDay;ygonf/
or®musrf;pm\t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufr[kwfawmhyg/ odkY&mwGif BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk
ausyGefatmifaqmif&GufNyD;rItwGuf wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfatmif jyKvkyfjcif;onf a,½I\
t"dyÜm,fazmfjycsuftm; em;vnfzdkYvdkygonf/ a,½Iay;aomt"dyÜm,frSm ol\&nf&G,f
onfhtwdkif; ol\aemufvdkufrsm;vnf;xGufí wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYvkyfaqmif&rnfjzpfyg
onf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;udkem;vnfzdkYtwGuf t"dyÜm,fr&Sif;vif;vQif cufcJrI&Sdvdrfhrnf/
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\&v'frSm wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;aywnf/
t*Fvdyfa0g[m& disciple rSm *&dbmom mathetes rSjyefqdkonf/ t"dyÜm,f
zGifhqdkcsufrSm *&dEdkifiHrStpwnfjcif;jzpfygonf/ ausmif;om;wpfOD;onf rdrdudk,fudk
¤if;q&mjzpfolxHcsOf;uyfNyD; vufawGUESifhoabmw&m;awG;ac:csufynmudk oif,lrI
jyKoifhonf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif toHk;jyKrIrSm vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;q&mwpfOD;xHwGifcsOf;uyfí
wynfhawmftjzpfcH,lonf/
oif,ljcif;tvkyfonf OmPfynmqifjcifwHkw&m;½dk;½dk;omruyg?
oif,ljcif;onf c&pfawmfESifhywfoufaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk oif,l
&&S dygonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm c&pfa wmf\ud k,fud kvufc H&&Sd jcif; jzpfo nf/
touf w ma[mif ; ud k p G e f Y v T w f N yD ; - touf wmopf u d k v uf c H & &S d a om
wynfhawmfcH,ljcif;jzpfonf/
odk Yj zpfí wynf ha wmf jzpf jcif; onf wpf OD ;wnf ; aomolE S if h oifh tm;wynf h
awmfjzpfjcif;udkoGefoifaomolqufqHrI&Sdonf/ þqufqHa&;rSm wpfOD;wpfa,muf
aomolonf wpfOD;wpfa,mufaomolxHrS olYtaMumif;udktjrJwrf;oif,lvsuf&Sdonf/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSm xdkolvufatmufwGif usKd;EGHpGmaexdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm
xdkolESifhjrefqefpGmtjyKtrlajymif;vJjcif;udkrqdkvdkyg/ wjznf;jznf;csif;wynfhawmfjzpf
vmygonf/
a0g[m&pum;vHk; onf yHkazmfjcif;tm;jzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf
q&mudk0dkif;íywfywfvnfwGifxdkifMuonf/ bk&m;ocifa&SUwGif'l;axmufNyD;
tjypf 0 ef c H j cif ; oabmr[k wf y g/ {0H a *vd j yóemwpf & yf r [k wf y g/
ynma&;udpöwpf&yfomyHkazmfjcif;jzpfygonf/ jyefvnfEdk;xjcif;r[kwfbJ
 29
ynma&;ausmif ; wpf& yf E S if h y d k rd k wl a eygonf / ½d k ; pif ; aomyk * ¾ d K vf o nf
oufaomifhoufom&Sdí ajymqdkcsifonfrSm? ]]vlrsm;ESifhtcsdefMumMumvkyfí
a,½I\ oif M um;rI ud k ynmrS wf ,l y g}} [lí jzpfo nf/ pMu0VmBuD; ud k
zefq if ;aomol omvQif BuD; rm;aomtvky fu dk vk yfE dk if ygonf/ jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa pjcif; ? atmifEdkif rIudka y;jcif ;? aemifw&apjcif;? vlawG udk
qHk;jzwfcsufcsapjcif;- tmPmpuftm;vHk;onf olydkifqdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif
wynfhawmfrsm;onf tjcm;aomolrsm;udk tao;tzGJudpörsm;vkyfEdkifonf?
vk y f u d k v k y f & rnf ? vk y f v nf ; vk y f r nf u d k ]]wynf h a wmf j zpf a ponf } }
qdkvdkonfrSm olwdkYonf y&dowfrsm;ESifhtcsdefudktusKd;&SdpGm toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
olwdkY\,HkMunfcsufrSm rMumaomtcsdefwGif pMu0Vmudkzefqif;olonf
þolrsm;txJrSAwådZHudkcH,lzdkY qE´&Sdapvdrfhrnf/ c&pf,mefavmuwGif
AwådZHudkcH,lí a,½IaemufodkYvdkufavQmufrnf/
Bruner \&Sif;vif;csufrSm disciple qdkonfha0g[m&onf {0Ha*vdav;eufrIrSm
BuD;rm;onfh tav;csd ef& Sdo nf/ Bruner \qdk vdk csuft&jzpfrnfqd kvQif c&pfawmf
qDodkYvm&jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\jyKrlcsufjzpfvQif vlom;rsm;u vlawGudk c&pfawmf
xHodkY ,HkMunfcsuftm;jzifhac:,lír&Edkifyg/ vlom;rsm;vkyfEdkifonfhtvkyfrSm oifMum;
ay;rIywf 0ef; usifu dkomzefwD; ay;Edkifo nf/ vlawG udkc&pfawmfESif hol\ EIwfu ywf
awmfudkcHpm;&jcif;omjyKvkyfay;Edkifonf/ xdkwynfhawmfjyKvkyfay;jcif; ywf0ef;usifwGif
vlawGudk,Hk Munfjcif;odkYydkYaqmifay;Edkifonf/ odkYjzpfí þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;rSm ckdifcHh
onf h y nma&;yg&rD tm;jzif h v nf ; aumif ; ? c&pf a wmf tm;jzif h v nf ; aumif ; ol \
toufwmESif hoG efo if rIr sm;tay:üjzpfygonf / c&pf,mefwpfO D; jzpfzd kY omref um
vQHumod½Hkjzifhr[kwfyg/
Bruner onf wynf h awmf jzpfzd k Y uG J jym;jcm;em;onf h wynf h awmf jzpf atmif jyKvk yf
jcif;onf AwådZHcH,ljcif;odkY o,f,lay;jcif;ESifh AwådZHcH,lNyD;onfaemuf qufvufí
wynfhawmfjyKvkyfay;jcif;udk tus,fw0ifh&Sif;vif;csufay;ygonf/ þ&Sif;vif;csufrSm
McGavran \&Sif;vif ;csuf NyD;jynfh pH kjcif ;trI ESifh vdk uf zuf nD ygonf / od kY&mwGif Bruner
\tjrifrSm ueOD;puwynfhawmfjzpfatmifjyKvkyfjcif;onf McGavran tjrifxuf
omvGefrI&Sdonf/
30
“Disciple” (Matheteusate) qdkonfrSm omoemtrIaqmifvkyfief;
wm0eftm;vH k; ud kN cKHi Hk ygonf/ odk Yj zpfí ]]Awå dZHj yKvk yf ay;jcif; }} ESi fh
]]oifMum;ay;jcif;}} onf &nf&G,fcsufESpf&yfjzpfaom discipleship-bap-
tism, onf {0Ha*vdjzef YjzL;jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ ynmtodw&m;
&SdzdkY oifMum;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ . . . wynhfawmfjyKay;jcif;\yxr
&nf&G,fcsufrSma&muf&Sdygonf/ ,if;rSm wpfBudrfwpfcgwnf;AwådZHudk
cH,ljcif;jzpfonf/ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\tqufrSm oGefoifay;csufjzifh
qufvufí&SifoefrI&Sdygonf/ . . . odkYjzpfí BuD;rm;aomcdkif;apcsufonf
c&pf ,mef tjzpf p wif 0 if a &muf j cif ; (Awå d Z H c H ,l r I ) ES i f h q uf v uf í
wynfhawmftjzpfcH,lrIonf (a,½I\oGefoifay;csuf) jzifhod&SdEdkifygonf/
þtaxmuftxm;tm;jzifh wynfhawmfjyKvkyfay;jcif;onf ueOD;tvkyfvnf;
jzpfonfESifh qufvufíxdkol\toufwmwGifjyKvkyfay;&aomtvkyfESpfckpvHk;jzpfyg
onf/ ,cktcg uREfkyfwdkYESifhywfoufaomar;cGef;wpf&yfrSm yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;tm; AwådZH
rjyKvkyfcif wynfhawmfjyKvkyfay;jcif;tvkyfonf rnfonfenf;/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;
csuft&? vlawGudk wynfhawmfjzpfNyD; AwådZHudkcH,lí qufvufNyD;oifMum;rIjyKvkyf
ay;onf/ c&pf,mefrsm;tcsif;csif;wGif AwådZHudkcH,lNyD; qufvufíoifMum;jcif;wGif
oabmayguf&efvdktyf aMumif; oabmxm;jcif;uG JvGJjcif;r&S doavmufjzpf ygonf/
oabmxm;uGJvGJrIrSm AwådZHray;rD rnfonfht&mrsm;udkoifMum;ay;&rnfhtaMumif;
jzpfygonf/ þpOf;pm;csuftay:ü a,½IrnfodkYrdefYawmfrlonfudk wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;
twGuf avhvmrIjyK&rnf/ xdkrdefYqdkcsufrsm;twdkif; a,½I\aemufvdkufrsm;jrGufqdk
rnfjzpfygonf/
yxrqHk;taMumif;t&monf a,½I\wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkYt"dyÜm,fonf róJ
10;24-25 wGifawGY&Sd&ygonf/
wynfhonfq&mxufrom? uRefonfocifxufrom/ wynfhonf
q&muJ ho d kY vnf; aumif ;? uRef onf ocifu Jh o dk Yv nf ; aumif; jzpfv Qif
oifh a vmuf a y\/ tdr f & S if u d k aAvaZAk v[k a c:a0:MuvQif td rf o l
tdrfom;wdkYudkomíac:a0:Muvdrfhrnf/
 31
vlwpfOD;onf a,½I\wynfhawmfjzpfaomtcg a,½IuJhodkYyifjyKrlqufqHjcif;
cH&rnf/ em;vnfrSm;,Gif;rIcH&NyD; ESdyfpufjcif;udkcH&rnf/ vlawGu c&pfawmfü,HkMunf
jcif;&SdvmcgpwGif olwdkY\cufcJaomtajctaersm;udk olwdkY\,HkMunfcsuftwGufcH&
cuf y gonf / þusrf ; csuf t &? vl wpf O D ; OD ; onf wynf h a wmf j zpf v maomtcg
þwdkufcdkufrIrsm;udkcHEdkif&nf&Sdygu xdkolonf c&pfawmfü,HkMunfrI&ifhusufvmNyD;
wynfhawmfrjzpfcifuwnf;u&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpfí {0Ha*vdowif;pum;\tjzpfrSm
wynfhawmfjzpfzdkY xdkoludk,HkMunfjcif;ü&ifhusufrI&Sdvmatmif n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh
avSmifajymifjcif;udkcHEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ef ulnDay;ygonf/
'kwd,usrf;csuf\taMumif;t&mrSm vkum 14;26? 27? 33 wGifawGU&Sdygonf/
tMuifo lonf igh xH od kYv mí rd b? om;r,m;? nD tpfud k? ESr
wdkYudkvnf;aumif;? xdkrQru rdrdtoufudkvnf;aumif; rrkef;? xdkolonf
igh wynf h r jzpf E d k i f & m/ tMuif o l o nf rd r d v uf 0 g;uyf wd k i f u d k x rf ; í
ighaemufodkYrvdkuf? xdkolonf ighwynfhrjzpfEdkif&m/ xdkenf;wl? oifwdkYwGif
tMuifolonf rdrdü&SdorQudkrpGefYbJae\? xdkolonf ighwynfhrjzpfEdkif&m/
þusrf;csufonf rsm;jym;aomvltkyfBuD;onf a,½Iaemufuaevdkufygvm
onf (i,f 25)/ þusrf;csufESifhywfoufí a,½Ionf vltkyfBuD;vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yf
udk,H kMunfNyD ; ajymif ;vJrIr&S donfh,Hk Munfaomolrsm;udk vufcHrnf &Sdaomf olonf
vltkyfBuD;tm; roifhavsmfrvdktyfaompdwfysufp&mwHkYjyefrIudkusL;vGefoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
a,½I aemufodk Yvdkufj cif;onf wefaMu;wpf&yf& Sdygonf/ a,½Ionf pdwfwpf0uf
wpfy sufaemufvd ku fr sm;ud kr vdk vm;yg/ ol onf cH,l csuf jynfh 0onfh ol rsm;udk om
vdkvm;onf/ ol\wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfvdkvQif t&mtm;vHk;udkpGefYvTwfoGm;&rnf/ tdrf&mrsm;?
rdom;pk? aqGrsKd;? csrf;om<u,f0rIESifh &mxl;&mcHrsm;udkpGefYvTwfí olYaemufudkvdkuf&rnf/
vl tk y f B uD ; \vI y f & S m;rI o abmw&m;ES i f h y wf o uf í McGavran \tjrif r S m
vltkyfBuD;wpf&yfvHk;udkvufcHí olwdkY\pdwfcH,lcsufudk aemufrSjyKjyifpOf;pm;Edkifygonf/
odkY&mwGif a,½I\vrf;pOfrSm xdkodkYr[kwfyg/ csrf;om<u,f0aomtkyfcsKyfoltouf
t&G,fi,fao;aomolonf olYxHyg;odkYa &muf&SdvmaomtcgrSm wynfhawmftjzpf
vufrcHrD ol\pdwfudkvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;cH,lrIudkawmif;cHygonf/ McGavran \bmoma&;
32
,HkMunfcsufwpf&yfrSm csrf;om<u,f0aomtkyfcsKyfoludk t&Sdtwdkif;vufcHNyD; olYudk
wynfhawmftjzpfvnf;vufcHum ol\pdwfcH,lcsufudkaemufrS&,lEdkif&ef arQmfvifhcsuf
xm;&rnf/ þt&monf a,½I\vkyfenf;udkifenf;r[kwfyg/ a,½I\vdktyfcsufrSm
wynfhawmfrjzpfrD pdwfudkvHk;0tyfESHí t&m&mwdkif;udkpGefYvTwfEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/
wynfhawmfjzpfEdkifzdkY olwpfOD;OD;onf ol\vuf0g;uyfwdkifudkxrf;&GufEdkif&rnf/
rSwfom;p&mrSm ]]ighvuf0g;uyfwdkif}} r[kwfyg/ a,½I\ ]]olY&Jhvuf0g;uyfwdkif}}
udkxrf;Edkif&rnf/ vuf0g;uyfwdkifwGif taoowfjcif;cH&rnfholonf rdrd\uyfwdkifudk
taoowfjcif;cH&rnfhae&modkYxrf;íoGm;&onf/ uyfwdkifwGiftaoowfjcif;cH&olonf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh uRefr sm; (od kY r[kwf) tqk d; qH k; tjypfE S if hu sL;vGe fc Jh ol rsm;jzpf í
taoowfjcif;cH&olonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;rS&GH&Smrkef;wD;Muonf/ odkYjzpfí uyfwdkifudk
xrf ;&aomolo nf a,½I jyKouJ ho d kY rdr d\ uyfwdk i fu dk xrf; &onf / qdk vd ko nf rS m
rdwfaqGESifhaqGrsKd;rsm;wdkY\trkef;udk a,½IuJhodkYyiftjypfwifcH&jcif;tm; onf;cHí
usKd;EGHpGmcH,loGm;&rnf/ ol\wynfhawmfjzpfvdkvQif ]]ol\uyfwdkif}} udk xrf;&GufEdkif&rnf/
wynfhawmfrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYjyKrlEdkifvQif c&pfawmfESifhtwl ol\n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;udk
xyfwlxyfrQcHpm;&aomqufqHrIudk&&SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ þonfrSm vlwpfa,muftwGuf
þt&mxufBuD;rm;aom*kPfudk&&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/
c&pfawmfurf ;vSr f;aombmoma&;,HkM unfc sufo nf ol\wynfha wmfj zpfz dkY
ajymaomtcgrSm oufaomifhoufomESifh udk,fESpfouf&mt&mrsm;udkjyKvkyfEdkifzdkYr&Sdyg/
uyfwdkifudkxrf;&GufEdkifaomtoufwmb0jzpfygonf/ t"dyÜm,frSmvnf; toufwm
udkjzwfoef;aomtcg rIefukwfukwfESifhaysmf&TifrIuif;rJhaomb0vnf;r[kwfyg/ t"dyÜm,f
onf c&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfvmjcif;rSm ol\wynfhawmftjzpfcH,laomtcg c&pfawmf
ESifhaygif;zufjcif;\'ku©a0'emcHpm;rIESifh jyóemcHpm;&rIonf tcGifhta&;wpf&yf
taejzifhaysmfarGYjcif;&SdEdkifaMumif;qdkvdkygonf/ c&pfawmfonf þurÇmü oufaomifh
oufomESifh aysmfarG Yjcif;&S drnf udk oluwdrjyKyg/ odk Y&mwGif olwpfOD; \&if wGif ;ü
Nidrf;csrf;rIESifhaysmfarGYjcif;udk&&SdrnfjzpfaMumif; uwdjyKygonf/ þtjzpfudk&&SdzdkYqdkonfrSm
wynhfawmfrsm;onf a,½I\uyfwdkifudk aysmfarGUpGmjzifhxrf;&GufMuygonf/ Orlando
Costas tMuH jyKoG m;onf rS m n§Of ;yef;ESd yf puf jcif;udk cH&aomtoufwmrS m wynfh awmf
jzpfjcif;ac:qdkrI\wefaMu;jzpfygonf/
 33
a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif ay:vGifaom½kyfvHk;rsm;onf a,½I\ordkif;
\EI wf u ywf a wmf t m;jzif h B uD ; xG m ;vmonf h tpOf t vmjzpf y gonf /
uyfwdkif\owif;pum;rSm toufwm\n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;ESifh aojcif;
w&m;udkoufaocHjcif;jzpfonf/
a,½I\wynfhawmfjzpf&jcif;ESifhywfoufaomusrf;csufrSm a,m[ef 8;31-32
wGifawGU&Sd&ygonf/
]]xdktcga,½Iu? oifwdkYonf ig\a'oemüwnfvQif ighwynfh
trSefjzpfMu\/ or®mw&m;udkvnf;odMuojzifh xdkw&m;onf oifwdkYudk
vTwfvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfaom,k'vlwdkYtm; rdefYawmfrl\/}}
þusrf;csufonf a,½Iu olYudk,HkMunfvsuf&Sdaomolrsm;udk pum;ajymvsuf
&Sdonf/ ,ckrSm? a,½Ionf McGavran ay;aomwynfhawmf\t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsuf
jzpfaom ]]a,½Iq Dodk YueOD;vma&mufjcif;}} udk vufc Hrnf qdkv Qif þolr sm;onf
wynf h a wmf r sm;jzpf N yD ; om;[l í ,l q &rnf/ od k Y & mwG i f a,½I u d k ,H k M unf r I & S d o nf
ESifhrvHkavmufyg/ wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYqdkonfrSm ol\oGefoifay;csufrsm;udk tjrJwrf;
axG; ydk uf& rnfjzpfo nf / þonfrS m tapmyd kif ;u Bruner utqdk jyKoG m;onfr Sm
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf c&pfawmfxHodkYvma&mufjcif;xuf tcsdefMumjrifhrnfjzpfygonf/
c&pfawmf\oGefoifcsufudk qufvufNyD;vufcH,lEdkifzdkYqdkonfrSm trSefw&m;
udkod&SdEdkif&ef a,½IuwdjyKoGm;onf/ a,m[efonf a,½Iuaemufydkif;wGif oltrSef
w&m;jzpfaMumif;rdefYrSmcJhonf (a,m[ef 14;6)/ a,½I\wynfhawmfjzpfzdkY olwpfOD;onf
a,½Itm;toufwmwGiftrSefw&m;tvHk;pHkudkod&Sdem;vnfzdkYvd konf/ þodkYjzpf&ef
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;ESifhtnD bmom0g'topful;ajymif;pvlonf wynfhawmfrjzpfcif
a,½ItaMumif;udktajccHoGefoifcsufrsm;ay;&rnf/ ydkrdk&Sif;vif;atmifjyKpkaom usrf;csufü
tqdkjyKoGm;onfrSm? wynfhawmfjzpfolonf a,½I\oGefoifcsufrsm;udk jrJjrHpGmaxG;ydkufí
toufwmudk xdkoGefoifcsuftwdkif;aexdkifzdkYjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf
a,½IajymoGm;onfhtwdkif;emcHrI&Sdonf? ynwfawmfudk apmifhxdef;oljzpfonf/ tjzpfrSefrSm
a,½I \ ynwf a wmf u d k a pmif h x d e f ; &jcif ; onf a,½I u d k c spf j rwf E d k ; jcif ; jzpf o nf /
F-5
34
vd ktyf íaomf vnf ; aumif ;? wm0ef t&aomf vnf ; aumif ; r[k wf y g/ þonfr S m
a,½IESifhjrJjrHpGmzufwG,fjcif;jyKí wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\tajccHESifh ol\oGefoifcsuftay:ü
emcHr I&S do nfh twG uf tjyify ef; ü jrifomEdk ifj cif ;jzpf onf / tjyifyef;ürjrif &vQif
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf r&Sdao;aMumif;ay:vGifaeygonf/
wynfhawmfwpfOD;onf a,½I\ac:awmfrljcif;udkMum;aomtcgrSm
olYaemufodkYvdkufygjcif;jzpfonf/ ,k'vltwGuf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf
avmuDa&;&m*&dbmomxuft"dyÜm,f&Sdonf/ *&dbmomwGif wynfhawmf
onf ausmif;om;? wynfh? tvkyfoifolt"dyÜm,faygufonf/ "r®opf
usrf ; wG i f vH k ; vH k ; vsm;vsm;opö mcH j cif ; t"d y Ü m ,f & onf / þonf r S m
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\oGefoifcsuftay:üxif[yfygonf/
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifhywfoufí usrf;csufaemufwpfckrSm a,m[ef 13;34 wGif
twdkqHk;awGU&ygonf/
oifwdkYonf tcsif;csif;wpfa,mufudkwpfa,mufcspfMuavmh/ igonf
oifwdkYudkcspfonfenf;wl tcsif;csif;cspfMuavmh[k ynwfopfudkigay;\/
cspfjcif;onf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;&Sd&rnf? rrSm;r,Gif;Edkifaomwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\
tprf;oyfcHEdkif&rnf/ olwpfOD;OD;onf wynfhawmfjzpfaMumif;od&SdEdkifonfrSm olonf
a,½IcspfbdouJhodkY >cif;csufr&SdcspfEdkifaomoljzpfvQif od&SdEdkifonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
cspfjcif;onf vHk;0jynfhpHkrI&Sd&efr[kwfyg/ ½dk;pif;aoma,½I\cspfjcif;rSmawGU&Sd&ygrnf/
tenf;qH k;xd kwynf hawmfüwnf ptcsdefwGif cspfj cif; udkjrifEd kif&rnf/ tu,f íom
BuD ; rm;aomapcd k if ; csufo nf uREfk y fwd kY tm; wynfh a wmfj zpf z dk Y apcdk i f; vQif rdr d ud k
c&pf,mef[kac:qdkaomolwdkY\pdwfESvHk;ü c&pfawmf\tcspfr&SdbJ wynfhawmftjzpf
jyKvkyfay;rnfqdkvQif c&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;udk rSm;,Gif;pGmoufaocHvdrfhrnf/
a&S ;OD; toif ;awmf\tH hzG,faomatmifjrifrIo nf olwdk Y\vk yfenf;ud kife nf;
ay:wGi frSefuefrI& Sdjcif;aMumifh t"dur[kwfbJ olwdk Y\oufaocHr IrSm yHkrSe fjzpfí
olwdkY\toufwmwGif a,½Iazmfxkwfay;aomyHkpHtm;jzifh tjrJwrf;jyoEdkifNyD; wynfh
awmfjzpfjcif;\yHkpHrSefazmfjyEdkifaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ vltkyfBuD;udk toif;awmf\
 35
tzGJY 0if tjzpf þjywf om;&S if; vif ;onfhwynfha wmf jzpfjcif ;\oufa ocH rIr &S dvQif
uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusa&mufjcif;wpf&yfjzpfrnf/ þonfrSm toif;awmf\obm0oufao
cHjcif ;udkzsufqD ;&ma&mufoG m;onf? c&pf,mefjzpfj cif;udkvnf ; tm;avsmh aponf/
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifhywfoufí a,½I\ñTefMum;csufrSm toif;awmf\vkyfief;
wpf&yftjzpfaqmif&Guf&efjzpfí toif;awmftm; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\oufaocHrIudk
tpGyftpGJtajymtqdkcH&jcif;rsKd;udk wm;qD;&efjzpfonf/ a,½Ionf vly&dowfrsm;
qDodkYa&muf&SdEdkif&ef ta&;ay;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif olonf olwdkYqDodkYa&muf&Sdaom
tcgwGif tjzpfrSefESifha&muf&Sdvdkygonf/ twktyc&pf,mefjzpfjcif;jzifhra&muf&Sdvdkyg/
wynfhawmfjyKvkyfjcif;ESifhywfoufí a,½IñTefjyaomusrf;csufrSm a,m[ef 15;8
wGifawGU&ygonf/
oifwdkYonf rsm;pGmaomtoD;udkoD;aomtm;jzifh ighcrnf;awmfonf
bkef;xif&Sm;awmfrlí? oifwdkYonfvnf; ig\wynfhrSefjzpfMuvdrfhrnf/
c&pfawmfESifhtquftoG,fjyKjcif;onf toD;oD;jcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm
aygif;zufjcif;&v'frvGJraoGjzpfygonf/ rvGJraoGjzpf&jcif;rSm toD;udkrawGY&SdvQif
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;r&Sdao;aMumif;od&SdEdkifonf/
aemufwpfcka,½I\prf;oyfcsufrSm toif;awmfrSvlwpfOD;onf wynfhawmf
jzpfj cif; &S dr &S d ud kwdk if ;wmEdk i fo nf rS m xd ko l onf toD; ud ko D; &rnf/ xdk toD; onf
rnfonfht&menf;/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;onf a,½IajymaomtoD;rSm *vmwdusrf;wGif
&SifaygvkazmfjycJhaom0dnmOfawmftoD;udkajymqdkjcif;jzpfygonf[kqdkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif
a,½Ionf &SifaygvkrwdkifrD pum;ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ þusrf;csufESifhywfoufí
a,½Ionf rdrdudk,fudkajymjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf pyspfyifjzpfí ol\aemufvdkufrsm;rSm
tudkif;tcufjzpfygonf/ tudkif;tcufrsm;onf toD;oD;jcif;tvkyfudkaqmif&Guf&
rnf/ þonfrSm yifpnfES ifh qufo G,f rI& Sdj cif ;aMumif hjzpfy gonf/ toD; roD ;vQif
jzwfawmufjcif;cH&rnf/
þusrf;csufwpfckvHk;rSm trIawmfaqmifonf em;vnfrI&Sd&ygrnf/ c&pf,mef
wpfOD;onf toD;roD;bJ tjcm;aomwynfhawmfudkr jyKvkyfcJhaomf ol onf trSef
wu,fwynfhawmfrjzpfao;yg/ odkYjzpfí vlwpfOD;onf a,½ItaMumif;udkrQa0cHpm;rI
36
rjyKvQif a,½I\aemufvdkuftjzpfrjzpfEdkifyg/ wynfhawmfrsm;onf rQa0cHpm;&NyD;
tjcm;aomwynfhawmfrsm;jyKvkyfay;&rnf/ odkYr[kwfvQif olwdkYudkwynfhawmfrsm;
jzpf aMumif ;rajymqdk Ed ki fy g/ wpfo uf wmrS mwpf Budrf omvQif ajymif;vJr I& Sd jcif ;udk
av;av;eufeufESifh*½kwpdkufr&Sdjcif;udka&Smif&Sm;&rnf/ a,½I\wynfhawmfjzpf&jcif;
onf vlrsm;udkac:zdwfí tjrJwrf;wynfhawmfjyKvkyfjcif;tvkyfudkaqmif&Guf&ef&Sdonf/
a,½Ionf uREfkyfwdkYtm; toD;ajrmufjrm;pGmoD;apcsifonf/
od kY jzpfí a,½I\wynfh awmfj zpfzd kY ac:,l jcif ;onf toD;oD; aomc&pf ,mef
rsm;jzpf z d k Y a c:zd wf j cif ; jzpf o nf/ quf v uf ítoD ; oD ; Edk i f a omwynf h a wmf r sm;ud k
xkwfvkyfEdkifonfhtoif;awmfjzpfzdkYac:,laeygonf/ þtjzpfESifhywfoufí a,½Ionf
aMunmrIjyKí c&pf,mef rsm;wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf tjcm;olrsm;udk wynfh awmf
jzpfzdkYyg0ifrIrjyKvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? c&pf,meftoif;awmfwpfckonf wynfhawmf
jzpf a tmif r jyKvQif a omf v nf ; aumif ; xd k t oif ; awmf o nf &yf wnf í r&Ed k i f y g/
þonfrSmBuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufESifhtwl qufoG,frI&Sdí a,½I\apcdkif;csufrSm ol\
aemufvdkufrsm;onf oGm;íwynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkYjyKvkyf&rnf/
c&pf,mefrsm;tm;vHk;onf wynfhawmfjzpf&jcif;\&ifhusufrIudk&&SdNyD;
tjcm;aomolr sm;ud k wynf ha wmf rsm;jzpf zd kY a qmif &G uf Ed ki f jcif ;&Sd &rnf /
wynfh awmfwdk if ; onf tjcm;aomBuD; xG m;vmonf h wynf ha wmf rsm;\
0dn mOfa&;rdbrsm;jzpf& rnf/ NyD;vQif 0dn mOfa&;tbdk; ? aemufNyD;vQif
0dnmOfa&;tab;jzpf&rnf/
ppf r S e f a omwynf h a wmf r sm;onf bk & m;ocif \ Ed k i f i H a wmf w G i f
omoemjyKoltjzpfarG;zGm;vmcJhonf/
þoabmjzifhajymif;vJjcif;cH&aomolonf ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdao;
aomvlrsm;udk ajymif;vJapí xdkolwdkYtm;vnf; bk&m;ocif\trIawmf
aqmifrsm;tjzpfyg0ifrI&SdNyD; c&pfawmfudk,fxnfudktvkyftauR;jyKjcif;
jzpfonf/ . . . trSeftm;jzifh jynfhpHkrI&Sdaomtoufwmajymif;vJrIonf
or®musrf;pmESifhtnD jzpfpOfoHk;ydkif;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm (1) c&pfawmftm;jzifh
bk&m;ocifodkYajymif;vJjcif;? (2) c&pfawmfudk,fxnfjzpfaom toif;awmfodkY
 37
ajymif ; vJ j cif ; ES i f h (3) urÇ mtwG u f trI a wmf o d k Y ajymif ; vJ j cif ; onf
c&pfawmftaocHjcif;jzpfonf/
þudpöESifhywfoufí {0Ha*vdowif;pum;a[mMum;csufpepfESifh toif;awmf
wGiftoif;om;jzpfzdkYjyifqifaomtcg topfaomwynfhawmfwpfOD;onf vHkavmuf
onfhtoif;om;wdkY\od&Sd&rnfhtcsuftvufwdkYudkod&Sd&efjzpfNyD; tawGYtBuKHvnf;
zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmí wynfhawmf rsm;wdk;yGm;rIwpfzef&Sdvm&efvkyfief;onf pwifNyD;
vk yfa qmifEd kif &ef tcsuftvufE Sif htawGY tBuKHv dktyfa Mumif ; tMuH jyKoGm;onf/
þjzpf&yfonf c&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfvmzdkY tpOD;üac:qdkaomtcgwGifod&Sdem;vnf&yg
rnf/ wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYac:qdkjcif;onf wpfzeftjcm;aomolrsm;udk wynfhawmfjzpf&ef
tawGYtBuKHcHpm;csufr&SdbJESifhac:qdkjcif;rjyKoifhyg/ þjzpf&yfonf tMuHjyKoGm;onfrSm
ac:qdkjcif;udkjrefqefpGmvufcHí AwådZHay;jcif;xufajymif;vJjcif;&Sd&ef OD;pm;ay;jcif;jzpf
ygonf /
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifhywfoufaomtMuHjyKcsufwdkYudk avhvmaomtcg a,½I
onf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;wGif þodkYawGYBuKH&rnfudkem;vnfoabmaygufygonf/
1/ wynfhawmfwpfOD;onf c&pfawmfudkoufaocH&mü olonf n§Of;yef;ESdyfpuf
jcif;ESifhavSmifajymifoa&mfrIudkcHEdkif&nf&Sd&rnf/
2/ wynfhawmfwpfOD;onf c&pfawmf\ocifjzpfjcif;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;opömcH,l
&rnf ? tm;vH k ; aomt&mrsm;ud k p G e f Y v T wf E d k i f & rnf - ypö n f ; Opö m? rd o m;pk ?
rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm; ponfwdkYudk c&pfawmf\ta&;awmfyHktwGufpGefYvTwfEdkif
&rnf/
3/ wynfhawmfwpfOD;onf a,½I\oGefoifcsufrsm;udk tajccHtm;jzifhem;vnfí
vdkufavQmufaomoljzpfonf/
4/ wynfhawmfwpfOD;onf yGifhvif;aoma,½I\cspfjcif;udkvufcHí >cif;csufr&Sd
cspfjrwfEdk;Edkif&rnf/
5/ wynfhawmfwpfOD;onf toD;oD;í a,½ItwGufwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkjyKvkyf
ay;Edkif&rnf/
38
tu,fíom txufwGifazmfjyonfhtcsufig;csufonf a,½Iu ]]wynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;}} udk&nfñTef;í&Sdaomf ol\apcdkif;csufjzpfaom BuD;rm;onfhapcdkif;csuf\
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk {0Ha*vdowif;pum;jzefYa0jcif;\aqmif&GufrIenf;pepftoHk;jyK
jcif;ESifh toif;awmfudkwnfaxmifjcif;onf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tay:ü cdkif;apcsuf
wGif&SdcJhaomf wynfhawmft"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm þtcsufig;csufESifhwlnDrI&SdEdkifonf/
þtcsufrSm ]]ueOD;u c&pfawmfxHodkYvma&mufjcif;}} xufydkygonf/ wynfhawmfjzpf
jcif;cH&olonf cdkifrmonfh,HkMunfcsufzGHYNzKd;rI&Sdaeygonf/ xdkcdkifrmaom,HkMunfcsuf
zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrIonf aeYcsif;ncsif;rjzpfvmEdkifyg/ tcsdeftcgtawmftwefvdktyfygonf/
odkYjzpfí þtcsufonf pOf;pm;p&mjzpfNyD; ]]wynfhawmf}} a0g[m&udktoHk;jyKí a,½I\
toif;awmfudkaqmif&Gufvdkaomt&mjzpfonf/
ocifb k & m;\c&pf ,mef toif ;awmf o dk Y trd e fY a wmf onf róJ 28;19 wG i f
&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdktrdefYawmfonf ,HkMunfjcif;zGH YNzKd;wdk;wufrI&Sd&ef
awmif;cHvsuf&Sdonf/ xdk zGHYNzKd;wdk; wufrIo nf vlawGtm; txufwGif azmfjyonfh
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\vu©Pmudkjyojcif;jzpfygonf/ {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkjzefYa0
aomtoif;awmfrSm þwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\ tajccHtcsuftvufudkjyifqifjcif;
rjyKygu cRwf,Gif;aomenf;pepftoHk;jyKjcif;jzpfí toD;oD;aomtoif;awmfrsm;rjzpf
vmyg/ vlawGudktpkvdkuftNyKHvdkuf&&SdEdkifjcif;rjyK Edkifyg/ wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf wynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;&,lEdkifygonf/ wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf*½kpdkufrIay;rS ocifbk&m;\BuD;rm;aom
apcdkif;csufESifhtnD&SdEdkifrnf/ wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf oGefoifcsufudkay;Edkif&ef vuf&Sd
wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfolwdkYonf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tvkyfudk aqmif&GufEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
tu,f íom trI awmfa qmif q &mrsm;udk tm;udk ; &ygu þoGe f o if c suf rsm;onf
b,fawmhrQrNyD;pD;Edkifyg/ odkYjzpfí c&pf,mefjzpfolwdkif;onf trIaqmifrsm;jzpfí
wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfatmifaqmif&GufaomtrIawmfaqmifrsm;jzpfaMumif; "r®opfusrf;wGif
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
toufwmudkajymif;vJzdkYac:,ljcif;onf wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYzdwfac:
csufjzpfonf/. . . a,½IrSwdkuf½dkufac:,ljcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? wrefawmf
rsm;\yg0if v I y f & S m;rI wG i f a omf v nf ; aumif ; ar&S d ,\vk y f i ef ; wG i f
 39
,HkMunfcsuf&Sd&rnf/. . . EdkifiHawmf\vnfywfrIwpf&yfwGifjzpfonf/
odk Yj zpfí vlY tzG JY tpnf ;wpf& yf onf yg0if ywfo uf rI &S d NyD; urÇ mwGi f
xda&mufaomwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\tvkyfwGif yg0ifywfoufrI&Sdonf/
McGavran onfyifvQif owdjyKcJhonfrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;onf
AwådZHray;rD oGefoifcsufrsm;ay;jcif;tvkyfudk ydkrdktav;xm;onfhtwGuf toufwm
ajymif;vJvmolwdkYudk ydkrdkxdef;ay;EdkifaMumif;ajymoGm;onf/ c&pfawmfxHodkY ueOD;
vma&mufj cif ;ud ko m oGe f oifc suf a y;aomtk yf p kr sm;onf ajymif ; vJ vmolr sm;ud k
MumMumrxdef;odrf;Edkifyg/
Kessler ESifh Money wdkYonf rSefuefrI&SdrnfqdkvQifESifh yD½l;EdkifiHwGif
ajrmf v ifh j cif ; toif ; om;rsm;BuD ; xG m;rIu d k xd a &muf o nf ho if Mum;rIr S m
rl w nf c J h a Mumif ; u,f w if j cif ; twG u f v d k t yf o nf h t&mrsm;ud k oif
oif Mum;ay;vsuf &S do nf ud k tb,fa Mumif h tjcm;c&pf ,mef rsm;onf
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfudktwk,lNyD; u,fwifjcif;twGuf vdktyfonfh
t&mrsm;udkxda&mufpGmroifMum;ay;Edkifygoenf;/
odkY&mwGif wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk oD;jcm;aomtoif;awmfwGifaomfvnf;aumif;?
bmoma&;*dkPf; cGJaomfv nf;aumif; vG,fulp Gm0g'oGwf oGif;ír&yg/ wynf hawmf
jzpfjcif;onf t"dutm;jzifh c&pfawmf\ocifbk&m;jzpfaMumif;tay:ü opömcH,lrI
tay:ürlwnfygonf/ opömcH,lrI&Sdaomolrsm;udkom toif;awmf\rdwfo[m,xJodkY
AwådZHudkay;&onf/
a,½I\apcdkif;csuft&? vla wGudk yxrOD;pGmwynfhawmfrsm;tjzpfvufcH,l
onf? NyD;aomtcgrS a,½I\udk,fum,xJodkY AwådZHudkay;ygonf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif
xdk udk,fxnfo nf a,½I\toif; awmfj zpfa Mumif; &S if;vif;pG mazmfjyxm;ygonf/
oabmw&m;tm;jzifh AwådZHay;jcif;onf toif;awmfwGif toif;om;tjzpfvufcH
,lNyD;rS AwådZHudkcH,lygonf/ toif;om;jzpfjcif;onf BuKdwifvdktyfcsufjzpfí yxr
OD;pGmwynfhawmfjzpf&ygonf/ a,½I\t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufonf &Sif;vif;pGmbmoma&;
,HkMunfcsuftjzpf ,HkMunfolrsm;udk AwådZHay;&jcif;jzpfonf/
40
,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif AwådZHudkqdkif;iHhí wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\oufaotaxmuf
txm;ay:vGifrS AwådZHay;jcif;onf toif;awmfBuD;xGm;rItpDtpOfwGif qefYusifbuf
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif cdkifjrJaomtoif;awmfBuD;xGm;rIü wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIwGif
&SdcJhvQif toif;awmfBuD;xGm;rItwGuf ydkrdkaumif;ygvdrfhrnf/ toif;awmfowdjyK&
rnfrSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\trdefYawmfrSm wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkapcdkif;ygonf/
toif;awmfwGif toif;om;jzpf&jcif;r[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif wynfhawmfjzpf&rnfholonf
AwådZHay;jcif;udk toif;awmfwGiftzG J Y0ifjzpfrnfholonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufwGif
opömcH,laomoljzpf&rnf/
AwådZHcH,ljcif;onf tjypfvTwfjcif;\oauFwxuft"dyÜm,f&Sdonf/ "r®opf
usrf;wGif oufaotaxmuftxm;BuD;rm;pGm&SdonfrSm AwådZHonf ,HkMunfolrsm;\
trIawmfwGif oefY&Sif;rIcH,lonfhoauFwtjzpfaqmifxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ uREfkyfonf
þtcsufudk uREfkyfa&;om;aom Revolution in the Church wGif aqG;aEG;rIjyKcJhonf/
tcef;BuD; (7) wGif "r®opfusrf;rSay;aqmifonfhoufaocHcsufrSm AwådZHay;jcif;ESifh
twl acgif;ay:vufwifxm;jcif;trIonf ,HkMunfolwdkif;rSm trIaqmifwGif pwif
vufcHaMumif;oauFwjzpfygonf/ "r®opfusrf;trIawmfaqmifjcif;trIwGif o[Zmw
jzpf&ef ,aeYtoif;awmfwGif oefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;trIudk ,HkMunfolwdkif;twGuf
trIawmfwGifpwif0ifa&mufaMumif; jyefvnfazmf&rnfjzpfygonf/ c&pf,meftoif;0if
tjzpfodkYa&muf&SdaMumif;azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ AwådZHay;jcif;onf a,½IuJhodkYAwådZH
ay;jcif;oauFwjzpfrnfqdkvQif AwådZHay;jcif;rSm trIawmfwGif0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfygu
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIonf AwådZHrwdkifrDtvkyfonf vlawGudkc&pfawmf\trIawmf
wGifBuKdwifíjyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfudk u,fwif&Siftjzpf tod
trSwfjyKjcif;wGif AwådZHtvsiftjrefay;jcif;onf roifhavsmfyg/ AwådZHudkcH,laom
ol o nf c&pf a wmf \ trI a wmf wG i f jyif q if r I r sm;jyKvk y f& rnf / xd k tjzpf o nf y if
vsif j ref p G mAwå d ZH a y;jcif ; ud k wm;jrpf & ma&muf y gonf / Awå d ZH u d k c H ,l a omol o nf
c&pfawmf\trIawmfwGifyg0ifrI&Sd&ef jyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyf&rnf/ c&pfawmfonf ol\
toif;awmftm;pkpnf;aumuf,ljcif;&SdNyD;om;jzpfonf/
0wfjyK&efpka0;onfhomoemvlpkonf rdrdudk,fudkbk&m;ocif\vl
wpf&yfvHk;tjzpf tjrif&SdaomtcgwGif olwdkYonf rdrdudk,fudkoefY&Sif;rI
 41
jyKjcif;\t"dyÜm,f,lqcsufudkjyKjyifajymif;vJzdkYvdktyfvdrfhrnf/ a,½I\
wynfhawmfrsm;tjzpf c&pfawmf\udk,fcE¨mxJodkY toif;om;rsm;tjzpf
twnf jyKjcif; cH &aomtcsd ef rS m olwdk Yo nf twnfj yKjcif ;cH& onfE Si fh
wpf y gwnf ; toif ; awmf \ omoemtwG u f trd e f Y a wmf w pf & yf r S m
toif ; awmftwG i f; ES i fh urÇ mavmuwG i f trI a wmfa qmif& G u f & rnf /
rdrdudk,fudkoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;ü þvlpkonf udk,fudkoD;oefYz,fxkwfNyD;
toif;om;wdkYonf trIawmftwGufESifh apcdkif;csuftrdefYawmftwGuf
udk,fudkjynfhpHkrIwyfqifjcif;? &nf&G,fxm;&Sdjcif;ESifh pnf;½Hk;aqmfMorI&Sd&
rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudkoefY&Sif;pifMu,fjcif;trIonf rdrdudk,f
udkoD;oefYz,fxkwfí toif;om;wdkYtm; trIawmfjrwftwGuf bk&m;
ocif\omoemvlrsm;tjzpftwnfjyKjcif;cH&rnf/
þxufru toif;awmfonf toufwmajymif;vJjcif;cH&oltwGuf oifMum;rI
rsm;qufvufíBuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuft& oifMum;ay;&rnf/ þtcsufudk toif;awmf
rsm;uvspfvsL½I cJhygonf/ tBudr frsm;pGmtm;jzifh Awåd ZHay;NyD;aemuf þvlawG udk
arhusefí&Sdygonf/ þodkYrjzpf&bJ bmoma&;0g'opfudkvufcH&,laomtoif;om;
opfrsm;ud k oifM um;ay;a&;ywf0 ef;usif wGi fxm;&Sd NyD ; a,½I\ oGe foifcsufrsm;udk
oifMum;&,lí xajrmufjcif;cH&aomc&pfawmfESifh rdwfo[m,aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
onf BuD;xGm;rI&Sdvdrfhrnf/
taMumif;w&m;tm;vHk;rS a,½Ionf ynwfawmfudkapmifhxdef;aom
olrsm;udkvdkvm;ygonf/ þwifpm;csufrSm c&pf,mefrsm;onf a,½Iudk
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifhqdkifaompum;&yfjzifhomem;vnfMuonf/ (Davies).
xdkenf;tm;jzifh pdwf<ujcif;? ta&;taMumif;? oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
aomt&mrsm;udk taumif;qHk;tOD;&,l í a,½IudkemcHjcif;jzifh ppfrSef
aomwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udktmrcH&&Sdrnf/
odkYjzpfí rSwfausmufwifjcif;cH&aomwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifh AwådZHcH,lNyD;aom
olrsm;onf olwdkY\qufvufía,½I\oGefoifcsufrsm;udk emcHrI&SdonfudkawGU&vdrfhrnf/
F-6
42
olwdkY\ajymif;vJaomtoufwmudk oufaocHtjzpf xdkwynfhawmf AwådZHay;jcif;cH&
olwGifawGU&Sd&rnf/ olwdkYonf xl;jcm;uGm[rI&Sdrnf/
t ES
pfcsK
yf
þtydk'fwGif a&S;OD;toif;awmfudktm½HkjyKjcif;rSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftm;
ausyGefatmifaqmif&GufNyD;pD;cJhonfudk &Sif;vif;pGmawGY&Sd&ygonf/ yifawukawåaeY
onf uav;b0omom&Sda o;aomtoif;awmf onf xajrmuf cJ haomc&pf awmf\
&Sdaejcif;udk oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\apcdkif;csufwefcdk;tm;jzifh aqmif&GufEdkifaMumif;
awGU&Sd&onf/ odkY&mwGif toif;awmf\tkwfjrpfrSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufwGifom
&SdaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGmawGU&Sd&ygonf/ xdkapcdkif;csuf\tm½HkjyKrIrSm wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;
tay:üwnf&Sdygonf/ tjcm;aom&v'frSm a,½IrSvufrcHEdkifyg/ olonf toif;
awmftm; wynfhawmfjzpfzdkY tvkyfudkaqmif&Guf&efapcdkif;ygonf/ odkYjzpfí emcHrI
&Sdaomtoif;awmfrsm;onf xdktvkyfudkvkyfaqmif&rnf/
uREfkyfwdkYqufvufíawGY&Sd&onfrSm ]]wynfhawmf}} a0g[m&\t"dyÜm,fudk
a,½IrSmzGifhqdkay;cJhonf/ xdkt"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufonf ordkif;0ifa,½IrSay;í c&pfawmf
\cE¨mESifhA[dkjyKwG,fwmqufpyfrIjyKí olwpfOD;csif;tay:ü vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;aom
opömcH,lrIudkusdefqdkcJhygonf/ odkYjzpfí c&pfawmftm; rdrd\toufwmtwGuf ocif
bk&m;tjzpfvHk;0vufcHjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkopömcH,lrIudkvufcHí wynfhawmfjzpfolonf
AwådZHudkcH,lí a,½ItaMumif;udktjrJwrf;oif,lrIjyKygonf/ þor®musrf;pmt&?
em;vnfrI&Sdjcif;udk toif;awmftwGuftrdefYawmfay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ol\apcdkif;csuf
t&? wynfhawmfrsm;jyKvkyfí þwynfhawmfrsm;udk AwådZHay;jcif;ESifh tjrJwrf;ol\
oGefoifcsuftay:üopöm&SdzdkYjyKvkyfcJhonf/ toif;awmfonf þor®musrf;pmtjrifESifh
nDnGwfrSom vHkavmufaomopömcH,lrI&&Sdí BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkemcHrI&Sdrnf/
þuJhodkYjzpfrS rsKd;yGm;Edkifaomtoif;awmfjzpfEdkifrnf/
____
 43
tcef ; BuD ; (2)
a&S ; OD ; toif ; awmf E S i f h a pcd k i f ; csuf t ay:
em;vnf o abmayguf j cif ;
"r® o pfu srf ; acwf umvonf BuD ;rm;aomapcdk i f ; csuf \ pd e f a c:oH E Si f h twl
a,½Iwynfhawmfem;xJwGif Mum;a,mifvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkapcdkif;csufudk ausyGefatmif
aqmif& Guf ay;Ed ki fz dkY pdwf apmNyD; ? ocifb k& m;\ñT ef Mum;csuf ud ke mcH vsuf& Sd onf/
aemufq,f&uftwGif;wGif olwdkYonf pdwfxufoefpGmuwdûycJhaomoefY&Sif;onfh
0dnmOfawmfoGef;avmif;jcif;udk êudwifapmifhqdkif;vsuf&Sdonf/ þ0dnmOfawmfonf
trIawmfapcdkif;csufudkaqmif&GufEdkif&ef wefcdk;tmPmudkay;oGm;rnf/ xdkapcdkif;csufrSm
vlwdkif;tm; wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkY ûyvkyf&efjzpfonf/ olwdkY \apmifharQmfjcif;onf
tv[órjzpfwef&m/ q,f&ufajrmufaomtcsdefwGif yifawukawåaeY&uftjzpf
tysufBuD;onf ay:xGufí toif;awmfonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftm; ausyGef
atmifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef aqmif&Gufjcif;ûyvsuf&Sdonf/
yi fawu k
awå aeYES
i fh
t r Iawmfapcd
i f;csu fu d
k k
em;v n fo ab maygu fjci f;
a,½Io nf ol \wynfh awmfrsm;udk ol \oefY& Sif ;aom0dnmOfa wmf wefcd k;udk
apmifharQmf&efñTefMum;cJhygonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u toif;awmfonf omomemûyzdkY
twGuf xdkwefcdk;awmfudk ,aeYwGifapmifharQmf&vdrfhrnf/ &v'ftajzrSm toif;awmf
cyfrsm;rsm;onf EdkifiHtoD;oD;odkYroGm;bJ xdkwefcdk;awmfudkapmifharQmfvsuf&Sdygonf/
a,½IajymaomapmifharQmf&onfrSm wpfBudrfwpfcgrQomay:xGufaomtjzpftysufyg
wnf;? wynfhawmfrsm;u êuHcJh&NyD;jzpfygonf/ xdkapmifharQmfjcif;rSm yifawukawåaeY
tjzpftysuf ESif hêuH awGY cJh& NyD; jzpf onf/ qufvuf íapmifhq dkif ;&ef rvdk tyfa wmhy g/
uREfkyfwdkYaexdkifaomumvwGif oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ay;a0rIumvüae&ygonf/
0dnmOfawmfonf oGef;avmif;jcif;NyD;ygNyD/ xdk0dnmOfawmfoGef;avmif;jcif;udk ,ckyif
,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGufcH,lEdkifygonf/ yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;OD;onf c&pfawmfüwynfhawmf
44
jzpfjcif;udkcH,laomtcsdefü oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;onf csufcsif;yif&&Sdonf
jzpfí tjcm;olrsm;udkoufaocHEdkifNyD/
wpfcsde fcsdef wG if toif; awmfonf apmifh arQmf &ef vdk tyfvd rfh rnf/ odk Y& mwG if
xd ka pmif ha rQmf jcif; onf 0d nmOf awmfwef cd k; ES ifh a0;uGmatmifa vQmuf oG m;onfj zpfí
trIawmfaqmif&Guf&ef wefcdk;awmfr&Sdao;yg/ uREf kyfwdkY\pdwfxm;rSm jyefvnfí
0dnmOfawmfudkvufcHEdkifzdkYvdktyfvdrhfrnf/ odkY&mwGif bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYudk
trIawmfaqmif&GufEdkif&ef 0dnmOfawmfudkapvTwfjcif;rûybJaeonfr[kwfyg/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf 0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;tm;vufrcHí oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;ESifhjynfh0aom
trIawmfudkraqmif&GufEdkifjcif;jzpfygonf/
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\oGef;avmif;jcif;txuftcef;toif;awmfü &v'frSm
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;a,½I\owif;pum;udk csufcsif;yifaMunmcJhonf/ jrifEdkifaom
&v'frSm xdkaeYrSmyif vlaygif;oHk;axmifudk AwådZHay;jcif;cH&onf/ xdkolrsm;\AwådZH
cH,ljcif;onf a,½I\oHk;ESpfcGJtrIawmfaqmifjcif;aMumifhjzpf&onfrSm oHo,jzpf&ef
rvdkyg/ ,ckrSm oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\wefcdk;aMumifh xdkrsKd;aphrsm;onf toD;oD;
aomtqifhodkYa&muf&Sdvmygonf/
yifawukawåonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\qkaus;Zl;jzpfaombmompum;
trsKd;rsKd;udkajymEdkifaomqkaus;Zl;udkvnf; oGef;avmif;ay;cJhonf/ þqkaus;Zl;onf
a&S;OD;toif;awmftm; xdk tcsdeftcga,½k& Svifûrd U ü&Sdaombmompum;trsKd;rsKd;udk
ajymaomwdkif;EdkifiHtoD;oD;tm; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;vkyfief;udkaqmif&GufEdkifonf/
0dn mOfa wmf \qka us;Zl ;onf yifa wuk awåa eY \ aemufc H tjzpftysufr sm;jzif ho m
em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifygonf/ yifawukawåaeYudkvnf; BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf
tay:üom em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí 0dnmOfawmf\qkaus;Zl;onf
txl;ojzifhbmomtrsKd;rsKd;udkajymEdkifaomqkaus;Zl;onf toif;awmftm; BuD;rm;
aomapcdkif;csufudkNyD;ajrmufatmifESifh wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udkaqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf/
0dnmOfawmf\qkaus;Zl;udk tjcm;udpötwGuftoHk;ûyjcif;onf rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;ûyjcif;
jzpfrnf/ aum&defoktoif;awmfwGif xdkodkY rSm;,Gif;pGmtoHk;ûyjcif;udk &Sifaygvku
jyif;jyif;xefxefajymqdkcJhonf/
a,½I\t&dyfta&mifjycJhonfrSm wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tvkyfudk pwifaqmif&Guf
jcif;onf a,½k&SvifûrdU üpwifí EdkifiHtoD;oD;tm;vHk;odkYysHUESHY&rnf/ wynfhawmfrsm;u
 45
þuJhodkYyifESpftenf;i,fwGifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkuJhodkYaqmif&GufpOf tEÅ&m,fwpfckrSm
Eke,fao;aomtoif;awmfonf EdkifiHtm;vHk;okdYowif;jzefYa0jcif;rûybJ? aemufxyf
,k'wdkY\*dkPf;*PwpfckjzpfoGm;rnfudkpdk;&drf&ygonf/ a,½k&SvifûrdUrSm cdkifjrJaom
tajcpdkuf&mrS EdkifiHtoD;oD;odkYwynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;vkyfief;udkapvTwf&rnfjzpfonf/
þtjzpfonf yifawukawåtjzpftysuf\tqufvkyfaqmif&rnfh "r®opfusrf;\
toif;awmfrSvkyfaqmif&rnfhaeYpOftoufwmvkyfief;jzpfonf/
a,½k&SvifûrdU ü&Sdaomtoif;awmfwGif usa&mufaomn§Of;yef;ESdyfpuf
rIonf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkysHYESHY&ef vkyfief;udkrsm;pGmwGef;tm;ay;cJh
onf/ xdkae&mwGif trIawmfonf atmifjrifrI&SdcJhonf/ tEÅ&m,fwpfckrSm
wynfhawmfrsm;onf xdkae&müMumjrifhpGm&Sdí u,fwif&Sif\apcdkif;csuf
jzpfaom urÇmtESHYoGm;a&muf&efrSmMum;cJhonfudk arhavsmhoGm;rnfudk
pd k ; &d r f & ygonf / ol w d k Y arh a vsmh c J h o nf r S m a,½k & S v if û rd Y w G i f & S d a om
toif ; awmf u d k u muG ,f & ef o mjzpf y gonf / &ef o l r sm;\tEÅ & m,f r S
umuG,f&efjzpfygonf/ olwdkYonf toufwmajymif;vJvmaomolrsm;udk
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkjzefYa0&eftwGuf oifMum;&rnfhtpm; xdkowif;
pum;udkrMum;&ao;olwdkYudkrajymMum;bJ atmifjrif&&SdcJhaomt&mrsm;
üom a&mifh&JauseyfrI&SdaomtEÅ&m,fjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí bk&m;ocifonf
ol\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkjyefYusJNyD; EdkifiH&yfjcm;odkY tjcm;olrsm;twGuf
tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef olonf wynfhawmfrsm;tay:ü n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;udk
usa&mufapygonf/ a,½k&SvifûrdYrSarmif;xkwfcH&NyD; olwdkYonf ae&m
wdkif;odkYoGm;a&mufí EIwfuywfawmfudka[mMum;cJhMuonf/
"r ®
o pfu sr f;\ t o i f;awmfzG
Y
J
pn f;yH onf
k toif;awmf tjzpfac:qd kjcif;rSm c&pf awmf trI awmf \ trIawmfr aqmif&G ufb JESi fh
t r Iawmfaq mifjci f;t r d
efY
awmft jzpfEd
Ii f;q q i fjci fjci f;
a,½k&SvifûrdY wGifjzpfysufcJhaomn§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;onf Edkif iHtoD;oD;wGif
c&pf,mef rsm;ay:xGe f;jcif;jrefqefa pygonf / xl; jcm;ajymif ajrmufonfh wrefa wmf
46
&Sifaygvk\êud;yrf;csufonf tjynfjynfqdkif&mc&pf,mefrsm;tjzpfay:xGef;cJhonf/
EdkifiHrsm;odkY &Sifaygvk\trIawmfaqmifjcif;udkrpdppfrD "r®opfusrf;toif;awmfudk
a,bk ,stm;jzifh rSwf ,l p&mawG Y& Sd csufu dk Munf hM updk Y/ ,if; rS m toif ;awmfo nf
wpf c k wnf ;aom&nf &G ,f csuf& S d aeygonf / BuD ; rm;aomapcd k if ; csuf ud k opö m&S d pG m
ausyGefatmifaqmif&GufNyD;pD;rIudk&nf&G,fMuygonf/ wpfpHkwpfckrQ olwdkY\xnf0g
onfh&nf&G,fcsufrSwdrf;apmif;jcif;rûyyg/
c&pf,mefwdkif;onf rdrd\aemifawmfwdkYtm; apwemo'¨gw&m;ESifh
cspf jcif; arwåmjzifhwln Daomtjrif& SdM uonf/ pdwf 0if pm;rI wpfck wnf;
tay:üBuD;pdk;onf/ &nf&G,fcsufwpfckwnf;jzifh tjcm;aomt&mrsm;udk
0g;rsKdcJhonf/ tm;vHk;aomESvHk;om;rsm;onf o[mZmwvdkufzufjcif;&Sd
aeMuonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;\wpfckwnf;aom&nfrSef;csufrSm c&pfawmf
\tusifhpm&dwåESifhwlatmif azmfxkwfvdkpdwf&Sdonf/ ol\EdkifiHawmftm;
BuD;xGm;atmifazmfxkwf&efvdkvm;Muygonf/
trIa wmftwG uf wln Da om&nf& G,fc suf onf "r®o pf usrf ;toif; awmf wG if
rdr d\ wnf &S d rI o nf Ed ki fi H toD; oD; ü wynf ha wmf rsm;udk û yvky f zd kY & nf &G ,fr I tay:ü
wnf&S daMumif; &S if; vif ;pG mem;vnfo abmayguf Muonf/ trIawmfa qmifj cif ;\
OD ;pm;ay;rI rS m a&S ; OD; toif; awmf\ u½kP marwå mtm;jzifh vT rf ; rd k; vsuf & S d onf /
tjzpfoepfrSm þa&S;OD;toif;awmfudkem;vnfzdkY trIawmfaqmifvdkpdwftodw&m;ESifh
cGJjcm;írodEdkifyg/ olwdkYûyrlaomt&mrsm;onf tm;vHk;aomt&mrsm;rSm tusKH;0ifonf/
taMumif;rSm toif;awmfonf a,½I\BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk NyD;ajrmufatmif
aqmif&Gufvdkpdwfjzifh wnf&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/
uREfkyf wdkY onf þacwf ü toif;awmfwpfckonf rd rdud k,fud k a,½Ic&pf\
ac:wGifvsuf&Sdonfudk pOf;pm;Edkifygonf/ c&pfawmfudk,fwdkifu t"dyÜm,fusOf;ajrmif;
pGmazmfjyjcif;onf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkûyvkyfrSom þtrnfudkoHk;xdkufygonf/
toif; awmfwpfcko nf rdrdwnf&SdrItaMumif;wpf&yf aysmufuG,foGm;aomtcgwGif
vlrIa&;toif;wpfckyifjzpfEdkifawmhonf/ a,½Ic&pfawmf\toif;awmfr[kwfawmhyg/
 47
toif;awmfwpfckonf tifwdkuftm;wdkufwynfhawmfûyvkyfjcif;udkaqmif&GufrSom
rdrdudk,fudka,½Iwnfaxmifaomtoif;awmfjzpfí wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\&nf&G,fcsuf
jzifhwnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
olwpfa,mufa,mufonf a,½Ic&pfawmfudk rdrd\ocifbk&m;ESifh
u,fwif&SiftjzpfoduRrf;aomolonf pdwfxufoefpGmjzifh wynfhawmf
ta&twGufwdk;yGm;aomtcgrSm aysmfjrL;jcif;tvGef&SdoGm;rnf/ þpdwf
tvdkawmfqE´ESifhaysmfjrL;jcif;r&SdaomtcgwGif rdrdudk,fudkar;prf;&rnfrSm
toif;awmf\A[dktoufwmwGif wpfckckrsm;rSm;,Gif;rI&Sdaeovm;[lí
ar;prf;Munfh&rnf/
acwf o pf t oif ; awmf r sm;rsm;ü a&S ; OD ; toif ; awmf \ tusif h p m&d w å r sm;
aysmufuG,foGm;vQif wpfckckrsm;BuD;rm;pGmrSm;,Gif;rIrsm;&Sdaernfvm;/ rSm;,Gif;aom
t&mrS m trIa wmf aqmifv dkj cif ;\pdwf "mwfo nf aysmuf uG,fvsuf& Sdo nf/ ,aeY
ygpwmrsm;onf vlawGudk toif;awmf\trIawmfaqmifvdkjcif;pdwf"mwfESifhywfoufrI
&Sd&ef êud;pm;rIûycJhonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkY&ifqdkifae&aomtajctaerSm tifwifwif
jzpfjcif;ESifh pdwfr0ifpm;jcif;ESifhêuHawGU&ygonf/ tcsKdUq&mrsm;onf xdkodkYûyjcif;onf
tjypf&SdaMumif;cHpm;&atmif vIHYaqmfrIûyonf/ odkY&mwGif avm'dudtoif;awmfuJhodkY
ryl-rat; tajctaeuJhodkYyif&Sdvsufaeonf/ yxrvdktyfcsufrSm trIawmfaqmifvdk
pdwf"mwfzGHYûzd;zdkYvdkonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif toif;awmfonf yg0ifrIr&Sdjcif;jzifh epfrGef;
oGm;vdrfhrnf/ ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;onf trIawmfxrf;vdkpdwf&Sd&efpdwf"mwf&Sd&rnf/
od kYr Smom ocifb k&m;udk ,fa wmfwdki fapcdki f;aomt&mrsm;ü opöm&S dEd kif rnf/ ,aeY
toif;awmfonf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tvkyfudk jyefvnfvkyfaqmif&rnf/ t"dyÜm,frSm
toif;awmfonf t&m&mwdkif;udkwGufcsuf&rnfjzpfí c&pfawmf\apcdkif;csufrsm;udk
ausyGefpGmaqmif&GufNyD;pD;rI&Sdvdrfhrnf/
toif; awmfwpfck onf twGif ;vky faqmif csufrS m jyif yurÇmudk
½dkufcwfrIr&Sdygu? trIawmfaqmifjcif;r[kwfyg/
uREkfy frMumcParhavsmh oGm;cJho nfrS m {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udk
aMunmoGm;&mü c&pfawmf\wynfhawmfrsm;üom a'o&Sdtoif;awmfwGif
48
ûyvkyfjcif;onf t"dyÜm,fr&Sdyg/ xdkaMunmcsufrsm;onf wrifwum
a,½Itm; rdrdwdkY\ocifbk&m;tjzpf rvufcH&ao;olrsm;odkYaMunmoGm;
jcif;rSm t"dyÜm,f&SdEdkifrnf/
toif ; awmfo nf c&pf a wmf \ cE¨ mud k ,f ? bk &m;ocif \vl r sm;
jynfhjynfhpHkpHkrjzpfEdkifyg/ trIawmfudk urÇmüaqmif&GufrSomvQifjzpfEdkifrnf/
trI a wmf a qmif j cif ; ud k A [d k û yaom "r® o pf u srf ; toif ; awmf z G J Y p nf ; jcif ; \
&nf&G,fcsufrSm trIawmifaqmif&efjzpfygonf/ ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;ürl olawmfpOf
rsm;udkxdef;odrf;ûypkjcif;jzpfonf/ þodkYûyjcif;onf rsm;aomtoif;awmfwdkYu tcsdef?
tm;tif? t&nftcsif;ESifhaiGaMu;wdkYudktoHk;ûy&mü touf&SifEdkifzdkYtwGufomjzpfyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif bk&m;ocif\toif;awmftwGuf tajrmftjrifr[kwfyg/ bk&m;
ocif\toif;awmftwGuftajrmftjrifonf tjrJwrf;wdk;yGm;csJUxGifí pdwfcs&aom
ywf0ef;usifrSxGufNyD; urÇmodkYoGm;í u,fwifjcif;owif;pum;udk txl;vdktyfvsuf
&Sd aomol rsm;od kY o,f aqmif oG m;&rnf/ a,½I& Si f \u,f wif jcif; pD r Hu d ef ;jzpf aom
wynfhawmfûyvkyfjcif;udkaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/
]]odkYjzpfí? igwdkYonf xdkocifESifhtwl uJh&Jhjcif;udkcHí? wyfjyif?
txH a wmf o dk Y x Gu f oG m;Muuke f tHh } } (a[jAJ 13;12? 13)/ þonf rS m
tcdk iftrmav;eufaomwdku fwGef ;csufjzpf onf / {0H a*vdtrI awmfu dk
pdwfcsvHkûcHaomuREfkyfwdkY\at;csrf;aomtoif;awmfeH&HtwGif;rSmraebJ
tjyifxGufí {0Ha*vdowif ;pum;ud ka[mMum;&rnf / uREf kyfwdk Yonf
toufwm\vrf;qHkvrf;cG? ty,fcH&aomolrsm;odkY? oefY&Sif;jcif;rcH&
olrsm;odkY c&pfawmftaMumif;udka[majymí acR;ESifhaoG;ESifhrsuf&nfrsm;ESifh
twla[mMum;&rnf/
npf ywfaya&aom&yfuGu fpdwfx m;tawG;rsm;onf ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;udk
avmifûrdufvsuf&Sdonf/ tjzpfrSm ]]a&mrûrdYavmifuRrf;pOf toif;awmfbk&m;ausmif;
rSmaqmhaevsuf&S donf}} tjzpfrsKd; ESifhwlonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf toif;awmf\
ywf0 ef; usifwGi fae&onf/ olwd kY \rd wf aqGol i,fcsif ;rsm;onf toif ;awmf wG if
 49
vHkûcHpGmae&onf/ olwdkY\tydkvIyf&Sm;rIonf A[dkûycsufrSm toif;awmfESifhtpDtpOf
rsm;rSm toif;awmf\taqmufttHktwGif;rSm&Sdonf/ acwfopf ]]wynfhawmf}} rsm;
onf ol\ tvkyf ü bk &m;ocif\tvkyfu dkcG JxGu frIûycJhy gonf/ odk Yjzpf í omref
c&pf,meftoif;om;wpfa,muftaejzifh trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk tywfpOf
twGif;ü ol\toufwmwGif urÇmüjzpfysufcJhaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk
awGUxdjcif;r&Sdyg/
þodkYurÇmwGifjzpfysufcJhaomvkyfief;rsm;ESifh toif;awmfwGif&Sdaomvkyfief;rsm;udk
cGJxkwfjcif;tm;jzifh jyifyavmuü c&pf,mefwpfOD;onf ½dkufcwfrIwpfpHkwpf&mrûyEdkif
yg/ jyify avmuüaeaomolr sm;onfv nf; toif; awmf wGi f&S daomvky fief;rsm;udk
acwfESifhravsmfnD? urÇmESifhtquftoG,fr&SdaMumif;? aeY&ufvGefavNyD;aomtarG
tESpf½kyf<uif;rQom,lqMuonf/ xdkodkY,lqcsufrSm obm0tm;jzifh ,aeYtoif;awmf
onf c&pfawmf\trIawmftwGufvspfvsL½Ijcif;aMumifhjzpfcJh&ygonf/ toif;awmf
rsm;onf trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;wGif A[dkûycsufr,lbJ rdrdüomA[dkûyjcif;jzpfí
BuD;xGm;rIr&Sdoavmufjzpf&onf/
toif;awmf\BuD;xGm;rIr&Sdygu bk&m;ocif\apcdkif;rItrSm;r[kwf
yg/ vlwdkY\vspfvsL½IrIaMumifhjzpfygonf/ ouf&Sdjzpfaomtoif;awmf
onf rusef;rmí BuD;xGm;rIr&Sdygu taMumif;wpf&yfonf vlawGu
ocifbk &m;\aemufa wmfodkYvdk ufavQmufjcif;r&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
ocifbk&m;\tvdkawmfudkvdkufavQmuf&ef arhavsmhjcif;jzpfygonf/. . .
ukodkvfaumif;rI&SdonfrSm aemifw&&efjzpfygonf/ bk&m;ocif\vlwdkY
onf vspfvsL½Ijcif;rS&yfwefYí bk&m;ocif\apcdkif;csufudkemcHrI&Sdygu
toif;awmf\BuD;xGm;rI&SdoGm;ygonf/
,aeYtoif; awmfr sm;onf a&S; OD;toif;awmf \trIa wmfaqmifjcif;jzpf aom
wynfhawmfrsm;ûyvkyfjcif;trIudk pdwf"mwfrsm;tm;jyefvnfqkyfudkifEdkif&rnf/ xdktrI
onfBuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\NyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ þoabm
w&m;tm;jzifh McGavran onfrSefaeygonf/ ,aeYtoif;awmfonf ]]&SmazGjcif;}}
tvkyfudk zGHYûzd;wdk;wufrIbmoma&;,HkMunfcsufrûyvkyf&yg/ bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufudk
F-7
50
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tay:ü A[dkûyjcif; udkomûyvkyf&rnf/ toif;awmf\tvkyfrSm
owif ; aumif ; ud k o m aMunmjcif ; wpf c k o mr[k wf y g/ aysmuf q H k ; aomol r sm;ud k
c&pfawmfxHodkY,laqmifvm&rnf/ olwdkYtm; wynfhawmfjzpfzdkY&ef trSefuefqHk;aom
or®mw&m;ESifhtnDûyvkyfoGm;&rnf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf aysmufqHk;aeaomolwdkYudk&SmxkwfonfrubJ olwdkYudk
awGU&SdcJhonf/ toif;awmfonf jrefqefpGmBuD;xGm;vmí taMumif;w&m;rSm olwdkY\
t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm aysmufqHk;aeolrsm;udk&SmxkwfNyD; olwdkYudk wynfhawmfrsm;tjzpf
ûyvkyfay;cJhonf/ ]]t"duESifhtpm;xdk;ír&aomtoif;awmf\omoem&nf&G,fcsufrSm
toif;awmf\BuD ;xGm;rIjzpf onf/}} þod kYtrI awmftawG;&Sdaomxdef;csKyfr I&Sdo nfh
toufwmrSm "r®opfusrf;toif;awmfwGifcH,lcsuf&Sdygonf/ olwdkYûyvkyfaomt&m
tm;vHk;rSm trIawmfwGiftajcûyygonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkY\zGJYpnf;yHkrSm EkdifiHtoD;oD;odkY
trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;wGifûyvkyfEdkifaomzGJYpnf;yHkjzpfonf/ trIawmfonf zGJYpnf;
xm;aomtoif;awmf\tpDtpOfwpf&yfruyg? toif;awmfwpfckvHk;onf zGJYpnf;&mü
trIawmftmPmpufonf omoemwm0efudk atmifjrifpGmxrf;aqmifEdkifzdkYjzpfonf/
EdkifiHtoD;oD;twGif;ü wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkY aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/
o mo emaq mif&G
u fjci f;t wG
u f, Ofau s;r Ir sK
d
;&S
&jci f;
d
ocifb k &m;\wynf ha wmf jzpfj cif ;\&nf &G ,fc suf rS m vl rsKd ; toD ;oD; ? Ed ki fi H
toD;oD;wGifaqmif&Guf&rnf/ wynfhawmfrsm;udk EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifawGU&Sd&rnfqdkygu
c&pf,mefrsm;avmuonf ,k'EdkifiHwpfckwnf;wGif oD;jcm;r&Sd&yg/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m
toif ; awmf o d k Y ajymif ; vJ j cif ; &S d & rnf / þod k Y t oif ; awmf u d k tjynf j ynf q d k i f & m
toif;awmfodkYul;ajymif;jcif;onf a&S;OD;toif;awmfc&pf,mefrsm;\tawGUtêuHwGif
jrefqefpGmjzpfxGef;vmonfudkawGU&ygonf/ rlvwrefawmfwdkY\toufwmtwGif;rSm
c&pf,mefrsm;onf ,k'*dkPf;*PtjzpfaysmufuG,foGm;í tjynfjynfqdkif&mtoif;
awmftjzpfodkYajymif;vJí ,Ofaus;rItrsKd;rsKd;odkYysHUESHYum ESpfoufrI&Sdvmonf/
toif;awmfonf tjynfjynfqdkif&mjzpfvmjcif;onf rsm;jym;aomEdkifiHrsm;ESifh
,Of a us;rI q uf p yf j cif ; &S d í om c&pf ,mef tjzpf o d k Y a jymif ; vJ E d k i f j cif ; jzpf y gonf /
 51
tu,fíom toif;awmfonf c&pf,mefrsm;\usifhpOfudk ,k'vlrsKd;wdkY\,Ofaus;rI
ESifhvdkufzufatmifawmif;qdkcJhvQif c&pfawmf\trdefYawmfjzpfaom EdkifiHtoD;oD;ü
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufjcif; tvGefcufcJrnfjzpfygonf/
yxrOD;pGm,Ofaus;rIuGmjcm;jcif;udpöudk wrefawmftcef;BuD; (6) wGifawGU&yg
onf/ yifawukawåaeYNyD;í rMumrDrSm *&dvlrsKd;bmom0ifwdkYonf t&rpfc&pf,mef
(Aramaic) bmompum;ajymaomtkyf pk onf rdrd wd kY\ rk qd k ;rrsm;udk aeYpOf vkyf auR;rI
r&SdaMumif;jrnfwrf;í a[jAJvlwdkYudkjypfwifMuonf/ pdwf0ifpm;rIwpfckrSm t&rpf
tkyfpkrSjrnfwrf;jcif;rjyKbJ *&dtkyfpkrSjzpfygonf/ bmaMumifhenf;/ t&rpfbmom0if
wdkYonf rlvc&pf,mefrsm;jzpfMurnf/ *&dbmom0iftkyfpkonf topfaomc&pf,mef0if
wdkYjzpfrnf/ olwdkYESpftkyfpkrSm ,k'vlrsKd;tajctjrpfrSjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ,Ofaus;rI
tm;jzifhuGmjcm;rIBuD;&Sdaeygonf/ xdktaMumif;ESifhywfoufí n§dEIdif;rIrsm;aqmif&Guf&ef
vdkygonf/
a&S;OD; toif;awmf \,Ofa us;rIc sif ;qufp yfr I&S donfhj zpf&yf\xl;jcm;csufr Sm
a,½k&SvifûrdUaumifpDrS {0Ha*vdtpnf;ta0;wpf&yfrSm (wrefawmf 15) wGifawGU&yg
onf/ c&pf,mefjzpfjcif;\wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmjcif;ESifhywfoufí ,k'vltajctjrpf
r&Sdaomvlr sKd; bmomuGJr sm;twGi f;ü wdk; yGm;vmjcif;onf wref awmf &Sif aygvkESi fh
ol\wpfyg;trsKd;om;trIawmfaqmifjcif;aMumifhjzpfvmygonf/ odkYjzpfí ,k'vlrsKd;
tajccHr&Sda omtoif ;awmfr sm;rsm;xl axmif Edk ifc Jho nf/ wpfyg;trsKd ;om;twGif ;ü
,k'vljzpfNyD;rS c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfEdkifrnfvm;/
þtajccHar;cGef;ESifhywfoufí tajzxkwfEdkif&ef tESpftumonf c&pf,mef
jzpfjcif; ESifh c&pf,mefjzpf jcif;\,Ofaus;rIqd konfrS m rnfo nfhjcm;em;rI &Sdonf udk
tajz&Sm&rnf/ toif;awmf\tcuftcJqHk;vkyfief;rSm ,Ofaus;rIESifhc&pf,mefjzpf
jcif;\tESpfom&udk cGJxkwfzdkYjzpfonf/ wrefawmf 15 wGif? a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf
þcGJjcrf;rItajzudkjyKvkyfEdkifaMumif; azmfxkwfcJhonf/ jzpf&yftajctaerSm wynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;onf a&mrEdkifiHwpfcGifwdk;yGm;í c&pf,mefjzpfjcif;onf ,k'*dkPf;*Pjzpf&
jcif;vHk;0r&Sdawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí wpfyg;trsKd;om;twGif;rS ajymif;vJvmaomolwdkYonf
,k'vlrsKd;ajymif;vJvmonfhta&twGufxufrsm;pGmwdk;rsm;vmygonf/
52
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;wGifvnf; þuJhodkYyifjzpfvmygonf/ toif;awmf\EdkifiH
aygif;pHktjzpfodkYajymif;vJvmaomtcgrSmjzpfysufcJhygonf/ tawG;tac:orm;½dk;us
tar&duef\e,l;t*FvefwGifpwifjzpfcJhaomajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf ajrmfvifh
jcif ; t,l tqwd k Y u dk ol wd k Y \ tawG ; tac:t,l tqonf ol wd k Y & J h toif ; awmf \
ajrmfvifhjcif;t,ltqESifhuGmjcm;rI&Sdvmonfudk olwdkYvufcHEdkif&ef cufcJrI&SdcJhygonf/
odkY&mwGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf tjynfjynfqdkif&mtjrifwdkYonf tar&duef
EdkifiHtoif;awmf\csKyfudkifrIrS urÇ m ha'otoD;oD;wGifaysmufqHk;cJhonf/ ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;awmf\t,ltqtawG;tac:rSm a'o&Sd,Ofaus;rIESifho[Zmwjzpfvm
aomtcgwG i f a'o&S d a cgif ; aqmif r sm;\ae&m,l a omtcgü toif ; awmf o nf
BuD;xGm;rItaetxm;rSm tar&duefcsKyfudkifrIxufvsifjrefpGmwdk;wufrI&Sdvmygonf/
þtjzpftysufonf a&S;OD;toif;awmfuJhodkYajymif;vJrIonf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
odk Yjzpf vmonf / odk Yjzpf í tar&duef r[kwfaomajrmfv ifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
tar&duefxuf wpfOD;vQifq,fhwpfOD;eD;yg;rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\t,ltqrSm? ,Ofaus;rItrsm;tjym;ESifho[Zmw
jzpfvmaomtcgrSm uGJjym;jcm;em;aomajrmfvifhjcif;wdkY\rsufESmay;tajymtqkdwdkYonf
urÇmwGifay:xGef;cJhonf/ 0wfjyKudk;uG,frIonf tar&duefEdkifiHr[kwfaom toif;
awmf r sm;wG i f x l ; jcm;uG J j ym;rI & S d o nf / þonf r S m tar&d u ef E d k i f i H a jrmf v if h j cif ;
toif ;om;rsm;taejzifh xdwfv ef Ya pcJh ygonf/ olwdk Y\ tjrifr Sm udk ,f h& Jh bmom
cH,lcsufudkpGefYv TwfcJhjcif ;tjrif&SdMuygonf/ jyóemudk&ifqdk if&onfrSm olwdkY\
½kef;uefrIonf a&S;OD;c&pf,mefrsm;\½kef;uefrIuJhodkYyif wlnDvsuf&Sdonf/ olwdkYonf
,Ofaus;rIaemufcHESifh,HkMunfcsuftESpfom&udkcGJjcm;Edkif&rnf/ cGJjcrf;rIrjyKEdkifygu
bk&m;ocif\toif;awmfBuD;xGm;rIudk wefYoGm;&vdrfhrnf/
"r®opfusrf;toif;awmfrsm;onf uGJjym;jcm;em;aom,Ofaus;rItjyKtrlrsm;ESifh
t,l tqwdk YudkcG ifhjyKjcif ;&SdrS om tjynfjynfqdk if&mtoif;awmfjzpfvmEdk ifygonf/
wynfhawmfrsm;EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifay:xGef;vmrnfjzpfonf/ þuGJjym;aomtjyKtrl
t,ltqrsm;onf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk NyD;ajrmufatmifvHk;0vdktyfcsufwpf&yf
jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif c&pf,meft,ltqudk ,Ofaus;rIESifhtnDqufpyfrI&Sdatmif
jyKvkyf&mü toif;awmfonf us½IH;cJhaom,Ofaus;rIudkvufcHjcif;ESifhvdkufavQmufjcif;
rjyK&yg/ us½IH;cJhaom,Ofaus;rItm;vHk;rSm tar&dueftJef*vdk-pufqGef (Anglo-Saxon)
 53
tygt0if us½IH;cJhonfrSm- toif;awmfrsm;onf vufcHEdkifaom,Ofaus;rIt,ltqESifh
vufrcH Edkifaomt,ltqwdkYudkcGJjcm;odjrifEdkif&ef tcuftcJwpfcgwpf&H&Sdygonf/ c&pf,mef
trsm;pkrSm vufcHEdkifaomt&mrsm;udk t"dujzpfaom,Ofaus;rIudkvufcHvdkpdwf&Sdyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif or®musrf;pmt&? vufcHEdkifjcif;udk bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfESifh
tnDjzpf ygonf/
,Ofa us;rIt&yf&yfudka wGUxdEdk if&ef toif;awmfo nf rdrd\ owif;pum;udk
jyKpk&mü ,Ofaus;rIESifhqefaomt,ltqudktoHk;jyKNyD; ,if;\y&dowfodkYa&muf&Sd
atmifaqmif&Gufjcif;&Sd&rnf/
uREfky fwd kYonf c&pf,mef trIa wmfa qmifjcif;yHkpH ESi fhenf;pepfu dk
ajymif;vJzdkYvdktyfvdrfhrnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\acwftajctaeESifhvdkufzufatmif
jyKvkyf&rnf/ odkY&mwGif or®musrf;pmt&ajymqdkcsufrSm? c&pf,mefrsm;\
trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf ordkif;0ift&apcdkif;csuf&Sdygonf/ ordkif;t&
qdkonfrSm qufwdkufpD;qif;rI&Sdygonf/ qHk;cef;wdkifrSm ordkif;qHk;cef;wdkif
a&mufaomtcsdefjzpfonf/
toif;awmfBuD;xGm;rIacwfopfpma&;q&mrsm;rSwf,lcJhonfrSm ,Ofaus;rIESifh
vdkufavsmnDaxG{0Ha*vdowif;pum;tm; toif;awmfrSa&muf&Sdvdkonfhtkyfpkrsm;odkY
wifqufrIjyKvkyfoGm;&efvdktyfaMumif;qdkMuygonf/ þr[mAsL[mrSm wrefawmf
&Sifaygvk\aqmif&Gufcsuferlemtay:ü wnfaqmufcJhonf/
igonf tb,fol\uRefrjzpfaomfvnf; omírsm;aomvlwdkYudk
ig&jcif;tvdkiSm vlwumwdkY\uRefigcH&\/ ,k'vlwdkYudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm
,k'vlwdkYü ,k'vluJhodkYigjzpf\/ ynwfw&m;udkudk,fwdkifrqnf;uyfaomf
vnf;? ynwfw&m;udkqnf;uyfaomolwdkYudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm? ynwfw&m;
udkqnf;uyfolwdkYü ynwfw&m;udkusifhaomoluJhodkYigjzpf\/ bk&m;ocifh
a&SUawmfü w&m;rJhrae? c&pfawmf\w&m;udkusifhaomoljzpfaomfvnf;?
ynwfw&m;rJholwdkYudk ig&jcif;tvdkYiSm ynwfw&m;rJholwdkYü ynwfw&m;
rJhaomoluJhodkYigjzpf\/ tm;enf;olwdkYudk&jcif;tvdkYiSm? tm;enf;olwdkYü
tm;enf;oluJhodkYigjzpf\/ tcsKdUaomolwdkYudk wpfpHkwpfckaomtrIt&m
54
tm;jzifh u,fwifjcif;tvdkYiSm? cyfodrf;aomolwdkYü cyfodrf;aomt&mjzpf
\/ oifwdkYESifhtwl{0Ha*vdw&m;udkqufqHjcif;tvdkiSm? {0Ha*vdw&m;
aMumifh xdkodkYigjyKavh&Sd\ (1aum? 9;19-23)/
&Sif;vif ;onfrSm &Sifaygvk\r[mAsL[monf {0Ha*vdw&m;udk ,Ofaus;rI
wpf&yftm;jzifh qufpyfrI&Sd&ef tm;vHk;aomtkyfpkrsm;odkY olcsOf;uyfcJhonf/ &Sifaygvk
onf olY,HkMunfcsufudk ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfatmifrjyKvkyfcJhyg/ ol\tajccH,HkMunf
csufudk vlrsm;udkcsOf;uyfEdkifzdkYom toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf ,Ofaus;rIwpf&yf
buf vdkufr Ir&Sda omtcsufudke m;vnfo abmaygufí ol\wifq ufrIud ktoHk; csí
vlrsm;\awG;qcsufwdkYudk olaeaom,Ofaus;rIt&yfü&SdpOf toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/
A[dkjyKcsufowif;udkxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef &Sifaygvkonf owif;pum;\
yHkpH (tcsuftvufr[kwfyg) tm; ajymif;vJJí&v'faumif;rsm;&&SdEdkifrnf/
olowdjyKcJhonfrSm tkyfpkwpfckrSwpfckodkYoGm;a&mufonfhtcgrSm tajymif;
tvJrsm;jyK&onfudk owdjyKrdonf/ odkYrSom {0Ha*vdowif;pum;onf
Mum;emrnfholxHodkYa&muf&SdoGm;rnf/
&v'ftqHk;onf rnfonfhAsL[mudkoHk;oHk;? aumif;aomtusKd;&v'f
aumif;vQifNyD;wmyJ? odkY&mwGif xdkAsL[mrSm tjypfxdkufaomAsL[mr[kwf
ap&yg/ &SifaygvktoHk;jyKaomAsL[mrSm &v'faumif;rsm;&&Sd&efjzpfonf/
bmompum;toHk;jyKjcif;onf touft&G,ftrsKd;rsKd;rS þodkYyiftoHk;jyK
&efvdkonf/
,aeY toif; awmfr sm;onf tu,fíom yka &mzuf wdk Y\ tjrif rsKd; ESi fh &Sd vQif
vufcHEdkifaom,Ofaus;rIusifhpOfudka&G;cs,fEdkifrIwGif ydkrdkvG,fulayvdrfhrnf/ þuJhodkY
r[kwfbJ toif;awmfonf þjyóemESifhywfoufí qufvuf ½kef;uefae&rnf/
wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif tjrJwrf;vdkvdkxdk&Sdaom,Ofaus;rItoD;oD;ESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmif
BuKd;pm;aqmif&Guf&rnf/ þt&monf cufcJaomtydkif;jzpfonf/ þpdk;&drfrIaMumifh
toif;awmfonf rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfcsufudk ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfrSmaMumufí toif;awmf
onf ,Of a us;rI toD ; oD ; ES i f h o [mZmwjzpf z d k Y c uf c J & jcif ; jzpf y gonf / od k Y jzpf í
toif;awmfonf ESpfzufpvHk;rSmBuKd;pm;aqmif&GufrI&Sd&rnf/ wpfzufwGif ,Ofaus;rI
 55
ESif ho[Zmwvdktyfo nfESifh tjcm;wpfzufrS m rdrd wdkY\,H kMunfcsufwdkY udk ,Hk rSm;
oHo,r&Sdatmifaqmif&Guf&rnf/
tESpfom&onf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;jzpfvQif ajymif;vJrIr&Sd&yg/
odkYjzpfí Mum;emolajymif;vJrI&SdvQif toHk;jyKaomenf;pepfrSm ajymif;vJ
&rnf/ odkYr[kwfvQif {0Ha*vdw&m;onf qufpyfrIr&SdbJ t&Sdeft[kef
jzpfaom{0Ha*vdw&m;Mum;emoltwGuf owif;pum;qHk;½IH;vdrfhrnf/
þjzpfpOfonf vuf&SdwGif ajrmuftar&duefajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrS ½kef;uef
ae&aomjyóemjzpfygonf/ ajrmuftar&duefajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfOuúXjzpfol
McClure onf rsm;rMumrDajymoGm;csufrSm ajrmuftar&duefwGif ajrmfvifhjcif;\tjrifudk
BuD; pG maomajymif; vJ rI j yKvk y f &ef v dk tyfy gonf / xdk tjzpf r Sm {0Ha *vdw&m;onf
,Ofaus;rIrsm;ESifhvdkufzufatmif ,HkMunfcsuftm; ,HkrSm;oHo,r&SdbJESifh ,Ofaus;rI
ESifho[mZmwjzpfzdkYvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfygonf/
uREfk yfwdk Yþae&mudk a&muf &Sd onf rSm tzsm;&S daom,Ofaus;rIu dk
uREfk y fwd kY \bmom,Hk Munfc suf tm;tavQmha y;n§d E Id if ; rI r sm;jyKvk yf &ef
aqG;aEG;zdkYr[kwfyg/ uREfkyfwdkYpum;ajymoGm;csufrSm &Sif;vif;aomor®m
w&m;\oG e f o ifc suf u d ktavQmh ay;í n§d Ed I i f ; rIr sm;ajym&ef r [k wf y g/
tavQmh ay;jcif ; onf uREf k y fwd k Y\ ,H kM unf csuf ud k q G Ja qmif r I yd k r d k& S d NyD ;
uREfkyfwdkY\xl;jcm;csuftaetxm;udkavsmhyg;apjcif;r[kwfyg/ . . .
odkYaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufonf or®musrf;pm
ESifhtnD jiif;qdkcsufr&Sdaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\enf;pepfwdkYonf ,Ofaus;rI
wdkYESifho[ZmwjzpfzdkYvdkygonf/ . . .
uREfkyfwdkYonf aysmufqHk;aeolrsm;? toif;awmfbk&m;ausmif;udk
rwufa&mufbl;ol? w&m;pD&ifrIESifhcsKyfudkifjcif;cH&aom þacwf\vlwdkYudk
wefzdk;xm;jcif;onf a,½IuJhodkYaysmufqHk;aeaomol\acwftcgvlawGudk
wefzdk;xm;rnfqdkvQif? odkYjzpfí uREfkyfwdkYtwGuftrdefYawmfonf pyspf&nf
xnfh zdkYtdwftopfu dkzefwD ;&efqE´ &Sd&rnf / odkYr Som toufprf;a&udk
xnfh&ef&Sdrnf/ odkYr[kwfvQif rdrdudk,fudktpOftvm"avhxHk;pHudk ydkí
56
c&pfawmf\ trIa wmf twGu ftav;xm;jcif;jzpf rnfu dk a0zefjcif;tm;
ckcHajymqdkír&Edkifyg/ . . .
odkY&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf tjcm;bmompum;ajymqdkaomolwdkYxHodkY
oG m;a&muf & ef q E´ j yif ; jy&rnf / ,Of a us;rI t &aomf v nf ; aumif ; ?
udk,fusifhodu©mudkaomfvnf;aumif; toif;awmfudktopfjzpfí xl;jcm;
aomtoif;awmfudkxlaxmif&J&rnf/ . . .
uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ausmif;udkrwufa&mufbl;olwdkYtm; uREfkyfwdkY
qDodkYvmí uREfkyfwdkY\cH,lcsufESifh xl;jcm;onfhtaetxm;,Ofaus;rI
wdkYudk tqifajyatmifn§dEIdif;aexdkifoGm;zdkY arQmfvifhcsufrxm;&SdEdkifyg/
&ifh usufa omtoif;awmfonf rdr d\ ,Of aus;rIE Sif hE Spf oufaomt&m
rsm;udkz,f&Sm;í aysmufqHk;aomolrsm;odkYoGm;a&muf&rnf/
,Ofaus;rIo[Zmw&Sdjcif;ESifh {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk ,HkrSm;oHo,r&Sdatmif
xdef;odrf;csdefqjcif;tvkyfonf cufcJrnfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif toif;awmfwdkif;onf
ordkif;tpOftvmt&? atmifjrifpGmaqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ trSeftm;jzifh toif;awmf
wpfckonf ,Ofaus;rIwdkYESifho[Zmwr&SdaomtcgrSm bk&m;ocifonf xdktoif;awmf
tm; ,cif vG ef avNyD ;aomtcguJ ho d kY toH k; rjyKawmh bJ olY & Jh wefc d k; awmf tm;jzif h
&yf wef Y c J h o nf / “Acute Acculturation”” onf BuD ; xG m;rI r &S d a omtoif ; awmf \
vu©Pmyifjzpfonf/
Zunkel ajymoG m;cJ h onf rS m? “acute acculturation” tjypf &S daomtoif ;awmfonf
ol\,HkMunfcsufudkyif a0zefjcif;cH&onf/ olY&JhtrIawmfaqmifjcif;enf;pepfonf
,Ofaus;rIESifhavsmfuefrIr&SdvQif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmftrIaqmifvkyfief;udk a0zefjcif;
cH&onf/ aomhcsufwpf&yfrSm Al McClure u&Sif;vif;pGmajymoGm;onfrSm? or®musrf;pm
,HkMunfcsufudkxm;NyD; wpfcsdefwnf;rSm ,Ofaus;rIwpf&yfo[mZmw&Sdí udk,foGm;vdk
onfhtkyfpkwdkYESifh ,Ofaus;rIcsif;o[Zmw&SdzdkY toif;awmfuoGm;&rnf/
,Ofaus;rItrsm;xJrS ,Ofaus;rIcGJrsm;wGif bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfonf
,Ofaus;rIcGJwdkY\bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIyHkpHjzifhjzefYa0&rnf/ odkYrSom tpdkiftcJ
wpf&yfjzpfrnf/
 57
toif ; awmf o nf wpf c k w nf ; aomowd j yK&rnf r S m ol \ owif ; pum;ud k
,Ofaus;rIt&? urÇmESifho[Zmwjzpfatmifêud;pm;íwifqufaomtcgrSm ,Ofaus;rI
udktqifajypGmo[ZmwjzpfatmifjyKvkyfjcif;onf tqifajyrIwpfckwnf;üomrjzpf
&yg/ uREfkyf wdkY onf ,Ofaus;rIt& tquftpyf&Sdj cif; onf trIawmfaqmifjcif;
todw&m;rSpíjzpfay:&jcif;ESifh BuD;rm;onfhapcdkif;csuftay:ü a&S;OD;toif;awmfu
BuKHawGU&ouJhodkYjzpf&rnf/ ]]EdkifiHtoD;oD;twGuf}} BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk jznfhqnf;
ay;aomtcgrSm tjynfjynfqdkif&mo½kyfoP² mef&Sdaomtoif;awmfrS,Ofaus;rIcsif;
oHpOfudkufí xdk,Ofaus;rIodkYa&muf&Sdatmif BuKd;pm;&rnf/ toif;awmfonf tqifajy
atmif n §dE I d i f; rI j yKjcif; onf vuf & Sd v l r I a&;tzGJ Y tpnf ; ES if h o [Zmwjzpf a tmif o m
rjyKvkyf&yg/ tqifajyatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf c&pfawmf\trIawmfaqmif&Guf
jcif;omjzpf&rnf/ ,ckjzpfay:vsuf&Sdaom,Ofaus;rIo[Zmwjzpfjcif;onf trIawmf
apcdkif;csufESifhwoD;wjcm;jzpfvsuf&Sdonf/ ,Ofaus;rItodw&m;&Sdjcif;onf c&pfawmf
apcdkif;aomtrIawmfESifhywfoufí BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufESifhtnD&SdrSom t"dyÜm,f
&SdEdkifrnf/
BuD; rm;aomapcdk if ;csuf ES if htrI awmfa qmif jcif; A[dk jyKcsuf jyKvky fjcif ;&Sd onfh
a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf ,aeYtoif;awmfwGif ,Ofaus;rItquftpyf&SdzdkYvdktyfygonf/
&Sifaygvkonf 1aum&defok 9 wGif ,Ofaus;rItquftpyf&Sdaombmoma&;,HkMunf
csuf ud k jywf om;pG m&S i f; vif ; azmfj ycsuf r Sm þcd ki f rmaombmoma&;,H kM unf c suf
tay:üomajymqdk j cif; jzpf onf / toif; awmfo nf rdr d \bmoma&;,H k Munf c suf
tkwfjrpfudk ,Ofaus;rIESifhtquftpyf&Sdaomtoif;awmf\BuD;xGm;rIudk ,aeYwGif
wnfaqmuf&rnf/
t o i f;awmfpd
u fx ljci f;o n ft r Iawmfaq mifjci f;\
k 6/
r [ mAsL[ mjzpfo n f
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftrdefYawmfonf wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udk vlrsKd;wum
tky f p kwG i f; rS m wynf h a wmf r sm;&Sd j cif ; udk rsuf 0 g;xifx if ½I a rQmf o nf j zpf í a&S ; OD ;
toif ;awmf onf wrif wumtoif; awmf wnf axmif j cif; r[mAsL[mud k vl r sKd ;pk
F-8
58
wd kif; wGif wnf axmifrIj yKcJ honf / a&S;OD;toif;awmfo nf jrefq efpG mtoif;awmf
wnfaxmif jcif ;vI yf& Sm;rIwpf&yfud kjyKvk yfc Jhy gonf / olwd kY\ txifrSm a,½Io nf
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufay;aomtcg þt&mudkvdkvm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; xifrSwfMuonf/
þapcdkif;csufudkNyD;ajrmufatmif toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;rjyKbJESifh aqmif&Guf
NyD;pD;rIrjyKEdkifyg/ þenf;wlyif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf jyefvnfítoif;awmf
rsm;wnfaxmifjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIudkjyKvkyf&rnf/ odkYr[kwfygu BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf
toif;awmfrjzpfEdkifawmhyg/
toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;r[mAsL[monf "r®opfusrf;wGif &Sifaygvku
Oyrmaumif;wpfckü ajrxJyifv,fa'owGif tEÅdtkwfNrKdUwGif&SdpOf wnfaxmifrIjyKcJh
onf/ David Hesselgrave onf &Sifaygvk\toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;BuKd;yrf;rIudk
avhvmjcif;tm;jzifh toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;r[mAsL[mq,fcsufudk pnf;urf;
csrSwfvdkufonf/
1/ toif;awmfonf trIawmfaqmifq&mrsm;udk toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmif&ef
apcdkif;onf/ wrefawmf 13;1-4/ 15;39? 40/
2/ toif ;awmfwnfa xmif ol rsm;onf y&d owfr sm;ud k tquf toG ,f jyKvky fí
olwdkYtxJodkY0ifa&mufvdkjcif;/ wrefawmf 13;14-16/ 14;1/
3/ toif;awmfwnfaxmifol onf vufcHvdk olrsm;odkY {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udk
qufoG,frIjyKvkyfjcif;/ wrefawmf 13;16-41/
4/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudka[mMum;½Hkomruyg? Mum;emolwdkYu c&pfawmfxHodkY
ajymif;vJrI&Sdonf/ wrefawmf 13;48/ 16;14-15/
5/ ,HkMunfoltopfrsm;pk½Hk;rIjyKMuonf/ wrefawmf 13;43/
,HkMunfoltopfrsm; ,HkMunfcsufwGiftwnfjyKcH&jcif;/ wrefawmf 14;21? 22/
15;41/
7/ acgif; aqmifr sm;ud kc ef Ytyfí topfa omtoif; awmf rsm;wGi f bk &m;twG uf
oD;oefYxm;jcif;cH&onf/ wrefawmf 14;23/
8/ acgif;aqmifydkif;&mxl;udk acgif;aqmifopfrsm;odkYjynfhjynfh00vTJajymif;jcif;ESifh
toif;awmfwnfaxmifolxGufcGmjcif;/ wrefawmf 14;23/ 16;40/
 59
9/ &S if aygvk onf olwnf axmifcJ ha omtoif; awmfr sm;ESif h tquf toG ,f rsm;
qufvufíwnf&Sdjcif;/ wrefawmf 15;36/ 18;23/
10/ topf a omtoif ; awmf r sm;onf nD t pf r toif ; awmf r sm;tjzpf zG J Y p nf ; í
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; toif;awmfaumifpDqdkif&mrsm;apvTwfygonf/ wrefawmf
14;26? 27/ 15;1-4/
tjriftm;jzifh þr[mAsL[monf "r®opfusrf;\toif;awmfrsm;\tpOftvm
wpf&yfjzpfonf/ tzGJYtpnf;wpfckvHk;onf toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIudk
axmufcHMuonf/ taMumif;rSm olwdkY\awG;qcsufrSm toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmif
&mü BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufaqmif&GufEdkif&ef toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifoGm;&efvdktyf
ygonf/ toif;awmfwnfaxmifoGm;jcif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh r[mAsL[mwpf&yf
r[kwfyg/ "r®opfusrf;\r[mAsL[mtjzpf c&pfawmf\trIawmfESifhtquftoG,f
&Sdjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ "r®opfusrf;\toif;awmfonf trIawmfaqmifA[dkjyKcsuf\
toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;\vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/
owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfudkay;aomtrdefYawmfonf a&S;OD;toif;awmf
udkay;aomtrdefYawmfESifhqifwl,dk;rSm;jzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfrsm;\
toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;tm½HkjyKcsufonf trIawmfaqmifjcif;tay:ü r[mAsL[m
zGJYpnf;jcif;&Sdovdk? ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf Ellen White rStMuHjyKjcif;cH&
onfrSm toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;udk olwdkY\trIawmfaqmifjcif;r[mAsL[mtjzpf
jyKvkyfoGm;&eftMuHjyKoGm;ygonf/
,HkMunfoltaygif;wdkYü bk&m;ocifonf toif;awmfrsm;xlaxmif
jcif;0efxkyfudkcsay;ygonf/
toif;awmftopfrsm;udkwnfaqmuf&rnf/ toif;awmfy&dowf
rsm;udkzGJUpnf;&rnf/ þtcsdefwGif NrKdUwdkif;ü,aeYtrSefw&m;\udk,fpm;vS,f
rsm;&Sd&rnf/ a0;vHaomajrurÇmae&mrsm;odkYvnf;a&muf&Sd&rnf/
wdkif;jynfwdkif;ESifhNrKdUe,fwdkif;ü {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udka[mMum;
aMunm&rnf/ . . . toif;awmfrsm;udkzGJYpnf;í zGJYpnf;cJhaomtoif;
awmfopfrsm;wGif toif;om;rsm;tvkyfvkyfzdkYtwGuf tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJ
&rnf/
60
ae&mwpfckNyD;wpfckodkYoGm;a&muf&rnf? toif;awmfwpfckNyD;wpfck
udkxlaxmif&rnf/
toif ; awmf r sm;wnf a qmuf j cif ; ? pk a 0;Ed k i f a omae&mrsm;ES i f h
ausmif;aqmifrsm;udkaqmufwnf&rnf/ wpfNrKdYrSwpfNrKdYodkYcsJUxGif&rnf/
q,f z d k Y wpf z d k Y tvªa iG r sm;onf wd k ; yG m;vmí vk y f i ef ; rsm;ud k a &S U od k Y
o,faqmifEdkifvdrfhrnf/ wnfaqmufrIrsm;onf wpfae&mru? ae&m
trsm;wGifj yKvk yfvsuf&S donf / ocifbk &m;rSmtvkyfv kyfE dkif aomol\
tiftm;udkwdk;jr§ifhvsuf&Sdonf/
bk &m;ociftwGu fatmuf arh zG,f& mae&mrsm;udk wnfa qmufzd kY
vkyfief;wdkYtm;cufcJNyD;0efav;jcif;udk enf;vrf;ESifhOpöm<u,f0rIxdef;xm;
jcif;jzifh vkyfief;rsm;udkrwefYapESifh/
trS e f w &m;tm; aMunmoG m ;&ef NrKd U wd k i f ; wG i f toif ; awmf
wnf aqmufo Gm;&rnf/ tcsKdUaomNrKd YBuD; rsm;wGifvnf ; ae&mrsm;rsm;
wGiftoif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaqmufay;&rnf/
þtqdk jyKcsuf rsm;ud k waph wapmif ;Munfha omtcg owå raeYajrmfv ifh jcif;
toif;onf toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yftaejzifh ay:xGef;cJhonfudk
awG U &S d & rnf / "r® o pf u srf ; t&ES i f h Ellen White \tqd k t &? bk & m;ocif o nf
toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;udk tm½HkjyKjcif;&Sd&rnf/ ol\toif;awmfonf {0Ha*vd
w&m;trIawmfapcdkif;csufudkaqmif&Guf&mü þodkYtm½HkjyKrI&Sd&rnf/ odkYjzpfí "r®opf
usrf;ESifha&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\tm½HkjyKrIrSm a'o&Sdvlrsm;udk wynfhawmf
jyKay;jcif;jzifh OD;pm;ay;cJhí toif;awmf\omoemq&mrsm;udk toif;awmfopfrsm;
wnfaxmif&eftm;vyfrI&Sdonf/
t m;u d
k;r Ir jyK
o n fh
pH
jyt o i f;awmf
a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf toif;awmfwnfaqmuf&mü ,Ofaus;rIESifho[Zmw
jzpfaomcsOf;uyfrItaetxm;jzifhaqmif&Gufjcif;rSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk ausyGef
 61
atmifaqmif&GufvdkonfrubJ? BuD;xGm;rIr[mAsL[m\zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrIudk wynfh
awmf j zpf j cif ; t,l tqay:üwnf a qmuf c J h o nf / t,l tqud k a jymif ; vJ v monf h
olrsm;tm; toif;awmf\omoemq&mrsm;udktm;udk;aomolr sm;tay:ür[kwfyg/
a&S;OD;toif;awmf\ tm½HkjyKrIrSm wynfhawmfrsm;jyKjcif;tay:jzpfí wynfhawmfjzpf
aomolr sm;onf wdk i f; &if ; om;a'ocHtoif ; awmfj zpfí {0H a*vdo wif ; pum;ud k
tjcm;olrsm;odkY jyifytultnDr,lbJESifh o,faqmifoGm;Edkifonf/ olwdkY\r[mAsL[m
onf wrifwum&nf&G,fMuHpnfcsufjzpfí a'ocHrsm;wpfzefjyefíarG;xkwfEdkifjcif;
jzpfonf/
þtm½Hk jyKcsufonf &Sifaygvk\toif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;\ r[mAsL[m
jzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;toif;awmfrsm;\BuD;xGm;rIpDrHcsufvnf;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvk\
r[mAsL[mrS m toif ; awmf wnf a xmif j cif ; jzif h topfa omtoif ;awmf wpf ck u d k
,Ofaus;rItopf&SdaomtkyfpkwGif;odkY pdkufxljcif;jzpfygonf/ olonf xdktoif;awmf
ESifhtwl wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;&SdonftxdaeoGm;rnf/ acgif;aqmifrsm;udkavhusifhoifMum;
NyD;í topfjzpfaomwynfhawmfrsm;onf tjcm;aomolrsm;tm; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk
aqmif&GufEdkifonf/ xdktcgrSxGufcGmoGm;í wpfzeftoif;awmfopfudk wnfaxmifcJh
onf/ topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;&Sdwynfhawmfrsm;onf olYudktm;udk;orIjyKjcif;ESifh
tjcm;aomwrefawmfwdkYudktm;udk;orIrjyKapyg/ olwdkYonf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udk
vuf cH,lN yD;onfaemuf olwdkYtm;tmPmtjynf hudka y;í {0Ha*vdowif ;pum;udk
olwdkY\e,fy,ftwGif;ESifh tjcm;aome,frsm;odkYo,faqmifEdkifaomtcGifhta&;udk
ay;jcif;cH&onf/ þenf;jzifh a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf BuD;xGm;rIpGrf;&nfBuD;rm;cJhonf/
yxr&mpkE Sp ftoif ;awmf onf uREfk y fwdk Y uJ ho dk Y toif ; awmf wnf aqmuf rI ud k
êud;pm;í&Sdaomf toif;awmfq&mygpwmwpfOD;udk topfaomtoif;awmf\y&dowf
udkMunfh½Iap&efjzpfvQif &v'fonf tiftm;csnfheJYaomtoif;awmfjzpfí &ifhusufrI
r&Sdonfhtoif;om;rsm;jzifhzGJYpnf;í wynfhawmfrsm;vnf;r[kwfyg/ olwdkY\csOf;uyf
yHkrSm þodkYr[kwfyg/ a,½Ionf olwdkY\tvkyfrsm;vkyfyHkwdkYudk trdefYawmfwpf&yf
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkjyKvkyfoGm;&efjzpfygonf/ þwynfhawmfrsm;onf aEG;aEG;av;jzifh
ajymif;vJ vmaomtoif;om;r[kwf yg/ ppfrSef aomwynfhawmf tjzpf& yfwnfv suf
&Sdonfhwynfhawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ a,½Iu olwdkY\oabmxm;udkem;vnfívufcH
62
cJhonf/ wynfhawmfwpfa,mufjzpfzdkYqdkonfrSm rdrdüjynfhpHkrI&Sdí olrsm;tay:tm;udk;
tm;xm;aom0dnmOfa&;ü&Sifoefjcif;r[kwfyg/ "r®opfusrf;acwf c&pf,mefrsm;onf
0dnmOfa&;&SifoefzdkYqdkonfrSm tjcm;olrsm;udktvkyfvkyfjcif;jzifh wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkY
ulnDjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkY\,HkMunfcsufudk &Sifoefapygonf/ Roland Allen \tjrifrSm?
toif;awmfrsm;udktultnDtrsm;qHk;ay;aomtcgwGif olwdkYwGif
tm;aysmhvsuf&Sdonf? touf&Sifjcif;r&Sdyg? tm;udk;rIr&Sdyg/ . . .
ol r sm;tay:wG i f tm;ud k ; tm;xm;jyKaomtusif h o nf ud k ,f h r S m
tm;tvGefaysmhnHhapygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf rdrdudk,fudktwGuftultnD
ay;&rnf/
"r®opfu srf ;toif ;awmfE Sif h txl ;ojzif h& Sif aygvk onf Allen \pd k; &dr fr Iu dk
&Sif;vif;pGmem;vnfrI&Sdonf/ olrsm;udktm;udk;jcif;onf tm;enf;aomc&pf,mefrsm;
jzpfvm&onf/ odkYaomfvnf; ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;onf olrsm;udktm;udk;tm;xm;
jyKaomyH k p H e rl e mtjzpf v nf y wf v suf & S d o nf / tk y f c sKyf o l trsm;rS m toif ; awmf
wnfa xmifj cif; twG uf toif ;om;opf rsm;ud k omoemq&mygpwmrsm;cefYa y;zd kY
aiGr&SdaMumif; vG,fvifhwulajymqdkMuonf/ "r®opfusrf;toif;awmfonf þjyóem
rsKd;ESifhacgif;½Iyfjcif;r&Sdyg/ taMumif;rSm ygpwmq&mrsm;udk rcefYxm;yg/ toif;om;
topfxJuae acgif;aqmifrsm;udkcefYxm;í olwdkYudkavhusifhoifMum;ay;cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
þacgif ;aqmif rsm;onf ,aeYacwfo pfy gpwmq&mrsm;uJh odk Yr[kwfy g/ olwdkYr Sm
bk e f ; BuD ; &[ef ; r[k wf o l r sm;- toif ; om;xJ u acgif ; aqmif r sm;omjzpf M uonf /
a'ocHtoif;awmfwdkYonf vpm&ygpwmq&mrsm;ESifhvGwfí oD;jcm;vnfywfrI&Sdyg
onf / tu,f í om "r® o pf u srf ; rS toif ; awmf o nf vpm&aomygpwmrsm;ud k
cefYtyfrI&SdNyD; toif;om;rsm;udkMunfh½Iapmifrjcif;jyKygu toif;awmf\BuD;xGm;rIrSm
ysufjym;oGm;vdrfhrnf/
uGmjcm;onfu topfwnfaqmuf cJhaomtoif ;awmfrsm;wGif a'ocH r[kwf
aomygpwmrsm;ud k c efY x m;jcif ; tm;jzif h toif ; awmf B uD ; xG m;rI u dk wef Ya pygonf /
þodkYjzpfjcif;onf uREfkyfwdkY0efcH&rSmu BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftvkyfudk ausyGefpGm
 63
rxrf ;aqmifcJ haMumif; 0efcH &rnf/ uREf kyf wd kYo nf þtopfaom,HkM unf ol rsm;udk
wynfha wmfr sm;jzpfj cif ;udk rjyKvkyf ay;cJhy g/ odkYj zpfí olwdkY onf uav;xdef ;jcif;
apmifrjcif;uJhodkYyifvdktyfygrnf/ tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf a,½ItrdefYawmftwdkif;
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufjzpfaomwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkjyKvkyfvQif toif;awmftopf
onf rdrdbmom&yfwnfrI&Sdrnf/
tu,f íom tvk yfwpfck udkqufwd kufvkyf udkifaeonfudka wGU&
aomtcg tcaMu;aiGay;í olYtwGufydkYay;vQif olvkyfaeaomtvkyfudk
&yfwefYapí tjcm;olwdkYudkvnf; ol\erlemudk,lí tvkyfudk&yfwefY
aprnf/
tu,f í om uREf k y f wd k Y o nf quf wd k u f wd k ; wuf r I j rif v d k v Qif
uREfkyfwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkY\csKyfudkifrIrSuif;onfha'ocHtoif;awmfrsm;udk
wnfaxmif&ygrnf/
trIawmfaqmifjcif;q&mudk toif;awmfodkYay;&rnf/ toif;awmf
tm;trIawmfaqmifq&modkYay;&rnfr[kwfyg/
wrefa wmf& Sif aygvkE Sifh ol \vk yfe nf;udki fenf;erlemudk vd kuf avQmufa om
olrsm;onf toif;awmfwpfckESifhtcsdefMumMumaexdkifMuNyD; wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;ESifh
a'ocHacgif;aqmifrsm;udkavhusifhoifMum;ay;cJhonf/ olonf acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
apvT wf í oif wef; wuf jcif ;rjyKyg/ olo nf vnf; acgif; aqmif rsm;udk olwdk Y\
ywf0 ef ;usifü yifa vh usif ho if Mum;ay;cJ ho nf / wref awmf &S if aygvko nf a,½I\
enf;pepfjzifhvkyfief;cGifwGifavhusifhrIrsm;ay;ygonf/
olo nf ol E Si f hteD; pyf qH k ;aomquf q H& oltenf ;tusOf ;wdk Y ud k
avhusifhay;onf / uREfky fwdk YtaerSm uREfkyf wdkY ausmif;rsm;rS pmar;yGJ
atmifapí cefYxm;rIjyKygonf/ c&pfawmfonf ol\acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
olwdkYvlrsKd;twGif;rSm avhusifhay;ygonf/ odkYrSom olwdkYwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
&if;ES D;rI&Sd í oGm;vmvI yf& Sm;rIonf ol wdk YuJh odk Yyif &Sd onf / uREfk yfwd kY
acgif ; aqmif r sm;ud k ausmif ; rsm;üql q l y l y l & S d N yD ; ol wd k Y v l r sKd ; rsm;ES i f h
64
qufqHa&;uif;a0;í olwdkYvlrsKd;uJhodkYyifaexdkifrI&SdNyD; tawG;tac:
rsm;udkrQa0jcif;r&Sdawmhyg/
tcsKdUaomtoif;awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;onf þtpDtpOfESifhywfoufí pdk;&drfrI
&SdMuonf/ olwdkYpdk;&drfonfrSm ygpwmq&mtkyfxdef;rIr&SdvQif rdpäm'd|dt,l0g'rsm;
0ifa&mufvmEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif ygpwmq&mrsm;xdef;ausmif;rI&Sdaomtoif;awmf
rsm;wGif rdpäm'd|dt,l0g'ESifhuif;a0;Edkifrnfvm;/ bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufpGefYvTwfrIonf
&Sd jrJ &S da eao;onf/ trSe fwu,f tm;jzif h bmoma&;,H kM unf csufp Ge f Yv Twf rI onf
c&pf awmf\trd efY awmfo moemwGif vd ku favQmufj cif ;r&Sd aomtoif; awmfwdkY wG if
rd p äm'd | d t,l0 g'ud k yd k r d k & Sd E d k i f o nf / uREfk y f wd k Y ud k o wd & aponf r S m c&pf a wmf o nf
toif; awmf\OD;acgif; jzpfonf/ þtoif; awmfonf ol\toif;awmf jzpfonf/
c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfcsufrxm;&SdEdkifbl;vm;/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif ay:xGufvmaomrdpäm'd|dt,l0g'onf Mumjrifh
pGmwnfaxmifvsuf&Sdaomtoif;awmfwdkYwGif&SdcJhonf/ trnfrodq&m
rsm;\BuKd;yrf;rIaMumifh vsifjrefpGmwdk;yGm;vmaomtoif;awmfopfrsm;
vmjcif ;r[k wfy g/ xdk toif ;awmf a[mif; rsm;wGi f& Sd c&pf,mefwdk Yo nf
olwdkYywfvnfrSm&Sdaom½kyfwkudk;uG,folrsm;udkajymif;vJ&ef tvkyfrsm;rsm;
rvkyfjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/
odkYjzpfí trIawmfaqmifjcif;uRrf;usifol (missiological) tajccH&Sdoltaejzifh
"r®opfusrf;toif;awmfonf ygpwmq&mrsm;tm;xm;rIr&Sdaomtoif;awmfrsm;udk
wnfaxmifcJhjcif;&Sdygonf/ xdktajccHoabmw&m;rSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufjzpfyg
onf/ wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udk trdefYawmfapcdkif;csufjzifh&Sdygonf/ ]]wynfhawmfrsm;}}
[lonfha0g[m&udk olwdkYem;vnfonfhtwdkif; wynfhawmfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;udk ,HkMunf
olrsm;tm; tjcm;olwd kYudktjrJwrf;wynfhawmfr sm;jzpf zdkYaqmif&Gufol rsm;jzpf onf/
olwdkYudkapmifhMunfh&ef tjrJrvdktyfaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tjcm;aomenf;ajym&vQif
ol w d k Y \trI a wmf o nf ygpwmq&mrsm;tm;xm;rI r &S d a omtoif ; awmf r sm;ud k
wnfaxmifjcif;onf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftrdefYawmfudk oabmaygufem;vnfjcif;ESifh
ppfrSefaomwynfhawmfrsm;&&Sda&;udk em;vnfjcif;jzpfonf/
 65
BuD;rm;aomapcd kif ;csufE Sif hywfoufí bmoma&;,HkM unf csufwG ify g&S donfh
twdkif; a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf vlrsKd;wumtkyfpkwdkYwGif toif;awmfrsm;pdkufxlzdkY
vufa wGU usaomr[mAsL[menf;pepfud kv dktyf aMumif;od& SdM uonf/ BuD; rm;onfh
apcdkif;csufrSm trdefYawmfwpf&yfcsrSwfonfomru wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udk EdkifiH
toD;oD;wGi fjyKvkyfoGm;&efapcdkif;ygonf/ cdkifrmonfhtoif;awmfpdkuf xljcif;r[m
AsL[m&SdrSom þapcdkif;csufudktaumiftxnfazmfaqmifoGm;Edkifrnf/ &Sifaygvkonf
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk a&mrEdkifiHodkYo,faqmifjcif;ESifh wynfhawmfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;onf
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\ bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuftay:ü ay:xGef;cJhonf/
odkYjzpfí c&pf,mefrsm;\tpDtpOfjzpfonfhtoif;awmfrsm;xlaxmif
jcif;onf bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfay;csufESifhaMunmoGm;csuftwGif;wGif
&Sdygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\uwdawmfay;csufESifh BuD;rm;
aomapcdkif;csufESifhtwlxm;&Sdygu uREfkyfwdkYonf tmrcHcsufESifhñTefMum;
csufBuD;pGm&&Sdygonf/
a,½Io nf trdef Yawmftm;jzifh wynfha wmfrsm;jzpf jcif; udk ethne wdk if; wG if
jyKvkyf&rnf/ þa0g[m&rSm urÇmajrBuD;\t"dyÜm,fxufus,fjyefYonf/ Brown wGif
ethnos t"d yÜ m,fud k þod k Yjyef q d k onf /
Ethnos onf ethos rSvmonf/ "avhxHk;pH? tusifhp½dkuf? tkyfpk[lí
t"dyÜm,f&&Sdonf/ ,if;udk "avhxHk;pHESifhvlrsKd;pkwdkYjzifhpkpnf;rI&Sdonf/
odkYwnf; r[kwf? vltkyfBuD ;? vkyfazmfudki fzuf? vlwpfodkuf jzpfonf/
xdkpum;vHk;onf av;pm;rIr&Sdaomomref½dk;½dk;vltwGuf toHk;jyKjcif;
jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufonf vlrsKd;uGJwdkif;wGif wynfhawmfrsm;jyKvkyfzdkY
þurÇmajrBuD;wGifjyKvkyfoGm;&efapcdkif;ygonf/ txl;ojzifh vlrsKd;½dk;½dk;wGifjyKvkyf
oGm;&rnf/ vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;ESifhNrKdUwpfNrKdUwGif toif;awmfwpfckxm;vQif tkyfpktm;vHk;udk
ra&muf&S dEdki fyg/ BuD;rm;aomapcdk if;csufudk opöm&Sdaomtoif ;awmf onf qufí
F-9
66
toif;awmfo pfrsm;udk vlrsKd;tk yfp kopf rsm;wGi fpdk ufxl í a,½Iv monf wdki fatmif
jyKvkyfoGm;rnf/
]]BuD;xGm;vmonfhtoif;awmfbmoma&;tkyfpkrsm;onf bmoma&;topftkyfpk
rsm;jzpfonf/}} toif;awmfa[mif;rsm;onf ajcmufaoGYíaooGm;Muonf/ topf
aomtoif;awmfrsm;onf vef;qef;í touf&Sifvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí bmoma&;
*dkPf;*PcGJrsm;onf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&ef tav;xm;rnfqdkvQif
toif;awmfrsm;xlaxmifjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif tav;xm;jcif;jyKvdrfhrnf/ þtcsufonf
toif;awmfrsm;yGm;rsm;jcif;r&SdbJESifh BuD;rm;onfhapcdkif;csufudkNyD;pD;atmifaqmif&Guf
Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/
trS e ftm;jzif h toif ; awmfo pfr sm;udk pd k uf x lj cif ; onf trIa wmf a qmifj cif ;
tm;vHk;wdkY\&nfrSef;csufr[mAsL[mjzpfonf/ toif;awmftkyfpkwdkif;\&nfrSef;csuf
yef;wdkifonf toif;awmfopfrsm;pdkufxl&efjzpfygonf/ toif;awmfwGif toif;rsm;
xlaxmifjcif;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;ESifh topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;udkqufí
vlrsKd;tkyfpkopfrsm;üwnfaxmifrI&SdygrS BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufarQmfrSef;cJhaomtHhzG,f
BuD;xGm;rIudk trSefwu,fawGU&Sd&vdrfhrnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh yef;oD;yifudkpOf;pm;Munfhyg/ yef;oD;yif\toD;udk
yef;oD;[lípOf;pm;rdonf/ odkYaomfvnf; tjrifonf wpfydkif;wpfpyJ
&Sdao;onf/ yef;oD;rSm taph\wpfpdwfwpfydkif;omjzpfí &nf&G,fcsuf
tqHk;rSm toD;rsm;oD;aom- yef;oD;yiftrsm;wdkYudkyGm;rsm;&efjzpfonf/
c&pf a wmf \ ud k ,f c E¨ monf yef ; oD ; yif E S i f h wl o nf / wynf h a wmf r sm;
wpfOD;csif;udkxGuf&Sdapí tkyfpky&dowftrsm;tjym;udkay:xGef;aponf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmf\t&if;tjrpftiftm;udk toif;awmfodkY tm;vHk;trIawmf
twGufxm;&Sdygonf/ toif;awmftopfrsm;xlaxmifjcif;jzifh wynfhawmfrsm;&&SdzkdY
jzpfonf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;wdkYonf wynfhawmftopfrsm;
&&SdatmifjyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfatmifjyKvk yfaomtvkyfonf
trI a wmf o moemq&mrsm;\tvk y f j zpf ½H k o mruyg? omref toif ; om;rsm;vnf ;
aqmif&Gufjcif;&Sd&efvdkonf/
 67
Allen onf vuf & S d a cwf trI a wmf a qmif j cif ; vk y f i ef ; rsm;onf
"r®opfusrf;yHkpHrsm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;vsuf&Sdonfudk pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhonf/
txl;ojzifh wrefawmf&Sifaygvk\azmfjycsufta&;tom;wGifawGU&yg
onf/ Allen \tjrifrSm a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf qufwdkufBuD;xGm;rIrSm
omreftoif;om;rsm;uyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIjyKcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ txl;
uRrf;usifolrsm;\aqmif&GufrIwpfckwnf;r[kwfyg/ Allen \acwfNyKdif
vlwdkYESifhuGmjcm;onfrSm? wrefawmf&Sifaygvkonf olESifhtoif;awmf
topfpyfMum; tm;udk;tm;xm;qufqHrIudka&Smif&Sm;cJhonf/
omreftoif;om;rsm;? vlrsm;wdkY\vGwfajrmufrIaqmif&Gufcsuf&Sd
ygrS toif;awmf\t&if;tjrpftiftm;udkvTwfay;NyD; pdefac:csufrsm;ESifh
tcGifhta&;tvm;tvmrsm;udk urÇmtwGif;wGif&ifqdkifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufudkem;vnfoabmaygufjcif;&SdNyD;
t,l t qtm;jzif h c&pf , mef w d k i f ; onf trI a wmf a qmif & G u f j cif ; vk y f i ef ; wG i f
oabmaygufíyg0ifywfoufrI&Sd&rnf/ þem;vnfrIonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf
tay:üxGufay:vmygonf/ ol\vdktyfcsufonf wynfhawmfwdkif;onf wynfhawmf
rsm;jzpfzdkY aqmif&Gufaomolrsm;jzpf&rnf/ toif;awmfomoemq&mrsm;udk trSDjyKonfh
toif;awmfrsm;ud kwnf aqmuf rnfh tpm;? "r®opf usrf ;c&pf ,mef rsm;onf BuD; rm;
aomapcd kif;csufu dkemcHjcif;jyKí omreftoif;om;rsm;tky fcsKyfaomtoif; awmf udk
wnfaxmifcJhygonf/ vpm&toif;awmftrIaqmifrsm;onf toif;awmfudkcsJUxGifí
e,fopfrsm;odkY omoemudkaqmif&Gufygonf/ odkY&mwGif &SdNyD;om;e,fy,fodkYcsJUxGif
aomwm0efrSm omreftoif;om;wdkYtay:wGifusa&mufygonf/
toif;awmf\yxrOD;qHk;oufwrf; (200) wGif trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf aetdrf-
tajccHaomtrIawmfudkaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ txl;toif;awmftaqmuftODjzpfaom
c&pf,mefrsm;\0wfjyKaomae&mudkwnfaqmufcJhjcif;r&Sdyg/ 'kwd,&mpkESpfukeftxd
þodkYjzpfcJhonf/
tdrfae- tajcpdkufaomtoif;awmfonf "r®opfacwftoif;awmfudk tHhMozG,f
&mBuD;xGm;csJUxGifrIudk vlom;rsm;t&if;tjrpftiftm;jzifh tenf;qHk;toHk;jyKjcif;jzifh
BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/
68
t ES
pfcsK
yf
þtcef;BuD;wGif "r®opfusrf;acwfü r[mAsL[mcyfrsm;rsm;udk BuD;rm;aom
apcdkif;csuftay:em;vnfoabmaygufxGuf&Sdjcif;udk ppfaq;rIjyKcJh&onf/ xdkr[m
AsL[mrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
1/ toif;awmf\trIaqmifjcif;OD;pm;ay;csuf/
2/ trIawmfaqmifjcif;NyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&GufEdkif&ef tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfzGJYpnf;jcif;/
3/ ,Ofaus;rIESifhqDavsmfonfhaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk a&;om;jyKpkí c&pf,meft,l
0g'udk ,Ofaus;rItkyfpkwGif;odkY trIawmfaqmifjcif;taumiftxnfazmf&ef/
4/ toif;awmftopfrsm;xlaxmif&ef tm½HkjyKjcif;ESifh xdkOD;pm;ay;csufudkaxmufcH
rnfhtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfzGJYpnf;jcif;/
5/ tajcpdkuftrIawmfaqmifygpwmq&mrsm;r&Sdonfha'otoif;awmfrsm;zGJYpnf;
jcif;? þtoif;awmfrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;udk tm;udk;tm;xm;rjyKyg/ taMumif;rSm
c&pf,meftm;vHk;onf wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfonf/
6/ omreftoif;om;rsm;vIyf&Sm;rIjzifh BuD;xGm;vmonfhtoif;awmfrsm;/
a&S;OD;toif;awmf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;rSm &Sif;vif;jywfom;rI&Sdonf/
xdka&S;OD;toif;awmfonf trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk t"dfuyHkaqmifjcif;rSm BuD;rm;
aomapcdk if;csuf rSj zpf ygonf/ xdk trI awmfaqmif jcif ;vk yfi ef; onf r[mAsL[mudk
a&;qGJí zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrIonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;rS
ay:xGufvmonf/ xdk&v'frS urÇmwpfcGifvHk;odkY c&pf,mefrsm;vsifjrefpGmwdk;wuf
BuD;xGm;vmcJhygonf/ ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\tajctjrpf"r®opfusrf;odkY
jyefíoGm;rSom þacwftcgwGif ocifbk&m;üopöm&SdpGmaexdkifoGm;Edkifrnf/ "r®opf
usrf;\toif;awmftajctjrpfrSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftay:ü tjrpfwG,fjcif;jzpf
onf/ tu,fíom ajrmfvif hjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf rd rdudk,fu dk bk&m;ocif\
ynwfawmfudkapmifha&Smufaomvlrsm;jzpfvQif BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftay:ü emcHrI
r&SdbJESifh&SdEdkifygrnfenf;/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf wpfzefjyefítoif;awmf
wnfaqmufjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIwGif jyefvnfywfoufrI&Sd&rnf/
 69
odkYjzpfí BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkemcHjcif;onf oifjyKvkyfaom
t&mrsm;ü tusKd;oufa&mufrIrSm oif\toif;awmftwGuf bmawG
&&Sd rnfe nf ;/ uREfk yf wd kY onf ar;prf; jcif ;r&S db J trIa wmfv ky fi ef ;udk
½dk;&Sif;pGmvkyfudkif&rnf/ taMumif;rSm bk&m;ocifuapcdkif;ygonf/
_____
70
tcef ; BuD ; (3)
ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; awmf \ tajccH t aMumif ; &if ;
NyD;cJh aomtcef;BuD;ü BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufwGif tajcpdkufonfh bmoma&;
,HkMunfcsuf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;taMumif;udk or®musrf;pm½IaxmifhrSaqG;aEG;cJhNyD;
jzpfonf/ ,if;apcdkif;csufonf tvHk;pHkaomtmPm&a,½IrSay;cJhonf/ xdktrIawmf
aqmifjcif;onf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfrS wefcdk;awmfwyfqifí yifawukawåtjzpf
tysufü ay;í yxr&mpk ESp ftoif;awmftm; jyefvnfxajrmufaomocif bk&m;\
owif;awmfudk a&mrtifyg,mwpfcGifvHk;wGif wpfacwfwnf;ESifhpdkufxlEdkifcJhonf/
toif;awmf\tm½HkpdkufrIrSm vlYtzGJYtpnf;tkyfpktm;vHkwGif wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk
aqmif &G u f E d k i f & ef tm½H k p d k uf c J h o nf / xdk y ef ; wd k i f ud k a &muf & S dz d k Y toif ; awmf o nf
,Ofaus;rItrsKd;rsKd;ESifh&ifqdkif&aomtcg tqifajyo[ZmwjzpfzdkYaqmif&Guf&onf/
,if;rSm tajccHowif;pum;udk rajymif;vJbJESifh aqmif&GufEdkifcJhonf/ wynfhawmf
rsm;jzpfjcif;udk tav;xm;rIaMumifh a'ocHtoif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;udk trIaqmif
ygpwmq&mrsm;tajcpdkufrxm;&SdbJ tm½HkjyKrIjyKcJhonf/ þtpm; toif;awmfrsm;udk
½dk;½dk;toif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifí wpfzeftjcm;olrsm;udk wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYaqmif&Guf
jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí toif;awmfrsm;onf a'owGif;tjyif jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYwdkif
BuD;xGm;rI&SdcJhonf/
ajrmf vifhj cif ;toif; awmfo nf ,Hk Munfc suf tm;jzifh or®musrf ;pmvIy f& Sm;rI
wpf & yf j zif ha y:xGe f ;vmcJ h aMumif ;qd kí or®musrf ;pmwpf ck wnf ; omvQif olwd kY \
,Hk Munf csuf ESif hvuf awGY aqmif &Guf csuf rsm;wGif pdk ;rdk ;jcif ;jyKygonf/ odkYj zpfv Qif
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;taejzifh trIawmfaqmifjcif;,HkMunfcsufESifhusifhpOfwdkYrSm "r®opf
usrf;\yHkpHESifho[Zmwjzpfjcif;vHk;0&Sdygonf/ tu,fíom ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfcsuf
onf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftay:üA[dkjyKjcif;r&Sdygu "r®opfusrf;\toif;awmf
jzpfaMumif;tqkdjyKcsufonf ,HkEdkifp&mr&SdaMumif;jzpfoGm;rnf/
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\tjrifrSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkaqmif&Guf&ef
qE´&Sdjcif;onf ,if;\&nf&G,fcsufjzpfcJhonf/ a&S;OD;arQmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfolrsm;onf
 71
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfr[mAsL[mtjzpfudk wdk;wufzGHYNzKd;atmifjyKvkyfjcif;onf "r®opfusrf;
toif;awmfESifhqifwl,dk;rSm;&SdcJhonf/ ,if;a&S;OD;toif;awmfESifhwlnDrI&Sdjcif;onf ,aeYwGif
ajrmuftar&duefajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;ü aysmufqHk;vkeD;yg;&SdcJhonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\
pdk;&drfrIonf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;rsm;\yHkpHudkom jyefvnf&&SdzdkYr[kwfbJ "r®opfusrf;
acwfESifhoufqdkifaompdwf"mwfjzpfonfh a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;ESifh a&S;a&S;
c&pf,mefrsm;\pdwf"mwfrsm;udk jyefvnfí&&Sd&efjzpfygonf/
ay:x G
ef;awmfrljci f;(Parousia) o n fajr m fv i fh
jci f;t o i f;awmf\
o mo emt ajccH t aM
u mif;&i f;wpf&yfjzpfygo n f
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf róJ 24;14 ESifh BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufjzifh
jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;cH&onf/ taMumif;&if;wpf&yfrSmvnf; róJ 24;14 udk NyD;ajrmuf
atmifaqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf/
vl rsKd ;taygif;wd kYtm; oufa ojzpfrnftaMumif; Edki fiH awmfESi fh
,SOfaom{0Ha*vdw&m;udk avmuDEdkifiHt&yf&yf&SdorQwdkYüa[m&vdrfhrnf/
odkYNyD;rStqHk;onfjzpfvwåHY/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm c&pfawmf
\owif;pum;udk avmuDEdkifiHt&yf&yf&SdorQwdkYüa[m&rnf/ odkYrSom ocifbk&m;\
<uvmjcif ; ud k jref q ef a pvd r f h r nf / ocif b k & m;<uvmjcif ; \owif ; pum;onf
ajrmfvifhjcif;\rD;awmufrD;vQHozG,fawmufavmifcJhonfrSm ESpfaygif;wpf&mig;q,f
ausmfrQ&SdcJhygonf/ tcsKdUaomtcsdefrsm;wGif trIawmfaqmifjcif;\wGef;tm;ay;csuf
tjzpfom trIawmfjrefqefpGmNyD;pD;í c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;udk OD;pm;
ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ þtjzpfonf aysmufqHk;aeaomolwdkYudkOD;pm;ay;í u,fwifjcif;
enf;yg;cJhonf/ þtcsufESifhywfoufí vspfvsL½IrIr&Sdaomfvnf; vlrsm;\OD;aESmuf
xJwGif t"duvIHYaqmfrIwpf&yfrjzpfcJhyg/ odkYjzpfí róJ 24;14 ukdwGJí róJ 28;16-
20 ESifhtwlzwf&Sd&rnf/
72
odkYaomfvnf; a,½I\pdk;&drfrIonf aysmufqHk;aeolwdkYudku,fwifjcif;&&Sdrnf
taMumif; onf trIa wmfa qmif j cif ; NyD ; rIu d k o maqmif & G uf N yD; ocif b k& m;jref jref
jyef v mrnfh taMumif ; wpf c kwnf ;r[kwf y g/ toif ;awmf o nf aysmufq H k; aeaom
olrsm;twGuf bk& m;ocif\ES vHk;om;ysuf&jcif;ud kem;vnfrS om a,½I\pd wftm;
xufoefrIwGif aysmufqHk;aeaomvlom;rsm;twGuf aZmxGuf&jcif;udkem;vnfoGm;yg
rnf/ þpdwftm;xufoefrIonf ol\ZmwdcH,lrIuae u&medukef;wGif taoowf
jcif;cH&jcif;txd ol\toufwmb0udkem;vnfrSod&Sd&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\arQmfvifh
awmifhwjcif;? &SmazGawGU&Sdjcif;onf AufvifNrKdUtjzpftysufESifh OD;acgif;cGHt&yfqdkaom
a*gva*goüay:vGifcJhonf/ c&pfawmf\jyefvmjcif;udk toif;awmf\arQmfvifhcsuf
jzpfaomfvnf; BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufESifh aysmufqHk;aeaomolwdkYudkawGU&Sdjcif;tm;
bk&m;ocif\pdwftm;xufoefrIudk rnfonfht&murQzHk;uG,fjcif;rjyK&yg/
odkY&mwGif c&pfawmfay:xGef;jcif;owif;udk ae&mrSefwGiftoHk;jyKcJhvQif BuD;rm;
aomrD;yGm;wpf&yftjzpf trIawmfaqmifjcif;wm0efrsm;udk tultnDwpf&yfjzpfvdrfh
rnf/ tu,fíom ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;,HkMunfouJhodkY c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;
onfeD;uyfvsuf&SdonfjzpfvQif wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udk jyKvkyf&mü urÇmajrBuD;tay:ü
jrefqefpGmjyKvkyfay;zdkY vdktyfcsufwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ xdktcsdefonf pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;
umvuk ef q H k ; awmh rnf / a,½I < uvmvd r f h r nf / wynf h a wmf rjzpf a omol wd k Y o nf
aysmufqHk;jcif;&Sdvdrfhrnf/ xdktawG;rSm a,½ItwGufrcHr&yfEdkifjzpfygonf/ uREfkyf
twGufvnf;oduRrf;aomolrsm;jzpfcJhvQif xdkaysmufqHk;aomoltwGuf &ifxkremjzpf
vdrfhrnf/ odkYjzpfí uREfkyfwpfOD;wnf;taejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? toif;awmfwpfckvHk;
aomfvnf;aumif; umvtcsdeftcgqHk;rnfhtcsdefwGif wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;tvkyf
wGifyg0ifywfouf&ygrnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\trIaqmifvkyfief;onf a,½I<uvmjcif;tay:üom
em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf olwdkY\toif;
awmfj zpf ay:vmjcif ; onf bk & m;ocif\ ac:awmf rl j cif; cH & í xl ; jcm;aomowif ;
pum;udkaMunmoGm;&rnf/ urÇmtESHYxl;uJaomowif;pum;udkaMunmoGm;&rnf/
xdkowif;pum;rsm;onf ]]aumif;aomowif;pum;}} rsm; c&pfawmfü u,fwifjcif;udk
&&SdEdkifaMumif; aMunmoGm;&efrubJ uREfkyfwdkY\a&G;Ekwfjcif;ocif ]]owif;aumif;}} rSm
 73
wpfzef <uvmygvdrf hrnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif; owif;onf bk&m;ocifujyifqifjcif ;&Sdí
vlwpfrsKd;udka&muf&SdvmrnfholwdkY\bk&ifudkBuKdqdkEdkifzdkYjzpfygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;\
owif;rSm jyifqifjcif;jyKvkyf&rnfhowif;jzpfí a,½Iajymaomwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifh
udk ufnDygonf/ ,cifay;cJhonfhwynfhawmf jzpfjcif;\t"dyÜm,frSm? ajrmf vifhjcif;
toif;om;rsm;ajymaomt"dyÜm,fqd konf rSm c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;udk&ifqdk ifEd kif& ef
jyifqifjcif;jzpfygonf/ jyifqifjcif;onf a,½Itm; u,fwif&SiftjzpfvufcH½Hkom
rubJ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkyifoufqdkifygonf/ a,½Itm; rdrd\toufwmwGif
vHk ;vHk ;vsm;vsm; ocifbk &m;tjzpfv ufcH jcif ;jzpfygonf/ odkYj zpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif ;awmf\trIawmfrS m c&pfa wmfudkBuKdqdkEd kif&ef vlwdkYud kjyifqifay;jcif ;onf
a&S;OD;c&pf,mefrsm;ESifhwlnDí wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;tvkyfudkxGufíjyKvkyfcJhjcif;jzpf
ygonf / xdk vky fief;onf <uvmawmf rlj cif ;onf ydk íeD ;uyfvmonf jzpfí txl;
ta&;BuD;vsuf&Sdonf/
Orlando Costas onf {0H a*vd owif ;pum;ud ka[mMum;aMunmjcif ;ES ifh <uvm
awmfrljcif;udkjyifqif&ef vkyfief;ESpfckonf qufpyfrI&SdaMumif;tjrif&Sdonf/
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;a[mMum;jcif;onf toif;awmfBuD;xGm;jcif;ESifh
vlwpfOD;csif;wdk Yudk u,fwifjcif;a&muf&Sd&ef &nf& G,fcsufwpfckwnf;
r[k wfy g/ {0H a*vd o wif ;pum;a[mMum;jcif ;\yef ; wd ki f tvH k ; pH k r S m
bk& m;ocif\ Edk i fi H a wmf ud k od & S dz d kY j zpf o nf / xd kE d k if i Ha wmf o nf a,½I
c&pfawmfü½kyfvHk;ay:í oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\wnf&SdrIudkay:vGif&
ygonf/ þodkYjyKjcif;tm;jzifh {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkaMunmjcif;onf
bk e f ; toa&ES i f h B uD ; us,f c rf ; em;aomEd k i f i H a wmf u d k azmf j yzd k Y a e&mud k
vrf;jyjyifqifjcif;jzpfygonf/
'kwd ,usrf ;csuf rS m Asm'dwf 14;6-12 wG if a wG U&onf / <uvmawmfr lj cif ;
taMumif;udkod&Sd&efESifh ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\,Ofaus;rIzGJYpnf;yHkwdkYudkem;vnf
oGm;&efjzpfygonf/ þusrf;ydk'fonf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;wdkY\txl;owif;pum;
udkazmfjyxm;ygonf/ owif;pum;rSm c&pfawmf<uvmjcif;udkjyifqifoGm;Edkif&efjzpf
ygonf/ odkYjzpfí þusrf;ydk'fonf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;ESifh toif;awmfwdkY\
F-10
74
&ifESpfonf;yGwfjzpfygonf/ twdkif;twmwpf&yfrSm aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;t½kyfrSm
toif;awmf\txl;oauFwtjzpftoHk;jyKonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\trIawmf
aqmifjcif;tvkyfonf aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;wdkY\owif;pum;rSty cGJjcm;odjrif
jcif;rjyKEdkifyg/
ajrBuD;ay:rSmaeaomoltoD;toD;bmompum;udkajymaom vlrsKd;EG,f
cyf o dr f ; wd k Y tm; xm0&{0Ha *vd w&m;ud k a [m&aomaumif ; uif wref
wpfyg;u? bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GHYícsD;rGrf;Muavmh/ w&m;pD&ifawmfrl
aomtcsdefa&mufvmNyD/ aumif;uif? ajrBuD;? ork'´&mESifh prf;a&wGif;wdkYudk
zefqif;awmfrlaomt&Sifudk udk;uG,fMuavmh[k BuD;aomtoHESifhajymqdkí
aumif;uiftv,füysH0Jvsuf&Sdonfudkigjrif\/
aumif;uifwrefwpfyg;uvnf;? AmAkvkefûrdYBuD;NyKdvJNyD? rdrdrw&m;
aomarxkef\tqdyftawmufwnf;[laom pyspf&nfudk vlrsKd;taygif;
wdkYtm;wdkufavNyD;aom AmAkvkefûrdYBuD;ûydvJNyD[kvdkufíajymqdk\/
xdkrSwpfyg;? wwd,aumif;uifwrefu? tMuifolonf om;&JESifh
ol\ ½k yf wku d k ud k ; uG ,fí ol\ wHq d y fv ufr S wfu d ke zl ;ücH onf jzpf ap?
vufücHonfjzpfap? xdkolonf bk&m;ocif\a'gozvm;üavmif;aom
trsufawmfpyspf&nfppfudkaomuf&vdrfhrnf/ oefY&Sif;aomaumif;uifwref
wdkYa&SU? odk;oi,fa&SUwGif uefYESifha&maomrD;xJrSm jyif;pGmaomn§Of;qJ
jcif;udkcH&vdrfhrnf/ xdkn§Of;qJjcif;\rD;cdk;onf urÇmtqufqufwuf
vsuf&Sd\/ om;&JESifhol\½kyfwkwdkYudkudk;uG,fí ol\emrwHqdyfvufrSwf
udk c H aomol wdk Y o nf aeY nOf h rjywf o ufo mr&Mu[k vd k uf í BuD ; aom
toHE Sif ha jymqd k\/ bk&m;ocif \ynwf wd kYu dk vnf ;aumif; ? a,½I\
,H k M unf j cif ; ud k v nf ; aumif ; ? apmif h a &S m uf a omoef Y & S i f ; ol wd k Y o nf
þae&müonf;cHp&mtaMumif;&Sd\/ (Asm'dwf 14;6-12)/
þusrf ;yd k'f udk aemufwGif tao;pd wfa zmfj yygOD; rnf / odkY &mwGif tck csd efr Sm
¤if;usrf;ydk'fudk róJ 24;14 ESifh róJ 28;16-20 wdkY\tquftjzpf rSwfom;apvdkyg
onf /
 75
tu,fíom ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf róJ 24;14 udkom oD;oefY
tm½HkjyKrnfqdkvQif olwdkYudkt"dutm;jzifh trIawmfonf aMunmjcif;oufoufom
em;vnf r I a y;oG m ;rnf / þoabmrsKd ; jzpf c J h v Qif {0H a *vd w&m;awmf u d k a Munm
a[majymrI & S d o nf u mvywf v H k ; ol r sm;vuf c H o nf j zpf a p? vuf r cH o nf j zpf a p
trIawmfonfNyD;ajrmufaponf/ odkY&mwGif róJ 24;14 onf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;
csuf \ róJ 28;19 jzpfaom wynfha wmfjzpfjcif; trIawmf ESifhc GJxGufí r&Edki fyg/
Asm'dwfusrf; 14 wGifazmfjyxm;aom vSyonfhusrf;csufonf &SifróJ\ þusrf;csuf
ESp fc k\ taMumif; t&mwdk Yu dk pk pnf; í? rwl nD onfh tcsuftvufwdk Yu dk aygif; pyfí ?
wpfckwnf;aom&nf&G ,fc sufu dkaygif ;pnf ;vsuf&S dygonf/ þt&mum; tjrJwrf;
wnfwHhaom{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudka[mMum;jcif;jzpfonf/ þaMunmcsufrSm urÇm
tES HY jzpf ygonf/ aMunmjcif; wpfc kwnf ;omr[k wf bJ &v'f rsm;vnf; &&Sd cJ ho nf /
þowif;pum;udka[mMum;jcif;onf ola wmfp ifrsm;uonf;cHaompdwf oabmudk
bk &m;ocif\ ynwf awmf wd kY ud ka pmif ha &Smuf jcif ;jzpfo nf / &S if róJ\ BuD; rm;aom
apcdkif;csufESifhwlnDaom&nfrSef;csufjzifh aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;\owif;pum;rSm
bk&m;ocif\ynwfawmfwdkYudkapmifha&SmufaomvlwdkYudkxkwfvkyfzdkYjzpfonf/ wynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;udkac:,ljcif;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGmawGU&Sd&ygonf/
þusrf;ydk'f\wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIawmfaqmif&Guf&ef&nf&G,fcsuftjyif róJ
24;14 wG if trI awmf a qmif & Gu fj cif ; ta&;BuD ;yH kwdk Y ud k awGU &Sd &ygonf/ tjrJwrf ;
wnfwHhaom{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk owif;xl;jzpfjcif;ESifhtnD a,½I<uvmawmfrljcif;
owif;pum;udka[mMum;&rnf/ þurÇmysufudef;owday;jcif;rSm bk&m;ocifynwf
w&m;awmfwdkYudk vlrsm;apmifha&Smufzd kYESifh a,½Iay:wGifo pöm&SdzdkY ta&;BuD;aMumif;
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf Asm'dwf 14;6-12 usrf;ydk'fudk rdrd\trIawmf
aqmifjcif;trIwGif tajccHtaMumif;&if;wpf&yftaejzifh jrifawGUoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/
odk Y &mwGi f þusrf; ydk ' fu d ka umif ;pG mem;vnf z dk Y twG uf BuD ;rm;aomapcd ki f ;csuf \
aemufcH,lqcsufjzifh em;vnfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ Asm'dwf 14 udk &Sifa,m[ef\
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\a0zefcsufwGif vlYordkif;\aemufqHk;aeY&ufrsm;wGif qufvufí
o,faqmifoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;owif;pum;\&nf&G,fcsuf
76
yef ; wd k if r S m BuD ; rm;aomapcd k i f ; csuf \ &nf & G ,f c suf y ef ; wdk i f E S i f h wl n D r I &S d y gonf /
&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifonf wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkY aqmif&GufcsufESifhtwl bk&m;ocif\
ynwfawmfwdkYudkapmifha&Smufí a,½Itay:üopöm&Sd&rnfjzpfygonf/
ajr mfv i fh
jci f;t o i f;awmfo n fAsm'd
w f14;6- 12 u dkwyn fhawmfjzpfjci f;
t aM u mif;u d em;v n fí t ajccH
k t aMu mif;wpf&yft jzpfv u fcH
, ljci f;
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf rdrd\trIawmfaqmifj cif;vkyfief;onf a,½I
c&pfawmf\'kwd,<uvmjcif;arQmfvifhcsufjzifh tajctjrpfwG,fí oabmw&m;&Sdyg
onf / ,if ; trI a wmf a qmif j cif ; \tajccH taMumif ; wpf & yf r S m aumif ; uif wref
oHk ; yg;\owif ;pum;a[mMum;jcif ; jzpfí Asm'd wf (14) ud k <ujref ;vmawmh r nf h
ocif b k & m;tm;BuKd q d k E dk i f & ef vl r sKd ; taygif ; wd kY u d k j yif q if zd k Y & ef jyKjyif a y;&rnf /
þtrIawmfudkem;vnfjcif;&Sdí owåraeYOykoftoif;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftm;
trIawmfudkta&;BuD;jcif;ESifh vrf;ñTefrIay;oGm;ygonf/
toif;awmfonf rdrd\trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk wGef;tm;ay;onfht&mwdkYrSm
rnfonf ht&mjzpfrnfe nf;udkod&Sd& rnfhtjyif? aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;wdkY \owif;
pum;aMunmjcif;aMumifh rnfonfht&mrsm;aqmif&GufEdkifonfudkod&Sd&efvdktyfygonf/
xdk&v'f\tqHk;rSm aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;\owif;pum;wGif;ü yg&SdNyD;om;jzpfonf/
Asm'dwf 14;12 wGif þowif;pum;rsm;rSm vlwpfpkudk bk&m;ocif\ynwfw&m;awmf
rsm;tm;apmifha&Smufí a,½IudkopömcHaomolrsm;jzpfygonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf þowif;pum;a[mMum;csufrsm;ESifh Asm'dwf
usrf;tcef;BuD; (14) ESifhNyD;cJhonfhtcef;i,fig;ckwGifazmfjycJhaom vl 144ç000 wdkY\
trnfpm&if;ESifhywfoufí qufpyfrI&SdaMumif;awGU&SdcJhonf/
xdkaemufrS igMunfhvQif odk;oi,fonf Zdtkefawmifay:rSm&yfae
\/ ol\emrESifhcrnf;awmf\emrudk ezl;ütu©&mwifaomol wpfodef;
av;aomif;av;axmifvnf; olESifhtwl&SdMu\/ ork'´&ma&oH? BuD;pGmaom
rdk;BuKd;oHuJhodkY aumif;uifutoHudkigMum;\/ xdkodkYigMum;aomtoHonf
 77
apmif;orm;rsm;apmif;wD;aomtoHuJhodkYjzpf\/ yv’ifawmfa&SUüvnf;aumif;?
owå0g av;yg;ESifhtoufBuD;olwdkYa&SUüvnf;aumif;? olwdkYonftopfaom
oDcsif;udkqdkMu\/ ajrBuD;rSa&G;Ekwfaomol wpfodef;av;aomif;av;axmif
rSwpfyg;? tb,folrQxdkoDcsif;udkoif\r&Edkif/ xdkolwdkYonf unmjzpfí
arxkeftrIESifh rnpfnL;aomoljzpfMu\/ odk;oi,foGm;av&m&mt&yfodkY
aemufawmfüvdkufaomoljzpfMu\/ vlwdkYtxJua&G;Ekwfí bk&m;ocifESifh
odk;oi,ftzdkY tOD;oD;aomtoD;jzpfMu\/ tjypfESifhuif;vGwfMuonfjzpfí
olwdkYEIwfürkom;r&Sd/ (Asm'dwf 14;1-5)/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkY\,HkMunfcsufrSm þvl 144ç000 wdkYonf eHygwfpOf
r[kwfyg/ oauFwjzpfrnf/ olwdkYrSm a,½I'kwd,tBudrf<uvmawmfrljcif;udk BuKdqdk
Edkif&ef tqifoifh&SdaomvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfonf/ olwdkYrSm 0dnmOfa&;£oa&vrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ þtky fpk onf oD; oefYa omolr sm;r[kwfyg/ tjzpf onf tm;vHk; aygif ;aom
vl rsKd ; pk j zpf ygonf / urÇ majrBuD; &S d vl trsKd ; rsKd ; rS j zpf í jyef v nf a &muf& S d v maom
bk&ifudkBuKdqdk&ef tqifoifh&SdaomvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;
onf aumif;uifwrefoH k;yg;wdkY \owif;pum;rsm;w&m;a[mcsuf onf þtyd k'f
rsm;wGifajymMum;aomþolrsm;udk xGuf&Sd&efjzpfygonf/
od kY jzpfí ajrmf vifhj cif;toif ;awmf onf owif ;pum;ud kaMunmjcif; rubJ
þyk* ¾ d K vfo auF weH y gwf 144ç000 ud k& &S d a tmif a,½I \ 'kwd ,<uvmjcif ;tm;
BuKdqdkEdkifzdkY tqifoifhjzpf&effBuKd;pm;&rnfjzpfaMumif; &Sifa,m[efuazmfjycJhonf/
1/ zcrnf;awmf\trnfemrudk olwdkY\ezl;wGifa&;xm;jcif;jzpfonf (i,f 1)/
þolrsm;onf bk&m;ociftm; opömapmifhodjcif;&Sdolrsm;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí
zcrnf;awmfonf olwdkY\ezl;ay:wGif ol\emrudkwifEdkifonf/ oabmtm;jzifh
olwdkYonf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;olydkifqdkifaMumif;jzpfonf/
2/ olwdkYtm;jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&onf (i,f 3)/ bk&m;ocifolwdkYudkydkifqdkif
onfrSm u&medukef;ü c&pfawmf\taoG;awmfjzifhjyefvnf0,f,ljcif;&Sdaom
ol rsm;jzpf onf/ taoG; awmftm;jzif h 0,f,lj cif;cH& aomtjypf om;wdk Yo nf
a,½IudkBuKdqdkEdkifygonf/
78
3/ olwdkYonf oefY&Sif;aom,HkMunfcsuf&Sdonf/ olwdkYonf AmAkvkef\pyspf&nfudk
aomuf ol ES if h jcm;em;í AmAk vk ef \tdr f axmifa &;azmuf jyef ol r sm;r[k wf bJ ?
þolrsm;onf AmAkvkefBuD;\npfnrf;rIrSuif;&Sif;onf/ olwdkYonf AmAkvkef\
pyspf&nfud kraomuf oHk;yg/ tdrfa xmifa&;azmufj yefjcif ;vnf;rusL;vGe fyg/
þonf rSm aemufqHk;tcsdefumv\bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufpGefYv Twfjcif; rsm;
&Sdonfhtcsdefü usrf;pmu bk&m;ocif\ta&G;cs,fcH&aomoludkyif vdrfvnf
vSnfhjzm;EdkifaomtcsdefwGif þolrsm;onf oefY&Sif;aom,HkMunfrIjzifh a,½Itm;
opömcH,ljcif;&Sdonf/
4/ olwdkYonf a,½Iudkb,fae&myJjzpfjzpf? vdkufavQmufjcif;jyKcJhonf/ om;&JESifh
ol \ ½k y f wk u dk v d k u f a vQmuf o l r sm;ES if h p mvQif Asm'd wf u srf ; u þol r sm;ud k
a,½I\aemufvdkufolrsm;jzpfaMumif; yHkyrmudkazmfxkwfay;vsuf&Sdonf/ olwdkYonf
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;aemufawmfodkYvdkufavQmufonf/ olwdkYtm;oifjyjcif;omrubJ
a,½ItrdefYawmf&Sdonfhtwdkif;vdkufavQmufonf/
5/ bk&m;ocif\yv’ifawmfa&SUwGif tjypfwpfpHkwpf&mr&SdbJESifh &yfwnfvsuf&Sdonf/
olwdkYrSm rdrdwdkY\ajzmifhrwfjcif;tay:ü&yfwnfjcif;rjyKbJ olwdkYonf oefY&Sif;
rGefjrwfjcif;&SdonftaMumif;rSm olwdkYudkjyefvnf0,f,la&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&onf/
olwdkYtm; c&pfawmf\ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifhzHk;tkyfjcif;cH&onf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkYonf
pD&ifcsufwGifajzmifhrwfaMumif; tpD&ifcH&í a,½IudkBuKdqdkEdkif&ef tqifoifh
&SdaomaMumifh aumif;uifEdkifiHodkY0ifa&mufEdkifygonf/
aumif ;uifwrefo H k; yg;wd kY \ owif ;pum;ud k wH k Yj yefc J ha om0d a oovu©P m
ig;csuf&Sdaomolwdk Yonf a,½Iajymaomwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\ olY&Jh{0Ha*vdw&m;
awmfü&SdcJhouJhodkY þolrsm;onf ppfrSefaomwynfhawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ þolrsm;onf
olwdkY\toufwmü c&pfawmftm; olwdkY\ocifbk&m;tjzpfopömjynfh0pGmjzifhemcHrI
vHk;0&SdMuygonf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuftay:wGif ajymonfhtwdkif; þtcsufwGif
jynfhpHkvsuf&Sdonf/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk tao;pdwfazmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/ Asm'dwf 14;1-
12 wGif toif;awmf\trIaqmifjcif;vkyfief;onf þt&nftcsif;&Sdaomolrsm;udk
twd tusowf r Swf í uk e fq H k; onf h tcsde f umvwG i f& nfp l ;í þodk Y aomol r sm;ud k
 79
a[mMum;&efjzpfNyD; a,½Ic&pfawmfESihfopöm&SdpGmwynfhawmfrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGmjzpfzdkY
a[mMum;&efjzpfygonf/
umvtcsde f NyD; qHk ; csde f ü wynfh a wmfj zpf j cif; \pG e fY vT wf& rnf ht&mrsm;onf
vlom;rsm;\ordkif;wGif tjcm;aomtcsdefrsm;uJhodkYyif txl;wvnfuGmjcm;rIr&Sdyg/
bk&m;ocifonf ol\wynfhawmfrsm;udk wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIü jyKvkyfay;aomtcgrSm
ppfrSefjcif;&Sdaom vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;opömcH,lonfhwynfhawmfrsm;&&SdzdkYjzpfonf/ toif;
awmf\acwfumvb,ftcsdefrSmyJjzpfjzpf þowfrSwfcsufonf umvukefqHk;csdef
wGifvnf; þodkY&Sdaeygrnf/ bk&m;ocifonf c&pfawmf\trIawmfudkNyD;ajrmufoGm;&ef
'kwd,<uvmjcif;ESifhtwl NyD;ajrmufapvdrfhrnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf ol\&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk Asm'dwf 14;1-5 txd
azmfj ycJh aomvlr sKd; wd kY ud k &&Sd atmifj yKvk yf vd kv Qif olwdk Y\ {0Ha *vdo wif; pum;ud k
r[mAsL[monf Asm'dwf 14;6-12 \yHkpHudkvdkufavQmuf&rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;
onf þxl;uJqef;jym;aomowif;pum;udk aemufqHk;umvtcsdefESifhywfoufaom
t&mwd k Y u d k a [mMum;&ygrnf / owif ; pum;aumif ; rsm;\trd e f Y awmf B uD ; rm;aom
apcdkif;csufrStpûyí Asm'dwftcef;BuD; (14) wGifcsJUxGifíajymMum;jcif;onf ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;awmf\vrf;ñTeftjzpf trIawmfaqmifjcif;\NyD;ajrmufjcif;twGufjzpf&yg
rnf/ ajrmfvifh jcif; toif; om;rsm;\a[mMum;csuf onf aysmuf qHk ;aeaombk& m;
ocif\vlwdkYudka[mMum;&rnfjzpfNyD; vlawGudkueOD;,HkMunfcsuf&SdvmzdkY c&pfawmf
xH od k Y a c:aqmif v mjcif ; ES i f h auseyf r I r &S d & yg/ jynf h 0 aomwynf h a wmf j zpfj cif ;ud k
aqmif&GufNyD;rSom auseyfrI&Sd&rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\trIawmfaqmif&Guf
jcif;udk Asm'dwfusrf;tcef;BuD; (14) \aemufcHtaMumif;udkod&SdrSom em;vnfjcif;
&SdEdkifygonf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;ESifh
twl&SdoGm;&rnfjzpfonf/
rsm;rMumaomESpftwGif;rSm ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfolrsm;ü tMuHjyKcsuf&SdoGm;
onfrSm ueOD;c&pfawmfxHodkYvma&mufjcif;ESifh wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIwdkYudk cGJjcm;
xm;zdkYtMuHjyKjcif;&Sdygonf/ AwådZHay;jcif;onf tpOD;c&pfawmfxHodkYvma&mufjcif;
tNyD;wGif AwådZHudkay;&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí toif;awmftzGJY0iftjzpf tqufjywf
80
jcif; &S do G m;rnf/ ajrmfv if hj cif ;toif; awmftaMumif ; ud k oG ef o if csuf vk y fN yD ;rSo m
toif;awmfwGif toif;om;tjzpfqE´&Sdr&Sda&G;cs,fEdkifygonf/
odkY&mwGif AwådZHudk toif;awmfodkY0ifa&mufjcif;ESifhcGJxkwfxm;vQif obm0rus?
"r®opfusrf;ESifhvnf;qefYusifbufjzpfvdrfhrnf/ "r®opfusrf;onf AwådZHay;jcif;ESifh
toif;awmfodkY0ifa&mufjcif;onf tquftpyf&Sdí toif;awmfodkY0ifa&mufjcif;udk
ueOD;tusifhwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ obm0rusonfrSmvnf; róJ 28;19 ESifhvnf;
c&pf awmf\ñT efMum;csufESif hqefYusifoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ xd kusrf;csufwGif ol\
ñTefMum;csufrSm aemufodkYvdkufavQmufolrsm;tm; oGm;íwynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkYvkyf&
rnf/ þtcsufESifhywfoufí c&pfawmfudkvufcH½HkESifhrNyD;ao;yg/ t"dyÜm,fþxuf
av;eufygonf/ a,½Iuþ ]]wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;}} udk AwådZHrjyKay;rD jyKvkyfay;&
rnf/ aemufrSjyKvkyf&rnfr[kwfyg/ olwpfOD;OD;udk wynfhawmfjzpfNyD;aomtcgrSm
olYudkqufwdkufoifMum;ay;&rnf/ wynfhawmfrsm;uJhodkYaexdkifoGm;&ef ñTefMum;csuf
ay;onf/ odkYrSom xdkwynfhawmfopfonf aemufxyftjcm;aomolrsm;udk wynfhawmf
jzpfEdkifzdkYjyKvkyfEdkifrnf/
c&pfawmfxHodkYvma&mufjcif;ESifh wynfhawmfrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;udkcGJjcm;zdkY tm½HkjyKjcif;
onf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;tm; Asm'dwf 14;1-12 xdtm½HkjyKjcif;udkaysmufuG,f
oGm;apygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\owif;pum;\&nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif
tjzpfaysmufqHk;oGm;ygonf/ tu,fíom vlawGudkc&pfawmfxHodkYac:vmjcif;onf
tptOD;,HkMunfcsufjzpfvQif uREfkyfwdkY\,HkMunfcsufonf pepfwusjzpfzdkYrvdkbJ
<uvmawmfr l jcif; taMumif ;uk d tm½H kj yKjcif ;ud ktav;xm;ajymjyjcif ;rvdk a wmh yg/
aemufqHk;tcsufjzpfaom EdkifiHawmfudk0ifa&mufjcif;taMumif;udkvnf; tav;xm;í
ajymqdkzdkYrvdkawmhyg/ toif;awmfonf vlawGudkc&pfawmfxHodkY ,HkMunfcsuf&&SdEdkif&ef
ac:aqmifvmjcif;jzpfrnf/ olwdkYtm; jynfh0aomopömcH,lrIrjyKbJESifh wynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;trIu dk 0ifa&mufzdkYarQmfvifhcsufxm;onfrSty bmrQjyKvkyfzd kYrvdkawmhyg/
þonfrSm toif;awmftm;BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkcsKd;azmuf&musygonf/ ,if;onf
AwådZHudkay;EdkifzdkY? wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkY aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;&SdrSom AwådZHudkay;Edkifonf
[líowfrSwfxm;ygonf/ toif;awmfodkY0ifa&mufjcif;onf tiftm;aysmhvsuf&Sdaom
c&pf,mefrsm;jzpf &yftqHk; rSm {0Ha *vd owif; pum;a[mMum;jcif;r[mAsL[monf
 81
c&pfawmfu dku,fwif &Si ftjzpfv ufcH ½Hk ESif hNyD ;a&m[lí jzpfvdr fhr nf/ þodk Ytm;aysmh
vsuf&Sdaomc&pf,mefrsm;onf toif;awmf\&SifoefaomoufaocHcsufudk tm;aysmh
apvdrfhrnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf John Wesley \,HkMunfcsuftajctjrpfodkY
jyefoG m;&efvdk tyfy gonf / Wesley ESi fh Whitfield wd kYo nf wpfc sde fwnf;acwfr Sm
w&m;a[mcJhMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwdkYESpfOD;pvHk;rSm atmifjrifonfh{0Ha*vdw&m;
udka[mMum;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif Whitfield \ajymif;vJvmolrsm;rsm;rSm
usef&Sdjcif;r&Sdawmhyg/ John Wesley \ajymif;vmolrsm;rSm atmifjrifjcif;&Sdvsufjzpf
onf / uG mjcm;csuf & Sd o nf r Sm olwd kY \ {0H a*vdo wif; a[mMum;csufp epftm;jzif h
uGmjcm;vsuf&Sdonf/ Whitfield onf Mum;emolrsm;udk c&pfawmftm;,HkMunfcsuf
tm;jzifhvufcH,lo nf/ John Wesley taejzifh ajymif;vJ vmolrsm;udk oif wef;
tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfwGifyg0ifywfoufrIjyKcJhonf/ þoifwef;awGYqHkyGJwGif olwdkYudk
wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udkjyKvkyfay;ygonf/
olonf vlawGudkzdwfac:NyD; c&pfawmfudkvufcHzdkYESifh c&pf,mef
csufcsif;jzpfzdkY ac:,ljcif;jyKvkyfcJhonf/ . . . rsm;aomtm;jzifh twef;
wpf c k u d ky g0if z d k Y z d wf a c:onf / naerS mjyKvk y f r nf h o if wef; topf u d k
yg0if&efzdwfMum;onf/
Wesley onf wynfha wmf jzpfjcif; tay:ü tm½Hk pdk ufr IjyKonfhtwGu f ol\
enf;pepfonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufESifhydkí Whitfield xufo[ZmwjzpfcJhonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkY\em;vnfrIrSm Whitfield xuf Wesley \em;vnfrIESifh
o[Zmwrsm;&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif; toif;om;xl;uJonfhBuD;xGm;rIrSm
toif;om;rsm;q,foef;txdwdk;yGm;cJhonf/ ESpftawmfrsm;rsm;ausmfoGm;aomtcgrSm
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkYonf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk ydkrdkOD;pm;ay;jcif;rSm c&pfawmf
udkvufcH½HkESifh toif;om;jzpfjcif;udkvufcHjcif;r&Sdawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmfonf tjcm;aomtoif;awmfrsm;xuf&dwfodrf;&&Sdaomtoif;om;rsm;udk
ydkrdkíxdef;odrf;xm;Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ,aeYrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;onf ajymif;vJ
vmaomtoif ;om;rsm;ud kxd ef ;od rf ;xm;&ef ydk rd ktcuf tcJ &S dygonf/ wynfh awmf
F-11
82
jzpfjcif ;trIudk OD;pm;ay;rIavsmhyg;oG m;avav? toif;awmfwGifusef&Sda omvlrsm;
avsmhyg;oGm;avav&Sdvdrfhrnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf Wesley vrf;pOfxuf
Whitfield vrf ;pOfud k avQmufvS rf ;vsuf &S d ygonf /
]]uREfkyf\aemifawmf Wesley onf ynm&SdpGmjyKrljcif;&SdcJhonf/ ol\
trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfü Edk;Mum;x<uaom0dnmOfrsm;udk ol\oifwef;
&SdolwdkYESifhqufoG,frI&SdaomaMumifh ol\tvkyfwGif&&SdaomtoD;rsm;udk
ydkrdkxdef;csKyfEdkifonf/ þodkYjyK&rnfudk vspfvsL½IcJhonfhtwGuf uREfkyf\
vlwdkYrSm oJjzifhjyKvkyfaomBuKd;pESifhwlygonf/ (quoted in Ayling, 1979,
p. 201).
od kYj zpf í owåraeYO yko fajrmf vif hjcif;toif ;awmfo nf wynfhawmfj zpf jcif;
toif;awmfBuD;xGm;rIyHkpHodkYjyefoGm;í Asm'dwf 14;1-12 ESifh róJ 28;16-20 wGif
&Sif;jyouJhodkY trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudkNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufvdkaompdwf&Sdrnf
qdkygvQif/
uREfkyfwdkYonf Asm'dwf 14;1-5 xd ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;rSwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;
t"dyÜm,fem;vnfrIjzpf&yfESifh Asm'dwf 14;6-12 udkem;vnfrIwdkYonf xdkumvukefqHk;
csdefü wynfhawmfrsm;&&SdEdkifzdkY aqmif&GufcsufwdkYudkppfaq;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefü
Asm'dwf 14;6-12 udkppfaq;rIjyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ þodkYjyKjcif;rSm aumif;uif
wrefoHk;yg;wdkY\owif;aMunmcsufwGif þodkYaomwynfhawmfrsm;&&SdEdkifzdkY Asm'dwf
14;1-5 twdkif;azmfjycJhonfh wynfhawmfrsKd;&&Sdjcif;udkawGU&Sdatmif b,fodkYjyK&rnf
enf;udkpOf;pm;qifjcifMuygpdkY/
yxraumif;uifwrefonf ol\owif;pum;udk xm0&{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifh
aMunmcJhygonf/ toHk;jyKcJhaombmompum;rSm wpfpHkwpfckjzpfaomBuD;rm;onfh
apcdkif;csufESifh owd&apygonf/ þowif;pum;\qdkvdkcsufrSm xdkapcdkif;csufudk
csJUxGifNyD;ajymqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkapcdkif;csufudk aemufqHk;umtcsdefwGif NyD;ajrmuf
atmifaqmif&Gufapvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkowif;pum;onf xm0&{0Ha*vdowif;
pum;ESifh aMunmjcif;ESifhpwifygonf/ xdkowif;pum;onf urÇmOD;tpü aMunm
cJ ha omowif ; pum;jzpf y gonf / {0H a *vdo wif ; pum;onf ajymif ; vJ r Ir &S d c Jh y g/
 83
owif ;pum;\azmf jycsufr Sm umvukef qH k;csd ef wGi f <uvmawmfrl jcif; rjzpfrD wG if
c&pf,mefr sm;\tpowif;pum;udk wefcd k;awmfESifh jynfh0 aomaMunmcsuf rsm;jzifh
a[mMum;&rnf/
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;onf ]]aumif;aomowif;}} jzpfonf/ ,if;rSm a,½I
c&pfawmfonf vlawG&JhtjypfudkcGifhvTwfjcif;jzpfygonf/ þtaMumif;rSm olonf
a*gva*goukef;jrifhwGif olonf taoowfjcif;cH&í jzpfajrmufcJhygonf/ xdktjzpf
onf xl;uJaomowif;aumif;jzpfonf/ vlom;rsm;onf tjypfrSajzvTwf&ef bmrQ
rwwfEdkifyg/ c&pfawmfwpfOD;wnf;omvQif rdrdudk,fudkylaZmfjcif;jzifhjyKvkyfEdkifygonf/
ajrmfvif hjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf topfaom{0Ha *vdw&m;awmfudk rjyK&yg/
Asm'dwf 14;6-12 udk NyD;pD;atmifjyKvkyfvdkonfhqE´&SdcJhvQif xm0&{0Ha*vdowif;
pum;udka[mMum;í aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifhom u,fwifjcif;&&SdEdkifaMumif; a[mMum;
&rnf/ þu,fwifjcif;udk c&pfawmfrMumrD<uvmawmhrnfhtjzpftysufESifh&&SdEdkifrnf/
odkY&mwGif rnfonfhtcsufurS xyfavmif;NyD;&Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ c&pfawmfüwpfckwnf;
aom,HkMunfcsufjzifh u,fwifjcif;udk&&SdEdkifygonf/ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIonf
&&SdEdkifrnfhtajctaeudkNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;onf u,fwifjcif;&&SdEdkifzdkY
taMumif;wpf&yfr[kwfyg/ u,fwifjcif;toD;rS&&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfol
urQwynfhawmf jzpfjcif ;udk&&Sd Edkifrnf r[kwfyg/ a,½Ic&pfawmfud k toufwmwGif
vufcHjcif;jyKNyD; u,fwif&SiftjzpfvufcHjcif;jyKrSom&&SdEdkifrnf/
c&pf awmf< ua&mufv maomtcsd ef rS m &if qdk if Edk if zd kYj yifqifj cif ;jyK&mü yxr
OD; qHk; aomajcvSrf ;rSm vlrsm;ud kuyfwdkifa jcawmf&if ;odk YcsOf ;uyf í a,½Iudkv Hk;vHk;
vsm;vsm;vufcHjcif;&Sd&rnf/ olonf tpGef;txif;r&Sdaomajzmifhrwfjcif;0wf½Hkawmfudk
0wf qifa pNyD ;rSom tjypfrSu ,frjcif; jyKrnf/ þajzmifhrwfjcif;udk vlo m;rsm;\
ukodkvfawmftm;jzifhr&&SdEdkifbJ bk&m;ocif\aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifhom&&SdEdkifygonf/
vlr sm;onf u,fwifj cif ;qufq H a&;tm;jzif h a,½I üa&muf &S d vmaomtcg
olwdkYonf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkjyKvkyfay;&rnf/ xdkwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf bk&m;
ocif\½kyfyHkawmftm;jzifh jyefvnf&&SdapNyD; c&pfawmf\tcrJhay;aomajzmifhrwfjcif;
udk & &S d a prnf/ vl o m;rsm;onf bk & m;ocif \ ½k y fy H ka wmf tm;jzif h zefq if; jcif ; ud k
udk,fum,tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? OmPfawmftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOf
84
awmftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; &SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif xdk½kyfyHkawmfonf tjypfaMumifh
ysufpD;&onf/ vlom;rsm;onf wm;jrpfaomtoD;udkyifrpm;oHk;rDuyif tjypfusL;vGef
cJhygonf/
xdk tyif onf pm;zG ,f a umif; jcif ;? tqif; vnf ; vS j cif ;? ynm
wdk;yGm;apvdkaomiSm? ESpfoufzG,faomtyifjzpfjcif;udk rdef;ronfjrifvQif
toD ; ud k ,l í pm;\/ rd r d c if y G e f ; tm;vnf ; ay;í ol o nf v nf ; pm;\
(urÇmOD;usrf; 3;6)/
tjypfonf {0\pdwfxJwGif pwif0ifa&mufvmNyD; jyifyüudk,fxdvufa&muf
rjyKvkyfrD usL;vGefcJhonf/ toD;udkpm;jcif;onf obm0tm;jzifhusqHk;oGm;aomADZ
tm;jzifhjzpfcJh&onf/ odkYjzpfí vlom;rsm;onf e*dku bk&m;ocif\½kyfyHkawmftm;jzifh
zefqif;jcif;cH&onfrS xkd½kyfyHkvTmtm;jzifhuGmuscJhonf/ udk,fum,tm;jzifh {0onf
xdktyifonfpm;zG,fa umif;jcif;? 0dnmOftm;jzifh tyifonftqif;vSjcif; (rsufpd
tm½HkonfoauFwtm;jzifh 0dnmOfa&;obm0jzpfjcif;- Asm'dwf 3;18) ESifh pdwfydkif;
qdkif&mtm;jzifh ynmwdk;yGm;apaomiSm ,lípm;ygonf/ yxrOD;qHk;rdbrsm;\us½Hk;
rIrSm jynfhpHkí&Sdygonf/ udk,fum,? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh 0dnmOfa&;tm;jzifh olwdkY\
bk&m;ocif\½kyfyHkvTmrSqkwfcGmcJhonf/ jyifyaoG;aqmifjcif;rsm;onf vlom;wdkY\
wH kY jyefrI tm;jzif h vlom;wdkY \pdwf ESv Hk ;wG ifu de f;atmif; vmí olwd kY ajconf vnf;
rodrompdwfjzifhqdk;,kwfaomvrf;rsm;odkYOD;vSnfhcJhonf/
u,fwifjcif;pDrHudef;onf vlom;rsm;\jyefvnfíbk&m;ocif\½kyfyHkvTmodkY
vH k ; 0e*d k r l v twd k if ; jyef a &mufz d k Y jrif a ,mif j cif ; &S d zd k Y a rQmf r S ef ; cJ h o nf / þonf r S m
c&pfawmf\u&medukef;ay:ütaocHjcif;jzifh a&G;Ekwfjcif;tvkyfrS jyefvnf&&Sdjcif;jzpf
onf/ a,½Ionf vlom;rsm;\ordkif;wGifajcmufjypfuif;erlemjzifh0ifa&mufvmonf/
awmt&yfü a,½Ionf aoG;aqmifrIrsKd;udk uREfkyfwdkY\yxrrdbrsm;BuKHawGY&ouJhodkY
&ifqdkifcJh&onf/ yxrOD;qHk;rdbESpfyg;usqHk;cJhaomfvnf; a,½Ionf &efoltay:ü
vHk;0atmifjrifrI&&SdcJhonf/ a,½Ionf udk,fum,atmifjrifrIudk yxraoG;aqmifrI
ausmufwHk;rsm;udk rkefYtjzpfajymif;vJzdkYjiif;qdkcJhjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifrI&&SdcJhonf/ olonf
atmifjrifrI&&Sdaomfvnf; uREfkyfwdkY\yxrrdbESpfyg;us½IH;jcif;&SdcJhonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf
 85
aoG ; aqmif r I w G i f a,½I o nf pd wf y d k i f ; qd k i f & matmif j rif r I u d k vl o m;rsm;twG u f
atmifjrifrIudk&&SdcJhonf/ olonf rSm;,Gif;aomudk;uG,frIudk Adrmefawmf\txGwf
txd y f u aeck e f c szd k Y jiif ; qd k c J h o nf / ud k ,f h r meud k x d e f ; od r f ; Ed k i f c J h o nf / a,½I \
atmifjrifjcif;onf tzufzuft&müjynfhpHkrI&Sdonf/ wwd,tBudrfaoG;aqmifrIwGif
rS m;,Gi f; aomud k; uG,fr Iud kj iif ;qdkc Jh jcif; jzpfo nf / tm'HES if h{0qH k;½IH ;cJho rQwdk Yo nf
c&pfawmfuvHk;0jyefvnf&&SdcJhonf/ ol\atmifjrifrIudk xm0&{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk
vufcH,laomolrsm;odkY urf;vSrf;cJhonf/ olonf uREfkyfwdkYudkurf;vSrf;cJhjcif;tjzpf
onf u&medukef;wGifjzpfysufcJhorQaMumifhjzpfygonf/
xm0&{0Ha*vdw&m;udk c&pfawmfonf ol\atmifjrifrIwdkYudk olYtm;u,fwif&Sif
tjzpf v uf c H o l taygif ; wd k Y \ touf wmwG if oG wf o G i f ; zd k Y & nf & G ,f c suf j zpf o nf /
þatmifjrifrIonf yxrajcvSrf;jzpfaom wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\jzpfpOfwGif bk&m;
ocifESifhy#dnmOfjyefvnfcsKyfqdkaomolrsm;twGufjzpfonf/ a,½IudkvufcHNyD;onf
aemuf topfaomajymif;vJolrsm;tm; xdkatmifjrifrIwdkYudkñTefjyí c&pfawmf\yHkoP²mef
udk jyef v nf ay;tyf v dk aomqk aus;Zl ; jzpf onf/ a,½I onf uREfk y fwdk Ytm; tjypfr S
u,fEkwfjcif;wpfckwnf;om&nf&G,fcsufr&SdbJ olonf ol\vlrsm;udkNyD;jynfhpHkonfh
tjypfrS atmifjrifrI&&Sdjcif;udk ol\atmifjrifjcif;rsm;uJhodkY tyfESHvdkaomqE´&Sdonf/
Asm'dwf 14;7 wGif qdkvdkcsuf&SdonfrSm bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefwljyefvnftyfESHjcif;
onf xm0&{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk tcef;i,f 6 wGifazmfjyaomaMunmjcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf/
]]bk&m;ocifudkaMumuf½GH YícsD;rGrf;Muavmh/ w&m;pD&ifawmfrlaom
tcsdefa&mufvmNyD/ aumif;uif? ajrBuD;? ork'´&mESifh prf;a&wGif;wdkYudk
zefqif;awmfrlaomt&Sifudkudk;uG,fMuavmh[k BuD;aomtoHESifhajymqdkí}}
(Asm'dwf 14;7)/
þtcef;i,f\ñTefMum;&mtcsufoHk;csufwGif ]]bk&m;udkaMumufyg?}} ]]csD;rGrf;
yg?}} ]]udk;uG,fMuyg}} qdkonfrSm jyefvnfNyD;e*dkrlvtwdkif;a&mufatmif owif;
aqmifjcif;jzpfygonf/ xdka[mMum;csufonf xm0&{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfa[mMum;jcif;
taetxm;jzif h <uvmawmf r l j cif ; twG u f j yif q if & ef j zpf o nf / bk & m;ocif u d k
86
aMumuf&GHU&efac:,ljcif;onf a&Smvrkefrif;BuD;ay;aomt"dyÜm,fudkjyefvnfíawG;ac:
rdonf/ þynm&SduqdkcJhonfrSm ]]xm0&bk&m;udkaMumuf&GHUaomoabmonf ynm\
tcsKyf tjcmjzpfonf}} (ok wåH 1;7)/ xm0&bk& m;udk aMumuf&G HUzdkYa c:,ljcif;onf
jyefvnfa&G;Ekwf jcif;cH&aomvlwdkY\ todOmPfrSm bk&m;ocif\yHk oP²mef tm;jzifh
jyefvnf&&Sdjcif;udkazmfjyxm;onf/ jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;udk wynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkY\pOf;pm;OmPfudkoefYpifjcif;? xdkodkYjzpfí pOf;pm;aomt&mrsm;
onf rSefuefonf? jrifhjrwfonf? [kwfrSefonf? oefY&Sif;onf? vSyonf? MunfndK
p&mjzpfonf/ umvtcsdeftcgukefqHk;csdefwGif pOf;pm;OmPfonf aemufusdí&Sdygonf/
odkYjzpfí wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\ac:,lcsufrSm {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkwHkYjyefrI&Sdaom
olrsm;tm; olwdkY\pOf;pm;OmPfudk oefY&Sif;pifMu,frIjyKí ocifbk&m;\jrifhjrwfaom
*kPfyk'ftay:üomrSDwG,fpOf;pm;&rnf/ ocifbk&m;\<uvmawmfrljcif;udkBuKdqdkEdkif&ef
vlawGudkjyifqifay;&mü c&pf,mefrsm;\pHEIef;xm;onfhpOf;pm;OmPfoefY&Sif;rI&Sdjcif;udk
vspfvsL½Ijcif;udkrjyKvkyfEdkifyg/
Asm'dwf 14;7 \'kwd,ñTefMum;csufrSm bk&m;ocifudkcsD;rGrf;&rnf/ c&pf,mef
rsm;onf bk& m;ocif\ bk ef; wefc dk; ud kc sD; rG rf; &mü enf ;vrf ;trsKd; rsKd; &S daomf vnf;
wrefawmf&Sifaygvkonf rarhtyfaomtcsufwpfcsufrSmajymqdkoGm;onf/
tb,fodkYenf;/ oifwdkYudk,fcE¨monf bk&m;ocifay;oem;awmfrl
aom0dnmOfawmfwnf;[laom oifwdkYtxJüudef;0yfonfh oefY&Sif;aom
0dnmOfawmf\AdrmefjzpfaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkYudkrdrdwdkYrydkifaMumif;
udkvnf;aumif;? rodMuoavm/
oifwdkYonf tzdk;ESifh0,fawmfrlaomoljzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;ocif
ydkifawmfrlaomoifwdkY\udk,fcE¨mESihfpdwf0dnmOftm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\
*kPfawmfudkxif&Sm;apMuavmh (1aum&defok 6;19? 20)/
bk&m;ocif\*kPfawmfudkcsD;rGrf;zdkYac:,ljcif;onf &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJhonfrSm
vlom;rsm;\udk,fum,tm;jzifh jyefvnfíbk&m;ocif\pHjref;&mAdrmefawmfjzpfaMumif;
udkazmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ rSwf,l&rSmu udk,fcE¨mtm; bk&m;ocif\oefY&Sif;aom
Adrmefawmfjzpfjcif;onf jyefvnf0,f,ljcif;cH&aomolonf u&medukef;\wefaMu;
 87
jzifh0,f,ljcif;&Sdonf/ c&pfawmf\pHjref;&mae&monf ocifbk&m;\a&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&
aomolwdkY\cE¨mudk,fxJü ae&mtwnfwus&&Sdjcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/ jyefvnfa&G;Ekwf
jcif ;cH& aomolr sm;onf ol wd kY \cE¨ mudk,ftm; bk& m;ocif \pH jref ;&mae&mjzpfí
udk,fcE¨mudkav;pm;orIjyKMuonf/ olwdkY\av;pm;orIudk vdifydkif;qdkif&mazmufjyef
jcif;udka&Smif&Sm;í udk,fcE¨mudkxdef;odrf;orIjyKonf/ þtjzpftajctaerSm ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;om;rsm;onf olwdkY\usef;rma&;'óeudkjyKpkí udk,fcE¨mAdrmefawmftm;
jyKpkxdef;ausmif;&mü udk,fcE¨mudkxdcdkufaomt&mrsm;tm;a&SmifMuOfí aumif;aom
t&mwdkYudkcsKyfwnf;pGmtoHk;jyKMuygonf/ þtcsufrSm udk,fum,jyefvnfqef;ppf
jcif;tjzpfjrifEdkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí udk,fum,onf bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefudkjyefvnf
&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfzefþtcsufonf u,fwifawmfrljcif;tjzpfjzifhrazmfjy&yg/
taMumif;rSm usrf;csuft&? udk,fcE¨mAdrmefawmfonf a&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;udkom
ay;aqmifoGm;aomt&mjzpfonf/
Asm'd wf 14;7 \ñT e f M um;csuf r S m bk & m;ocif u d k ]]ud k ; uG ,f & ygrnf /}}
þac:,l j cif ; onf jrif v G ,f - em;vnf v G ,f o nf r S m 0d n mOf a &;t&? jyef v nf í
bk&m;ocif\½kyfyHkoP²mefudkjyefvnf&&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ xm0&{0Ha*vdowif;pum;aMumifh
jyefvnf0,f,ljcif;cH&aomolrsm;onf udk;uG,f&onfrSm ½dk;½dk;r[kwfbJ ]]aumif;uif
ESifhajrBuD;udkzefqif;cJhol}} tm;udk;uG,f&ygrnf/ ac:,lcsufrSm jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;
cH&aomolrsm;onf rdrd\zefqif;&SifESifhqufqH&efac:jcif;jzpfonf/ þac:,ljcif;onf
ynwfawmfq,fyg;\pwkw¬tyg;udkwdkuf½dkufac:,ljcif;jzpfygonf/
aumif;uif? ajrBuD;? ork'´&mESifh prf;a&wGif;wdkYudk zefqif;awmfrl
aomt&Sifudk udk;uG,fMuavmh (Asm'dwf 14;7)/
taMumif;rlum;? xm0&bk&m;onf rdk;aumif;uif? ajrBuD;? ork'´&m?
t&yf&yfü&SdorQwdkYudk ajcmuf&ufwGifzefqif;í owåraeY&ufü Nidrf0yfpGm
aeawmfrl\/ xdkaMumifh xm0&bk&m;onf owåraeY&ufudkaumif;csD;ay;í
oefY&Sif;apawmfrl\ (xGufajrmuf&m 20;11)/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\ OykofaeYudkapmifha&Smufjcif;owif;onf aumif;uif
wrefoHk;yg;\owif;pum;\tpdwftydkif;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ jyefvnf
88
0,f,la&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;onf jyefvnfíbk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefawmftm;jzifh
jyefvnf&&Sdjcif;rSm zefqif;jcif;\owåraeY&ufrlvOykofaeYudkapmifha&Smufjcif;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ OykofaeYudkapmifha&Smufjcif;onf bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefawmfjyefvnf
&&S dj cif; \tjcm;aomjyóemuJh od k Yy if u,f wifj cif ;enf ;vrf ;tjzpftjrif rsm;jzif h
rMunfhoifhyg/ jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&olwdkY\vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yftaetm;jzifh a,½IESifh
qufqHa&;wGif jynfh0aomwynfhawmfcH,ljcif;jzpfonf/
OykofawmfaeYudk vlom;rsm;twGuf em;ae&maeYoauFwr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif
twGufem;ae&maeYoauFwjzpfygonf/ jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomvlom;rsm;udk
zdwfMum;í bk&m;ocif\em;ae&maeYwGifyg0if&ef? owåraeYOykofudkapmifha&Smuf&ef
jzpfonf/ þem;ae&maeY\&nf&G,fcsufudk OykofaeYtm; yxrvlom;wdkYudk tjypfESifh
uif;pifaom{'ifO,smOfüay;cJhonf/ urÇmOD;usrf;t&? zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufí
tm'H ESifh{0wdkYonf zefqif; jcif;ajcmuf&ufa eYwGif zefqif; jcif;cH& ygonf/ urÇm
ajrBuD;\olwdkY&JhtoufwmrSm OykofaeYwGifvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;&ufjynfhaexdkif&onf/
olwdkYem;aezdkYtaMumif;r&Sdyg/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf vHk;0wpf&ufrQtvkyfvkyfudkifjcif;
r&Sdao;yg/ xdktpm; olwdkYudkbk&m;ocif\em;ae&aomaeY&ufudk yg0ifapmifha&Smuf
jcif;udkzdwfac:jcif;cH&onf/ þtcsdefwGif olwdkYudkzefqif;cJhaomolESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;atmif
tcGifhta&;&&SdcJhonf/
ocifbk&m;udkjyefí<uvmzdkYtwGuf apmifhqdkif;aomc&pf,mefrsm;onf olwdkY\
qE´rSm bk&m;ocif\em;ae&m&ufodkY0ifa&mufyg0ifvdkMuonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkY\
udk,fum,tvkyfrsm;udk&yfqdkif;NyD; owåraeY&ufrSm olwdkYudkzefqif;aomt&Sifocif
ESifhqufqHa&;ydkrdk&if;ESD;atmiftcsdef,lcJhonf/ OykofaeYonf &if;ESD;qufqHrIaumif;
atmif tcsdef,ljcif;jzpfí tjcm;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufrIukd þrQavmuftoHk;jyKjcif;
r&Sdyg/ vlom;rsm;\ordkif;wGif a&muf&SdvmaomtcsdefrSm wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIwGif
þquf q H a &;rS m vH k ; 0vdk tyf v suf & S do nf / bk & m;ocif E S if h q uf qH a &;jyKvk y f& ef
tcsdefudktoHk;cszdkYvHk;0vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ OykofaeYonf em;ae&aomtcsdef&&Sdonf/
xdktcsdefrSm wpfywfwGifESpfq,fhav;em&DvHk;vHk; urÇmhta&;ESifhvGwfuif;í bk&m;ociftm;
ydkrdkod&Sdem;vnfEdkif&ef tcsdefaumif;udk bk&m;ocifESifh&if;ESD;rI&Sdatmif tcsdef,ljcif;jzpf
onf /
 89
OykofaeYonf bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefjyefvnf&&Sdatmif jzpf&yfütcsuftcsm
tv,fA[dkjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifhqufqHa&;&Sdatmifwnfaqmufjcif;wpf&yfjzpf
onf/ OykofaeYonf qufqHa&;wnfaqmuf&ef csrSwfay;aomtcsdefjzpfí wpfzef
jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;? aemufqHk;aeY&ufc&pf,mefrsm;onf BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfí OykofaeY
em;aejcif;udkvdkufí wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIüyg0ifEdkifzdkY BuKd;pm;aqmif&GufoGm;&ygrnf/
taMumif;rSm bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefjyefvnf&&SdrIvQKdU0Sufcsufonf bk&m;ocifESifh
tcsdef,ljcif;tay:ürlwnfjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifESifhwpfywfwpfcg&if;ESD;rIjyKcsdef
wpfem&DomtoHk;csrnfhtpm; vlom;rsm;onf wpfywftwGif;ESpfq,fhav;em&DvHk;vHk;
bk&m;ocifESifhav;eufaomtcsdefudktoHk;csoGm;zdkYjzpf&rnf/ aemufqHk;aeY&uftcgrSm
aemufqHk;tcsdef\qlnHaom½IyfaxG;rItwGuf cHEdkif&nf&SdzdkYvdktyfygonf/
yxraumif;uifwref\zdwfac:csufonf xm0&{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk aMunm
jcif;jzpfonf/ jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;udk c&pfawmfodkYac:,lNyD; bk&m;
ocifESifhoifhjrwfzdkY tvkyfudkpwifíjyKvkyfonf/ olwdkYtm;ac:,ljcif;onf bk&m;ocif\
½kyfyHkoP²mefjyefvnf&&SdzdkY? rdrd\pdwfudkoefYpifzdkY? rdrd\udk,fcE¨mudkusef;rmoefpGrf;rI
&S djcif;ESifh vd ifyd kif ;qdk if& mrormjyKjcif;rSuif ;a0;atmifx m;&S djcif;ESif h Oykof aeYu dk
apmifha&Smufjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfawmfESifheuf½Idif;aomqufqHa&;udk&&SdzdkYwnfaqmufjcif;
twGuf tcsdef&,ljcif;jzpfonf/
Asm'dwf 14;7 ESifhywfoufaomjyKjyif&efaemufqHk;wpfcsufrSm? wynfhawmfjzpf
jcif;jyefvnf&&Sdjcif;trItaMumif;&if;rSm ]]w&m;pD&ifawmfrlaomtcsdefa&mufvmNyD}}
(Asm'dwf 14;7)/ w&m;pD&ifjcif;trIonf ,cktcsdefrSmyif pwifí&SdygNyD/ ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;om;rsm;\em;vnfrIwGif c&pfawmfr<uvmrDpD&ifcsufonf 1844 ckESpfwGif
pwifcJ hygNyD/ xdk tcsdefo nf 'Ha,v 8;14 wGif ajymaom &ufaygif; 2300 aeY?
yka&mzuf\a[mMum;csufaeYukefqHk;csdefjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí w&m;pD&ifaomaeYonf
1844 ckESpfrSpwifí w&m;pD&ifjcif;jyKonfrSm ,cktcsdefwGif qufvufíjyKaeygNyD/
pdwf 0 if p m;p&maumif ; onf r Sm aumif ;uifwref\ aMunmcsuf wG i f pD &if j cif ; aeY
a&mufvmjcif;taMumif;rSm xm0&{0Ha*vdowif;pum;\wpfpdwfwpfa'oyifjzpfonf/
tjcm;aompum;jzifhajym&vQif Asm'dwfusrf;wGifazmfjyaompD&ifcsufaeYonf {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmfESifhuGJvGJrIr&Sdyg/ trSeftm;jzifh {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfomjzpfygonf/ {0Ha*vd
F-12
90
w&m;awmf\ ]]aumif;aomowif;}} rSm rm&fe wf\ pGy fpG Jc suf wGi f bk&m;ocif rS
rSefuefaMumif;acsyjcif;jzpfonf/
pD& ifcsuf\owif;pum;onf c&pfawmfodk Y,Hk Munfj cif; jzif htopf a&mufvm
olwdkYtm;ajymMum;&ygrnf/ þ ]]aumif;aomowif;}} rSm olwdkYtm; c&pfawmf\
aumif;uifEdkifiHAdrmefawmfwGif aqmif&Guf&aomtrIawmftaMumif;udk em;vnfrI&Sdvm
ygrnf/ þAdrmefawmfwGif a,½Iujyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;\trnfpm&if;
udkaumif;uifwrefrsm;odkY olurÇmajrBuD;odkYjyefr<uvmrDwifjyvsuf&Sdonf/ pD&ifcsuf
\wifjyjcif;onf rnfoluu,fwifjcif;&onf? rnfoluqHk;½HI;jcif;odkYa&mufonfwdkY
od&S dzdkYr[k wfyg/ bk &m;ocifu þt&mrsm;udkodN yD;om;jzpfonf/ þpD&ifcsufrSm
ajzmif hr wf aomol wd k Y tm; pmwef rm&f ewf \ pGy f p GJ c suf r sm;ud k acsy&mü olwd k Yo nf
ajzmif hr wf r Se fu efa Mumif ;wifj yjcif ;jzpf onf / þtrIu dk p Mu0Vm&S dr ,dk if r vJ aom
owå0gwdkYtm;azmfjyoGm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ajzmifhrwfolwdkYtm; pdk;&drfaomurIrjyKbJ
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfMurnf/ olwdkYaysmf&Tif&jcif;onf olwdkY\a&SUaec&pfawmfonf
olwdkY\tmrcHjzpfí aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfyv’ifa&SUwGif olwdkYajzmifhrwfaMumif;azmfjy
cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\ a,½IurÇmodkYr<ujref;rD jyKvkyfaom
pD&ifcsufudkem;vnfoabmaygufjcif;onf c&pfawmfodkY,HkMunfjcif;jzifha&mufvmol
topfrsm;tm; olwdkYrSmtmrcHcsuf&SdaMumif;ajymjyoGm;&rnf/
'kwd,aumif;uifwref\owif;pum;rSm AmAkvkefBuD;ESifh ol\rSm;,Gif;rIrsm;ESifh?
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkrSm;,Gif;atmifazmfjyjcif;udkowdxm;&efjzpfygonf/ AmAkvkef
onf oauFwtm;jzifh vlom;rsm;\ukodkvfaumif;rIESifhtvkyftudkifrsm;udk {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmftm; tcrJhay;aomaus;Zl;awmf\ae&mwGif tpm;xdk;aomolwdkYudkyHkaqmif
jcif;jzpfonf/ AmAkvkefonfvnf; oauFwtm;jzifh {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk ayghaygh
xm;í yxraumif;uifwrefawmif;qdkaom wif;usyfo nfhwynfha wmfjzpfjcif;udk
vspfvsL½Ijcif;jzpfygonf/ tvGefaMuuGJzG,f&mjzpf&yfrSm urÇmBuD;trsm;pkrSm AmAkvkef
\pyspf&nfESifhrl;í&SdMuonf/ odkYjzpfí bk&m;ocifonf jyefvnfa&G;aumufjcif;&Sdol
wdkYtm; AmAkvkefrSxGufcGmoGm;&ef zdwfac:vsuf&Sdygonf/ Asm'dwf 18;4 wGifac:qdk
jcif ; onf Asm'd wf 14;7 ac:qd k j cif ; \tquf j zpf o nf / ,if ; rS m ppf r S e f a om
 91 92

wynf h a wmf j zpf j cif ; ud k j yKvk y f o G m;&ef E S i f h rS m ;,G i f ; onf h wynf h a wmf j zpf j cif ; ud k jcif;ESifhtwl wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;taMumif;onf vlawGudk bk&m;ocif\½kyfyHkoP²mef
em;raxmifzdkYjzpfonf/ ud kj yefv nf& &S da pjcif ;jzpfy gonf/ pdwfud kj yefv nf aq;aMumjcif; ? usef ;rma&;ESi fh
wwd,aumif;uifwrefonf ydkíBuD;rm;aomowday;csufudkajymqdkcJhonf/ nDnGwfatmifaexdkifoGm;jcif;ESifh OykofaeYudkapmifha&Smufjcif;tm;jzifh c&pfawmfESifh
om;&J ES i fh o l\ trSwf wH q d yf u dk o wd a y;ygonf / yxraumif ; uif wref\ owif ; qufqHa&;udkwnfaqmufNyD; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkjynfhjynfh00cH,ljcif;udkaqmif&Guf
pum;udkwHkYjyefaomolrsm;onf zcrnf;awmf\ emrudk ol wdkYezl;ay:wGif a&;om; &efjzpfygonf/ c&pfawmfr<uvmrD w&m;pD&ifjcif;owif;onf &nf&G,fcsuftm;jzifh
jcif;cH&onf/ Asm'dwf 7;3 wGifajymqdkcsufrSm olwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\wHqdyfawmfudk tmrcHcsufay;oGm;&ef c&pfawmfESifhol\aemufvdkufrsm;udkatmifyGJcHEdkifNyD; c&pfawmf\
ezl ; wG i f wyf q if x m;jcif ; &S d y gonf / þtcsuf E S p f c suf p vH k ; rS m bk & m;ocif E S i f h aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfAdrmefwGif ol\aemufqHk;vkyfaqmifcsufjzifh oufaocHcsufjyK
ouf qd ki fa omol rsm;jzpf Muonf / wynf ha wmfj zpfj cif; ud k vHk ;vHk ;vsm;vsm;&Sd aom oGm;rnf/ þowif;pum;udkwifjy&mü xm0&bk&m;&SifrS todtjrifzGifhvSpfjyjcif;
olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ uGmjcm;aeonfu wwd,aumif;uifwrefonf rSm;,Gif;aom taetxm;ü aemuf qHk ;tcsd efu mvwGif vl awG udk tqifoifhj zpf&ef c&pf awmf\
wynf hawmf jzpfj cif ;udko wd ay;vsuf& Sdo nf / ,if ;rS m om;&J ESi fh ol\ trSwf tom; <uvmawmfrljcif;udk&ifqdkif&zdkYjzpfonf/ AmAkvkeftaMumif;ESifhom;&JtaMumif;wdkYudk
ESifhywfoufrI&Sdonf/ om;&J\trSwftom;&SdolwdkYonf om;&JESifhtwltouf&Sifaom raumif;onfhowif;tm;jzifhazmfjyjcif;onf vlawGudkrSm;,Gif;aom wynfhawmfcH,l
wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ bk&m;ocif\wHqdyfawmf&&Sdolrsm;onf odk;oi,f\ jcif ;rSa&Smif&Sm;í ppfrSefa omwynfha wmfcH,lj cif;odkY ydkYaqmifEdkif& ef tultnDay;
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifh touf&Sifaexdkifolrsm;jzpfonf/ oGm;vdrfhrnf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vHk;wdkYonf EdkifiHtoD;toD;wdkif;ü NyD;ajrmufatmif
þtxl;owif;oHk;&yfudkaMunmjcif;tjzpfonf umvtcsdefukefqHk;csdeftcgwGif aqmif&G uf&rnf/ aemuf qHk;tcsde fumvüaqmif&Gu f&jcif;jzpfygonf/ þonf rSm
vlawGtrsKd;tpm;tm;jzifh a,½I\ppfrSefaomwynfhawmfrsm;xGufay:vmzdkYjzpfonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
a,½IoGm;av&mt&yfwumwdkYü olYaemufodkYvdkufavQmufoGm;onf/ bk&m;ocif\
ynwfawmfrsm;udkapmifha&SmufMuonf/ a,½Itay:üvnf; opöm&SdMuygonf/ olwdkY _____
onf rS e fu efa omwynfh a wmf rsm;jzpf M uonf / taMumif ;rS m a,½I arQmfr S ef ; aom
BuD;rm;onfhapcdkif;csufudk trSefwu,fvdkufavQmufjcif;&Sdonf/ a,½IoifMum;ydkYcs
aomt&mrsm;tm;vHk ;udk apcdkif; onfhtwd kif;aqmif&Gu fcsuf&S dygonf / ynwf awmf
rsm;ud ka pmifh a &S muf &mü w&m;Oya'udk a pmif h xd e f; &mr[k wf b J a,½IE S if ho pöm&Sd pG m
apmifhxdef;jcif;qufqHa&;jzifhjyKoGm;onf/ þonfrSm aeYpOfor®musrf;pmudkavhvm
jcif;? aeYpOfqkawmif;jcif;ESifh tywfpOfOykofaeYudkapmifhxdef;jcif;jzifh tm[m&&Sdjcif;
wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\ or®musrf;pm\trSefw&m;udkem;vnfoabm
aygufjcif;rSm aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;\ Asm'dwftcef;BuD; (14) wGifyg&Sdonfhtwdkif;
vlrsm;udkppfrSefonfhwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tay:ü A[dkjyKcsufjyKygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmf\{0Ha*vdowif;pum;jzpfonfh tcrJhay;aomaus;Zl;awmfudk a[mMum;
 93 94

tydkif; (2)

toif;awmfomoemq&mrsm;tcef;u@ESifh
toif;om;rsm;udk "r®opfusrf;acwfü
Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;
 95
tcef ; BuD ; (4)
or® m usrf ; pm\toif ; awmf o moemq&mrsm;
a0g[m&ud k e m;vnf o abmayguf j cif ;
tydkif; (1) wGifBuD;rm;onfhapcdkif;csuftaMumif;udk ausyGefatmifaqmif&Guf
NyD;pD;rIudk wnfaqmufNyD;pD;í aemufqHk;umvwGif 'kwd,<uvmjcif;taetxm;ü
owåraeYOykoftoif;awmf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfjzpfygonf/ toif;awmf\
wnf & S dr I taMumif ; rSm omoemtrI a qmif jcif ;jzpfy gonf / a&S ; OD ; c&pf ,mef wdk Y \
toif;awmfonf rlvomoemtrIaqmifjcif;todw&m;&Sdolrsm;onf toif;awmfudk
zGJYpnf;í BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkNyD;ajrmufatmifpwifaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ toif;awmf
\trIaqmifq&mrsm;ESifh omreftoif;om;wdkYonf twlwuGBuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk
c&pfawmf\omoemtwGufNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&GufcJhygonf/ omoemq&mrsm;\
tvkyfrSm toif;awmf\trIawmfudkaqmif&Guf&mü ydkrdkxda&mufatmifulnDaqmif&Guf
ay;cJhonf/ xdkenf;wl omreftoif;om;rsm;onfvnf; tvkyfvkyfí trIawmfaqmif&Guf
jcif;rSm NyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&GufcJhygonf/
ES pfa ygif;ES pfa xmifeD ;yg;ausmfv Gef í&S donfrS m þBuD; rm;aomapcdkif ;csufu dk
c&pfawmfrSapcdkif;vsuf&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; urÇm hvlxkwpf0ufeD;yg;avmuf a,½I
taMumif ;ud k r Mum;od &ao;yg/ vl trsm;onf ]]c&pf ,mef u rÇ m}} üaexd k i fa om
olrsm;onf toif;awmfESifhawGUxdrIr&Sdao;yg/ yxr&mpkESpfc&pf,mefrsm;&ifqdkifae
&aompde f ac:csuf rsm;onf BuD ;rm;vsuf & S da o;onf / ESp f q ,f & mpk E Sp f txd v nf ;
BuD;rm;ygao;onf/ þpd efa c:csuf rsm;onf toif;awmf rS& ifq dki fvsuf& Sdo nfu dk
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfrSxdef;csKyfí trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk BuKd;pm;íNyD;ajrmufjcif;
&Sdatmifaqmif&GufoGm;&efvdktyfygonf/ odkY&mwGif owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
ES if h,aeY tjcm;aomc&pf,mef rsm;toif;awmf wG if BuD;rm;aomapcdk if; csuftwG uf
todw&m;rSmaysmufqHk;vsuf&SdaeaMumif;awGU&ygonf/
toif;awmfonf omoemjyKjcif;tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpf&rnfhtpm; uav;xdef;
Xmewpf&yf jzpfv suf&S donfud kawGU &ygonf / tjzpfrSm olawmfpifr sm;twGuf jyKpk
96
apmifha&Smufjcif;ESifhwlí c&pfawmftwGufurÇmodkYvufvSrf;,ljcif;udkrjyKvkyfaMumif;
awGY&ygonf/ jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;onf toif;awmf\vufvSrf;,ljcif ;tvkyfudk
tpm;xdk;í toif;awmf\tajccHvIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif jyKpkapmifha&Smuf
jcif;&SdygvsufESifh toif;awmfonf 0dnmOfa&;usef;rmrIonf tm;enf;csnfheJYvsuf
&Sdonf/ uGmjcm;rI&Sdonfum; a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif vufvSrf;rIaqmif&Gufcsuf&Sdonf
jzpfí 0dnmOfa&;usef;rmrIrSm tm;BuD;vsuf&Sdonf/
,aeYtoif;awmfudkppfaMumjcif;jyKygu xif&Sm;vsuf&SdonfrSm rdrd\tcsdef?
uRrf; usifrIESi fh &wemypönf;OpömwdkYudk olawmfpif rsm;jyKpk apmifha&S mufjcif; tay:ü
tcsdef uke faiG uke faomtvk yfwGif epf rGef ;vsuf&S dygonf/ þolrsm;onf {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmfudkodNyD;om;jzpfí c&pfawmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfud k ,HkMunfrIr&Sdao;
aomolrsm;udk tb,faMumifhvufvSrf;,ljcif;r&Sdygoenf;/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
cyf r sm;rsm;wG i f a'otoif ; awmf \ bwf * suf a iG \ 95 &mcd k i f E I e f ; rS m a'o&S d
toif;awmf\ukefusp&dwf-xdef;odrf;c odkYr[kwf ynma&;twGuftoif;om;rsm;\
uav;rsm;udk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;ausmif;üxm;&Sdjcif;udkukefuscHcJhonf/ toif;awmf
wpfckonf rdrd\bwf*sufaiGudk 5 &mcdkifEIef;xufydkí tjyifyef;trIawmftwGuf
aqmif&Gufjcif;vkyfief;udkvsmxm;onfh toif;awmfrsm;rawGU&Sd&oavmufjzpfonf/
toif;om;rsm;xJu rdrdwdkY\tcsdefudkvSLEdkifaomolrsm;onf xdktcsdefcyfrsm;rsm;
udktrIawmfaqmifjcif;ESifhrywfoufaomvIyf&Sm;rIwGif tcsdefukefcJh&onf/ olwdkYrSm
aumif; aomtvk yf ud kv ky fí vd ktyf onfh 0efa qmif rI wd kYu dk ,Hk Munf aomolwdk Ytm;
ul n D a y;vsuf & S d o nf / od k Y & mwG i f c&pf a wmf \ trI a wmf twG u f NyD ; pD ; jcif ; &S d & ef
aqmif&G ufcsufr[kwfy g/ xdkvIyf&S m;rIwdkYonf c&pfawmfudko dNyD;om;vlwd kYtwGuf
todw&m;ydkrdk&&Sdatmifjzpfonf/
toif ;awmf \acgif ;aqmifr sm;OD ;aqmif rI onf vnf; ol wdk Y\tcef;u@rSm
a&S;OD;toif;awmf\vkyfaqmifcsufESifhuGmjcm;qef;jym;vsuf&Sdonf/ a'otoif;awmf
rsm;\ygpwmq&mrsm;onf olwdkY\tcsdefrsm;rsm;udk olwdkYvufatmufüxm;&Sdaom
toif ;om;wd kY udk jyKpk apmif ha&Smufv suf &S donf/ toif ;awmfr sm;rsm;ü toif ;om;
y&dowftwGuf ygpwmq&mrsm;onf t"dujyKpkapmifha&Smufoltjzpf aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfygonf/ toif;om;rsm;\vIyf&Sm;rIrSm avhvmoltjzpf&Sdí? ygpwmq&mudk vIyf&Sm;
 97
aqmif&GufcsufudkMunfhí? OykofaeYreuf\jrifuGif;udkMunfhí olYudkaxmufyHhrIp&dwf
udkay;aqmifovdkjzpfaeygonf/ toif;awmf\vltkyfBuD;onf uGefz&ifhrSygpwm
q&mrsm;udkay;&ef awmif;qdkMuvsuf&Sdonf/ olwdkYay;aomq,fzdkYwpfzdkYonf tcsdef
jynfhygpwmq&mwpfOD;udk&&SdEdkif&efawmif;qdkMuonf/ uGefz&ifhtzGJYuvnf; wHkYjyefrI
wGif q,fzdkYwpfzdk Ytwdkif;twmwpf&yfudkay;aqmifoGm;vQif tqdkygtoif ;awmfü
tcsdefjynfhygpwmq&mwpfOD;udk&&SdEdkifaMumif; tajzay;ygonf/
þt&mrsm;tm;vHk;onf toif;awmf\wnfaqmufrIrSm trIawmfaqmifjcif;
r[kwfbJ udk,fhe,f (turf) udk,fxdef;ovdkjzpfaeygonf/ trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf
ydkícufcJrI&SdNyD; toif;awmf\aqmif&GufrItaetxm;rSm wif;usyfvmonfESifhtnD
cufcJvmygonf/ aphpyfjynfhpHkí uGJjym;aomjyefvnfwnfaqmufaoma'otoif;
awmfwGifjyKvkyfay;&efvdktyfygonf/ ygpwm\tcef;u@rSm jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;\
tjzpfrSm toif;awmf\y&dowfrStpm;xdk;&ygrnf/ odkYrSom toif;awmf\y&dowf
tcef;u@onf "r®opfusrf;\tajccHjyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;tvkyfudk aqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfygrnf/
ygpwmq&mrsm;twGuf avhusifha&;ESifhtav;xm;rIwdkYonf usrf;pmausmif;rS
a'o&S d u G e f z &if h tzG J Y tpnf ; txd tav;xm;rI o nf ol Y tm;t"d u jyKpk y sKd ; axmif
apmifroltjzpfjyKvkyfxm;ygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh ygpwmq&mrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk
tjcm;aomtcef;u@wGif ajrmfjrifír&SdMuyg/ tjzpfonf ygpwmq&mcyfrsm;rsm;rS
topfaomyHkpHOyrmtm;jzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufcH&ovdkcHpm;Mu&ygonf/ olwdkY\pOf;pm;csufrSm
toif; om;rsm;u olwdkY \Munfh ½Ia pmifrjcif ;tvkyf udk ,lo Gm;vQif olwd kY\ tcef;
u@rSmbmawGjzpfoGm;rnfenf;[lí pOf;pm;Muonf/ olwdkYtrsm;pkrSm olwdkYudkvdktyf
tHk;rnfvm;[lí ar;jref;jcif;&Sdygonf/
ygpwmtcef; u@onf trIa qmif jcif ;\yH kp He rl emwG if vd ktyf vsuf &S do nf /
ygpwmq&mrsm;\tcef;u@rSoD;jcm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; t"duMunfh½I
apmifrjcif;tvkyfr[kwfyg/ þtpm; ygpwmq&mrsm;onf avhusifhay;ol? toif;awmf
jynfh0rI&Sd&ef toif;awmfpdkufxljcif;tcef;u@wGifvIyf&Sm;&rnfjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf
odk;xdef;olrsm;yHkpHudkpGefYcGmí arG;jrLa&;jcHydkif&SifBuD;yHkpHudkaqmif&GufoGm;&rnf/
F-13
98
þrS mtMuH j yKcJ h o nf h y H k p H e rl e mrS m qef ; opf u G J j ym;aomobm0ygpwmq&m
wpfOD;\u@ESifhjcm;em;vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfwdkYonf or®musrf;pm\taxmuftxm;
rsm;udkavhvm&SmazG&ygrnf/ þtcef;BuD;wGif toHk;jyKoGm;aoma0g[m&tcef;u@
rsm;udk "r® a[mif; usrf ;üa&m "r®o pf usrf ;wGi fy gavh vmrI jyKoGm;&rnf/ odk Yr So m
cdkifrmonfhor®musrf;pm\taxmuftxm;rsm;udk toif;awmf\trIaqmifq&mrsm;\
tcef ; u@udk a wGU &S dí em;vnf r I& S d oG m;vd r fh r nf/ þa0g[m&toH k ;tEI ef ; rsm;ud k
ppfaq;avhvm&mü "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfrsm;zGJYpnf;yHkudk tcsKdUaomem;vnfrI
wpf&yfudkay;oGm;rnf/ odkY&mwGif "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfwdkY\zGJYpnf;yHkwdkYrSm
,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;\zG JYpnf;yHkuJhodkYr&Sdao;yg/ trSeftm;jzifh a&S;OD;toif;awmf
rsm;\zG J Y rI p epf o nf &mxl ; &mcH t mPmtzG J Y t pnf ; jzif h r [k wf b J zG J Y p nf ; yH k o nf
toif;om;rsm;wpfOD; csif; tvdku f&&Sd aomqk aus;Zl;tay:ü zGJYpnf;cJh jcif; jzpfo nf/
,Hk Munf csuf rsm;rSm ,Hk Munf ol tm;vH k; wd kY onf ,Zf yk a&m[dwfr sm;jzpf MuaMumif ;
jzpfonfhtwGuf toif;awmf\zGJYpnf;yHkrSm wpfOD;csif;qkaus;Zl;tay:üzGJYpnf;jcif;jzpf
onf/ &mxl;&mcHtm;jzifhzGJYpnf;yHkr[kwfyg/
, Zfyk
a&m[ d
wf
or®musrf;pmESifhywfoufaomtrsm;qHk;toHk;jyKcJhonfha0g[m&rSm trIaqmif
jcif;tvkyfüyg0ifywfoufaoma0g[m&tm;vHk;xJrSm ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} tac:ta0:udk
"r®a[mif;usrf;ü tjcm;aomtac:ta0:r&SdcJhyg/ þpum;vHk;onf c&pf,mefrsm;
ray:rD trIaqmifq&mrsm;udk&nfñTef;íac:a0:cJhMuonf/ £oa&vrSma&m a[jAJ
r[kwfaomavmuwGifyg toHk;jyKcJhonf/ þ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkY\tvkyfrSm trIawmf
aqmifjcif;jzpfí udk,fwdkifrvkyfEdkifaomtrIwdkYudk vlawGtwGufaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkYo nf ylaZmfyotvkyfr sm;vkyf&Muonf/ olwdkYomvQif
AdrmefawmfxJudk0ifa&mufcGifh&Sdonf/ toefY&Sif;qHk;ae&modkY ,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;BuD;
omvQif wpfESpfrSmwpfBudrftjypfajz&maeYü0ifcGifh&Sdonf/
"r®opfusrf;udka&;om;aomolrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm; trIaqmifq&mrsm;ESifh
omrefvlwdkYudkcGJjcm;onfht"dyÜm,fudkaqmifaom pum;vHk;ay;rnfqdkvQif olwdkYudk
 99
,Zfyka&m[dwf}} [líay;oGm;rnf/ xdkpum;vHk;onf "r®a[mif;usrf;ESifha&S;a[mif;
pmayrsm;ütrsm;oHk;jzpfcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif xl;qef;onfrSm "r®opfusrf;a&;aomolwdkY
onf "r®opfusrf;acwftrIawmfaqmifrsm;udk þpum;vHk;udkroHk;cJhyg/
"r®opfusrf;wGif c&pfawmf\toif;awmfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJhaomrnfonfh &mxl;&mcHü ]],Zfyka&m[dwf }} pum;vHk; (iereus) udk
toHk;jyKjcif;r&SdcJhyg/ þtjzpfonfodomxif&Sm;aeygonf/ rawmfwq
tjzpfrsKd;vnf;r[kwfEdkifyg/
þtcsufonf wdwfwdwfykef;tjiif;tcHkvnf;r[kwfyg/ "r®opfusrf;a&;olrsm;
onf ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} pum;vHk;udktoHk;jyKcJhjcif;&Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif acwfa[mif;u
þpum;vHk ; ud ktoH k; jyKaomtcgrS m topf aomt"d y Ü m,f u d ko G i f ;í tm;vH k ;aom
,HkMunfolrsm;onf bkef;awmfBuD;*kdPf;0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,foufa&mufoGm;yg
onf/ þusrf;csufrsm;onf c&pfawmfonf vuf0g;uyfwdkiftay:rSmtaocHjcif;
tm;jzifh ol\trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf tjypfom;wdkYudka&G;EkwfcJhaomaMumifh EdkifiHawmf
wpfckvHk;ü ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm; EdkifiHawmfudkwnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k &Sif;vif;pGm
ñTefjyvsuf&Sdonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGifajymcJhaom ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} onf txl;
aomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfudkifaeaomvlwpfpkudk azmfjyjcif;r[kwfawmhbJ ,Zfyka&m
[dwfonf trIawmf aqmifj cif;txl;tvky fvkyf aeaomolrsm;ESifh ½dk;½dk ;toif; om;
rsm;udkygazmfjyaom bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;jzpfaMumif; t"dyÜm,f&Sdvmonf/ þuJhodkYaom
oabmw&m;udk bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;tm;vHk;udk t"dyÜm,faqmifaom,Zfyka&m[dwf
rsm;jzpfaMumif; "r®a[mif;usrf;acwfrSm tawG;tac:opfrsm;udktMuHjyKcsufwpf&yf
&Sdygonf/
Munfh&onfrSm bk&m;ocif\rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm £oa&vudk ,Zfyka&m[dwf
EdkifiHawmftjzpfwnfaqmufzdkYjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif odemawmifrSm olwdkYykefuefrIaMumifh
ol\'kwd,tpDtpOfjzpfaomav0dtrsKd;wdkYudk EdkifiHtoD;oD;\,Zfyka&m[dwftjzpf
cefYtyfvdkufonf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif c&pfawmfonf toif;awmfwpfckudkwnfaxmif&ef
BuKd ; pm;í ,Zf y k a &m[d wf wd k Y o nf txl ; tcG i f h ta&;&aomol r sm;r[k wf o nf u d k
wnfaxmifí vltm;vHk ;wdkYonf bk&m;ocifxHodkYcsOf;uyfcGif h&Sd&rnf/ wrefawmf
100
&Sifayw½konf ydkíajymqdkcJhonfrSm bk&m;ocif\vlwdkYonf ,Zfyka&m[dwftjzpfodkY
a&muf&SdEdkif&ef ajymaompum;rSm c&pf,mefwdkif;onf ]]oefY&Sif;aomyka&m[dwf}}
tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? ]]awmf0ifyka&m[dwf}} aomfvnf;aumif; wnfaxmifjcif;
cH&onf/
þusrf;csufrsm;onf "r®opfusrf;udka&;aomolrsm;rSm ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} [laom
pum;vH k ; ud k "r® a [mif ; usrf ; üqk d v d k a omt"d y Ü m,f u d k quf p yf r I r ,l q awmh b J
þpum;vHk;udk bk&m;ocif\rlvtpDtpOfjzpfaom £oa&vwdkY\tcef;u@udk
&nf&G,fíajymqdkaeonf/ odkYjzpfí "r®opfusrf;wGif t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm bk&m;
ocif \ vl t m;vH k ; rS m ,Zf y k a &m[d w f r sm;jzpf í txl ; tcG i f h & S d a omtrI a qmif
vlwpfpkcGJjcm;rIr&SdaMumif; ,lqygonf/ þtcef;BuD;ü pum;vHk;a0g[m&jzpfaom
trIaqmifwpfpk (Clergy) udkavhvmjcif;jzpfí "r®opfusrf;wGif ½dk;½dk;omreftoif;om;
rsm;tjzpf t"dyÜm,f,lqcsufjzpfygonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm &Sif;&Sif;azmfjyjcif;rSm "r®opf
usrf;wGif ,Zfyka&m[dwf&mxl;wm0efonf c&pf,meftoif;awmfwGifr&SdcJhyg/
odkY &mwGif ,HkMunf ol,Zfyk a&m[dwf *kdPf;0ifwdkYo nf c&pf ,mef
avmuwGif xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ ygpwmq&mwdkY\&mxl;rSm
xl;jcm;oD;oefYonfhc&pfawmf\tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ tjcm;aom
bmoma&;pepfwGifr&SdcJhyg/
þxufruajym&rnfqdkvQif "r®opfusrf;acwf ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} vlwef;pm;udk
wnfaxmifoGm;rnfqdkygu jzpfEdkifajcrSm ,k'vlrsKd;,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm; c&pf,mefodkY
ajymif ; vJ v mol r sm;rS j zpf & rnf / xk d o d k Y a jymif ; vJ v maom,Zf y k a &m[d wf r sm;onf
,Zfyka&m[dwf&mxl;wm0efwGif qufvufívkyfudkifjcif;taxmuftxm;rsm;r&SdcJhyg/
þtpm;olwdkY\tcef;u@rSm c&pf,meftm;vHk;uJhodkYyifjzpfoGm;onf/ olwdkYonf
,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;rSm ,Zfyka&m[dwf*kdPf;0ifjzpfoGm;onf/
,k'vltwGif;rSmaomfvnf;aumif;? ½kyfwkqif;wkrSaomfvnf;aumif;
,Zf yk a&m[dwf rsm;&S dM uonf / "r® opfu srf ;rSmqd kv Qif ,Zf yk a&m[dwf
*dkPf;rSm a,½Ic&pfawmfESifhoufqdkifjcif;vHk;vHk;om&Sdonf/ toif;awmf
 101
wpfckvHk;wGif ywfoufrI&Sdaomfvnf; vlwpfOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;?
tkyfpkwpfcktjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; rywfoufyg/ tjcm;olrsm;ESifh cGJjcm;
odjrifjcif;r&Sdyg/ ,Zfyka&m[dwfr[kwfol- omreftoif;om;rsm;jzpfyg
onf /
odkY&mwGif wrefawmf&Sifaygvku ,Zfyka&m[dwfvkyfief;ylaZmfjcif;tjzpfonf
"r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfwGif&SdaMumif; t&dyfta,mif&Sdonfudkazmfjyvdkonf/ a&mr
12;1 wGif? &Sifaygvku rdrdwdkY\udk,fcE¨mudk bk&m;ocifxHwGiftouf&Sifvsuf&Sdaom
,ZftjzpfwifqufoGm;&efajymí tcef;BuD;wGifqufí0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;taMumif;
udkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvka&;om;csufrsm;wGif wifpm;íajymMum;csufrSm trIawmf
aqmifjcif;tvkyfonf ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkY\0efaqmifrIjzihfajymqdkcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
wpfyg;trsKd;om;wdkYrS {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkvufcH,ljcif;udk ,if;wdkY\bk&m;ocif
tm;,ZfylaZmfjcif;jzpfaMumif; ,lqygonf/ odkY&mwGif olaqmif&GufcJhaom,Zfyka&m
[dwfvkyfief;wdkYonf tjcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;uJhodkYjyKvkyf&ef tMuHjyKcsufESifhrjcm;em;
cJ hyg/ odkY jzpfí ,Zfyk a&m[dwfwd kY\ trIawmfa qmifjcif; onf {0Ha *vd w&m;awmf
xdk;ESufrIwGif a&S;OD;toif;awmfü&SdcJhygonf/ Clergy trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfonf
,Zf yk a &m[d wfwpfO D; taetxm;jzif hM unf hv Qif ,H kM unf ol rsm;twG u fj yKvky f jcif ;
r[kwfbJ c&pf,mefr[kwfolwdkYudkvSrf;,lí c&pfawmfxHodkYac:aqmifjcif;ESifh bk&m;
ocifxHodkY,ZfylaZmfjcif;tjzpf aqmif&Gufaomvkyfief;jzpfonf/ xdktjyKtrlwdkYonf
t r Iaw mfaq mi fo lr sm; (Clergy) wd kY\oD ;oef Ytvk yf r[kwf bJ c&pf ,mef tm;vH k ;wdk Y\
tvkyfjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ,Zfyka&m[dwfESifhylaZmfyojcif;tjrifudk c&pf,mef
wd k if ; \bk &m;ocif twG u f trI a wmf aqmif & G uf j cif ;ud k y H k azmf c J ho nf /
,Hk Munf ol tm;vH k; onf ,Zfy k a&m[dwftjzpfa qmif &G uf NyD ; rd rd wd kY \
cE¨mudk,fudk bk&m;ocifxHodkYtouf&Sifaom,ZftjzpfvSL'gef;jcif;jzpfonf/
þylaZmfyojcif;udk bk&m;ocif\rsm;ajrmifaomaus;Zl;tm;jzifh wHkYjyef
jcif;jzpfí {0Ha*vdtoif;awmfwGif azmfjyjcif;rS&&SdcJhonf (a&mr 12;1)/
102
wr efawmfrsm;
toif ; awmf \ acgif ; aqmif r I tyd k i f ; ud k toH k ; jyKrsm;onf h a 0g[m&pum;rS m
]]wrefawmf}} [líjzpfygonf/ þpum;vHk;udk tjcm;pum;vHk;xufrsm;pGmtoHk;jyK
onfrSm tjcm;aom,HkMunfolrsm;tay: tmPm&aomolrsm;jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí
"r®opfusrf;acwfrSm trIawmfaqmif (Clergy) udk þpum;&yfjzifhtoHk;jyKjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ tjcm;aompum;vHk;rsm;udk Clergy tvkyfudkvkyfaomolwdkYudkac:a0:jcif;jyKEdkif
onf/ odkY&mwGif wrefawmf (apostle) onf tBuKdufqHk;a0g[m&jzpfonfrSm &Sif;yg
onf/ odkY&mwGif wrefawmfrsm;\tvkyfrSm ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;uJhodkYyifjzpfygonf/
a,½I\owif;pum;udk aysmufqHk;vsuf&SdaomurÇmolurÇmom;rsm;ESifhrQa0ay;jcif;jzpf
ygonf/ odkY&mwGif wrefawmfwdkYonf tajccHtrIawmfaqmifjcif;tm½HkjyKrIwpfckwnf;rQ
tjcm;aom,HkMunfolwdkY\tjrifudkajymif;vJjcif;rjyKyg/
þa0g[m&ud k toH k ; jyKjcif ; onf tjiif ; yG m;p&mES i f h a qG ; aEG ; p&mtaMumif ;
trsm;BuD; &S dc Jho nf / tcsKd Uaomolwdk YrS m a,½I cef Yx m;aomwynf hawmf q,fhE Sp fy g;
twGufomtoHk;jyKxdkufygonf/ tcsKdUaomolrSm "r®opfacwfwGif þa0g[m&udk
toHk; jyKjcif; &yfem;zd kY oif hygonf [k qdk onf / tjcm;aomolr sm;rSm toif ;awmf ESi fh
qufítrIawmf&Sifoefa&;twGufjzpfonfhtjrif&Sdygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf ½IyfaxG;aomrsm;ajrmifonfhBuKd;pm;csufESifhywfoufí
tajz&SmzdkY&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&onf/ odkYjzpfí ed*Hk;csKyfEdkif&ef tarSmifcs
jcif;cH&í þa&S;a[mif;wrefawmftoHk;tEIef;a0g[m&udk tvif;azmf&ef
wdusaomqHk;jzwfcsufrcsEdkifyg/
uREfkyfwdkY\t,ltqrSm "r®opfusrf;\ta&;tom;wGif vHkavmuf
aomt"dyÜm,fudk wrefawmf (apostello) a0g[m&udk tajzxkwfzdkYtwGuf
tpjyKjcif;jyKvkyf&rnf/
þa0g[m&ud k tMurf ; zsif ; em;vnf z d k Y & ef p Of ; pm;Mupd k Y / þpum;vH k ; onf
trIaqmifq&mrsm;\tcef;u@ (clergy role) taMumif;udk "r®opfacwfü rnfuJhodkY
 103
&Sd o nf u dk em;vnf &rnf/ tajccHt"dy Ü m,f rS m ]]trIa wmf twG u fa pvT wf a omol} }
jzpfygonf/ þpum;&yfudktoHk;jyKjcif;onf c&pfawmfa&G;cs,fcJhaoma&S;OD;toif;
awmfrSacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm Eke,fao;onfjzpfí wnfaqmufay;&ef? pkpnf;jcif;jyK&efESifh
OD;aqmifvrf;jy&efqdkonfrSm trIawmfaqmifjcif;\tajccHjzpfonf/ þtopfaom
tzG J Ytpnf ; ud k c&pf a wmf uwnfa qmuf vd ky gonf / BuD ; rm;aomapcdk i f; csuf onf
]]oGm;yg}} [laompum;&yfjzifhpwifonf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkaqmif&Guf&ef
tk y f p k \ acgif ; aqmif r sm;ud k ]]apvT wfo l r sm;}} [l í ac:a0:Muonf / trnf E S i f h
vdkufzufíapvTwfaomolrsm;rSm c&pfawmfonf "r®opfusrf;acwfacgif;aqmifrsm;udk
trIaqmifjcif;vkyfief;wdkYudkay;aqmifoGm;onf/
tu,fíom a,½Ionf "r®a[mif;usrf;utrIawmfaqmifrsm; (clergy) wdkYudk
quf í,H kM unf ol r sm;tm;ay;vdk p dwf& S dv Qif olo nf ]],Zf y ka &m[dwf} } trnf ud k
a&G;cs,f vd rfh rnf / odkY &mwGif ]]wrefa wmf }} trnfu dka &G; cs,fcJ honfhtaMumif;rSm
"r®opfusrf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;&nf&G,fcsufjzifhwnf&Sd
jcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ olwdkYtm; urÇmtESHYodkYoGm;&ef c&pfawmf\aumif;aomowif;?
aysmf&Tifaomowif;udka0iS&ef apvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/ trIaqmifrsm;ESifhywfoufaom
a0g[m&wGifyg&SdonfhtcsufrSm BuD;rm;aomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;bufvdkufrI&Sdygonf/
John Knox taejzifh owd jyKrd onf rS m wref awmf rsm;onf tajccH tm;jzif h c&D ;oG m;
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;rsm;a[mMum;olrsm;jzpfonf/
tcsKdUaomtmPmydkifrsm;onf ,k'wdkY\ saliah pum;vHk;rStpûyí ]]wrefawmf}}
a0g[m&udktoHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonfudkajymMuonf/ olonf tmPmydkifwpfOD;rS ol\
udk,fpm;tjzpf tjcm;olwpfOD;xHodkYydkYaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ þpum;vHk;onf a&SUae
a&SU &yfa 0g[m&pum;vH k ;jzpfo nf / od k Y& mwG if bmoma&;oabmxm;tjzpf vnf ;
toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ jzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfum;? "r®opfusrf;toif;awmfonf wrefawmf
jzpfjcif;oabmw&m;udkacs;iSm;ítoHk;jyKjcif;jzpfygonf/ a,½I\trIawmfaqmif&Guf
jcif;onf zcrnf;awmf\trIawmfrSqufítrIawmfudkaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfí olydkYaqmif
aomol wd kY rS m ol\ trIa wmfu dk q uf vufí aqmif& G uf jcif ;jzpfo nf/ BuD ;rm;aom
apcdkif;csufyifvQif ,k'vlwpfa,mufu ol\ Saliah jzifhydkYaqmifapcdkif;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/
104
jyefí awG;ac:rIjyKEdki fonfrSm a,½I\wynfhawmfq,fhESpfyg;udk
*gvdv JtrIawmftwGu fapcdk if; csuf rSm þodkY qif wla omESpf zuf tjyef
tvS efudk,fpm;jyKjcif;apwrefvky fief;udk aqmif&Gu fjcif ;jzpf Edkifo nf/
olwdkYtm; a,½I\wrefawmfrsm;tjzpfapcdkif;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
wpfB ud rf wnf; rS m ol wdk Y o nf bk& m;ocif \ ud k ,fp m;jzpf í a,½Iu d k
þurÇmod kY apcd ki f; aombk &m;jzpfo nf / od kY jzpfí a,½Iu olwdk Ytm;?
]]oifwdkYudkvufcHaomolonf ighudkvufcH\/ ighudkvufcHaomolonf
ighudkapvTwfawmfrlaomoludkvufcH\}} (róJ 10;40)/
þoabmw&m;tm;jzifh c&pfawmf onf ol\wrefawmfrsm;tm; tmPmudk
tyfESif;cJhonf/ olwdkYtm;apcdkif;jcif;jzpfí olwdkYudkudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf olYrSm&Sdaom
tmPmwd k Y u d k v T J tyf j cif ; jzpf í xd k tmPmwd k Y u d k wpf z ef z crnf ; awmf r S v monf /
þtmPmonf twdkif;twmrJhr[kwfyg/ wpfzefjyefívTJtyfaomtmPmjzpfonf/
þtmPmud kc sKyf u dk if jcif ;onf a,½I aemufo d kY vd ku fa vQmuf jcif ;jyKoa&GU tcsd ef rS m
ud k i f a qmif E d k i f y gonf / od k Y & mwG i f &mpk a ygif ; rsm;pG mausmf v G e f o G m;aomtcgrS m
þtmPmonf twdkif;twmrJhjzpfvmcJhonf/ trIawmfaqmif&Gufol (clergy) ESifh
omreftoif;om;rsm; (laity) wdkYudk tcef;u@cGJxkwfjcif;&SdaomtcgrSm tajccH\
aemufcHtjzpf wjznf;jznf;ajymif;vJvmaomtcgü þtmPmudktrIawmfaqmif&Guf
olrsm; (clergy) utoHk;jyKí omreftoif;om;rsm; (laity) tay:ü tmPmpufudk
toH k; jyKcJ hj cif ; &Sd y gonf / wref a wmf tquf tpyf a y:wGi f y if þoabmw&m;ud k
yHkyef;ysufatmifjyKvkyfoGm;onf/
"r®opfusrf;acwfü toif;awmfonf BuD;xGm;vmonfhtavsmuf wrefawmf
rsm;ta&twGufvnf;wdk;yGm;vmonf/ tcsKdUaomolrsm;u tac:ta0: ]]wrefawmf
rsm;}} udk rlvwynfhawmfq,fhESpfyg;wdkYonf aoqHk;NyD;onfaemuf ac:a0:jcif;udk
&yfqdkif;oGm;yg&ef tMuHjyKcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif wynfhawmfq,fhESpfyg;tjyif tjcm;aom
olwdkYu wrefawmfrsm;[líac:qdkjcif;&Sdygonf/ xdkxufru ]]wrefawmf}} onf
c&pf,meftoif;awmfwGif 0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;udk oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfutyfESif;
cJhygonf/
 105
c&pfawmf\udk,fawmfudkwnfaqmufí "r®q&m\trIudkjyKwwf
rnftaMumif;? oefY&Sif;olwdkYudkjyifqifjcif;tvdkiSm? xdkocifonf vltcsKdU
wdkYudk wrefawmft&müvnf;aumif;? tcsKdUwdkYudkyka&mzuft&müvnf;
aumif;? tcsKdUwdkYudkomoemjyKt&müvnf;aumif;? tcsKdUwdkYudkoif;tkyf
t&m? q&mt&müvnf; aumif ; cef Yx m;awmf rl \ / igwdk Y & Sd o rQonf
,HkMunfjcif;odkYvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\om;awmfudkoduRrf;jcif;odkY
vnf;aumif;? wnDwnGwfwnf;a&mufí c&pfawmf\jynfhpHkjcif;yrmP
t&yf wnf ; [l a om BuD ; &if h a omvl\ tjzpf o d k Y a &muf o nf wd k i f a tmif
jzpfownf; ({zuf 4;11-13)/
tu,fíom wrefawmf\qkaus;Zl;onf "r®opfusrf;umvwGifom owfrSwf
jcif;cH&zG,f&SdvQif yka&mzufwdkY\qkaus;Zl;? omoemq&mjyKjcif;? ygpwmq&mrsm;ESifh
ausmif; q&mwd kY \ t&mrsm;onf xd ktcsd ef tcgrS wpfy g;&Sd awmh r nf r[kwf awmh yg/
txufygusrf;csufonf av;eufpGmtqdkjyKcsufrSm þ0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;tm;vHk;onf
toif;awmfwGif&Sd&rnf/ toif;awmfrStvHk;pHkaompnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI&SdNyD; &ifhusufrI
&Sdaomtcsdeftcgtxd þolrsm;onf&Sd&rnf/ þtjzpfonf uREfkyfwdkY\tajctae
wGifa&muf&SdEdkifonfr[kwfyg/
wrefa wmfr sm;ac:a0:orkwfj cif ;udk yxr&mpkE Sp fwGi fo moufq dk if &rnf ud k
tjrif &S d ol rsm;onf "r® q &mrsm;\tcef ;u@tvky fu dk a&S; OD ; toif ;awmf rsm;\
vIyf&Sm;rIwdkYudkem;vnfrIrSm;jcif;jzpfEdkifrnf/ þonfrSmvnf; "r®q&mrsm;udk ,aeY
toif;awmfrsm;wGiftoHk;jyKoGm;jcif;wGif rSm;,Gif;aomt,ltqwpf&yfjzpfEdkifonf/
toif;awmf\omoemjyKjcif;udk tcef;u@tm;jzifhzsufodrf;Edkifaomtcg? trIawmf
aqmifjcif;tvkyfonf t"dutoif;awmfwnf&Sdjcif;trIü rvdktyfaomtajctae
a&muf&Sdaomtcg wrefawmf\tcef;u@onf rvdktyfbJ&SdoGm;rnf/ tu,fíom
c&pf,mefrsm;\trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;onf ]]olawmfpifrsm;}} odkYOD;wnfrIom&SdvQif
]]wref a wmf r sm;}} ud k ]]apvT wf j cif ; }} tm;jzif h vk d tyf j cif ; &S d y gawmh r nf v m;/
odkYaomfvnf; trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfonf acgif;aqmifrItm;jzifh t"duvdktyfcsuf
jzpfvQif wrefawmfrsm;vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/
F-14
106
acgif;aqmifrIydkif;qdkif&mapcdkif;csufrsm;wGif c&pfawmfudk,fawmfwdkifuay;aom
apcdkif;csufrSm trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;onf omoem\aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/
a&S ; OD ; toif ; awmf r sm;wG i f aqmif & G u f o G m;aomwref a wmf r sm;onf t"d u jyKpk
apmifha&Smufaom,HkMunfolrsm;tm; jyKpkapmifha&Smufolrsm;r[kwfyg/ ,cifu,HkMunf
olrsm;onf þtrIawmftcef;u@udk tapmqHk;wrefawmfrsm;tay:üwm0efay;zdkY
BuKd;pm;rI&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYuvsifjrefpGmtvkyftrsKd;tpm;udkwm0efay;jcif;rS
z,fxkwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
olwdkY\qHk;jzwfcsufrSm trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvk yfudk w&m;0if
olwdk Y ES i fh ouf qd k if aomtvk yf ud k omxde f; odr f ;xm;&ef E Si fh tjcm;aom
tvkyftudkifrsm;udk tjcm;olwdkYtm;vTJajymif;íjyKvkyfMuygonf/
wynfhawmfq,fhESpfyg;onf c&pfawmfrlvwynfhawmfq,fhESpfyg;rSjzpfí a&S;OD;
toif;awmf\toufwmwGifae&m,l&&SdrIonf ta&;BuD;aomtcef;u@wGif yg0ifrI
&SdcJhygonf/ olwdkYonf ,HkMunfcsufESifhywfoufaomt,ltqudk qHk;jzwfcsufay;
onf/ toif;om;rsm;twGu f w&m;olB uD;jzpf &onf/ toif;awmf wdku fcd kuf rIu dk
&ifqdkif&aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ þtcsufudkMunfhvQif "r®q&mrsm; (clergy) &SdcJhonfrSm
"r®a[mif;usrf;acwfu ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkYESifhuGmjcm;onfhtcef;u@udkaqmif&Guf&aom
wm0ef&Sdygonf/
taMumif;t&mwdkYonf ydkrdk&Sif;vif;jcif;&SdonfrSm . . . a,½Ic&pfawmf
\wrefawmfrsm;rSm . . . tkyfcsKyf&aom&mxl;&mcH? tmPmpuf? BuD;Muyf
pDrHjcif;? tEÅ&m,frsm;udk&ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/
od kYa omf vnf; wrefawmfr sm;\aqmif&G ufc suf rSm c&pf awmf\
&SifoefrItcsdefrwdkifrDuyif wrefawmfrsm;ESifhaemufawmfodkYvdkufavQmuf
olwdkY\tcef;u@oD;jcm;&SdonfrSm qufvuf&Sdaeonf/ yifawukawåaeY
tjzpf tysufrS zsufodrf;jcif;r&Sdonf omru av;eufvsuf&Sdy gonf/
þodkYjzifh oD;jcm;aqmif&Gufcsufjzifhwnfaqmufjcif;cH&aomtoif;awmf
 107
rsm;yifvQif þuGmjcm;aomtcef;u@udkvufcH,lMuonf/ wpfae&mESifh
wpfae&ma0;uGmaomfvnf; vufcHMuonf/
odkYjzpfí wrefawmfrsm;\tcef;u@onf BuD;MuyfcGifh&aomacgif;aqmifrIae&mwGif
toif;awmf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;u@üae&m,lygonf/ c&pf,meftoif;awmfrsm;
onf olwdkY\tmPmpufESifhvGefuJxl;jrwfjcif;udktodtrSwfjyKMuonf/ olwdkYtm;
]]a,½k&SvifNrKdUü&Sdaomwrefawmfrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKMuonf}} (wrefawmf 8;14)/
azmf jyygt& tjcm;aomwref a wmf r sm;vnf ;&S dM uygonf/ od k Y &mwGi f ol wdk Y onf
a,½k&SvifNrKdYrSmr&SdMuyg/ wrefawmfrsm;q,fhESpfyg;uJhodkY a,½k&SvifrSmr&SdMuyg/
tjcm;aomwrefawmfrsm;&SdaMumif;qdkonfrSm a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif wrefawmf
rsm;ESp fzGJY trIa wmfaqmifjcif;udkazmfjyaeygonf/ yxrOD; qHk;aomq,fhESp fyg;onf
toif;awmfwpfckvHk;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;acgif;aqmifrIwm0efudkaqmif&Guf&onf/ xdkYtjyif
tjcm;aomwrefawmfrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ wrefawmfq,f hESpfyg;tk yfpkrSmr[k wfyg/
tvHk;pHkaomtmPmudk q,fhESpfOD;uJhodkYtmPmr&SdMuyg/ wrefawmfrsm;ESpftkyfpk\
uGmjcm;csufrSm tmPmESifhywfoufrIr&SdbJ tkyfcsKyfrItydkif;u@jzpfvdrfhrnf/ wrefawmf
q,fhESpfyg;onf toif;awmfwpfckvHk;tay:üwm0ef&SdNyD; tjcm;aomwrefawmfrsm;rSm
tcef;u@usOf;ajrmif;vdrfhrnf/
&Sifa ygvkonf ]]rdpämwref awmfrsm;}} taMumif; udkowday;cJhonf/ Asm'dwf
a,m[efonfvnf; toif;awmfrSvlrsm;udk ppfaMumaomtcg rdrdudk,fudkwrefawmf
jzpfaMumif;ajymaomvlvdrfrsm;awGY&Sd&aomaMumifh toif;awmfrsm;tm;csD;usL;cJhygonf/
tu,fíom wrefawmfrsm;udk q,fhESpfyg;omvQif&SdrnfqdkvQif owday;csufonf
rd p ä mwref a wmf rsm;taMumif ; ES i f h rd p ä mwrefa wmf r sm;ud k v nf ; ppfa Mum&ef r vd k y g/
wrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;omod&Sd&onfhtwGuf olwdkYudkrSwfrd&efvG,fulygrnf/ wrefawmf
q,fh ES pf yg;omrubJ tjcm;aomwref awmfr sm;tm; rdr du dk ,f ud kwrefa wmftjzpf
[efaqmifrIjyKaomolwdkYudk rdpämwrefrsm;od&SdzdkY owday;jcif;jzpfygonf/ wpfzef
owday;csufonf a&S;OD;toif;awmfüomac:a0:jcif;&SdrnfqdkvQif owday;pum;vdk
rnfr[kwfyg/
108
"r®opfusrf;onf wrefawmfrsm;udktodtrSwfjyKNyD; wrefawmfrsm;udkac:qdkrI
jyKMuonf/ t"dujzpfolrSm &Sifaygvkjzpfygonf/ olYudk,folvnf; wrefawmfjzpf
aMumif;ajymqdkcJhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; &Sifaygvkonf rdrdudk,fudkwrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;
xJuoljzpfaMumif; rajymqdkcJhyg/ trSefrSm &Sifaygvkudk tcsKdUaomolrsm;u olonf
wrefawmfjzpfaMumif;udk ar;cGef;xkwfMuonf/ olYudk,fudkwrefawmfjzpfaMumif;udk
þodkYjyefajzcJhonf/ ]]*kPf,lwwfjcif;ü igonfol½l;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYjzpfvQif? oifwdkYonf
ighudktEdkiftxufjzpfapMuNyD/ tb,fodkYenf;[lrlum;? oifwdkYcsD;rGrf;jcif;udkigcHoifh
\/ igonfbmrQr[kwfaomfvnf;? tBuD;qHk;aomwrefawmfatmuftvQif;r,kwf
rnHh}} (2aum&defok 12;11)/ þtHhzG,faomusrf;csufonf wrefawmfESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;udk
azmfj yjcif;jzpfonf/ tBuD;qHk;aomwrefawmf qdkonfrSm wrefawmf q,fhESpfy g;udk
&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tBuD;qHk;aomwrefawmfrsm;r[kwfonfrSm 'kwd,twef;pm;
wrefawmfrsm;jzpfMurnf/ olwdkY\tmPmESifhtwdkif;twmonfvnf; ydkíusOf;ajrmif;
vdrfhrnf/ tjcm;aomwrefawmf[líac:qdkjcif;cH&olrsm;rSm "r®opfusrf;ü AmeA? ta`E´medwf
ESifh Junia jzpfonf/
pdwf0if pm;p&maumif; aomwrefawmf& mxl;udka&;om;csufrSm *vmwd 1;19
wGifawGU&ygonf/ ocifbk&m;\nDawmf,mukyfudk wrefawmftjzpfowfrSwfjcif;cH&
ygonf/ þusrf;csufonf qdkvdk&if;rSm a,½k&SvifNrKdYüaeaomwrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;rS
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ocifbk&m;\nDawmfonf rlvq,fhESpfyg;rSr[kwfyg/ jzpfEdkif
onfrSm q,fhESpfyg;rlveHygwfudk xyfNyD;jznfhpGufjcif;onf q,fhESpfyg;\trSwftom;
onf av;jrwfjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? q,fhESpfyg;\owfrSwfcsufaomfvnf;aumif;
taxGtxl;r&Sdyg/
tapmydkif;ua&;om;cJhaombkef;awmfBuD;ESifhywfoufjcif;r&Sdonfhpmtkyfrsm; The
Didache (A.D. 90-110) onf toif;awmfü wrefawmf rsm;tvk yf vk yf vsuf&S d onfud k
a&;om;xm;ygonf/ Didache pmtkyfonf rlvwrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;taMumif;onf
aovGefMuNyD;jzpfí þa&;om;csufwGif wrefawmf&mxl;onf a&S;OD;toif;awmfü
qufvufí&SdcJhonf/ yxr&mpkESpftxd&SdcJhonf/ þwrefawmfrsm;onf a,½k&Svif
NrKdYüaexdkifjcif;rjyKawmhyg/ þtpm; olwdkYonf toif;awmfwpfckrSwpfckodkY ul;vl;rI
 109
&SdcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí yxr&mpkESpfukeftxd e,fvSnfhwrefawmfrsm;"r®q&m&Sdao;aMumif;
azmfjyygonf/
"r®opfusrf;acwf wGi f wref awmfrsm;ud k tcaMu;aiGa xmufyH hvsuf&S donf/
&Sifaygvku þwrefawmfrsm;udk axmufyHhaiGudkay;jcif;onf xnf0gaompum;rsm;jzifh
umuG,frIjyKcJhonf/ EIdif;,SOfcsuftm;jzifh "r®a[mif;usrf;acwf&Sd,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkYESifh
EIdif;,SOfcJhonf/ þusrf;csufonf "r®q&mrsm;udktcaMu;aiGrsm;ay;jcif;udk olwdkY
vkyf&aomtvkyftudkiftwGufay;jcif;onf "r®q&mrsm; (clergy) udk a&S;OD;toif;awmfu
todtrSwfjyKjcif;udkazmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/
þaqG;aEG;csuft&? atmufygtcsufrsm;ud k ed*Hk;csKyfEdkifonf/ "r®opfusrf;
acwfü wrefawmfrsm;taMumif;udk rSwf,lEdkifonf/
1/ wrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;onf txl;jzpfí oD;jcm;rI&Sdonf/ olwdkYrSm tmPm&mxl;
&SdNyD; a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGifvkyfydkifcGifhtm;vHk;&Sdygonf/
2/ wrefawmf&mxl;onf rlvq,fhESpfyg;ESifhomowfrSwfjcif;r&Sdyg/ tjcm;aom
wrefawmfrsm;onf toif;awmfwGifwm0ef,lvsuf&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vkyfydkifcGifh
tm;vHk;udk&&Sdjcif;r&Sdyg/
3/ wrefawmfrsm;onf a&S;OD;toif;awmf\"r®q&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwdkY\tvkyf
ay:rSm vpmrsm;&&SdMuonf/ &Sifaygvkonf tBudrfrsm;pGmyif tcaMu;aiGudk
jiif;qdkcJhonf/
4/ wrefawmfrsm;\tvkyftudkiftrsKd;tpm;rSm oefY&Sif;rGefjrwfaom,HkMunfcsufudk
apmifhxdef;jcif;jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfcsufrsm;tjiif;yGm;rI&SdaomtcgrSm ajz&Sif;csuf
ay;ol rsm;ES i fh c&pf awmf taMumif ;ud ka [mMum;ol r sm;jzpf onf / ol wd k Y onf
acgif; aqmifr Itcef;u@wGi f&S dNyD ; a&S; OD;toif ;awmf\trIawmfa qmifjcif;
csJUxGifrIudkBuD;Muyfolrsm;jzpfonf/
5/ wrefawmfrsm;onf a&S;OD;toif;awmf\t"duMunfh½Iapmifrolrsm;r[kwfyg/
6 wrefa wmf rsm;onf ygpwmq&mrsm;? {0H a*vdowif ;pum;udkj zef Ya 0ol ESi fh
ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifhtwl ,HkMunfolrsm;\trIawmfaqmifjcif;udk aqmif&Guf
Edkif&eftodw&m;udk wyfqifjcif;jyKoGm;&rnf/
110
tu,f í om acwf o pf t ac:ta0:ud k wref a wmf r sm;\tcef ; u@tm;
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftwGuftoHk;jyKvQif? ,aeYwrefawmfrsm;onf General Conference
acgif;aqmifrIydkif;qdkif&mwdkYonf rlvwrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;uJhodkY aqmif&GufrI&SdMuonf/
tjcm;aomu@rSm a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGifvkyfaqmif&aomwrefawmfrsm;onf a'ocH
uGefz&ifhOuúXrsm;? ponfponfwdkYjzpf&ygrnf/ olwdkY\tcef;u@rSm General Conference
acgif;aqmifrIuJhodkYyif us,fjyefYjcif;r&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif &Sifaygvk? AmeA? Junia wdkYuJhodkYyif
a&S;OD;toif;awmfwdkY\wrefawmftvkyfudk vkyfaqmif&ygonf/
odkYjzpfí wrefawmfrsm;\tvkyfonf ,aeYacwfuJhodkYaomtrIaqmifq&mrsm;?
"r®q&mrsm;uJhodkYyif BuD;MuyfrI&Sdaom"r®q&mvdkyifaqmif&GufrI&Sdonf/ tjcm;aom
taxmuftxm;tm;jzifh a'ocHtoif;awmfrsm;wGif wrefawmfrsm;\tcef;u@tjyif
ygpwmq&mwdkY\tcef;u@wdkYwGifwl nDrI&S dEdki fygovm;/ uREfkyf wdkYo nf "r® opf
usrf;udk&SmazG&if;? a'ocHtoif;awmfrsm;wGif "r®q&mrsm;\tcef;u@udk wlnDaom
tvk yf &S d yguvnf ; a&S ;OD; toif; awmfwGi f olwdk Y\ tvk yf tudk i ftrsKd ; tpm;onf
bmawGjzpfrnfenf;/
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vsuf &Sdonf / pmayorm;rsm;onfyif vQif uGJjym;rIudkowfrSwfj cif;rjyKMuyg/ *&d
bmomESpfckpvHk;udk ]]toif;vlBuD;}} [líbmomjyefcJhonf/ þtac:ta0:rsm;udk
ygvufpwkdif;a'orsm;odkY a[jAJvl-,k'rsm;0ifa&mufjcif;r&SdonfuyifvQif a,oa&m
(arma&S\ a,mu© r) utBuD; tuJv lB uD; ck epfq ,fu dk cef Yxm;jcif; ud kqd kv dk onf/
"r®a[mif;acwfwpfavQmufvHk;wGif þtac:ta0:udk ]]tvkyfBuD;Muyfol}} tjzpf
toHk;jyKonf/ a'o&Sd£oa&vwdkY\vlYtzGJYtpnf;wdkYudk xdef;csKyfzdkYjzpfonf/ olwdkY
onf ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;rjzpfyg/ "r®q&mrsm;vnf;rjzpfMuyg/ omrefvlwdkY\tcef;
u@udkaqmif&Gufolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ þtcsufESpfcsufonf cGJjcm;ajymqdk&efcufcJyg
onf/ þvlBuD;rsm;udk £oa&vwdkYaexdkifaomNrKdYwdkif;rSmcefYxm;onf/ tjiif;tckH
y#dyu©&SdvQif olwdkYonf w&m;olBuD;rsm;tjzpf £oa&vwGifaqmif&GufMuygonf/
 111
umv&Sn f Mumaomtcg tvk yf & mxl ;onf w&m;0if tjzpfo d kY a &muf& S dN yD ; wef c dk ;
BuD;pdk;vmí £oa&vwdkY\acgif;aqmifrsm;udka&G;cs,frIjyKvmonf/ tcsKyftaESmif
cH&NyD;onfaemuf xdkvlBuD;rsm;\&mxl;wdkYudk ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rIjyKMuonf/ þvlBuD;
wdkYonf BuD;Muyfoltjzpf jyefvnfvkyfudkif&onf/
"r®a[mif;rS"r®opfodkYul;ajymif;csdefumvrSm ckepfq,f^ckepfq,fwpfa,muf
aumifpDwGifjzpf&yfopfwpfckay:aygufvmygonf/ þumvtwGif; tqdkyga0g[m&
onf t"dutm;jzifh omreftoif;om;aumifpDtjzpfodkYOD;vSnfhcJhonf/ ,Zfyka&m[dwf
zufo dk Yr ,dr f; ,d ki fcJ hy g/ þvlr Ia &;e,f y,fwGi f ]]toif; vlB uD ;}} tac:ta0:udk
a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGifpwiftoHk;jyKrI&Sdvmonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif þa0g[m&udk
omreftoif;om;ESifh"r®tac:ta0:tjzpftoHk;jyKvmonf/ c&pf,mefwdkY\tptOD;rSm
t"dyÜm,fESpfrsKd;pvHk;udkac:a0:jcif;jyKoGm;onf/ jzpfEdkifonfum; a&S;OD;,HkMunfolrsm;onf
tajctaet&toH k ; ûy&mü omref t oif ; om;tjzpf a omf v nf ; aumif ; ? "r® q &m
tjzpf a omf v nf ; aumif ; toH k ; ûyí vpmr&aomomref t oif ; om;vl B uD ; a&m?
vpm&aomtoif;awmfvlBuD;rsm;ay:aygufcJhonf/ acwfopfpmzwfolrsm;taejzifh
oabmxm;½IyfaxG;rIudkzefwD;vmrnf/
A.D. 70, aemuf ydk if ;wGif ,k'vl rIa&;tzG J Ytpnf ;wd kYonf xd k ]]toif ;vl BuD;}}
ud k b moma&;tawG ; tac:tjzpf ouf q d k i f a Mumif ; owf r S wf c J h o nf / ,k ' wd k Y \
bk & m;&S d c dk ; ausmif ; Ouú X tjzpf o dk Y v nf ; toH k ; jyKowf r Swf j cif ;cH & onf / od k Y jzpf í
bmoma&;tawG;tac:ESifhydkrdkeD;pyfjcif;&Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif þtjzpfrSm c&pf,mef
wdkY\zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmaomtcsdef\aemufydkif;wGifjzpfcJhonf/ xdktcsdefonf yxr
&mpkESpfc&pf,mefrsm;wdkYonf MoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;&Sd[efwlonf/ £oa&vwdkY\vlBuD;
rsm;onf rnf onfhtvky fudkvky fvkyf t"dujyKpkapmifr jcif;tvk yfudkrvkyfcJhM uyg/
olwdkY\tvkyfrsm;rSm acgif;aqmifrIay;jcif;tvkyfudk a'o&SdvlYtzGJYtpnf;wdkYudkom
OD;aqmifrIjyKcJhonf/ "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfonf toif;vlBuD;wdkYudk topf
aomtoif; awmf rsm;\wnfa qmuf jcif ;trIa rm'emjyKjcif ;wGif toif; vl BuD; rsm;
cef Yx m;jcif; ud k "r® a [mif ;usrf ; ESi f h tnD jyKvk y f aqmif & G uf c J h o nf/ ocif a,½I \
aemufvdkufrsm;xJwGif ckepfq,faomoltm;cefYxm;jcif;onf oJvGefptjzpf pef[D'&if
wdkYudk toif;awmfwGiftkyfcsKyfoGm;olrsm;udk tpm;xdk;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqíjzpfEdkif
onf /
112
"r®opfusrf;wGif t"dyÜm,fwlonfhpum;vHk;ESpfckudk toHk;jyKcJhygonf/ toif;
vlBuD;rsm;ESifhywfoufíqdkvdkonf/ þtoHk;tEIef;udk t"dutcsuftjzpf ajcmufq,fh
ig;BudrfwGiftoHk;jyKcJhonf/ 'kwd,tqifhpum;vnf;toHk;jyKcJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
qdkqHk;rcJhonfrSm topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmifNyD;onfESifh toif;vlBuD;
rsm;udkcefYxm;&efjyKvkyfoGm;&rnf/ þvlBuD;rsm;udkcefYxm;&mü aumuf&dwfodrf;jcif;rS
&&S do lr sm;jzpf í xd k vl BuD; rsm;onf omreftoif; om;rsm;rS j zpfr nf / "r® q&mrsm;
r[kwfMuyg/ toif;vlBuD;wpfa,mufwnf;ru toif;awmfwGifcefYxm;&rnf/ olwdkYonf
omreftoif;om;rsm;jzpfonf udk taxmuftxm;wpf&yfj zpfcJ honf/ b,ftoif;
awmfutoif;vlBuD;rsm;rsm;udkvpmay;EdkifrnfvJ/ txl;ojzifha&S;toif;awmfrsm;onf
td r f a jctoif ; awmf r sm;jzpf í toif ; om;rsm;oH k ; q,f x uf e nf ; rnf j zpf o nf /
þa'ocHtoifvlBuD;rsm;\tvkyfwm0efudk &Sifayw½ku &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJhonf/
oif;tkyft&müvnf;aumif;? c&pfawmf\qif;&J'ku©a0'emudkodjrif
aomoufaot&müvnf;aumif; cefYxm;aomol? xif&Sm;apawmfrlvwåHY
aombkef;toa&awmfudkqufqHaomoljzpfaom igayw½konf oifwdkYwGif
&Sdaomoif;tkyfcsif;wdkYudkawmif;yefyg\/ oifwdkYESifhtwl&Sdaom bk&m;
ocif\odk;awmfpkudk xdef;jcif;trI rSm tEdkifxdef;&aomaMumifhr[kwf?
rpifMu,faompD;yGm;udkwyfrufaomaMumifhr[kwfbJ? tvdkvdkapwempdwf
&S dí Munfh ½Itky fx de f; Muavmh/ toD ;toD; tk yf aomtoif;awmfwdk Yu dk
tmPmxm;í tpdk;w&jyKonfr[kwfbJ? odk;awmfpka&SUrSm yHkoufaoudk
jyaomoljzpfMuavmh/ odkYjzpfvQif? odk;xdef;tBuD;ay:xGef;awmfrlaomtcg
oifwdkYonf rn§dK;EGrf;wwfaom? bkef;BuD;aomyef;OD;&pfo&zludkcH&Mu
vdrfhrnf (1ay 5;1-4)/
a'ocH o mref toif ; vlB uD ; rsm;onf toif ; awmf u dk o d k ;xd e f ;&müaumif ;pG m
&Sdatmifxdef;ausmif;&rnfhwm0ef&Sdygonf/ olwdkY\wm0efonf owdvufvGwf&ef
r&S d b Jj zpf & rnf / t"d u jyKpk a pmif h a &S muf j cif ; tvk y f r [k wf y g/ þusrf ; csuf o nf
omrefapwem0efxrf;jcif;tvkyfjzpfonf ]]r½dk;rajzmifhaomtjrwfxkwfrI}} r[kwfyg/
odkYjzpfí tcaMu;aiGr,laom&mxl;rsm;jzpfonf/ odk;rsm;xdef;aMumif;jcif;onf yk*¾dKvf
 113
wpf OD;wnf;jzifhr[k wfbJ toif; vlBuD ;rsm;tm;vHk;ud kay;ygonf/ &Sif ayw½k onf
ol ay;aomod k ; xde f ; jcif ; wm0ef o nf owd v uf v G wf jcif ; r&S d a y/ þusrf ; csufu d k
toHk;ûyí vuf&Sdygpwmq&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonf&Sdaomfvnf; t"dujyKpkapmifha&Smuf
jcif;tvkyfudkajymqdkjcif;r[kwfyg/
þa0g[m&udktoHk;jyKjcif;onf wrefawmfwdkYESifhywfoufrI&SdoGm;aomtcgrSm
ydk í ½I y fa xG ; rI & Sd o Gm;onf / ayw½k E Si f ha ,m[efwd kY onf þtjzpfE S if h yg0if rI & Sd v Qif
þa0g[m&t"dyÜm,fonf ydkít"dyÜm,frsm;jcif;&Sdrnf/ "r®opfusrf;\toHk;jyKrIonf
t"dy Üm,fwpf ckwnf ;jzif hr [k wfE dk ify g/ &Sif aygvk onf wda rmaoxHo dk Ypma&;aom
tcgwGif þodkYoG,f0dkufaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifhajymqdkygonf/
aumif;rGefpGmtkyfaomoif;tkyfwdkYonf tvªESpfqudkcHxdkufoljzpf
onf [ l í vnf ; aumif ; ? w&m;a[mjcif ; ? qH k; rMo0g'ay;jcif; trI u d k
BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfaomolwdkYonf tvªESpfqudktxl;ojzifhcHxdkufoljzpf
onf[lívnf;aumif; rSwf&rnf/ taMumif;rlum;? ]]pyg;eif;e,faom
EGm;\EIwfudkrcsKyfwnf;&[k usrf;pmvm\/}} wpfcsufum;? vkyfaqmif
aomolonf tcudkcHxdkufayonf[kvmjyef\/ oufaocHESpfOD;? oHk;OD;
r&SdvQif oif;tkyfütjypfwifaompum;udkem;raxmifESifh (1wdarmao 5;17-
19)/
þtoif;awmfvlBuD;rsm;onf pnf;urf;csufowfrSwfjcif;? acgif;aqmifrIu@
&Si f;vif;pG m&Sdy gonf / t"duMunfh½I apmif rolr sm;r[kwfy g/ &Sifa yw½kE Sifh uGmjcm;
onf u m;? þtoif ; vl B uD ; rsm;ud k t cay;xm;ygonf / w&m;vnf ; a[monf ?
avhusifhoifMum;a&;vnf;jyKvkyfonf/ odkYjzpfí þñTef;xm;aomtoif;awmfvlBuD;
rsm;onf tcaMu;aiG& &Sda om"r®q&mrsm;jzpfonf / ayw½k ajymaomtoif; vlBuD;
rsm;onf tcaMu;aiGudkr&&Sdaom omreftoif;om;vlBuD;rsm;jzpfonf/
þtoif ;vlB uD; rsm;onf w&m;a[mjcif ;üaomfv nf; aumif; ? ausmif;q&m
u@tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; tvkyfrsm;vkyfMuonf/ w&m;a[mjcif;ESifhausmif;q&m
oifMum;rIu@wGif a'ocHtoif;awmfy&dowfESifhaqmif&Gufjcif;&Sdovm;? r&Sdbl;vm;
qdkonfrSm aocsmpGmrod&yg/ ¤if;udk&SifaygvkuJhodkYw&m;a[mjcif;ESifhoifMum;ydkYcsjcif;
F-15
114
tvkyfvkyfaomtoif;vlBuD;rsm;jzifh toif;awmftopfrsm;y&dowfudkwnfaxmifjcif;
udkoJuGJpGmrod&yg/ þtopfaoma&S;OD;tdrftoif;awmfrsm;\zGJYpnf;yHkonf w&m;
a[mjcif;tvkyfESifh oifMum;rItydkif;wGif e,fvSnfhq&mrsm;udk&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfrnf[k
,lq&rnfjzpfonf/ þolrsm;onf topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmifolrsm;
jzpf Muonf/ þtoif ;vlB uD ;rsm;onf ygpwmq&mrsm;tcef; u@ud ka qmif &G uf
olwdk Y ES if h yd kr d kwlj cif ;jzpf onf / tjcm;aom&mxl ; ES if h ud ku f nD aom"r®o pfu srf ;acwf
&mxl;&mcHrsm;ESifhrudkufnDyg/ odkYaomfvnf; olwdkYut"duMunfh½Iapmifray;olrsm;
taejzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdyg/
þudpöESifhywfoufí toif;vlBuD;ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;rSm a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;wGif
yg0if vI yf &S m;vsuf& Sd onf[ ke m;vnf &ygrnf / yxrtaejzifh vcpm;aomtoif ;
vlB uD ;rsm;&Sd í w&m;a[mjcif ;ESi f ho if Mum;jcif ;trIwdk Yu dk aqmif& G uf ol rsm;&S do nf /
uREfkyfwdkY\ygpwmq&mrsm;\Zmpfjrpfudk "r®opfusrf;acwfudkjyefíqef;opfjcif;jyKEdkif
onf/ odk Y&mwGi f taxmuftxm;rsm;&S if; vif;rIr&Sdy g/ toif;awmf \vl BuD ;rsm;
'kwd,trsKd;tpm;rSm cefYxm;jcif;trIonf tvkyftudkiftrsKd;tpm;ESifhwlaoma'o&Sd
acwf o pf a jrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; awmf \ zG J Y p nf ; yH k E S i f h wl n D a eygonf / þol r sm;ud k
tvk y f v k y f j cif ; twG u f vpmr&Muyg/ od k Y & mwG i f ol wd k Y \ t"d u vk y f i ef ; onf
toif;awmf\toif;om;rsm;udk Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;BuD;MuyfrIudkapmihfMunfh&ef wm0ef
&Sdygonf/
toif ; vl B uD ; rsm;\trI awmfa qmif j cif ;tvk yf o nf rnf o dk Y & Sd &
rnfudktwdtusqHk;jzwf&efcufcJygonf/ 1wdarmao 5;17 wGif ajymqdk
jcif;rSm BuD;Muyfolrsm;tjzpfaqmif&Guf&NyD; tcsKdUudkomw&m;a[mjcif;ESifh
oifMum;rIwm0efudk tcsKdUaomtoif;vlBuD;udkom wm0efcsay;ygonf/
"r®opfusrf;wGif taxmuftxm;rsm;&Sm;yg;onfjzpfí toif;awmf\trIaqmif
q&mrsm;tcef;u@udk tvkyftudkif&Sif;vif;csufudkwnfaqmuf&ef oifhavsmfjcif;
r&Sdyg/ olwdkYtm;t"duapmifrjcif;tjzpfudkowfrSwfay;&ef taxmuftxm;enf;yg;
jcif ; onf yxr&mpkE S p f r sm;wG i f taxmuf txm;vH k a vmuf pG mr&S d y g/ acwf o pf
ajrmfvif hjcif ;toif; awmfo nf toif;awmfvlB uD;rsm;wm0ef&Sdj cif;udk "r®q&mrsm;
 115
twGu faomfv nf ;aumif;? a'o&Sdo mreftoif ;om;toif;vlBuD; rsm;udktoHk ;ûyí
aomfvnf;aumif; "r®opfusrf;wGif a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;wGif þuJhodkYaom½IyfaxG;rI
&Sd&jcif;onf tHhMop&mr[kwfMuyg/ þtcsufrSm &Sd&if;pGJacwfopf&mxl;trnfrsm;udk
rlvusrf;csufESifhwdkufqdkifrI&Sd&ef &SmazGjcif;jyKvkyf&rnfr[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif usrf;csuf
tñTef;rStkyfpkESpfckonf wpfckwnf;aom&mxl;trnfac:a0:jcif;&SdaMumif;od&ygonf/
,aeYþodkYjzpfEdkifvQif yxr&mpkESpfwGifvnf;jzpfay:jcif;&SdEdkifonf/
tjcm;aom"r®opfusrf;wGiftoHk;jyKaomtac:ta0:rSm ]]toif;vlBuD;}} tjzpf
onf bmomjyef&mü ]]bD;a&Smyh f}} [lít"dyÜm,f&SdcJhonf/ *&dbmompum;rlvt"dyÜm,frSm
vlwpfpkudkapmifhMunfhaomoljzpfonf/ aemufydkif;t"dyÜm,frSm ESdrfeif;jcif;cH&aom
a'orsm;odkYapvTwfjcif;&Sdí EdkifiHhta&;aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ aemufqHk;wGif xdk&mxl;rSm
aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpöudkaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ toHk;jyKaompum;vHk;rSm bmoma&;
oabmjzifhjyKvkyfjcif;&Sdí Qumran vlrItzGJYtpnf;wGif tzGJYtpnf;\BuD;Muyfoljzpf
onf / þodk Y tm;jzifh "r®o pf usrf; wG if þpum;vHk ; ud ka cs;iS m;í BuD; Muyfo lr sm;
tjzpfudktoHk;jyKjcif;jzpfygonf/ bD;a&Smhyftjzpfac:awmfrljcif;cH&olonf tkyfpkudk
BuD;Muyf& efj zpf onf / þoabmw&m;tm;jzifh bD; a&S mhy fonf od k;tkyf udku muG ,f
apmifha&Smufoljzpfygonf/ ]]oifwdkYonf txufuvrf;vGJí aysmufaomodk;uJhodkY
jzpfMu\/ ,ckrlum;? oifwdkY\0dnmOfwdkYudk tkyfpdk;Munfh½Iawmfrlaomt&Sifodk;xdef;
xHodkYjyefa&mufMuNyD}} (1ay? 2;25)/
]]odk;xdef;}} ESifh ]]umuG,fapmifha&Smufol}} wdkYudkaygif;pnf;íñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/
ol o nf t"d u umuG ,f a pmif h a &Smuf o l b D; a&S mhy f tjzpf uREf k yf wd k Y \ 0d n mOf a &;ud k
apmifha&Smufjcif;jzpfonf/ bD;a&Smhyf&mxl;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifolwdkYonf bD;a&Smhyf
acgif;aqmifatmufwGifwm0efxrf;aqmifMuonf/ olwdkYrSm odk;tkyfBuD;udkumuG,f&ef
jzpfonf/ Munfh½Iapmifray;olrsm;r[kwfyg/ olwdkY\tvkyfrsm;onf toif;awmfudk
trS m;t,G i f ; rS u muG ,f & ef E S i f h 0H y k a vG wd k Y z suf q D ; jcif ; &ef r S u muG ,f z d k Y j zpf o nf /
trSeftm;jzifh BuD;Muyfay;olwm0efrSm or®musrf;pm½IaxmifhrSMunfhvQif toif;awmftm;
jyifytiftm;pkrSumuG,fjcif;jyKoGm;&rnf/ odk;rsm;udkjyKpkapmifrjcif;twGuf t"duwm0ef
wpf&yfr[kwfyg/
116
bD;a&Smhyfpum;vHk;onf tenf;i,fomacRwmtoHk;jyKjcif;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H
toufBuD;olrsm;BuD;MuyfMunfh½Ijcif;tpm;xdk;ítoHk;jyKjcif;udk toHk;jyKoGm;ygonf/
&Sifaygvkonf wdwktm; toif;awmfwdkif;ü toif;vlBuD;rsm;cefYxm;&efqdkqHk;rcJhonf/
þodkYjzifh olonf qufvufítoif;vlBuD;rsm;udkcefYxm;Edkif&ef ,if;wdkYudkrnfonfh
t&nftcsif;rsm;&Sd&rnfudk&Sif;jyoGm;onf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYudkbD;a&Smhyf[líac:wGif
onf/ bD;a&Smhyfonf &mxl;tac:ta0:rSm t"dutm;jzifh þ&mxl;wGifcefYtyfjcif;
cH&olwdkY\&Sd&rnfht&mjzpfonf/ þtjzpfonf xdktcsdefüa'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;wGif
&Sif;vif;aomtoif;awmfvlBuD;rsm;\tcef;u@&SdeifhNyD;om;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm
cefYtyfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;onf t&nftcsif;owfrSwfcsuf&Sdygonf/
þ&mxl;ae&mwGif t&nftcsif;&Sd&rnfhtcsuftvufwdkYudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh
xdkae&mtwGufcefYxm;jcif;cH&aomolrsm;\t&nftcsif;&Sd&rnfudk cefYrSef;íod&SdEdkifonf/
t&nf tcsif ; trsm;pkr S m acgif ;aqmif r I a y;Ed k if a omt&nf tcsif ;rsm;ES i f h {0H a*vd
w&m;awmfwGifopömcH,lrIESifhywfoufrI&Sdonf/ þt&nftcsif;rsm;onf apmifhMuyf
olwdkY\tcef;u@wGiftultnDrsm;pGm&&SdEdkifygonf/ toif;awmf\vlBuD;rsm;onf
bmoma&;t,ltquGmjcm;vGef;onfht&mudk umuG,foGm;Edkifonf/ Munfh½Iapmifrol
&mxl;twGuf wpfckwnf;aomt&nftcsif;wpf&yfrSm {nfh0wfausrIjzpfonf/ odkYaomf
{nfh0wfausrIonf acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vHk;wGif&Sd&rnfht&nftcsif;wpf&yfjzpf&rnf/
odkYjzpfí t&nftcsif;pm&if;wGif toif;vlBuD;rsm;tm; Munfh½Iapmifray;olwdkY\
t&nftcsif;udk wm0efwpf&yftaejzifhowfrSwfrIr&Sdyg/ xdkxufru þt&nftcsif;
rsm;rS m a'o&Sd toif; vl BuD; wd kY twGu fowfr Swfj cif; jzpf rnf vm;? trI aqmifa om
vlBuD;rsm;twGufvm;? odkYr[kwf ESpfOD;pvHk;twGufjzpfrnfvm;qdkonfudk oJoJuGJuGJ
rod& yg/
or®musrf;pmudk ESpfckpvHk;ppfaq;rIjyKaomtcg toif;vlBuD;wdkY\wm0efwGif
t"duMunfh ½Iapmifrjcif;wm0ef owfrSwfcsufwpf&yf& Sdr&Sdudk bmrQrqdk xm;onfudk
awGU&ygonf/ þtpm; toif;vlBuD;rsm;onf BuD;MuyfrIwm0efESifha'o&Sdtoif;awmf
rsm;udkumuG,fzdkY wm0efrsm;udkay;jcif;&Sdygonf/ "r®a[mif;ESifh"r®opfusrf;ul;ajymif;
csdefwGif toif;awmfvlBuD;wdkYrSm omreftoif;om;vlBuD;wdkYudk tomay;jcif;cH&onf/
 117
"r®opfusrf;taxmuftxm;t&? toif;awmf\vlBuD;rsm;onf a&S;OD;toif;
awmfwGif xl;jcm;onfhvu©PmwdkYudkaqmifoGm;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\awGU&SdcsufrSm
xdka0g[m&onf ESpfrsKd;ESpfzHktoHk;jyKcJhonfudkawGU&ygonf/ trIawmfaqmif (clergy)
toif;vlBuD;udkqdkvdkonf/ vpmvnf;&&Sdygonf? ESifhomreftoif;om;toif;vlBuD;?
vpmray;onfrsm;udk ESpfrsKd;ESpfzHktoHk;jyKjcif;cH&onf/ wdarmaoESifhwdwkwdkYonf
vpm&aomtrI aqmifv lBuD;rsm;jzpfrnf/ olwdkY onf yd kía'otoif;awmfrsm;wGif
a'o&Sdtoif;vlBuD;rsm;xufMoZm&SdMuonf/ olwdkYESpfOD;onf e,fvSnfhc&D;rsm;ydkrdkí
oG m;Muygonf / ol wd k Y onf ae&mwpf c k wnf ;wG i f tjrJwrf ; awG U&onf r [k wf y g/
acwf o pfy gpwmq&mrsm;uJ h od k Y wpf ae&mwnf ; wG i f &S d o nf r [kwf y g/ &Si f a yw½k
a&;aompmwGifa omfvnf;aumif;? aemufrSma&;aomygpwmwdkY\a&;om;cJh aompm
rsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; &Sifaygvk\toufwmukefqHk;awmhrnfhtcsdefwGif toif;
vl BuD ;rsm;ud k t"dyÜ m,f rsm;yd krdk a&;om;rI&S dcJ hygonf/ od kY& mwG if xdktcsd eftcgwG if
þyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf e,fvSnfhrsm;jzpfMuonf/ wpfae&mrSmxdkifaomygpwmq&mrsm;
r[kwfyg/
jzpfpOfrSm toif;vlBuD;rsm;udk ywfvrf;taejzifh olwdkYudkay;xm;
jcif ; &S d r nf j zpf y gonf / od k Y & mwG i f *k P f x l ; aqmif j cif ; bk & if r sm;ES i f h
,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkYudkay;ouJhodkY þyk*¾dKvfrsm;wpfOD;csif;udkay;onfr[kwfbJ
toif;awmfwpfckvHk;udkay;jcif;jzpfonf/ þ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkY\u@onf
n§dEIdif;ay;rI\trIawmfaqmifjcif;r[kwfbJ? csD;rGrf;axmremay;jcif;ESifh
w&m;a[mjcif;trIwGif&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpfí þae&mwGifvnf; trIaqmif
(clergy) ESif h omref toif ;om;wd k Yudk toif;vl BuD;wd k Y\ uG J jym;rI rS mr&S dcJ h
Muyg/
odkY&mwGif tjzpftysuftm;vHk;wdkYrSm jzpfpOftm;jzifh xdktvkyfrsKd;\azmfjycsuf
a'o&Sdtoif; vlBuD;rsm;ESi fhtrIaqmifq&mrsm;wdkY onf a'o&S dtoif;awmftwGuf
t"dujyKpkapmifrjcif;tvkyfudkvkyf&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyjcif;r&Sdyg/ tu,fíom
þtoif ; vlB uD ; rsm;onf ,ck acwf y gpwmq&mrsm;jzpf cJ h v Qif acwfo pf y gpwm
q&mrsm;\ vkyfief;aqmif&Guf&jcif;onf or®musrf;pmrStoif;vlBuD;wdkYvkyfudkif
118
aqmif&Guf&aomvkyfief;rsKd;ESifhuGmjcm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ xdka&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;\
vlBuD;rsm;onf vkyfudkif&aomtvkyftrsKd;tpm;rSm t"dujyKpkapmifrjcif;r[kwfbJ
BuD;Muyfolrsm;tjzpf aqmif&Guf&aomtvkyfrsKd;udkom aqmif&G uf&jcif;jzpfygonf/
trSeftm;jzifh vpm&aomtoif;vlBuD;rsm;aqmif&Guf&aomvkyfief;rsm;rSm w&m;a[m
jcif;ESifh oifMum;ydkYcsjcif;jzpfygonf/ þuJhodkYoifMum;jcif;ESifhw&m;a[m&jcif;tvkyf
rsm;rSm olawmfpifrsm;tm;oGefoifw&m;a[mjcif;jzpfonf[lí vG,fvG,fESifhajymí
roifhyg/ taMumif;rSm ,aeYþuJhodkYvkyfavhvkyfx&Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif ,Ofaus;rI
t&aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? omoemjyKjcif ; OD ; wnf c suf r S maomf v nf ; aumif ; a&S ; OD ;
toif;awmfwGif w&m;a[mjcif; ESif hoGe foifvrf ;jyjcif; wdkY onf vufv Srf; rrDa o;
aomvlodkYOD;wnfcsufonf toif;om;rsm;xufydk&Sdvdrfhrnf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif vpm
&aomtrIaqmifrsm; (clergy) wdkYonf &Sd&if;pGJtoif;om;y&dowfrsm;odkY yHkrSeftm;jzifh
w&m;a[mjcif;&Sdonfudk taxmuftxm;rawGU&yg/
þtrIawmfaqmiftoif;vlBuD;rsm;onf toif;om;y&dowfrsm;tay:ü rsm;aom
tm;jzifh BuD;MuyfrI&Sdaomfvnf; olwdkYonf toif;om;topfrsm;xlaxmifEdkif&efESifh
toif;awmfudke,fopfy,fopfodkYcsJUxGif&ef&Sdygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wdarmaoESifh
wd w k w d k Y onf &S i f a ygvk u {0H a *vd w&m;awmf a [mjcif ; qk a us;Zl ; &S d j cif ; onf
toif;awmf\wnfaqmufrItpwGifyg0ifjcif;&SdNyD; aygvkxGufcGmaomtcgrSm olwdkY
onfusef&pfEdkifzG,f&Sdvdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf toufwmajymif;vJvmaom,HkMunfol
topfwdkYtm; cdkifrmatmifESifh tvkyfvkyfaomtoif;awmftjzpfulnDrIrsm;&SdEdkifrnf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfESifhywfoufí þtrIawmfaqmif&Gufaomtoif;vlBuD;rsm;onf
omoemjyefYyGm;a&;tvkyfudk yd kívkyfudkif NyD; jyKpky sKd;axmifapmifrjcif;tvkyfxuf
vkyfudkifjcif;&Sdrnf/
Volz onf tMuHjyKoGm;onfrSm topfaomtoif;om;y&dowf udkjyKpk apmifha&Smuf
jcif;tvkyfwdkYrSm yka&mzufrsm;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif or®musrf;pmtaxmuftxm;
rsm;ray;cJhyg/ jzpfEdkifajc&Sd onfrSm wifj ycJhonfhtaxmuftxm;t& xdk tultnD
apmifrjcif;tvkyfrsm;onf w&m;a[mjcif;ESifhoifMum;a&;tzGJYtrIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;rS
jyKvkyfoGm;rnf/ wdarmaoESifhwdwkuJhodkYtrIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;jzpfvdrfhrnf/ olwdkYudk
yka&mzufrsm;jzpfonf[lípOf;pm;vQif &Sifaygvkonf olwdkYudktm;udk;í topfaom
 119
toif;om;y&dowfwdkYudkjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;jyKaponf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYpOf;pm;
&rnf rSm olwd kYudkjyKpkapmif ha&Smuf jcif;onf rdrdud k,fudkj ynfhpHkr I&SdoGm;&efjzpf onf/
tm;udk;tm;xm;rSDcdkrIjyK&efr[kwfyg/ Volz udk,fwdkifyifrSwf,loGm;rnfrSm yka&mzuf
wdkYonf e,fvSnfhrsm;jzpfonf/ twnfwusae&aomjyKpkolrsm;r[kwfyg/ þtajc
taeonf a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;üwnf&Sdaomtajctaersm;jzpfonf/
t o i f;ax mu f^ t r Iawmfx r f;aq mifo l
*&d b mompum;rS t"d y Ü m ,f z G i f h q d k a omtoif ; axmuf ^ trI a wmf x rf ; aqmif
olwdkYonf bmoma&;avhvmjcif;ü "r®q&mrsm;tvkyf (clergy) tjzpf&mxl;tac:
ta0:jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif ]]oif;axmuf}} &mxl;udk omreftoif;om;tjzpfem;vnf
Muygonf/ ]]trIawmfxrf;aqmifol}} rSm trIawmfaqmif (clergy) tjzpf ,aeYwGif
todtrSwfjyKMuonf/ odkY&mwGif ,cift"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufonf ]]tjcm;olwdkYtm;
tultnD ay;ol} } jzpf onf/ acwfa [mif ;*&dtoH k; tEIe f; wG if pm;yG Jü apmifh &aom
tvky fu dk toHk ;jyKcJh onf/ þpum;vHk ;udk toH k; jyK&mü rdrd wd kY \aemifa wmfr sm;ESi fh
tdrfeD;csif;twGufcspfcifpGmjyKaomtrItwGufjzpfonf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif bD;a&Smhyf
odkYr[kwf vlBuD;touft&G,fBuD;&ifholab;rSm tultazmftjzpf&yfaeaomoljzpfonf/
toif;awmf\ulnDapmifha&Smufjcif;jyKolrSm toif;axmufrsm;onf toufBuD;&ifhol
wdkY\tkyfcsKyfrIudk tultnDay;jcif;jzpfonf/ Schweizer taejzifh owdjyKoGm;onfrSm
þpum;vHk;rSm "r®opfusrf;wGif omreftoif;om;ESifhqdkifaomtoHk;tEIef;jzpfygonf/
odkYjzpfí "r®opfusrf;wGif tcsdefwdkif;rSm or®musrf;pmESifhrywfouf
aomtac:ta0:ES ifh bmoma&;ESi fhv nf; rqd ki faomtac:ta0:wd kYu dk
rSefrSefoHk;cJhjcif;onf &mxl;&mcHESifhqufpyfrIr&SdaomtoHk;EIef;wpfckudk
a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/
þtac:ta0:ud k yxrOD ;qH k; awG U &Sd & aomMunfh ½ I apmif r jcif ;ES if h wd k u f½ d ku f
ñTef;xm;onfudkawGU&ygonf/ tu,fíom pum;vHk;wpf&yfudk trIawmfaqmifrsm;
(clergy) udk jyKpkapmif ha&S muf jcif ;ESifh yg0if ywf oufrI&Sd atmifajymqdkrIjyKcsif onf&Sd aomf
120
þpum;vHk;udka&G;cs,frIjyKoGm;rnf/ odkYjzpfí þpum;vHk;rSm ta&;BuD;aompum;vHk;
jzpfí avhvmoifhaoma0g[m&jzpfonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm pmaMumif;ESpfaMumif;om
]]oif;axmuf}} tjzpf a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif þwdusaom&mxl;twGufudkazmfjyjcif;
jzpfonf/
þpmaMumif;ESpfckrSm ]]oif;axmuf}} &mxl;udk a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGifwnf&Sd
cJhaom&mxl;jzpfonf/ þ&mxl;twGuf t&nftcsif;wdkYudkowfrSwfay;ygonf/ NyD;vQif
þ&mxl;rSm BuD; Muyfo l& mxl ;ESif htcsd wf tquf& Sd ygonf / þa0g[m&udk a'o&Sd
toif ; awmf twG u f z G J Y x m;aom&mxl ; yif j zpf y gonf / þa0g[m&onf a'ooH k ;
pum;&yfjzpfí trIaqmif&mxl;ESifhvHk;0ywfoufrIr&Sdyg/ oif;axmufrsm;udk vpm
ay;jcif;taxmuftxm;wpf&yfrawGU&yg/ olwdkY\wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;e,fy,fonf
a'otoif; awmftwGu fomjzpfygonf/ e,f ausmfj cif;r&Sd yg/ ol wdk Yo nf wm0ef
xrf;aqmif&mü ta&;BuD;aomu@jzpfEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif omreftoif;om;rsm;\
wm0efjzpfygonf/
þ*&dbmompum;onf t"dyÜm,fazmfxkwfjcif;ig;Budrfom&Sdygonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm
]]tapcH}} [líjzpfygonf/ ESpfBudrfrSm t"dyÜm,fonf pmom;t&tapcHudkwdkuf½dkuf
t"dyÜm,f&Sdonf/ oHk;BudrfrSm wynfhawmfrsm;u acgif;aqmifrItay:ü b,fuJhodkY
tjrif&Sd&rnfudkazmfjyoGm;onf/ tjcm;aompum;jzifhajym&rnfqdkvQif c&pfawmf\
trIawmftwGuf aqmif&GufMuaomvltm;vHk;wdkYonf wynfh-tapcHuJhodkYpdwfxm;
&Sd&rnf/
oifwdkYwGiftBuD;jzpfaomolonf oifwdkYtapcHjzpf&\ (róJ 23;11)/
xdktcg udk,fawmfonfxdkifvsuf wpfusdyfESpfyg;wdkYudkac:awmfrlí
]]t&iftOD;jzpfvdkaomolrnfonfum;? aemufqHk;jzpf&rnf/ tvHk;pHkwdkY\
tapcHvnf;jzpf&rnf}} [krdefYawmfrl\ (rmuk 9;35)/
ig\trIudkaqmif&GufaomoljzpfvQif ighaemufodkYvdkuf&rnf/ ig\
trIaqmifonfvnf; ig&Sd&mt&yfü&S dvdrfhrnf/ ig\trIud kaqmif&Guf
aomoljzpfvQif xdkoludkcrnf;awmfonfcsD;ajr§mufawmfrlvwåHY (a,m[ef
12;26)/
 121
c&pfawmfaemufudkvdkufolrsm;onf tapcHjzpf&rnf/ trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;
onf "r®q&mrsm;omvQif vkyfaqmif&efr[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;tm;vHk;wdkY
trIawmfaqmifrsm;tygt0ifxrf;aqmif&rnf/ c&pfawmfESifhywfoufaomvltm;vHk;
wd kY onf rdrd wd kY \touf wmudk tjcm;ol rsm;udk trIaqmifjcif ;jyK&rnf/ od kYj zpfí
trIaqmif"r®q&mwdkYonf trIawmfaqmif&Gufolrsm;jzpfygonf/ trIaqmifolwdkif;rSm
"r®q&mrsm;r[kwfyg/ odkYjzpfí þoabmxm;tm;jzifh tapcHacgif;aqmifrItjzpf
aqmif&Guf&ygonf/ a,½IaemufodkYvdkufavQmufolrsm;onf þoabmw&m;udk&Sd&rnf/
tyd kusrf;csufig;cko nf þ*&db mompum;udk ]]trI aqmifq&mrsm;}} [lí
ac:qdkMuonf/ yxrtcsufrSm c&pfawmfonf tjypfudkaqmif&GufaomtrIawmfaqmif
rjzpfyg/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm NrKdYjytmPmydkifwdkYu jynfolvlxkudkaqmif&GufcsufjyKjcif;
jzpfygonf/ useftcsufoH k;csufrSm "r®q &mtjzpftaetxm;rSm c&pf,mefrsm;\
touf wmwGi f aqmif &G u f c suf r sm;jzpfy gonf / "r® trI awmf a qmif j cif ; tjzpf od k Y
aqmif &G uf c sufr [k wf y g/ þusrf ; csuf rsm;onf "r® trIa qmifwdk Yo nf trIa wmf
aqmif &Gu fol rsm;vnf; jzpfonf/ trI aqmif rsm;onf "r®q &mrsm;jzpfí trIawmf
aqmif&Gufjcif;jyK&ygonf/ olwdkYudkac:,ljcif;onf c&pfawmf\aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh
u,fwifjcif;&&efjzpfonf/ þa0g[m&udk "r®opfusrf;wGiftoHk;jyKjcif;onf "r®
trIaqmiftaejzifhr[kwfbJ c&pf,mefwpfOD;taejzifhomvQif&Sdygonf/ þaqmif&Guf
csufr sm;onf "r® trIa qmif u@ES if hy wf o uf rI r&Sd / &mxl ;taetxm;rS m omref
toif;om;wpfOD;\tcef;u@jzpfonf/ olwdkYtm;ac:,ljcif;tjzpfü olwdkYudkvnf;
olwdkYtm;t"dujyKpkapmifhrjcif;wm0efudk a'otoif;awmfwGif wm0efay;cJhjcif;r[kwf
yg/ jyKpkapmifrjcif;tvkyfonf toif;awmf&Sdy&dowftm;vHk;wdkY\tvkyfjzpfonf/
toif;awmf\oif;axmufrsm;onf or®musrf;pm\&mxl;wpf&yfjzpfaomfvnf;
oif;axmufrsm;\&mxl;onf "r®q&mtrIawmfaqmifuJhodkY txl;tcGihfta&;wpf&yf
r[kwfyg/ a&S;OD;toif;awmf\c&pf,mefrsm;onf trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;tvkyfrSm
vlwdkif;\wm0efrsm;jzpfonf/ toif;axmufwdkY\vkyfaqmifcsuf&mxl;onf tcGifhxl;
&Sdaom&mxl;r[kwfyg/
F-16
122
þ&mxl;tac:ta0:&Sif;vif;jywfom;rI&SdonfrSm pdwfESdrfhcsaom
oabmxm;&S dí toif;awmfwGif xm;&S daomoabmw&m;rSm xdkwpf OD;
wpfa,muf\pdwftaetxm;udkazmfjyvdkjcif;&Sdonf/ bk&m;ociftay:ü
xm;&Sda omtrI awmfaqmifvd kjcif ;ES ifh vltcsif ;csif ;twGu faqmif &G uf
vdkonfhtrIwdkYudkazmfjyvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkjyKvkyfjcif;onf &mxl;udkcH,l
jcif;ESifhtcGifhta&;omrI? tmPm&SdrIudkcHpm;vdkjcif;r[kwfyg/
tjcm;aom*&dpmvHk;tvkyfESpfckrSm ]]wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkjyKpkapmifha&Smufonf}}
[líjzpfonf/ yxrpmvHk;rSm wpfBudrfomtoHk;jyKcJhonf/ rlvt"dyÜm,frSm ]]avSmfcwf
ay;ol}} [líjzpfonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh ]]tapcH?}} ]]ulnDay;ol?}} ]]tapmifh-tazmf-
tjcHt&H} } jzpfonf/ "r® opfusrf;rSm wpfBudrfwnf;om&S ifaygvk\toHk;tEIef;jyK
onfrSm ol\ajymif;vJvmrIonf bk&m;ocif\ac:awmfrljcif;cH&í wpfOD;wpfa,muf
udktultnDay;zdkYESifh oufaocHzdkYjzpfonf/ þonfrSm ajymif;vJzdkY&efac:awmfrljcif;
jzpfonf/ "r®q&mudkac:,ljcif;r[kwfyg/ bk&m;ocifonf olYudkac:í tultnD
ay;&efESifh oufaocHay;&efjzpfonfhtavsmuf? oufaocHawmfrljcif;onf c&pf,mef
tm;vHk;wdkYtm; ac:awmfrljcif;jzpfí &Sifaygvktm; trIawmfaqmif&ef ac:,ljcif;rSm
c&pf,mefwdkif;udk trIawmfaqmifzdkYac:,ljcif;jzpfonf[k ed*Hk;csKyfíajymEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí
þusrf ; csuf o nf trI a wmf a qmif o l r sm;twG u f (clergy) a&S ; OD ; toif ; awmf \
"r®opfusrf;\apcdkif;csufr[kwf&yg/
xdk*&dpmvHk;\rlvt"dyÜm,frSm ]]trsm;twGuftvkyfvkyf&ef rdrdp&dwftukef
tuscHjcif;}} jzpfonf/ tjzpfrSm EdkifiHa&;½Iaxmifhjzpfí Oya'taMumif;t&mjzpfvkeD;eD;
oabmw&m;jzpfonf/ *&dbmom0ifwdk Y\"r®a [mif; usrf;orm;wd kYonf a&S;acwf
*&dp maywd k Yr S v uf c H í ,Zf yk a &m[d wfwd k Y twG u f Ad rmef awmf u sif h 0wf r sm;twG u f
toHk;jyKcJhonf/ ,if;pum;vHk;udk ig;BudrfrQemrftjzpf"r®opfusrf;wGiftoHk;jyKcJhonf/
taxmuftxm;t& clergy twGufomtoHk;jyKaMumif;rawGU&Sd&yg/ tkyfpkESpfckpvHk;udk
aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? tu,f í om clergy twG u f toH k ; jyKvQif a omf v nf ; aumif ;
t"dyÜm,frSm omrefvlwpfa,muftwGufuJhodkYyif toHk;jyKrnfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif
þtoHk;tEIef;rSm a&S;OD;toif;awmfrSpwifírvmyg/
 123
aemuf*&dpmvHk;wpfvHk;rSm c&pfawmf\aumif;uifEdkifiH&SdAdrmefawmfwGif trIawmf
aqmifjcif;taMumif; udk &Sif;jyygonf/ a,½IujzpfoGm;vQif ol\aemufvdkufrsm;
jzpfoGm;rnf/ a,½Ionf aumif;uifEdkifiHwGif uREfkyfwdkY\a&SUaejzpfcJhvQif ol\wynfh
awmf r sm;onf þurÇ m wG i f uREf k y f wd k Y \ ouf a ojzpf v d r f h r nf / &S i f a ygvk o nf
bk&m;ocifrSac:awmfrljcif;cH&í wpfyg;trsKd;om;rsm;twGuf tultnDay;&rnf[k
olqdkonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm wpfckyJ,lrnfqdkvQif yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wpfa,muftm; oefY&Sif;
rGe f jrwfa om,Zfy k a&m[dwf wd k Y\ trI a wmf aqmif & Gu f &ef ac:awmfr l jcif; cH& onf /
tydk'fi,fqufízwfvQif &Sifaygvku xdkpum;&yfudktoHk;jyKjyefí wpfyg;trsKd;om;
wdkYonf tultnDay;aomoljzpf&rnf[kqdkygonf/ tjcm;aomusrf;csufwpfckrSm
Epaphroditus udk &S if aygvk \ tul tnD ay;ol tjzpf azmf jyxm;onf /
þjzpfpOftm;vHk;wdkYwGif þpum;vHk;rsm;onf wdusaom&mxl;taetxm;udk
azmfjyjcif;r&Sdyg/ toif;axmuf (deacon) wpfckwnf;omvQif toif;awmfrsm;wGif
wdwdususazmfjyjcif;&Sdygonf/ t"dutm;jzifh xdktoif;awmfwGif toif;om;rsm;\
vIyf&Sm;rIudkazmfjyxm;onf/ c&pf,mefwdkif; clergy aomfvnf;aumif;? laity aomfvnf;
aumif; trIawmfaqmif&rnf/
þpum;vHk;tm;vHk;wdkYonf Bud,mtjzpfvnf;toHk;jyKoGm;onf/ odkY&mwGif
"r® o pfu srf ; wG i f Bud ,myH k p H jzif h clergy twG u f o D; oef Y p G mtul tnD a y;ol tjzpf
&Sif;jyjcif;r&Sdyg/ Clergy wdkYonf tultnDay;&mü clergy jzpfír[kwfbJ t"durSm
olwdkYonf c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf c&pf,mef
tm;vHk;wdkY\wm0efjzpfonf/ trIaqmifjcif;onfvnf; &Sifaygvk\0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;
wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfum;? þqkaus;Zl;onf {zuf 4;11
wG i f vl y k * ¾ d K vf wd k Y \ qk a us;Zl ; tjzpf a zmf j yjcif ; r&S d y g/ þtpm; a&mrusrf ; wG i f
þqkaus;Zl;rSmawG Y&Sd&ygonf/ þqkaus;Zl; rSm c&pf,mefwdkif;rSv ufcH,lEdki fjcif;
&SdaMumif;azmfjyygonf/ &Sifayw½kuajymonf? ]]oifwdkYonf qkaus;Zl;udk toD;toD;
cH&onfESifhtnD bk&m;ocif\txl;xl;tjym;jym;aomaus;Zl;awmfb@mpdk;aumif;uJhodkY
tcsif;csif; a0iSay;urf;Muavmh}} (1ay 4;10)/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;½dkif;yif;
uln D&rnf/ 0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl ;udk toH k;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh ulnD& rnf/ &Si fayw½k
124
ajymoGm;onf r S m c&pf ,mef tm;vHk ; wdk Y o nf þqk a us;Zl; ud kv ufc H & &S d o nf j zpf í
tm;vHk;wdkYonf trIawmfaqmifrsm;jzpfMuonf/
"r®opfusrf;wGifazmfjyoGm;onfh ]]trIawmfaqmifjcif;}} trIrSm "r®a[mif;wGif
yg&Sda omtrIawmfaqmifjcif;trIü vHk; 0uGmjcm;vsuf &Sdo nf/ "r®a [mif ;usrf;wG if
azmfjyaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;onf ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;ylaZmfyojcif;trIudk Adrmefawmf
wGifaqmif&Guf&aomtvkyfjzpfygonf/ "r®a[mif;toHk;tEIef;rSm Clergy ,Zfyka&m[dwf
wdkY\oD;oefYaomtvkyfudktoHk;jyKjcif;&Sdonf/
od kY jzpf í "r®o pfu srf; onf þpum;vHk; ud ktoH k; jyKjcif ;onf ydk íxl; onf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf "r®q&m Clergy uyJ trIawmfxrf;aqmifjcif;&SdonfrubJ
trIa wmf aqmif jcif;onf bk &m;ocif\ vl tm;vH k;onf jyKvk yfE dk ifa Mumif ;jyo&ef
BuKd;pm;aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/ "r®opfusrf;t&? bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;tm;vHk;onf
,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;jzpfí obm0tm;jzifh trIawmfaqmifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;
*dk Pf;0if ]],Zf yka&m[dwf }} pum;vHk;ES ifh ]]trIawmfaqmifol} } a0g[m&wdkY onf
"r®a[mif;usrf;rS omrefvlawGtwGuf "r®opfusrf;ütm;vHk;jzpfapygonf/ Clergy
trIawmfaqmifrsm;udkac:,ljcif;onf ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} ESifhwlonf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif
þpum;vHk; ESpf ckp vHk; onf &GH &SmzG,f aumif;aompum;vHk; jzpf onf / taMumif;rSm
,HkMunfoltm;vHk;wdkYonf ,Zfyka&m[dwf*dkPf;0ifwdkYjzpfMuonf/
a0g[m&trsm;BuD; &Sd onf jzpf& m a&G; cs,fE dki fa ompum;vH k;onf
rSm;Ed k if p &mtaMumif ;r&Sd y g/ bmoma&;avh vmcsuf qef ;ppfj cif ; r&S dr D
umvwGif "r®opfusrf;\oufaocHcsufrSm tcsufwpfcsufonf qHk;jzwf
csufwpf&yfay;Edkifonf/ w&m;0if,Zfyka&m[dwf\tvkyfrSm bk&m;ocif
ESifhvlwdkYpyfMum;zsefajzrIay;&efjzpfonf/ þonfrSm ,k'0g'ESifh½kyfwk
qif;wk,H kMunfaomolrsm;wGifomawGU&Sd&onf/ odkY&mwGif a,½Ic&pf
ay:vmNyD;onfaemuf xdk&mxl;wGifwpfckwnf;om&Sdygawmhonf/
- a,½Ic&pfudk,fwdkifyif&Sdawmhonf/ toif;awmfwpfckvHk;wGif rQa0cHpm;Edkifonf/
toif ;awmftoif;om;wpf a,mufESi fhwpfa,mufwdkYo nf wpfOD ;ESifhwpfOD;cGJj cm;í
 125
r&Sdawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí þae&mwGifjcGif;csuftm;vHk;onf ,Zfyka&m[dwft&müjzpfukef
Muonf/ omreftoif;0ifrsm;cGJjcm;ír&Sdawmhyg/
ygpwm^o d
;x d
k ef;
aemufqHk;avhvm&efpum;vHk;rSm ]]ygpwm}} odkYr[kwf ]]odk;xdef;}} jzpfygonf/
a'oEÅ&toHk;tEIef;rSm pmom;t&? odk;tkyfBuD;udkxdef;ausmif;&aomodk;xdef;jzpfygonf/
acwfa[mif;*&dbmompum;tm;jzifh acgif;aqmifjzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfol? ppfwyfAdkvfESifh
Oya'trdefYawmfudkay;aomol[líjzpfygonf/
,aeY toif ;awmfr sm;wGif ]]ygpwm}} [la omol rsm;onf toif; awmf wG if
&mxl;cefYxm;jcif;jzpfí wcsKdUw0ufqifwlrI&Sdaomodk;xdef;wdkYESifh? odk;rsm;udkMunfh½I
apmifrjcif;jyKolwdkYESifh tcef;u@ESifhwlnDrI&SdonfhtwGuf pastor tcef;u@udk tajccH
t"duMunfh½Iapmifroltjzpf oifhavsmfrI&Sdonf[kqdkí pum;vHk;a0g[m&udkaocsmpGm
avhvm&ygrnf/ a&S;*&dvlrsKd;rsm;\toHk;jyKrIrSm þpum;vHk;onf acgif;aqmiftjzpf
ES ifh wln DrI &Sd onf / Munf h½I apmifr jcif;ay;olxufeD ;pyfrI &Sd onf / Munf h½I apmifr ol
t"dyÜm,fvnf;&SdEdkifonf/
"r®a[mif;acwfumvrSm t&if;tjrpftm;jzifh acgif;aqmiftBuD;tuJtm;jzifh
arma&SuJhodkYaomoljzpfonf/ a,&rdu þpum;vHk;udk AdkvfcsKyftaejzifhtoHk;jyKcJhonf/
Blunt taejzifh jynfES if 'Pf cH &NyD ;onf aemuf pma&;q&mrsm;uom þpum;vH k ;ud k
oefY&Sif;rGefjrwfonfh&mxl;wGif&Sdaomolrsm;udkomac:wGifMuonf/ trSefrSm King James
Version or® musrf ;pmwG if a&;om;aom ]]ygpwm}} [l ít"d yÜm,f udk a,&rd a&;aom
pmtk yf rsm;rS oefY& Si f; rG efj rwfa om&mxl; wG if ñTe f; xm;ygonf/ a,&rdo nf twk
ta,mifjzpfaomygpwmrsm;ol,lqcJhonfrsm;udk jyif;xefpGmola0zefcJhonf/ þolrsm;onf
£oa&vwdkYudk Amvbk&m;tm;0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;udk vrf;rSm;odkYydkYaqmifcJhonf/
þtoHk;tEIef;rSm ygpwmrsm;udk ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;? toif;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh £oa&v
wdkYudktkyfcsKyf&aomolwdkYESifhwef;wl&mxl;&mcHBuD;rm;onf/ &Sif;vif;onfrSm þvlrsKd;
udk £oa&vtrsKd;wdkYtm; BuD;Muyf&efjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYonf £oa&v
wdkYtm; vrf;rSm;odkYydkYaqmifí bk&m;ocifonf a,&rdrSwpfqifh olwdkYudkpm&if;&Sif;&ef
126
ac:,ljcif;&Sdygonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;udkñTef;aomygpwmrsm;rSm udk,fxdvufa&muf
jyKpkapmifray;aomolESifhroufqdkifyg/ þ&nfñTef;csufrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh
BuD;Muyfjcif;jyKolrsm; odkYr[kwf acgif;aqmifrItydkif;wGif vltkyfBuD;tm;vrf;ñTefrI
ay;aomolrsm;ESifhywfoufrI&Sdonf/
od k;xdef ;ol ? ygpwmjzpfol wdk Ytcef; u@rSm usrf;pmtydk'f wGi fazmfj ycsufr Sm
]]ygpwm}} taetxm;xuf ]]odk;xdef;}} [líydkrdkoufqdkifygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh
þowif ; rsm;rS m u,f wif & S i f a y:ayguf v mrnf [ l í jzpf o nf / u,f w if & S i f r S m
£oa&vwdkY\ppfrSef aomodk;xdef ;jzpfrnf/ £oa&vudktrSef wu,fauR;arG ;Edkif
aomoljzpfrnf/ "r®opfusrf;onf odk;tkyfBuD;udkauR;arG;&mü wm0efudk Clergy tay:ü
xm;&Sdí t"dujyKpkapmifha&Smufoltjzpfxm;&Sdovm;? odkYr[kwf c&pf,mefwdkif;tay:ü
wm0efxm;&Sdygovm;/
t"dyÜm,f&Sd&Sdta&;ygrIrSm "r®opfusrf;tm;vHk;wdkYonf odk;xdef;tjzpfazmfjycsuf
wdkYrSm c&pfawmfudkñTef;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;azmfjycsufESifhywfoufí
odk;xdef;udkñTef;jcif;onf u,fwif&Sifay:xGef;vmrnftaMumif;jzpfygonf/ c&pfawmf
wpfOD;wnf;omvQif toif;awmfudktrSefwu,fodk;xdef;oGm;Edkifygonf/ tjcm;ol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ wpfOD;wnf;jyKpkapmifha&SmufEdkifaomodk;xdef;rIrjyKvkyfEdkifyg/
ygpwmqdkonfrSm "r®opfusrf;wGif wpfBudrfomtoHk;jyKcJhonf/ ,ckwpfcgrQom
toHk;jyKoGm;onfrSm bk&m;*dkPf; ESifhrywfouf aomtajctaeud ktoHk;jyKcJh ygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf owdxm;&rnfrSm ygpwmtaMumif;udk ol\jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;taMumif;
udkusrf;csufwpfckwnf;tay:ü wnfaqmufjcif;udkowdxm;&rnf/
c&pfawmf\udk,fawmfudkwnfaqmufí? "r®q&m\trIudkjyKwwf
rnftaMumif;? oefY&Sif;olwdkYudkjyifqifjcif;tvdkiSm xdkocifonf vltcsKdU
wdkYudk wrefawmft&müvnf;aumif;? tcsKdUwdkYudk yka&mzuft&müvnf;
aumif;? tcsKdUwdkYudkomoemjyKt&müvnf;aumif;? tcsKdUwdkYudkoif;tkyf
t&m? q&mt&müvnf; aumif; ? cefY x m;awmf rl \/ igwd kY &S do rQonf
,HkMunfjcif;odkYvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ocif\om;awmfudkoduRrf;jcif;odkY
vnf;aumif;? wnDwnGwfwnf;a&mufí c&pfawmf\jynfhpHkjcif;yrmP
 127
t&yfwnf;[l aom BuD;&ifhaomvl\tjzpfodkYa&mufMuonf wdkifatmif
jzpfownf; ({zuf 4;11-13)/
þtñTef;onf ygpwmtwGufusrf;csufonf ywfoufrIrSm a'o&Sd&mxl;wGif
ajymqdkaeovm;? odkYwnf;r[kwf a,bk,stm;jzifhvkyfaqmifcsuftcef;u@wGif
vltrsm;&mxl;ae&mtoD;oD;ü vkyfaqmifaeaomolrsm;twGufudkñTef;aeygovm;/
usrf;csuftaxmuftxm;t& ]]ygpwm}} rsm;onf wpfOD;wnf;&yfwnf&jcif;r[kwf
yg/ wGJNyD; ]]oifMum;a&;q&mrsm;}} ESifhtwl &yfwnfvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí ygpwm
tvkyfudkuRrf;usifaomqkaus;Zl;udk þae&mwGifoifMum;a&;qkaus;Zl;udkyg&&Sdygonf/
*&db mompwnf aqmuf jcif; rSm &Si faygvkonf &mxl; wpfae&mwnf ;wGi f tqifh
ESpfqifhtaMumif;udkajymqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;a0zefolrsm;onf þusrf;csufwGif
wnf&SdNyD;om;&mxl;udk wnfcgpyxr&mpkESpftoif;awmftaMumif;udkajymqdkaevsuf
&Sdonf/
tjcm;aoma0zefolrsm;u tMuHjyKoGm;onfrSm {zuf 4;11 wGifazmfjyaom ]]ygpwm}}
onf Xmaetwnfwus&Sdaeaomtoif;awmfygpwmjzpfygonf/ ,aeYvdkygpwmrsm;
jzpfMuonf[kqdkcsifygonf/ odkY&mwGif þpma&;q&mrSm txifu&a0zefolrsm;ESifh
oabmxm;jcif ; rwln D yg/ taMumif ;rSm ouf aotaxmuf txm;ay;jcif ;r&S d yg/
þygpwm^oifM um;a&;q&mwdkYonf twnfwusaexdki faoma'otoif;awmfrSm
twnfwuscefYxm;aomq&mjzpfaMumif; taxmuftxm;rjyEdkifyg/ tu,fíom
ygpwm^oifMum;a&;q&monf ae&mtwnfwusaexdkifaomoljzpfvQif wrefawmf
rsm;? yka&mzufrsm;ESifh {0Ha*vdw&m;a[mMum;olrsm;onfvnf; ae&mtwnfwus
aexdkifolrsm;vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ usrf;csufwGif taxmuftxm;wpfpHkwpf&mr&Sdonfh
twGuf ygpwm^oifMum;a&;q&monf xdktjcm;aom&mxl;oHk;ckESifhcGJjcm;jcif;r&Sdonfh
twG u f ol Yu d k twnfwusaexd ki f oG m;aMumif ; twdtusrqd kE d k if y g/ jyóemrS m
þa0zefolrsm;onf acwfopftjrifygpwmwdkYESifh acwfa[mif;utaxmuftxm;wGif
zwf,ljcif;&Sdygonf/ þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf roifhavsmfaomtavhtusifhwpf&yfjzpf
onf/ ygpwmwpf a ,muf \tcef; u@rS m or® musrf ;pmtaxmuftxm;ud k &S m&
aomtvkyfudk [efYwm;aponf/ Schweizer \tjrifrSm ygpwmES ifhbDa &SmhyfwdkY\
tcef;u@wGif trSefuGmjcm;rIr&Sdyg/
128
taxmuftxm;wpf&yf þtcef;BuD;wGif&Sif;vif;pGmwifjycJhonfrSm wrefawmf
&mxl;tcef;u@wGif usifhxHk;wpf&yftaejzifh rnfonfhtoif;awmfwpfckurQrusifhoHk;
cJ hy g/ yka &mzuf wd kY\ tcef; u@onf vnf ; rjyKvkyf cJh yg/ {0H a*vdw&m;awmfu dk
jzefYa0aomyk*¾dKvftwGufudkrlrod&yg/ taMumif;rSm þusrf;csufonf wpfckwnf;om
olwdk YtaMumif ; ud ka jymygonf / tcef; u@taMumif ;ESp fc ktwG uf o dj cif; rS mvnf ;
a'ou@r[kwfojzifh aumif;íaeonfrSm ygpwm^oifMum;a&;q&mwdkY\tcef;u@
udk wrefawmftcef;u@ESifhqifwl,dk;rSm;&Sdonf[lí,lqvQif ydkíaumif;ayrnf/
tu,fíom usrf;csufonf olwdkYESpfOD;wdkYudkydkrdkuGmjcm;íaomfvnf;aumif;? "r®opf
usrf;wGif tjcm;aomae&mwGifwpfpHkwpfckudkawGU&Sd&vQif uREfkyfwdkYonf þa0zef
oHk;oyfcsufwdkYESifhydkrdkvG,fulpGmaxmufcHEdkifvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif þodkYrawGU&Sdyg/ tjcm;
aoma0zefa&;orm;wdkYonf pma&;q&m\ed*Hk;csKyfa&;om;csufudkaxmufcHygonf/
odkYjzpfí uREfkyfwdkYed*Hk;csKyf&rSmum;? uREfkyfwdkYem;rvnfEdkifcJhyg/ wdwdusus þygpwm^
oifMum;a&;q&mtaMumif;udk þusrf;csufüazmfjycJhovdk uREfkyfwdkYrod&yg/
usrf ;csuf azmfj ycsufwGi f tvk yftrsKd; tpm;wdk Yud ka zmf jyí þ&mxl; XmewG if
vk yfud kifa omol rsm;taMumif; udka zmfj yxm;ygonf/ trSef tm;jzifh Clergy twG uf
tvk y f t rsKd ; tpm;ud k & S i f ; vif ; azmf j ycsuf o nf "r® o pf u srf ; wG i f a wG Y & S d & ygonf /
xdktvkyftudkif&Sif;vif;jcif;onf ]]oefY&Sif;olwdkYudkjyifqifjcif;tvdkYiSm}} [líjzpfonf
({zuf 4;12)/ ygpwm^oif Mum;a&;q&monf twnfwusa'otoif; awmfwGif
aexdkifjcif;&Sdr&SdqdkonfrSm 'Davmufta&;rBuD;ao;yg/ tvkyftudkiftrsKd;tpm;udk
azmfjyjcif;onf ydkrdkta&;BuD;ygonf/ tvkyftrsKd;tpm;azmfjyjcif;onf tajccHt"du
jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;ay;olr[kwfaMumif;yifvQif ta&;BuD;ygonf/ acwfopfygpwm
uJhodkYyifr[kwfaMumif;rSmta&;BuD;ygonf/ usrf;csufazmfjyaomt&mrSm toif;awmf
ESifhywfoufaom Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@rSm olawmfpifrsm;udktrIawmfaqmifjcif;
tvk dY i Sm jyif q if a y;jcif; jzpfy gonf / avh usifh oif Mum;a&;^jyif qif ay;jcif ; onf
tvkyftudkifvIyf&Sm;rI\t"duvkyfudkif&aom Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@jzpfygonf/
þtajccHtay:ü þodkY,lqvQif rrSm;Edkifao;yg/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;wGif
ygpwmq&mrsm;\tcef ; u@onf yk a &mzuf r sm;ES i f h twl {0H a *vd w&m;awmf
a[mMum;olESifh wrefawmfrsm;ESifhtwl t"dutrIawmfaqmifjcif;r[kwfbJ vlrsm;udk
 129 130

avhusifhoifMum;a&;tvkyfudkvkyfay;jcif;tm;jzifh toif;awmfwpfckvHk;onf trIawmf a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf omoemjyKjcif;twGuf tvkyfvkyf&efzGJYpnf;xm;jcif;

aqmifEdkifjcif;t&nftaoG;udk wdk;wufjcif;&SdoGm;rnf/ toif;awmf\ulnDrpjcif; jzpfí jyKpkapmifha&Smuf&efr[kwfyg/ trIaqmif Clergy rsm;onf toif;awmftwGuf
tvkyfonf or®musrf;csufwGif bk&m;ocif\vltm;vHk;wdkYudk cGJa0ay;cJhonf/ ygpwm omoemjyKjcif ; tcef ; u@üaqmif & G u f j cif ; onf toif ; awmf r sm;\tvk y f u d k
wpfOD;wpfa,muftay:ücGJa0jcif;r[kwfyg/ BuD;Muyf&efvnf;yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYaomfvnf; olwdkY\tcef;u@rSm t"dutm;jzifh
omoemjyKjcif;tvkyfüom&yfwnfvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí trIaqmif Clergy rsm;onf
t rIaq mif(Clergy) ES i fh
ywfo u fí t "d uM
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&ygonf /
apmifr jci f;ay;o lt jzpfed
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csK
yfjci f;
usrf;pm\taxmuftxm;rsm;t&? wrefawmfrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh toif;
awmfudkBuD;Muyfolrsm;tjzpfESifh vkyfydkifcGifh\bufpHkwdk;wufrIudkapmifhMunfh&ygonf/
trI aqmif Clergy ESif hywfoufí trI aqmifj cif; tcsuftvuf &Sd Edk ifo rQudk wrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;tjyif tjcm;aomwrefawmfrsm;vnf; a'o&Sdtoif;awmf\
a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif ppfaq;orIjyKí NyD;aomtcgrSm uREfkyfwdkYonf atmufygtwdkif; e,f y ,fr sm;üaqmif& G u f j cif ; &S d E d k i f y gonf / ol wd k Y \vk y f a qmif rI v k y f i ef ; wd k Y o nf
pdwfcspGmed*Hk;csKyfEdkifygonf/ tkyfcsKyfrIydkif;qkdif&mESifh {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkjzefYa0&efjzpfygonf/ þwrefawmf
1/ tac:ta0:oHk;rsKd; - ]]toif;vlBuD;}} ]]trIawmfaqmif}} ESifh ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} rsm;atmuf wG i f "r®q &mrsm;tyd ka qmif ; í w&m;a[mjcif ; tvk y fE S if h topf aom
wdkYonf "r®trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm; (Clergy) ESifhrywfoufyg/ omreftoif;om; toif ; awmf r sm;ud kwnf a xmif r I j yKonf / þtyd k a qmif ; aomwref a wmf r sm;onf
wdkY\&mxl;rsm;rSm a'otoif;awmfrsm;ü&Sdjcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf ,HkMunfol w&m;a[mjcif;ESif hoifMum;a&;tvk yfu dkvk yf& aomtoif ;awmfvl BuD ;rsm;jzpfonf/
tm;vHk;wdkY\,Zfyka&m[dwfrsKd;EG,fpkjzpfí c&pf,meftm;vHk;wdkYudk&nfñTef;jcif; olwdkYonf ae&mwpfae&mwGif twnfwusae&aomtoif;vlBuD;rsm;r[kwfyg/
trI a qmif jcif ; omoemvl B uD ; rsm;\tcef ; u@ud k avh v m&aoma0g[m&
jzpfonf/
tac:ta0:rS "r®opfusrf;acwfavhvmcsuft&? rvTJra&SmifEdkifaomed*Hk;csKyfajym&rnfh
2/ pum;&yfjzpf aom ]]ygpwm}} q&monf t"dyÜm,frwdrusraocsmí a'o
pum;onf "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfonf oD;oefY"r®q&mrsm;tjzpf t"dyÜm,f
toif;awmfwGif &mxl;twdtus&Sdygovm;/ odkYwnf;r[kwf a,bk,stm;jzifh
zGifhqdkcsuf&Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYvkyf&aomtvkyfrSm ,aeY"r®q&mrsm;vkyf&aom
acgif;aqmifrIydkif;qdkif&m-&mxl;tac:ta0:jzpfygovm;/
tvkyfrsm;ESifhvHk;0uGmjcm;rI&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh taemufEdkifiHrsm;\,Ofaus;rIESifh
3/ pum;vHk ; oH k ; vH k ; om&S d í Clergy vl B uD ; udk t"d y Ü m,f z G i f h q d k onf / þtxJ r S uGmjcm;cJhonf/ "r®opfusrf;acwf"r®q&mrsm;onf tajccHusaomjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;
aemufq H k ; ES p f v Hk ; onf tajccH tk y f p kr S m toif ; vl B uD ; rsm;ud k q d k v d k ygonf / vkyfief;rsm;udk toif;awmf\y&dowfrsm;udkjyKvkyfjcif;r&Sdyg/ xdktvkyfrsm;udk omref
toif;vlBuD;ESpfrsKd;rSm ]]toif;vlBuD;^bD;a&Smhyf}} jzpfonf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmf toif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf owfrSwfjcif;jzpfonf/
wGifvIyf&Sm;rIjyKonf/ wpfckrSm omref½dk;½dk;toif;om;jzpfonf/ aemufwpfckrSm "r®opfusrf;acwfü tmPmESifhwefcdk;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;pGmpnf;wm;jcif;r&Sdyg/
trIaqmifvlBuD; Clergy &mxl;jzpfonf/ &nfñTef;csufrSm w&m;a[mjcif;ESifh jcGif;csuftm;jzifh wrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;wdkY\omoemvkyfief;\aqmif&GufcsufrSty
oif Mum;rI yd ki f; wG if aqmif& Gu fo lr sm;jzpf onf/ ]]wrefa wmf} } rsm;onf "r® &Sdonf/ a'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;onf yxr&mpkESpftv,favmufwGif acgif;aqmifrI
trIaqmif (Clergy) twGufom toHk;tEIef;jyKonf/ &mxl;tqifhowfrSwfcsufrsm;&Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyjcif;r&Sdyg/ omreftoif;om;acgif;aqmif
F-17
 131
&mxl;r&Sdyg/ ,Zfyka&m[dwf&mxl;om&Sdygonf/ þ,Zfyka&m[dwf&mxl;onf c&pf,mef
vlrIywf0ef;usiftm;vHk;u tzGJY0ifrsm;jzpfMuonf/
"r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfonf trIawmfr&Sdyg? trIawmfonf toif;awmf
omvQif j zpf ygonf / vl r I y wf0 ef ; usif wG i f tzG J Y 0 iftm;vH k; wd k Y o nf toif ;awmf
wpfc kvH k; \trIa wmfwG if yg0if rIj yKoGm;onf / zGJ Ypnf; yHk wd kYo nf toif ;om;rsm;\
qkaus;Zl;&&Sdjcif;tay:üomzGJYpnf;jcif;cH&onf/ &mxl;tedrfhrStjrifhcGJjcm;jcif;jyKaom
tmPmESifhwefcdk;&Sdjcif;tay:ürjyKyg/
"r®opfusrf;wGif oD;jcm;onfhyHkpHaomfvnf;aumif;? bmom&yfqdkif&m
a0g[m&rsm;aomf v nf ; aumif ; trI a wmf t wG u f r &S d y g/ tcsKd U aom
toif;awmfrsm;onf bD;a&Smhyfrsm;ESifhtoif;axmufrsm;&Sdonf? tjcm;
wGifr&SdcJhyg/ tcsKdUaomtoif;awmfrsm;wGif toufBuD;olMunfh½Iaom
&mxl;&SdMuí tjcm;aom&mxl;rsm;jzpfaom yka&mzufrsm;? oifMum;a&;
q&mrsm;? ygpwmrsm;ESifh {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfa[maomq&mrsm;&SdMuonf
({zuf 4;1-12)/ &S i f a ygvk E S i f h A meAwd k Y o nf wref a wmf r sm;jzpf í
yka&mzuftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? oifMum;a&;q&mrsm;tjzpfaomfvnf;
aumif; tEÅdtkwfNrKdYüapcdkif;csufjyKjcif; (wrefawmf 13;1)/ bD;a&Smhyf
rsm;onf toif ; vl B uD ; rsm;ES i f h wl n D r I & S d o nf (wd wk 1;5-7) ES i f h
þacgif ;aqmif rsm;ESi fhtwl tHhz G,f aomt&mrsm;udkj yKvkyf onfh tvk yf
vk yf o l rsm;? a&m*gaysmuf u if ; atmif j yKvk yf o l r sm;? ul n Dr I j yKol r sm;?
tk y f c sKyf a &;jyKol r sm;ES i f h bmompum;trsKd ; rsKd ; ajymwwf o l r sm;onf
jznfhqnf;orIjyKonf (1aum 12;28)/ toHk;jyKonfhpum;&yftm;vHk;udk
acgif;aqmifudkay;aomqkaus;Zl;onf trIawmfaqmifjcif; (diakonia)
jzpfonf/ ]]y#dnmOfw&m;opfwGif trIawmfaqmiftm;vHk; jzpfonf}} (2aum?
3;6)? odkYr[kwf ]]c&pfawmf\trIaqmifrsm;jzpfonf}} (2aum? 11;23)?
odkYr[kwf toif;awmf\trIaqmifrsm; (aumavmoJ 1;25)/ pmay;pm,l
jyKvkyf&mü vdyfpmwyfonfrSm ]]bk&m;ocif\toif;awmf}} [líjzpfonf
(1aum? 1;2)? odkYr[kwf ]]olawmfpifrsm;odkY}} ({zuf 1;2)? t"dyÜm,frSm
132
acgif ; aqmif w pf O D ; wpf a ,muf u d k t od t rS w f jyKjcif ; r[k w f y g/
"r® o pf u srf ; pmayrsm;onf uREf k y f w d k Y tm; a&S ; OD ; toif ;
awmfrSmtqifhjrifhjrifhzGJYpnf;jcif;r&Sdao;yg/ zGJYpnf;yHkonf tqifhtrsKd;rsKd;
jzifhcGJjcm;xm;jcif; Clergy ESifh Laity r&Sdao;aMumif; ,HkMunfaponf/
&mxl;tqifhcGJjcif;&Sd&onfrSm qkaus;Zl; odkYr[kwf tcef;u@aqmif&Guf
csufrsm;? &Sifaygvkac:qdkonfrSm ]]trIaqmifjcif;trsKd;rsKd;}} udkawGU&onf
(1aum? 12;5)/ þqkaus;Zl;rsm;onf em;vnf&rnfrSm oefY&Sif;aom
0d nmOf awmf uay;jcif ;jzpfo nf [k e m;vnf & rnf / wpf OD ; pDwpf OD ; pDu d k
vdkovdkcGJjcrf;í olYtvdkawmftwdkif;jzpfonf}} (1aum? 12;11)/
ol\o,HZmwypönf;rsm;udk jyKpkapmifrjcif;wm0efrsm;ürxm;&Sdojzifh a&S;OD;
toif ; awmf o nf ol \ tcsd e f ? t&nf tcsif ; ES i f h &wemypö n f ; rsm;ud k q uf wd k u f
toif;awmfopfrsm;udkwnfaxmifoGm;Edkifonf/ aysmufqHk;aeaomolrsm;udk {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmf tm;jzifh c&pfa wmfx Ho dk Ya c:aqmif Ed ki fj cif; jzpf onf/ ,ck tcsd ef tcgrSm
vuf& Sdtoif; awmfrsm;onf ol wdkY\o,H Zmwtm;vHk;udk a'otoif ;awmf\jyKpk
apmifha&Smufjcif;toif;awmf\toif;om;vltkyfBuD;tay:üxm;&Sdjcif;jzifh aiGaMu;
aomfvnf;aumif;? "r®trIaqmifyk*¾dKvfrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; r&Sdojzifh topfaom
toif;awmf\y&dowftopfrsm;udk wnfaxmifjcif;r&SdonfudkawGU&ygonf/ {0Ha*vd
owif;pum;udkxda&mufpGmjzefYjzL;Edkifjcif;r&Sdyg/ tu,fíom "r®opfusrf;\erlem
yHkpHodkYjyefoGm;vQif "r®q&mrsm;trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfonf ydkrdkxda&mufí ,aeY
toif;awmfrsm;onf bk&m;ocif\wnfaxmifoGm;aomtrIawmfjzpfaom urÇmudk
{0H a *vd w&m;awmf tm;jzifh a[mMum;rIo abmw&m;ud kj yefv nf í&&S dr nf qd k v Qif
urÇmBuD;tm; c&pfawmftwGuf{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYa0ay;Edkifrnf/
"r®opfusrf;\taxmuftxm;t&? rnfonfhyk*¾dKvfudkrQ iSm;&rf;í tajccHjyKpk
apmifha&Smufjcif;tvkyfudk a'otoif;awmftwGufvkyfaqmifay;jcif;udk cdkif;apcsuf
rjyKcJhyg/ Pastor q&mrsm;\ulnDapmifrjcif;onf "r®q&mrsm;\tajccHulnDapmifr
jcif; tvk y f ud k wm0efa y;jcif; r[k wf yg/ "r® o pf u srf ; taxmuf txm;tm;vH k; rS m
ygpwmq&mrsm;\ulnDapmifrjcif;onf q&mwpfOD;wpfa,muftay:ürusa&mufb J
 133
bk &m;ocif\ vlr sm;tm;vH k;wdkY \wm0efjzpfy gonf/ "r®q&mrsm;onf tcsKdUaom
toif;awmf\ulnDapmifrrIudkjyKvkyfay;ygrnf/ taMumif;rSm olwdkYonfvnf; vlrI
tzGJYtpnf;wGifyg0ifMuolrsm;vnf;jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfjcif;vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif&SdaomaMumifh
ulnDaqmif&Guf&ygrnf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYonf "r®trIaqmifrsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh r[kwfyg/
þoabmw&m;rsm;onf ykdívmrnfhtcef;BuD;wGif ydkrdkazmfjyoGm;ygrnf/
_____
134
tcef ; BuD ; (5)
"r® o pf usrf ; acwf w G i f toif ; om;rsm;ud k M unf h ½ I
apmif h a &S m uf j cif ; tm;em;vnf r I & S d a tmif B uKd ; pm;jcif ;
a&S ; OD; "r® o pf u srf ;acwf \ vI y f & S m;rI E S i f h E I d if ; vQif ajrmuf tar&d u ef E d ki f i H & S d
toif;awmfrsm;rSm ,aeYwGifaovsuf&Sdaeygonf/ ygpwmq&mrsm;tm; rauseyfoH
&Sdonfhtoif;om;tdrfrsm;odkY opöm&SdpGmoGm;a&mufjcif;r&Sdonfudk wdkifwef;jcif;&SdonfrSm
yvly sH vsuf& Sd ygonf / toif; awmfr sm;onf ygpwmq&mrsm;tay:ü tajccHj yKpk
apmifha&Smufjcif;tjzpfrsm;pGm tm;udk;tm;xm;rIjyKvGef;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif "r®opfacwf
toif ; awmf r sm;onf rd r d wd k Y \ "r® q &mrsm;tay:ü tm;ud k ; tm;xm;jcif ; jyKaom
0dnmOfa&;toufwmudkxdef;odrf;zdkYrjyKMuyg/ þtcef;BuD;wGif toif;om;rsm;twGuf
jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh c&pf,mefwdkY\vlrItzGJYtpnf;ü "r®opfusrf;acwfwGif txl;
ojzifh"r®opfusrf;acwfrSm toif;awmfrsm;udktwnfwusygpwmrsm;ujyKpkapmifha&Smuf
a&;ay;aeonfudkavhvmoGm;ygrnf/
þtcef ; BuD ; wG i f & S d a omoabmw&m;rS m or® m w&m;vl r I t zG J Y tpnf ; wG i f
tzGJYtpnf;i,frSmaumif;pGmtaetxm;udk&&SdEdki fygonf/ odkY &mwGif tzGJY i,fonf
toif;awmftwGufjyóemtm;vHk;udkajz&Sif;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ tzGJYi,fonf aoae
vsuf &Sd aomtoif; awmfu dk aomfv nf; aumif ;? qk wf,kwfaomtoif ;awmf udk aomf
vnf;aumif; tm;jznfhEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfomvQif ajz&Sif;Edkif
rnf/ odkY&mwGif tzGJYi,fonf t"duoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkoGef;avmif;ay;Edkif
onf/ a,½I\udk,fa&mifx if& Sm;rIo nf vlr sm;udk ajymif ;vJa y;Edki fygonf / ol\
ay:xGef;rIonf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfujyKvkyfay;Edkifonf/ þonfrSm yk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;? toif;awmf\BuD;xGm;rIaomfvnf;aumif;? tzGJYi,f
wdkYujyKvkyfay;Edkifonf/
Murf;wrf;onfhtar&duefwdkY\wpfOD;csif;tjzpfonf tar&duefwdkYudk bk&m;
ociftm;wpfpHkwpfck&&Sdjcif;twGufjyKvkyfay;EdkifaMumif; txif&SdatmifjyKvkyfay;Edkifonf/
,HkMunfolrsm;tzGJYrSty jyKvkyfay;EdkifaMumif; txif&Sdapygonf/ okawoejyKol
 135
wpfOD;u tar&duefc&pf,mef\&Spfq,f&mcdkifEIef;jynfhjynfhrSm toif;awmfxJwGif
yg0ifrIr&SdbJESifh c&pf,mefaumif;wpfOD;jzpfEdkifaMumif; ,lqygonf/ þodkYpOf;pm;
jcif;onf yxr&mpkc&pf,mefrsm;twGuf obm0r[kwfaMumif;tawG;tjrif&Sdaponf/
jzpfEdkifajc&SdonfrSm ,HkMunfoltzGJYtpnf;onf tvGefvdktyfvsuf&Sdaom ,aeY
tar&duefwdkYuvnf;vdktyfaeaMumif;jzpfrnfvm;/ c&pf,mefrsm;twGuf a&G;cs,f&ef
r[kwfbJ þtcef;BuD;\oabmw&m;wGif "r®opfusrf;acwfc&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfzdkY
vltzGJYtpnf;wGifyg0ifywfoufrIr&SdbJESifh vHk;0rjzpfEdkifyg/ oD;oefYrdrdbmomaeaom
c&pf,mefrsm;onf trSefwu,fc&pf,mefrsm;r[kwfyg/ toif;awmfwGifom trnf
pm&if;aygufaomfvnf; olwdkYonf c&pf,mefr[kwfyg/ c&pf,mefvlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif
yg0ifrI&Sd&ef toif;om;tjzpftrnfaygufjcif;ESifhrNyD;yg/ toif;om;r[kwfvQifvnf;
rNyD;Edkifao;yg/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;ulnDrpjyKEdkifaomc&pf,meftzGJYtpnf;üom trIawmf
ay:xGufEdkifaMumif; ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif ESpfq,f&mpkjynfhESpftukefrSmjzpfEdkif
ygonf /
acwfopfajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf ygpwmq&mtay:ürSDcdktm;udk;&SdvGef;í
ygpwmq&mr&SdvQif trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfwdkYudk trSefwu,frjyKvkyfEdkifaom
tajctae&Sdygonf/ odkYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif qDrD;ukefí pdwfysufp&m
tjzpfodkY "r®q&mrsm;onf wpfESpfNyD;wpfESpfomoemrSxGuf&SdaomtajctaerSm&SdMu
onf / þ"r® q &mrsm;onf xl ; cRef aomol r sm;jzpf M uonf / ES p f q,f h wpf & mpk u d k
pwifaomtcsde frSm ygpwmtvky fonf pdefa c:csufwpf &yfrS m ygpwmq&mrsm;udk
tcef;u@rsm;rsm;wGi fuRrf;usifrI &Sdz dkYa c:,l jcif ;jzifh ajz&S if;ír&Ed kify g/ olwdk Y\
pdwfysufrIudkxyfqifhírsm;atmifrjyKvkyf&yg/ uREfkyfwdkYonf jyKvkyf&rnfrSm olwdkY\
pdwfy sufr Iu dk Ek wfo dr f; &ygrnf / odk Yr So m ol wd k Yp dwfu dk ajzvTwf NyD; bk& m;ocif \
trIawmfüqufvufNyD;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef wGef;tm;ay;Ekdifonf/ Carl George onf
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\vdktyfcsufudk aumif;rGefpGmazmfjyEdkifonf/
ygpwmud ktajccH onfhtoif;awmfBuD; wpf ck udk uREfky ftm;jyyg?
uREfkyfwdkYvnf; tvGefarmyef;aom"r®q&mtzGJYrsm;udkjyoEdkifonf/ uREfkyfudk
omreftoif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifonfhtiftm;jznfhonfh½dk;½dk;zGJYpnf;xm;aom
136
toif ;awmf BuD;wpf cku dk jyyg? þae&mrSm tvky frsm;vGe f; í armyef;
aom"r®q&mrsm;odyfír&SdonfudkjyEdkifonf/ þtoif;awmfrSm&ifhusuf
BuD ; xG m;rI r &yf e m;bJ & S d o nf u d k uREf k y f j yEd k i f y gonf / taMumif ; rS m
toif ;awmf onf bk& m;ocif\ vl rsm;udk Munfh ½I Edk if NyD ; bk &m;ocif rS
topfaomtoufwmrSm ac:,lEdkifjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
tk y f p k i ,f z G J Y jcif ; onf tajzud k a y;Ed k i f y govm;/ r[k w f y g? od k Y &mwG i f
wpfckaomtajztm;jzifh toif;awmfudkvrf;pOfajymif;í vHk;0ajymif;vJrI&SdEdkifonf/
tajccH&nf&G,fcsufrSm vlrIa&;tzGJYtpnf;wpfckudkzefwD;í ulnDrIwpf&yftm; vdkvm;
aomolrsm;xGuf&Sdí c&pfawmfudkrQa0aomtm;jzifh vufvSrf;um c&pfawmftaMumif;
udkrodaomolrsm;ESifh rQa0cHpm;rIjyKEdkifonf/ þonfrSm taumif;qHk;aomenf;vrf;
jzpf aMumif ;udk þpma&;q&mrS ,l qygonf / tk yf pk i,fwpf ck wG if trI awmf pwif
aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ þulnDapmifrvdkaomvlrItzGJYtpnf;udkzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmif
jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;jyKí c&pfawmf\trIawmfNyD;pD;rItwGuf tajccHwnfaqmufjcif;
taMumif ; udk þtcef ; wG i f & S mazGa wG Y & S d E d k i f z d k Y waph wapmif ; tm;jzif h "r® a [mif ;
acwf uvlr ItzGJ Ytpnf; udk avhv mí zefq if ;jcif;taMumif ;ES if h "r®o pfu srf; acwf
vlrItzGJYtpnf;wdkYudkeufeJpGm&SmazGrIûyNyD;avhvmoGm;rnf/
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tzGJYi,f\wnfaqmufrItajctaerSm acwfopfjzpf&yfwGifawGU&Sd&aomfvnf;
tkyfpktzGJY\tpwGif tajccHusaombk&m;ocif\tvkyfvkyfjcif;onf tapmqHk;aom
bk &m;wdk Y\ or®musrf; wG if awGY &Sd &onf / bk &m;ocif ud k,fa wmfwdki fu vlo m;rsm;
r&SdrDuwnf;u&SdeifhcJhonf/ bk&m;ocifwpfyg;wnf;&Sdjcif;onf oHk;yg;wpfqlwnf;
jzpfjcif;üod&onf/ or®musrf;pmu bk&m;onf uREfkyfwdkYtm; wpfckwnf;aomoD;jcm;
jzpfwnfrItjzpfray:jyay;yg/ odkY&mwGif trsm;oHk;yg;wpfqlwnf;omvQif azmfjyjcif;
&S dygonf / uREf kyf wdk Yonf bk&m;\wpfql wnf ;ud kem;rvnfE dki fyg/ trsm;oabm
 137
oHk ; yg;wpf ql wnf ; omvQif em;vnf &ygonf/ od k Yj zpf í pma&;q&mcyf rsm;rsm;u
oHk;yg;wpfqlbk&m;onf rlvtzGJYi,f (small group) jzpfaMumif;&nfñTef ;ygonf/
odkYjzpfí bk&m;\tESpfom&rSm tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif\ESvHk;om;
twGif;oP²mefonf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufrSm bk&m;ocifudk
trSefwu,fem;vnfzdkY&ef olY&JhtzGJYtpnf;wGifwnf&SdrIrSty em;vnfEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/
bk &m;ocif onf wpfOD ;wnf ;&yfwnfjcif;rjyKyg/ ol \vlr sm;vnf ; wpfOD ;wnf;
omvQifr&yfwnfEdkifyg/
yxrOD;pGmvIyf&Sm;cJhaomtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfonf þurÇmû*d[fay:wGif zefqif;
jcif;tvkyfyifjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ajcmuf&ufajrmufaeYwGif vlom;rsm;udk ol\
yHkoP²meftm;jzifh zefqif;cJhonf/ vlom;rsm;onf oHk;yg;wpfqlwnf;[laom bk&m;\
yHkoP²mefjzifhzefqif;jcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí vlom;rsm;udk tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGif
touf&SifaexdkifoGm;zdkYjzpfonf/ oHk;yg;wpfqlwnf;aombk&m;aeaomtzGJYNyD;jynfhpHk
onfhtzGJYtpnf;wGifaeoGm;ouJhodkYjzpfonf/ ]]þyHkoP²mefonf wpfOD;wnf;aom
yHkpH}} r[kwfyg/ vlom;rsm;onf wpfOD;wnf;aeoGm;zdkY zefqif;jcif;rjyKvkyfcJhyg/ olwdkYonf
tzGJYtpnf;üaeoGm;zdk YESifh bk&m;ocifESifhaeoG m;zdkYjzpfonf / tjypf\tESp fom&rSm
tzGJYtpnf; ESi fhuif;íaexd kifo Gm;&ef BuKd ;yrf ;rI jzpf onf/ tjcm;olrsm;ES ifhu if;a0;
atmifaeoGm;zdkYjzpfonf/ vlom;rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;ESifhrdwfo[m,uif;rJhjcif;onf
jynfhpHkrIr&SdEdkifyg/
ajrmfvif hjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf rMumcPaMunmcJhonfrSm bk &m;ocifu
vlom;rsm;udk e*dkrlvbk&m;\toGifoP²mef? yHkoP²meftm;jzifh jyefvnfay;csifygonf/
þodkYjzpfrnfqdkvQif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf usKd;yJhaomtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
udkjyefvnfírlvtwdkif;jyefjzpfapzdkYqE´&Sd&rnf/ odkYrSom bk&m;\oP²mefudk jyefvnf
xif[yfEdkifrnf/ odkYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf usKd;yJhcJhaomtzGJYtpnf;udk
bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²meftm;jzifh jyefvnfí&&SdEdkif&ef vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yf\ a&SUwef;rSm
ae&rnf/ odkY&mwGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;üyif cdkifrmaomoD;oefYaevdkonfhpdwf"mwfrsm;
&S daeygonf/ jzpf Edk ifa jc&S donfrSm tar&d uefE dki fiH rSmarG; zGm;cJh onf h ajrmf vif hjcif;
toif;awmfonf trIrJhtrSwfrJhMurf;wrf; onfhtar&duefwdkY\oD;jcm;aevdkpdwfudk
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmftm;jzifh vufcHvsuf&Sdaeygovm;/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
F-18
138
zefqif;jcif;taMumif;udk rsm;pGmajymqdkaeaomolwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\rlv&nf&G,fcsuf
jzpf a om zef q if ; jcif ; rS m uREf k y f wd k Y \ yxrOD ; qH k ; aomrd b ES p f y g;ud k z ef q if ; &mü
bk&m;ocif&nf&G,fcsufjzpfaom tzGJYtpnf; üaexdkifoGm;zd kY&nf&G,fcsufud krjrifbJ
&Sd aeygovm;/ udk ,f tcsif; csif; aeEdk i fz dk Y ES i fh bk &m;ocif E Si fh a eEd ki fz d kY &nf &G ,fc suf
r&Sdawmhygovm;/ toif;awmfwGif&Sdaomolrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;½kef;uefNyD; rdrd\
atmifjrifjcif;udkzefwD;vsuf tzGJYtpnf;\atmifjrifjcif;udkBuKd;pm;írjyKvkyfygovJ/
Julie Gorman onf atmuf ygtwk d if ;owd jyKrd ygonf /
ud k,f h u d ku d k ,fz l v H k jcif ; ES i f h rd r d \ vGwf v yfr I & S d onf h a tmif j rif r I
owfrSwfcsufudk vHk;0bk&m;*dkPf;ESifhqefYusifbufjzpfonf/ xdkbk&m;*dkPf;
onf tzGJYtpnf;ütjyeftvSefwnf&SdvsufaeoGm;onf/
tu,fíom bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefudka&mifjyef[yfapvdkvQif? toif;awmfü
&SdapvdkvQif? tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftm;jzifh toif;awmfonf av;pm;orIjyKí wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;pdwfoabmESdrfhcsNyD; toif;awmfonfvnf; bk&m;*dkPf;ESifhpdwfoabmESdrfhcspGm
aexdkifoGm;aomtoif;awmfudkjyKpkysKd;axmif&rnf/ wpfOD;csif;\atmifjrifrIrS&&Sdaom
qkaus;Zl;udkpGefYvTwfNyD; tkyfpk\pHjyjzpfaomatmifjrifrIudkyHhydk;ay;&rnf/ bk&m;ocif
\&nf&G,fcsufrSm uREfkyfwdkYonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rSDcdkíaeoGm;&rnf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
,SOfNyKdifírae&yg/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tjyeftvSefrSDcdkaexdkifjcif;onf tajctjrpfrSm
oHk; yg;wpfql wnf;aombk&m;üvmygonf/ zefqif; jcif;\yH koP²meftm;jzifh vmyg
onf/ bk&m;ocifonf wpfOD;wnf ;&SdaomtzGJYtpnf;udkzefqif;jcif;rjyKyg/ tzGJY
tpnf;wpf&yfzefqif;jcif;jyKonf/ tkyfpkrSmaeaombk&m;ocifonf tkyfpkudkzefqif;
onf /
vufawGYtm;jzifh bk&m;ocifudk vlYtzGJYtpnf;udkzefqif;oltjzpf tjrif&Sdjcif;
onf uREfkyfwdkY\vdktyfcsufjzpfaomtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfESifh tjcm;aomc&pf,mefwdkYESifh
aexdkif oGm;&efvdktyfy gonf/ þoabmw&m;tm;jzifh c&pf,mefwpfa,mufj zpfzdkY
qdkonfrSm woD;wjcm;rdrdbmomaeoGm;&ef vHk;0rjzpfEdkifonfudkod&Sd&rnf/ þuJhodkY
rjyKvky fE dki fv Qif bk&m;ocif \oP²mefE Sif hc GmNyD ; bk& m;ocif\ vlo m;rsm;twG uf
tMuHtpnfwdkYESifhuGJuGmíaeoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/
 139
yxrqHk;aomaomMumaeYae0ifcsdefwGif bk&m;ocifu ol\OykofaeY-owåraeY
pwif a Mumif ; aMunmvd k u f o nf / xd k tcsd e f wG i f bk & m;ocif u owå r aeY & uf u d k
oefY&Sif;aomem;ae&maeY[lí vlom;rsm;onf olESifhtwlaomfvnf;aumif;? vlom;
tcsif ;csif; ES if h aomf vnf; aumif; tcsd ef ,l aeoG m;zdk Yz dwfa c:onf/ ajrmf vihf jcif ;
toif;om;rsm;onf ]]owåraeY}} \OykofaeYjzpfaMumif; tvGefajymMuonf/ rSefvnf;
rSefyg\/ odkY&mwGif xdkaeYtaMumif;udkajymqdk&mü xdkaeY\&nf&G,fcsufudkrarh&ef
ta&;BuD;onf/
tvGefvIyf&Sm;aomacwfopftoufwmwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf OykofaeYem;ae&maeY
wGif csKdUwJhaomacwfopfaexdkifrIrSem;aejcif;tcsdef&&SdcJhygonf/ odkYjzpfí uREfkyfwdkYonf
OykofaeYwGif ]]em;aejcif;}} taMumif;udk rsm;pGmajymcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktaMumif;rSm
OykofaeY\rlvtaMumif;wpf&yfr[kwfyg/ ,aeYOykofaeYem;ae&m&ufonf t"du
tm½Hkûyp&mr[kwfyg/ tm'HESifh{0wdkYonf em;aezdkYtaMumif;r&Sdyg/ olwdkYonf tvkyfyif
rvkyf&ao;yg/ olwdkY\urÇmBuD;rSm yxrqHk;aomaeYonf OykofaeYjzpfonf/
bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;udkvufaqmiftjzpfay;aomOykofaeYonf olajym
aompum;rSm ]]ig&JhOykofaeY}} jzpfonf/ OykofaeYonf vlom;rsm;\em;ae&m&uf
r[k wf yg/ bk & m;ocif \ em;ae&m&uf u d k *k Pf j yKjcif ; jzpf y gonf/ vlo m;rsm;rS m
bk&m;ocif\em;ae&maeYudk0ifpm;zdkY zdwfac:jcif;jzpfonf/ vlom;rsm;\tvkyftudkifrS
em;aezdkY-olem;ouJhodkY owåraeYwGifem;aecJhonf/ bmaMumifhbk&m;ocifu ol\
OykofaeYwGif vlom;udkem;aezdkYzdwfac:ygovJ/ taMumif;rSm olwdkYonf tcsdef,lNyD;
olESifhtwlaomfvnf;aumif;? tcsif;csif;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif; vlrItzGJYtpnf;udk zGHYNzKd;
wdk;wufatmifjzpfonf/ tm'HESifh{0wdkYonf olwdkYtm;zefqif;cJhaombk&m;ESifhtod
tuRrf;jyK&efvdktyfygonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkY\yxrOD;qHk;ESpfq,fhav;em&DwGif olESifh
twltzGJYtpnf;udkwdk;wufzdkYzdwfac:jcif;jyKonf/
uREf ky fwd kY bk &m;ocif onf quf qH a&;jyKaombk& m;jzpfo nf / ol onf tzG JY
tpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf OykofaeYudktav;xm;&
rnf/ OykofaeYtaMumif;ajymí OykofaeY\tcef;u@rSvlom;rsm;ESifhbk&m;ocifwdkY
onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qufqH&efvdktyfygonf/ odkYjzpfí OykofaeY\owif;pum;rSm
,aeYurÇmwGiftxl;vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ ½IyfaxG;vsuf&SdaomvlrIa&;tzGJYtpnf;onf
140
em;ae&m&uf a wmif ; qd k j cif ; r[k wf b J ? txl ; aeY wpf a eY u d k tzG J Y tpnf ; wpf & yf tm;
tav;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ OykofaeYwGif vlom;rsm;twGuf usKd;yJhcJhaomtzGJYtpnf;
wdkYESifhcGmNyD; olwdkYyg0ifEdkifaomvlYtzGJYtpnf;ü bk&m;ocifopfvGifaomqufqHa&;
jzifhyg0if&efzdwfac:jcif;jyKonf/ vlom;rsm;\aMuuGJzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm;rSm cPcP
jzpfay:í Oykofa eYwG if wu,fh tzGJ Ytpnf;\zGHYN zKd; wdk; wufr Iudk toif;awmfwG if
raqmif&GufcJhjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh owåraeYudk ]]apmifha&Smuf}} aomfvnf;
olwdkYonf bk&m;ocifESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;ESifhaomfvnf;
aumif; qufqHa&;wnfaqmuf&ef ysufuGufcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí OykofaeYudkapmifha&Smuf
jcif;wpfckwnf;omvQif jyKrnf&Sdaomf trSefwu,fOykofaeYudkvHk;0apmifha&Smufjcif;
r&S do nf enf; wl jzpf onf/ taMumif ;rSm Oyk of aeYo nf bk& m;ocif ES if htjcm;aom
c&pf,mefrsm;ESifhqufqHa&;tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfonf/
Karl Barth tMuHjyKcJhouJhodkY tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfonf ]]ajcmuf&ufajrmufaeY}}
zef q if ; jcif ; aeY wG i f vl r I tzG J Y tpnf ; rS a rG ; zG m;vmNyD ; Oyk o f a eYwG i f
bk&m;ocif\vlYtzGJYtpnf;zdwfac:jcif; ]]owåraeY}} wGifjzpfcJhonf/
]]zefq if; jcif ;\&nf&G ,fc sufr Sm? wpf csd efwnf;rSmyif t&m&mwdk if;rSm
vdkufvmonfrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\OykofaeYvGwfvyfrI? OykofaeYem;ae
jcif;ESifh OykofaeY\aysmf&TifrIwdkYonf twlyg0ifzdkY vlom;rsm;udkzdwfac:
jcif;jyKygonf/
qufqHa&;ESifh&Sdaombk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;udkzefqif;jcif;jyK&mü wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;tzGJYtpnf;wGifvltcsif;csif;jzifhqufqHaexdkifoGm;&efrubJ bk&m;ocifESifhtwl
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGifaexdkifoGm;zdkYjzpfonf/ xdkxufru olonf txl;tcsdefudk
owfrSwfNyD; {'ifO,smOfrSoD;jcm;xm;í usKd;yJhíysufpD;aeaomvlom;rsm;\tzGJYtpnf;
rsm;&Jhtvkyftudkifrsm;csefxm;í? aysmf&Tifjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomOykofaeY\em;aejcif;udk
0ifa&mufí bk&m;ocif\a'gifvdkuf? tvsm;vdkufnDnmaomvlom;wdkYESifhqufqHa&;
zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyf&ygrnf/ þodkYjyKrSom bk&m;\yHkoP²mefudkjyefvnf&&SdEdkif
rnf/ c&pf,mefrsm;txJrS txl;ojzifhajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf w&m;a[m
 141
jcif;jyK&rnf/ &v'ftm;jzifh owåraeYwGif tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfESifhnDnGwfpGmaexdkif
oGm;jcif;udkjyooGm;&rnf/
þtzGJ Ytpnf;wpf& yfo nf zGHY NzKd;wdk;wufr Iud k Oykof aeY eHe ufü toif;om;
rsm;rsm;wufa&mufjcif;jzifh zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifzefwD;ír&Edkifyg/ w&m;a[molwdkY\
EIwfuywfawmfudkem;axmifí wpfOD;\acgif;ESifhausmukef;udkavhvmjcif;ESifhr&&SdEdkifyg/
þoabmw&m;ESifhqefYusifaomtrSefwu,ftzGJYtpnf;\zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrIjzpfygonf/
odkYjzpfí bk&m;ocifESifhvlom;rsm;tzGJYtpnf;wGifem;vnfzdkY topfaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk
]]toif;awmf\tvkyfudk}} &SmzdkYtwGuf yg0ifywfoufrIr&SdonfhyHkpHtm;jzifh vuf&Sd
usifhoHk;vsuf&Sdygonf/ Oykofreuf0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
rsm;twGuf t"duaqmif&Gufaomvuf&SdtajctaerSm topfaomenf;vrf;udk&SmazGí
0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;yHkpHopfudk OykofaeYeHeuftwGuf&SmazG&ygrnf/ OykofaeYudktoHk;jyK&mü
&nf&G,fcsuftm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifhqufqHa&;twGufwnfaqmuf&mrSm tzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yfü rdrdwdkYtcsif;csif;qufqH&ygrnf/ jyKvkyfaomvIyf&Sm;rIwdkif;rSm þtcsufü
csdefxdk;íjyKvkyf&rnf/ wrefawmf&Sifa,m[efonf wdkwdkESihf&Sif;&Sif;ajymMum;cJhonfrSm
toif;awmfpka0;wdkif; tajccH&nf&G,fcsufjzpf&rnf/ bk&m;ocifESifh rdwfo[m,&SdNyD;
tcsif;csif;ESifhvnf;qufqHa&aumif;&rnf/ EIwfuywfawmfudk a[mMum;jcif;onf
,HkMunfcsufwpf&yfudkvufcH,lEdkifzdkYr[kwfbJ tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf wGif rdwfo[m,onf
bk&m;ocifESifhvlom;tcsif;csif;jyefvnf&&SdzdkYjzpfonf/ þonfrSm zefqif;jcif;\
tES p fo m&jzpf o nfE S i f h c&pf a wmf \ trIa wmf a qmif jcif ; \tES pf o m&jzpf a Mumif ;
&Sifa,m[efuajymoGm;onf/ tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudkrwnfaqmufbJESifh toif;awmfudk
rwnfaqmufEdkifyg/
zef q if; jcif ;ü&S dE S if h N yD ; om;tzG J Ytpnf ; wpf & yf u dk pHj yjzpf atmif wnf a qmuf
Edkifa&;udkavhvmNyD;onfaemuf ,ckrSm bk&m;ocif\tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudk £oa&v
wGifwnfaqmufzdkY arma&S\a,mu©rjzpfola,oa&m\tMuHjyKcsuft&avhvmMupdkY/
arma&Sonf £oa&vwdkYudk tD*spfjynfrS&Sdemudkac:aqmifvmcJhonf/ a,oa&monf
wJrsm;xdk;xm;aompcef;odkYoGm;a&mufí orD;Zdayg&udk arma&Stm;tyfESHcJhNyD;aemuf
a,oa&monf arma&S\acgif;aqmifrIydkif ;jyóemBuD;wpf&yfudkjrifvdkufygonf/
arma&Sonf yd&rpftkyfcsKyfa&;rª;uJhodkY tD*spfwGifoluRrf;usif&modkYjyKcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí
142
arma&Sonf ol\rdom;pkESifhtcsdef,lEdkifzdkY armyef;vGef;írjyKvkyfEdkifyg/ arma&Sonf
ol \tcsd ef u d k vl x k ü&S d a omtjiif ; yG m;rI a wGu d k a jz&S i f; &onfE S i f h rd o m;pk twG u f
tcsdefray;EdkifcJhyg/ olonf ,aeYygpwmrsm;uJhodkYyif vkyfief;aqmif&GufcJhygonf/
ol onf vl xku dk tk yf csKyf &onf ? olwdk Ytm; ulnD rpjcif ;ES if h ygpwmtay:üvHk ;0
rSDcdktm;xm;&aomtoif;awmfudkwnfaqmufcJhonf/ arma&Sonf acwfopftoif;
awmfudkwnfaqmufrdchJonf/
a,moa&m\tMuHjyKcsufrSm ½dk;&Sif;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif oabmw&m;rSm xdkaeY
rsm;ESifh,ckyifacgif;aqmifrIydkif;qdkif&moifMum;rIESifhqefYusif&mjzpfonf/ a,oa&mu
arma&Stm; ol\ acgif;aqmifrIy dkif; qdkif &mtmPmtcsKdUwd kYudk ol\vlwdk Ytm;ay;í
tkyfcsKyfa&;cGJjcrf;ay;rIudkjyKvkyfcdkif;onf/ arma&Stm;tMuHjyKoGm;onfrSm acgif;aqmif
wpfOD;onf vlq,fOD; odkYr[kwf rdom;pkq,fpkxufrrsm;tkyfcsKyfaponf/ xdkodkYjyKjcif;onf
tmPmudkavQmhoGm;apNyD; ,aeYtzGJYi,f (small group) tqifhodkYavsmhenf;oGm;rnf/
tjzpfrSm arma&Stm; BuD;rm;onfhjyóemawGudkajz&Sif;&ef vGwfvyfrI&SdoGm;onf/
olYtwGufavmifuRrf;rIrSajz&Sif;jcif;&SdoGm;onf/ vlxktwGufudkvnf; rdrdwdkY\ta&;udk
udk,fhbmomudk,fajz&Sif;cGifh&oGm;onf/ a,oa&m\ajz&Sif;csufyHkpHonf ,aeYtwGuf
trI awmf aqmif jcif ;tvk yfwGi f tvGefaumif; rGef aomtoif;awmftwGufj zpfo nf/
ygpwmwpfa,mufo nf ol\ulnD rpjcif;tvkyfudkvTwfvdkufNyD; vlxkudku lnDrp
jcif ;tvkyfu dk wpfOD ;ESifhwpfOD;ul nDrpjcif ;tvkyfu dkay;aqmifoGm;ygonf/ þodkY
ulnDrpjcif;pepfonf ygpwmwpfOD;wnf;jzifhjyKEdkifaomtvkyfxufydkifEdkifpGmvIyf&Sm;
Edkifvdrfhrnf/
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 143
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 145
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 147
t"dutav;xm;&rnf/ odkYjzpfí ol\wynfhawmfrsm;onfvnf; oGm;ítzGJYtpnf;
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tm;jzifh olwdkYtwlwuGcHpm;&rI&Sdvdrfhrnf/
a,½Ionf uREfkyfwdkYtm;ajymjyonfrSm xdktzGJYi,fonf toif;awmf\tpdwf
tydkif;r[kwf? tESpfom&rSm toif;awmfyifjzpfonf/ þao;i,faomvlpkvla0;onf
wynf h awmfq ,fh E S pf a ,muf rS toif ;awmf a yguf zG m;vmjcif ;jzpfo nf/ acwf opf
toif;awmfwGif þtzGJYi,fwdkYudktpDtpOfwpf&yftjzpfaygif;pnf;xm;aomtpDtpOf
wpf&yftjzpf,lqMuonf/ a,½I\&nfrSef;csufrSm þao;i,faomtzGJYwdkY\ulnD
 149
rpjcif;&SdaomtzGJ Yi,fo nf toif;awmf\NyD;jynfhpH kaomvu©Pmjzpfo nf/ a,½I
wnfaqmufcJhaomtoif;awmfyHkpHonf txl;BuD;rm;aomtoif;awmfrsm;r[kwfyg/
ao;i,faomtkyfpkjzifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;&SdMuí ½dk;om;pGmwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qufqHMu
jcif;jzpfonf/
a,½I \tzGJY i,ftrI awmfaqmifjcif;\tcsuftcsmrSm ao;i,faomvlrItzGJY
tpnf ; jzpf o nf / vl r I t zG J Y t pnf ; wnf a xmif & ef t wG u f o ,f a qmif j cif ; jyKonf h
armf a wmf ,mOf o abmomjzpf o nf / a,½I v uf c H j cif ; &S d o nf r S m xd k tzG J Y i,f o nf
&nf&G ,fcsufyef ;wdkifudkN yD;ajrmuf zdkYtwGuf taumif;qHk;aomenf; vrf;jzpfo nfudk
em;vnfoabmaygufygonf/ a,½I\trIawmfaqmifjcif;oufwrf;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif
ol onf pdk ;&d rfr I&S donfrSm vl rItzGJ Ytpnf;wpf& yfr Sm ol\aemufvd kuf tMum;wG if
vlr Iq ufq Ha &;&Sd zd k Y ol v dk vm;cJ ho nf / þtvk yf ud k a,½I\ BuKd; yrf ;csuf twGu f
ta&;BuD;qHk;aomaqmif&Guf&rnfhtvkyfjzpfrnf/
a,½Ionf tzGJYtpnf;twGufpdk;&drfrI&Sdjcif;onf ol\oHk;yg;wpfqlqufqHa&;
ESifhvlom;rsm;twGuf bk&m;ocif\yHkoP²mefjyefvnf&&Sdjcif;tajcpdkufípdk;&drf&jcif;
jzpfygonf/ tu,fíom jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&rnfudk bk&m;ocif\yHkpHwl? oP²mefwl?
jyefvnf&&SdzdkYvdktyfvQif vdkufem&rnfhtrdefYwdkYrSm vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif toif;awmftm;
c&pfawmf\urÇmay:üwnfaqmufoGm;&rnf/ a,½I\em;vnfcJhaom ]]toif;awmf}}
onf tar&duefEdkifiHoD;oefYaomtaemufwdkif;om;wdkY\em;vnfcJhaomtoif;awmf
ESifhvHk;0qefYusifbufjzpfonf/ tar&duefEdkifiHom;onf bk&m;ocifudk udk,fydkif&Sdcdk;
EdkifaMumif;? toif;awmfudkroGm;bJaevQif a,½I\em;vnfxm;aomtoif;awmfrSm
vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf\tESpfom&udk em;vnfrIvGJoGm;ygonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,muf
wnf;? odkYr[kwf oD;jcm;aeNyD; bk&m;ocifudk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;qdkonfrSm rjzpfEdkif
aomt&mjzpfygonf/ a,½ItwGufrSmrl toif;awmfbk&m;ausmif;udkwufa&mufjcif;
onf- yg0ifywfoufrI&Sdjcif;onf vlrItzGJYtpnf;wdkYESifhywfoufrI&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ olonf
toif;awmfudk uREkfyfwdkY\taemufEdkifiHom;wpfoD;yk*¾vtjrifESifhvHk;0jcm;em;onf/
trSefrSm vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfESifhyg0ifywfoufrI&Sdjcif;onf a&G;cs,frIwpf&yf
c&pf,mefrsm;twGufr[kwfyg/ yg0ifywfoufrI&Sdudk&Sd&rnf/ 'g[m c&pf,mefrsm;\
avmuyg/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;wdkY\,Zfyka&m[dwf
150
t&mud k & &S d aMumif ; ,H k M unf o uf 0 if a omol r sm;jzpf M uonf / þ,H kM unf c suf r S m
bmoma&;jyKjyif ajymif ;vJr I\ tarG tESp fwpf &yfr [k wf yg/ xd kt&monf ol wd kY \
"r®opfusrf;\&ydkifcGifhjzpfonf/ toif;awmfonf ,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudkem;vnfrI&Sdí
c&pf,mefwpfOD;csif;wdkYonf bk&m;ocifxHodkYcsOf;uyfEdkifaMumif;? Mum;zsefajzay;olr&Sd?
c&pfawmfwpfyg;omvQifzsefajzay;rnfhol&Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
rsm;rarhtyfaomt&mrSm vltrsm;onf ,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudk vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
wGif yg0ifrIr &SdbJESi fh ,Zfy ka&m[dwf t&mudkr &&SdEdki fyg/ udk ,fwpfa,mufwnf;ESifh
,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudkr&&SdEdkifyg/ ,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudk&&Sdjcif;onf vlYtzGJYtpnf;
wGifyg0ifrI&SdrSom ,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudka&muf&SdEdkifaMumif;qdkvdkygonf/ ,HkMunf
olr sm;tm;vHk; wdkYo nf ,Zfyka &m[dwft&mudk&&S dEkdi fí ol wdkY onf tjcm;olrsm;udk
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGif trIaqmifay;&rnf/ tzGJYtpnf;wGif,HkMunfoltm;vHk;wdkYonf
,Zfyka&m[dwft&mrsm;&&Sdonfjzpfí ,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudk&&Sdaom,HkMunfoltm;vHk;
wdkYonf c&pf,meftm;vHk;wdkYrSmwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;trIawmfudkulnDrp&ef ac:,ljcif;jzpf
onf/ þoabmw&m;tm;jzifh ]]wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;}} qdkonfhpum;rSm "r®opfusrf;wGif
&S d& m? t"d yÜ m,f trsm;BuD ;&Sd vmonf / taMumif;rSm ,Zf yk a&m[dwf wd kY \trI awmf
aqmifjcif;t&mudk&Sif;vif;jyonf/ xdkt&mrSm tjyeftvSefulnDrpjcif;trIawmfaqmif
jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkulnDrpjcif;t&monf vlrItzGJYtpnf;rSmomvQif &&SdEdkifygonf/
a,½Iwnfa xmifcJ honfh topfa om,Zf yka&m[dwft&mwdkY udkem;vnfjcif;jzifh
tzG J Yi ,f (Small groups) onf "r® o pf u srf ; wG i f 0wf jyKjcif ; t&mjzpf vm&jcif ; rS m
a,½Ionftoif;awmftm; yHkpHopfjzifhwnfaqmufoGm;cJhonf/ þyHkpHonf ,HkMunf
olr sm;tm; wpfO D;ESi fhwpf OD;tay:uln D½dkif ;yif; rI&Sd &rnf/ rdrd udk,fu dkomtm;udk ;rI
tpm;&S d&rnf/ þyHkp Honf wrefawmfusrf;wGifazmfjycJhaomtd rftoif;awmfr sm;rSm
jynfh0pGmzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufcJhygonf/
a,½Ionf tzGJYi,frsm;udkwnfaxmif&mü tBuD;rm;qHk;tm;ay;rIjzpfygonf/
odkY&mwGif toif;awmftm; tzGJYi,fudkwnfaxmifjcif;trdefYawmfray;cJhyg/ odkY&mwGif
ol\trIawmfaqmifjcif;wpfavQmufvHk;wGif vlrItzGJYtpnf;udk tajccH&nf&G,fcsuf
tjzpf zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyocJhygonf/
 151
odkYjzpfí c&pf,meftzGJYtpnf;wGif c&pf,meftoufwmudktwlwuG
avhusifhEdkifaomae&mjzpfygonf/ xdkae&monf uREfkyfwdkYrSm bk&m;ocif\
ynwf w&m;ud k v uf cH j cif ; ES i fh vd k u f a vQmuf j cif ; wdk Y \ ywf 0 ef ;usif ü
atmifjrifEdkifjcif;ESifhus½IH;Edkifjcif;ae&mjzpf&vdrfhrnf/
bk&m;ocif\tpDtpOfESifh a,½I\qE´rSm c&pf,mefrsm;onf tzGJYi,ftm;jzifh
BuD ;xGm;rI& Sd zd k Yv dk tyfo nf / tzG JY i,f\ awGU qH k rI onf or®musrf ; pmud ka vh vmjcif ;
wpfckwnf;omr[kwfyg/ tkyfpki,f\&nf&G,fcsufrSm c&pf,mefrsm;onf awGYqHkzdkY
ae&m&SdNyD; twlwuGBuD;xGm;vmrI&Sd&rnf/ ynmOmPf&&SdrItodw&m;wpfckwnf;om
&&SdrnfqdkvQif tzGJYi,fonf atmifjrifrIr&&SdcJhyg/ taMumif;rSm &nf&G,fcsufonf
0dnmOfa&;BuD;xGm;rIjzpfonf/ ynmOmPf&&SdrIr[kwfyg/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkY\tzGJYi,f\BuKd;yrf;rIwGif qufqHa&;ESifhywfoufí
pdk;&drfrIwpf&yfay:aygufcJhonf/ ]]tzGJYi,fwGif or®musrf;pmudkavhvmjcif;om&SdvQif
aumif;ygonf}} [lí trsm;uqdkMuonf/ Munfh&onfrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
rsm;onf euf½Idif;aomqufqHa&;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;ay:aygufvmrnfudkpdk;&drfMuonf/
odkY&mwGif tzGJYi,f \&nf&G,fcsuf rSm þuJhodkY jzpf&rnfudk tESpfom&jzpf ygonf/
a,½I\tjrifrSm 'DvdkyJ&Sdygonf/ tkyfpkwpfckonf ynmOmPfwpfckwnf;udk or®m
usrf; pmavhvmjcif;jyKygu xdktzGJ Yonf oabmw&m;tm;jzifh atmifj rifr Ir&Sdy g/
a,½ItwG uf zG JY pnf; xm;aomtky fp k\ &nf& G,fc sufr Sm wpfO D; ES if hwpf OD ;quf qH a&;
aumif;zdkYjzpfygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tkyfpkwpfcktwGif;rSm&SdzdkY vdktyfonfrSm wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;rdrd\toufwmudkajz&Sif;Edkifaomtajctae&&SdzdkYjzpfonf/ tppftrSeftm;jzifh
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;ulnDvdkpdwf&Sd&rnf/ c&pfawmftwGufvHkavmufpGmoufaocHjyKEdkif&rnf/
þt&mrsm;tm;vH k; onf wpfO D;ESif hwpfO D;qufq HE dki faomtkyf pkr sm;vd ktyfy gonf/
þonfrSm c&pf,mefwdkY\toufwmta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
twGufvnf; ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpf&rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf tu,fíom
a,½I twG u f toif ; awmf j zpf v d k v Qif tk y f p k wG i f ; quf q H r I & S d & rnf / taMumif ; rS m
a,½I\toif;awmfonf qufqHa&;&Sdaomtoif;awmfjzpfonf/ qufqHa&;&Sdaom
toif ; awmfo nf urÇ may:wG i f tvd k tyfq H k ; t&mjzpf onf / urÇ mwG if q uf q Ha &;
152
vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ þenf;wl qufqHa&;&Sdaomtoif;awmfonf toif;awmfrsm;ü
,aeYwGiftvdktyfqHk;t&mjzpfygonf/
wr efawmfu sr f;wG i f&S
ao mt kyfpk
d i , ft o i f;awmfu d
k
t o i f;o m;r sm;\ M
u n fh½Iapmifh
a&S
mu fjci f;t ajccH
wpf&yf
a,½I onf ol \wynf ha wmfr sm;ud k qufq Ha &;aumif ;onf htoif ;awmfy Hk pH
wpfckudkazmfjyoGm;ygonf/ olwdkYonf twlwuGtzGJYtpnf;wpfckwGifaexdkifMuyg
onf/ ysufpD;usKd;yJhcJhaomvlom;wdkY\b0udk zmax;oGm;Edkif&ef BuKd;pm;vsuf&Sdygonf/
þrdo m;pktzG JYtpnf;wGif {0H a*vdw&m;awmfud kjzefYa 0jcif;cH &rnf/ oefY&Sif ;aom
0dnmOfwefcdk;onf yifawukawåwGif aygufuGJvmNyD;onfaemuf toif;awmfonf
ta&twG uftm;jzifha omfvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfa&;wdk;wufrIwGifaomfvnf; aumif;
BuD;xGm;rI&SdvmcJhonf/ þtopfaomtzGJYtpnf;onf b,fuJhodkY&Sdygoenf;/ olwdkY
onf vltkyfBuD;jzpfí OykofaeYwdkif;rSmqHkMuNyD; bk&m;ocifudk0wfjyKudk;uG,faeyg
ovm;/
xdkpum;udk toifhESvHk;oGif;rdaomolwdkYonf AwådZHudkcHí xdkaeYü
ta&twGuftm;jzifhoHk;axmifrQavmufaomolwdkYonf 0ifMu\/ xdkolrsm;
onf wrefawmfwdkY\qHk;rMo0g'udkcHjcif;? taygif;toif;zGJYjcif;? rkefYudk
zJhjcif;? yw¬emjyKjcif;wdkYudk tjrJaqmif&GufíaeMu\ (wrefawmf 2;41-
42)/
þonfrSm wrefawmfrsm;\toif;awmftoufwmtapmqHk;a&;om;csufrsm;
udkawGU&onf/ vlrsm;u AwådZHcH,lNyD;onfaemuf olwdkYonf tcsufav;csufwGif
yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ avhvmjcif;? rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;? tpm;taomufjyKjcif;ESifh
qka wmif ; yw¬ e mjyKjcif; wdk Y wGi f yg0ifM uonf / yg0if ½ Hk o mrubJ or®musrf ; pm\
azmfjycsufwGi f olwdkYonf þt&mav;csufu dktm½HkjyKMuonf / þav;csuf xJu
tpm;tpmpm;jcif;ESifh rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;onf ar;p&mr&Sdtkyfpktvdkufaqmif&GufMu
 153
&rnf/ þESpfcsufwdkYonf tkyfpki,frSmaqmif&Gufavh&Sdonfjzpfí tjcm;ESpfcsufudkvnf;
oifMum;rIESifhyw¬emjyKjcif;wdkYonfvnf; tkyfpki,frSmtaetxm;&Sdvdrfhrnf[k cefYrSef;
&onf/ þt&mrSm atmufygtwdkif;axmufcHrIjyKoGm;onf/
,HkMunfaomoltaygif;wdkYonf wpfpkwpfa0;wnf;aeojzifh rdrd
wdkYü&SdorQudkqufqHí oHk;aqmifMu\/ rdrdwdkYOpömypönf;rsm;udka&mif;
NyD;vQif vlrsm;qif;&Jonftwdkif; toD;oD;wdkYtm;a0iSjcif;udkjyKMu\/
xdk ol wd kY onfv nf ; Ad r mefa wmfü aeYwdk if ; tpOf wnDwnG wf wnf; aeí
udk,ftdrfürkefYudkzJhvsuf MunfjzL&Tifvef;0rf;ajrmufaompdwfESifh tpm
tm[m&udkoHk;aqmifMu\ (wrefawmf 2;44-46)/
uREfk yf wd kY awGU &onf um;? tpm;tpmrsm;udk rQa0pm;oH k; Muonfr Sm tdr fwGi f
jyKvkyfMuonf/ þonfrSm wpfae&mwnf;rSmawGUqHkMuonfr[kwfyg/ þtkyfpkrsm;onf
AdrmefawmfwGifrSefrSefawGUqHkMuonf/ odkY&mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh tdrfwGif;üawGUqHkMu
ygonf/ tjzpfrSm AwådZHcH,laomvloHk;axmifrQonf tkyfpki,ftm;jzifhcGJcsNyD; ,HkMunfol
wpf&mESifhESpfq,fwdkYu olwdkYtm;tpmauR;arG;jcif;ESifh rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;cH&onf/
yif a wuk a wå wG if wnf a xmifc J h aomtoif; awmf o nf vltk yf B uD; taejzif h
wpfae&mwnf;ürawGUqHkcJhMuyg/ csufcsif;yif tkyfpki,ftjzpf a,½I\yHkpHtkyfpki,f
toif;awmftjzpfvdkufemjcif;&Sdygonf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif c&pf,mefwpfa,muf
jzpfzdkYqdkonfrSm tdrftoif;awmfwGifyg0ifrIr&SdbJESifh c&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfzdkYcJ,Of;ygrnf/
tkyfpki,fvIyf&Sm;rI\a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif taMumif;t&mav;&yfyg0ifonf/ ,if;rSm
a,½I\oGefoifrIudkavhvmjcif;? þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk wrefawmfrsm;rSoifMum;
&onf/ rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;? rkefYudkzJh,ljcif;ESihf qkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/
þt&mrsm;onf tzGJYi,f\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tm;vHk;jzpfMuonf/ tzGJYi,ftaetxm;jzifh
a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf or®musrf;pmudkavhvmMuygonf/ vltenf;i,fom&Sdonf
jzpf í pum;ajym&mü wpfa Mumif ;wnf; pD ;qif; aomtjzpf r[kwf yg/ tjyeftvS ef
ajymjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf ar;vdk&mar;cGef;rsm;vnf;
ar;Muygrnf/ oifMum;rIonf usifh0wfwdkYESifhywfoufí qHk;rMo0g'jzifh&Sdrnfqdk
aomfvnf; tkyfpki,ftaetxm;wGif&Sdvdrfhrnf/
F-20
154
'kwd,taetxm;wGif rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;jzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf pka0;NyD;
avhvmoifMum;jcif;jyKNyD;aomtcgrSm 'DvdkyJxm;NyD;roGm;Muyg/ avhvmoifMum;a&;
jyKjcif;ESifhtwl olwdkYonf rdwfo[m,zGJY jcif;&if;ESD;rI&SdMuvdrfhrnf/ rdwfo[m,
zGJYjcif;\yHkpHudk usrf;csufwGifrazmfjyyg/ odkY&mwGif jzpf&yfrSm&Sif;ygonf/ wrefawmf
usrf;qdkcJhonfrSm olwdkYonf yg0ifywfoufrIt&mrsm;wGif csufcsif;yifrQa0jcif;&Sdyg
onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh oifMum;avhvmjcif;jyK&mü rQa0cHpm;csufjyK&if; vdktyfonf
rsm;udka wGU&Sd&í olwdkY onf tcsif;csif; ½dkif;yif;ulnD Muonf/ ,HkMunfo lrsm;onf
rdrdwdkYydkifqdkifaomypönf;rsm;udk oabmxm;BuD;BuD;jzifha&mif;csNyD; ,HkMunfoltcsif;csif;
wdkYudkulnDrpMuonf/ þjyKrlcsufonf teD;qHk;aomrdwfo[m,jyKjcif;jzpfonf/
a,½IoifMum;cJhonfrSm toif;awmfonf topfaomrdom;pkjzpf&rnf/ tzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yftm;jzifh usKd;yJhcJhaomvlom;rsm;\temw&rsm;udkukpm;ay;&rnf/ þa&S;OD;
toif;awmfrSm rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;wdkYonf a,½IoifMum;onfhtwdkif;tvkyfjzpfaeyg
onf/ usrf;pmwGifazmfjyonfrSm? ]]rdrdwdkYü&Sdonfrsm;udk}} [lí tcsif;csif;vdktyfcsuf
rsm;ESifhrQa0Edkifaomt&mrsm;udk ulnDrpMuonf/ olwdkYonf yGifhvif;aomtzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yf jzpf onf/ aysmuf uG,f aeaom{'ifO,smOf \us½IH;rIonf z,f&Sm;jcif;cH &í
,HkMunfolrsm;onf yGifhyGifhvif;vif;jzifh olwdkY\oHo,&SdrI? olwdkY\½kef;uefrI? olwdkY\
jyóemtoD;oD;wdkYudk rQa0cHpm;EdkifMuonf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;pD&ifrIr&Sdyg/ ppfrSefaom
ulnD½dkif;yif;rIom&Sdygonf/ urÇmay:wGifaygrsm;cJhaom'ku©okcESifhtvkyfrjzpfaom
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwdkYonf þa&S;OD;c&pf,mefrsm;\rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;wGif z,f&Sm;
jcif;cH&onf/
wwd,taetxm;rSm? a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif olwdkYonf twlwuGtpmpm;
Muonf/ tkyfpkwpfpkonf taumif;qHk;*a[qufenf;rSm twlwuGtpmpm;jcif;jzpf
ygonf/ tpmpm;jcif;rSm rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;ESifhtwl vufwGJíoGm;Muonf/ a&S;OD;
toif;awmfwGif rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;onf tvGefBuD;rm;jcif;&Sdí þ,HkMunfolrsm;onf
twlwuGaeYwdkif;tpmpm;Muonf/ rkefYudkzJhjcif;tvkyfudk tdrfawGrSmjyKvkyfMuygonf/
þrkefYudkzJhípm;aomufjcif;onf BuD;rm;aomvlpkvla0;jzifhoauFwtjzpfaqmif&Guf
jcif;r[kwfbJ? ppfrSefaomrdwfo[m,aygif;oif;jcif;jzifh tpm;tpmudka0iSpm;aomuf
jcif;jzpfonf/
 155
pwkw¬ESifhaemufqHk;taetxm;rSm a&S;OD;toif;awmfü qkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;
jzpfo nf/ twlwuGqk awmif ;jcif; onf tzGJY tpnf;wpf& yfu dk cd kif rmjcif ;&S donf/
0dnmOfa&;cGeftm;vnf;&&Sdygonf/ vlrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm; wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;rQa0cHpm;jcif;? tm;enf;csufrsm;udkxkwfazmfí rQa0cHpm;MuvQif tzGJYi,frS
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;cGeftm;rsm;0dkif;0ef;yHhydk;MupjrJ&SdMuygonf/ tkyfpki,fonf ydkípnf;urf;
&Sdonf/ þqkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;onf tzGJYi,fwGifaeYwdkif;jyKvkyfavh&Sdí uREfkyfwdkY
rSef;qEdkifonfrSm þuJhodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf a&S;OD;,HkMunfolrsm;tm; teD;uyfqHk;aom
qGJaqmifrI&&Sdí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;o[mZmw&SdMuonf/
þtoif;awmfonf tpOD;ü wynfhawmfrsm;udk {0Ha*vdw&m;awmftm;jzifh
yifawuk awåtjzpftysufr sm;jzifh twlwuGpk½Hk;jcif;cH &onf/ wpfae&mwnf;wGif
BuD;rm;aomtoif;awmfrjzpfyg/ toif;awmfonf tzGJYi,ftpktrsm;BuD;jzifhzGJYpnf;
jcif ; cH & onf / "r® o pf u srf ; toif ; awmf r S wref a wmf 0 w¬ K usrf ; toif ; awmf o nf
toif ;awmf BuD ;jzpf í tzG JYi ,f yg0ifa omtoif; awmfr [kwfy g/ toif; awmfo nf
tzGJYi,frsm;jzpfMuonf/ ppfrSefaomrdwfo[m, Koinonia - onf wynfhawmfrsm;
twGif;jzpfay:vsuf&Sdygonf/
odkY&mwGif koinonia onf cHpm;csuftm;jzifh wpfckckudkopfqef;í
vG wf v G wf vyf v yf jzpf j cif ; ud k azmf j yvsuf & S do nf / tqd k j yKcsuf t&rS m
wnDwnGwfwnf;ESifh pdwfoabmwlnDrI&Sdjcif;onf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOf
awmfrSo,faqmifvmjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfoD;yk*¾vwpfOD;csif;onf tzGJY
wpf&yfrSvHk;0axmufcHrI&Sdonf/
þt&mrS m ppf r S e f a omrd wf o [m,jzpf y gonf / tzG J Y t pnf ; wpf & yf o nf
jyefv nfí&Sif oef cJho nf/ ,d kifv Jjcif; tjzpfrS usKd;yJhc Jha omtjzpf onf jyefvnfí
ukpm;jcif;cH&onf/ csKyfaESmifjcif;cH&onfudk vGwfajrmufzdkYjyKjyifay;onf/ þt&m
rsm;onf topfzGJYpnf;xm;aomtoif;awmfwGifjzpfajrmufcJhygonf/ a,½I\trIawmf
onf usKd;yJhaomt&mrsm;udkaysmufuif;atmifukpm;zdkYjzpfonf/
avhvmoifMum;ydkYcsjcif;wGif csdefqrI&Sdonf? rdwfo[m,&Sdonf?
vI yf & S m;vk yf u d ki f r I &S d o nf (tpm;tpm)? 0d n mOf a &;wm0ef ,l rI & S do nf
156
(qkawmif;yw¬em) &Sdonf/ avxkonf vQyfpD;pD;vsuf&Sdonf/ tHhMorI
oabmw&m;? pdwf oabmnD nGwfjcif;ESif h csD; rGr f;axmrem&SdM uonf/
vlrsm;onfwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;*½kpdkufulnDrpMuonf/ olwdkYypönf;OpömESifh
ydkifqdkifrIwdkYudka&mif;csí vdktyfaomolwdkYESifhrQa0oHk;pm;onf/ þvIyf&Sm;rI
tiftm;onf vltm;vHk;wdkY\axmufcHrIudk&&Sdygonf/ 0dnmOfa&;wdk;wuf
BuD;xGm;rIESifhta&twGufrsm;jym;vmrIonfjrifomygonf/ bk&m;ocif
onf olwdkY\tMum;rSm tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sdonf/
tcsKdU aomolwdk YrS m a&S;OD ;toif;awmfo nf tdrf wGif pk½H k;0wfjyKudk ;uG,fjcif;
jyKonfrSm n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;&SdonfaMumifhjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif a&S;OD;c&pf,mef
rsm;udk ,k'*dkPf;cGJtjzpf,lqMuonfjzpfí w&m;r0ifaomtzGJYtpnf;tjzpfaMunm
jcif;r&Sd cJhyg/ ¤if; rSmaemufrSj zpfvmaomudp öyg/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf ,k'vlrsm;u
n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;cH&onfrSm rSefygonf/ odkY&mwGif ,HkMunfolrsm;onf pka0;Mu
jcif;rSm vQKdU0SufpGmjyK&onfhtaMumif;t&mwpfpHkwpfckrQr&Sdyg/ vloHk;axmifonf tdrfwGif
aeYpOfpk½Hk;MuonfrSm owif;aygufMum;&efrcufyg/ olwdkYonf ydkíus,faomae&mrSm
pk½Hk;zdkYydkívG,fulygrnf/ tdrfwGifpk½Hk;rnfhtpm; tjcm;aomenf;vrf;&SmzdkY&Sdygvdrfhrnf/
odkY&mwGif tdrfudka&G;&jcif;rSm tdrfonf vlOD;a&qHhzdkYenf;yg;jcif;&Sdonf/ xdkacwf
xdktcgrSm tdrfBuD;tdrfaumif;qdkvQif vloHk;q,frSoHk;q,fig;a,mufqHhygvdrfhrnf/
tjcm;tdrfrsm;rSm ydkíi,fNyD; vlq,fa,muf? q,fhig;a,mufomqHhrnf/ vloHk;axmif
qHhzdkY tdrftrsm;BuD;&SmzdkYvdktyfvdrfhrnf/ þrsm;jym;aomawGYqHk&mae&mrsm;vdktyfonfrSm
tjriftm;jzifh c&pf,mefrsm;onf ae&mwumü&SdaeMuonf/
bmaMumifhc&pf,mefrsm;onf tdrfwGifpk½Hk;MuzdkYa&G;cs,fygoenf;/ taMumif;rSm
a,½Ionf xdkodkYvlrItzGJYtpnf;tcif;tusif;udk yHkpHtm;jzifhzefwD;ay;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí
a,½I \ erl e mud k v d k u f a vQmuf j cif ; jzpf y gonf / Robert Banks tjrif r S m? a&S ; OD ;
toif ;awmf\ rdo m;pk toG i fj zif h td r fr S mpk ½H k ;jcif; onf þa&S; OD ;c&pf ,mef r sm;ud k
taumif;qHk;aomywf0ef;usifwGif olwdkY\,HkMunfcsufudk olwdkYtwlwuG,HkMunfMu
jcif;jzpfonf/
 157
tdrfajctao;onf pk½Hk;zdkYae&mtm;jzifh a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;\zGJYpnf;yHkjzpf
onf/ taMumif;rSm a&mrtifyg,mtESHYwGif wnfaxmifcJhygonf/ tdrfonf qufvufí
tajccHpk½Hk;jcif;ae&mtjzpf a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;twGufjzpfcJhonf/ pk½Hk;jcif;ae&m
taetxm;wGif toif;awmfudkao;ao;uav;jzpfapygonf/ xdkaemuf toif;om;
rsm;rSm BuD;xGm;vmonftavsmuf tkyfpkrsm;rsm;ay:vmapygonf/ A[dktcsuftcsm
tpkta0;BuD;rjzpfvmyg/
tdrftoif;awmfrsm;onf ,HkMunfolrsm;\oD;jcm;tkyfpkrsm;jzpfovm;?
odkYwnf;r[kwf ydkBuD;aomtoif;awmf\wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzpfonfvm;udk
aocsmrodMuyg/ jzpfEdkifonfum;? tdrftao;awG&Jhrdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;\
wnfa qmufyH konf NrKdYwpf NrKdY odkYr[kwf a'owpfck\ wnfaqmufrI
taqmufttHkwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ a&S;OD;wynfhawmfrsm;onf tzGJYtpnf;
tao;rS mawGYqHkMuNyD; omreftdrf uav;rSm tqifajypGm&SdMuygonf/
(Oyrmtm;jzifh? jypfudvESifhtmukvwdkYonf &GufzsifwJt&SifcsKyfolrsm;
jzpfí csrf;omrnfr[kwfyg- wrefawmf 18;2? 3)/
ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; om;rsm;onf tu,f í om þtoif ; awmf r sm;onf
toif;BuD;wpfoif;\wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzpfNyD; wpfenf;tm;jzifhqufoG,frI&SdonfrSm
wrefawmfq,fhESpfyg;tm;jzifhajymvQif vufcHEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYü
wpfckpDtaejzifh NyD;jynfhpHkrI&Sdonf/ olwdkYonf ydkíBuD;aomtoif;awmfESifhaygif;pnf;í
toif;awmfjzpfzdkYrvdkyg/ taMumif;rSm a,½Ionf ajymjycJh&mü vlESpfOD;oHk;OD;pk½Hk;
aomtcgrSm ol\emrawmftm;jzifhjzpfvQif olonf olwdkYESifh&Sdrnf/ þodkYjzpfvQif
tdrf\rdwfo[m,wpfckcsif;onf toif;awmftjzpf jynfhpHkrIoabmtjynfht0&Sdonf/
ol wd kY onf yd kí BuD;aomtzGJ YE Si fh qufoG ,f rI &S da omfv nf ; olwdk Yo nf toif; awmf
wpfoif;jzpfrnf/ tm;vHk;wdkYrSm xdkrdwfo[m,wpfckwnf;jzifh vlwdkif;u c&pfawmfü
aysmf&TifrI&Sdrnf/ odkY&mwGif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;eD;pyfrI&Sdaomrdwfo[m,onf ,HkMunf
olrsm;rS wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tdrfrSmawGUqHkaomtcgrSm &&SdEdkifaomt&mjzpfygonf/
þtzGJYi,ftaetxm;onf toif;awmfjzpfjcif;rSm ESpfaygif;oHk;&meD;yg;qufí
jzpfy gonf/ uGef pwefwd kif ;acwftxd toif ;awmfr sm;udk tzGJY tpnf ;BuD;wpf& yf
158
aMunmrIj yKaomtcsd efx d& Si fo efc Jh onf/ tH hz G,faumif; onfrS m tzGJ Yi,fr sm;onf
toif;awmfrsm;vmí BuD;xGm;vmrIrSm taqmuftODrsm;rsm;rvdkbJESifh BuD;xGm;vm
Edkifonf/ tzGJYtpnf;BuD;rsm;ESifh vltkyfBuD;rsm;pk½Hk;rIBuD;rsm;r&SdbJESifh rsm;jym;vmEdkif
onf/ toif;awmfonf tzGJYi,ftm;jzifh c&pf,mefrsm;twGuf yHkrSef&SdonfrSm yxr
ESpfoHk;&mwGifqufíjzpfcJhonf/
xdkYaemufpOf;pm;&efrSm þtoif;awmfrsm;onf c&pf,mefrsm;vIyf&Sm;rItm;vHk;
twGuf tcsuftcsmA[dkwpf&yfjzpfonf/ toif;awmfonf a,½k&SvifNrKdUudkausmfvGefNyD;
yGm;rsm;vmonfh tcgrS m tpOD ;ydki f;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf toif;awmfud kpwifr nf?
toif; awmf v lB uD ;rsm;ud ka vh usifh ay;í Munf h½ Ia pmif r zd kY jyKNyD; aomtcgrSm olwdk Y
xGufcGmoGm;onf/ tdrftoif;awmfrsm;onf tultnDtrtpwdkYudk udk,fh[mESifhudk,f
jyKvk y f & onf / ygpwmrsm;tjyif u aeac:vmzd k Y rvd k y g/ wnf a xmif o G m ;aom
toif ;awmf wpf ck o nf vl trsm;BuD ; wd k Yo nf wpf ae&mwnf; rS mpk ½ Hk ; rI & Sd aomtcg
vdktyfo nfhjyKpkapmif ha&SmufrIray;Edkifyg/ tv,fA [dkcsKyfudkif rIudkavQmhNyD ; tdrf\
tzGJYi,fawGUqHkrIonf tqifajypHjyjzpfygonf/ þtoif;awmfrsKd;onf c&pfawmf\
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudka&mifjyef[yfEdkifonfjzpfí toif;awmfBuD;\aiGaMu;o,HZmw
udkygcsKyfudkifrIrjyKyg/ toif;awmf\y&dowfrsm;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;udkygxdef;odrf;ay;Edkif
onf/ "r®trIaqmifrsm;onf qufvufítopfaom,HkMunfolrsm;\tkyfpkrsm;udk
aqmufwnfay;Edkifonf/ urÇmtESHYrSm ,HkMunfolrsm;tzGJYudkwnfaqmufEdkifonf/
olwd kYtm;avh usifhoif Mum;ay;í tkyfpk i,frsm;taetxm;t& ,HkMunfolrsm;tzGJY
tpnf;wpf&yftjzpf tjyeftvSeftultnDtrtpay;Edkifonf/
,aeYqdkvQif toif;awmfonf "r®opfusrf;\yHkpHrSpGefYcGmcJhygonf/ w&m;0if
wnfaxmifcJhaomtoif;awmfrsm;onf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf\vIyf&Sm;rIudkray;aqmif
Edk ifawmhyg/ aemufN yD; tdrf toif ;awmfrsm;udk ,cifu½k yf<uif;½kyfu sefy if,l qí
pGefYvTwfcJhygonf/ odkY&mwGif acwfopftzGJYi,fvIyf&Sm;rIonf tultnDay;í arhavsmh
cJhaomc&pfawmf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk tm;jznfhíjyefvnfwnfaqmufEdkifyg
onf/ toif;om;rsm;tjyeftvSefulnDrpjcif;trIudk or®musrf;pmESifhtnD ,HkMunf
jcif;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;udkwnfaqmufEdkifygonf/
 159
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k olwpfOD;wpfa,mufonfvnf; tzGJYtpnf;wGifyg0ifrIr&SdvQif c&pf,mefrjzpfEdkifyg/
wrefawmf &Sif aygvk onf wrefawmfusrf;pmtkyfü azmfj ycJha om toif;awmf
trsm;pkudkwnfaxmifcJhygonf/ olqufNyD;yifawukawåaeYyHkpHjzifh tdrftoif;awmf
rsm;udk wnfa qmuf cJ ho nf / rdwfo [m,jyKEd ki f& ef &yf wnfc Jh onf/ &Si fa ygvk onf
tzGJYydkiftaqmufttHkrsm;jzifh AdrmefawmfESifhwlaomtoif;awmfudkwnfaxmifoGm;Edkif
onf/ odkY&mwGif wrifwumtdrftoif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmifoGm;&efa&G;cs,fcJhonf/
tzGJYzGJY&eftwGuf tajccHxm;onf/ xdkt&mrSm a,½Iu olwdkYudkoGefoifcJhí vdkufem
jcif;jzpfygonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ol\trIawmfaqmifjcif;c&D;pOfrsm;udk vlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif
tjcm;wynfhawmfrsm;ESifhtwl c&pfawmftm;emcHí ESpfa,mufwpfwGJESpfa,mufwpfwGJ
tm;jzifh xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ wpfcgwpf&H &Sifaygvk? AmeA? rmukwdkYESifh tjcm;aom
tcsdefrsm;wGif olESifho dvwdkYtwloGm;Muonf/ &Sifaygvk ESifhol\tzGJYom;wdkYonf
vlawGudk&SmNyD; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk wpfOD;csif;tvdkuf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;vufcH
&&Sdjcif;udkaysmfarGUaponf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf trIawmfaqmuf&Guf&mü tzGJYvdkuf
aqmif&GufrI&Sdonf? wpfOD;wpfa,mufcsif;tvdkufraqmif&Gufyg/ taMumif;rSm yxr
&mpkESpftoif;awmfonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk vlrItzGJYtpnf;udktajccHjyKjcif;jzifh
aqmif&Gufygonf/ odkY&mwGif ESpfq,f&mpkwGif wpfOD;csif;tvdkufaqmif&GufrI&Sdonf/
trIawmfaqmifr sm;onf wpf OD;csif ;tvd kuf 0dn mOf rsm;udk wpfO D;NyD;wpfO D;ud k&&Sdzd kY
BuKd;pm;Muonf/
yxr&mpkE Spfc&pf,mefrsm;onf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkjzefYjzL;&mü toif;
tzGJYtvdkufaqmif&GufNyD; toif;tzGJYwGif&nfpl;jcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm c&pfawmf
onf toif;tzGJYtopfwpf&yfudkapcdkif;í tzGJYtpnf;{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk ol\
trIa wmf aqmif &G ufj cif; wpf avQmufv Hk; ü yHk pH tm;jzifh aqmif &G uf cJh ygonf / a&S ;OD;
wynfhawmfrsm;vnf;rwwfEdkifyg/ olwdkYudk a,½IuoifMum;avhusifhay;í olwdkYonf
vnf; oifMum;onftwdkif; vufawGUusifhoHk;&onf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGifusifhoHk;
160
cJhaomyHkpHrSm c&pf,mefjzpfjcif;onf tzGJYtpnf;rygbJESifh c&pf,mefrsm;r&SdEdkifyg/
odkYjzpfí &Sifaygvkonf toif;awmfudkwnfaxmif&mü toif;tzGJYjzpfzdkY&ef
wnfaxmifcJhonf/ þtoif;awmfrsm;onf cHwyfBuD;wpf&yfr[kwfyg/ odkYr[kwf
c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;awmfBuD;r[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf tdrftoif;awmfuav;rsm;
jzpfí wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf 0ifa&mufNyD; tjcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;ESifh ppfrSefaom
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfusifhoHk;Edkifonf/ þjzpf&yfrSm rawmfwqjzpf&yfr[kwfyg/ &Sifaygvku
wrif&nf&G,fonfh r[mAsL[mjzpfygonf/ yHkpHtm;jzifh c&pfawmfajymonftwdkif;
&SifaygvkemcHjcif;jzpfygonf/
&Sifaygvk\t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfonf a&mr 12 ESifh 1aum&defok
12 wGif pifNyKdifíawGUEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí 0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;taMumif;udk toif;
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf aqG;aEG;cJhonf/
Oyrmum;? udk,fwpfckü t*Fgtrsm;&Sdonfjzpfí xdkt*Fgrsm;onf
aqmif&Gufp&mtrIwpfckwnf;r&SdouJhodkY? xdkYtwl? trsm;jzpfaomigwdkY
onf c&pfawmfüwpfudk,fwnf;jzpfí? toD;oD;t*Fgcsif;jzpfMu\ (a&mr
12;4-5)/
þrSm&Sifaygvkonf av;av;eufeufajymoGm;onfrSm c&pf,meftm;vHk;wdkYonf
udk,fxnfwpfckvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwdkYonf tzGJYtpnf;wpfckwGif
&Sifoefvsufwnf&Sdonf/ oD;jcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;twGuf ae&mr&Sdyg/ &Sifaygvku
qd ko nf ? c&pf ,mef wpfO D; jzpf zd kY qd ko nf rS m tzGJ Ytpnf; wpfc ktwG if ;ü tjcm;aom
c&pf,mefrsm;ESifhtwl&SdEdkif&rnf/ olwdkYrSm woD;wjcm;toif;0ifrsm;jzpfonfrubJ
]]toif;0iftcsif;csif;jzpfMuonf/}} &Sifaygvktaejzifh toif;om;jzpfzdkYwpfckwnf;
omr[kwfb J? toif;tzGJYwG if,HkMunfolrsm;onf wpfOD;ESif hwpfOD;tjyeftvS efrSDcdk
tm;xm;Edk if &rnf / &S if aygvk u rS ef cJ ho nf &S da omf? yk *¾ dK vf wpfO D; wpfa ,muf onf
toif; awmfwpfck wGif toif; om;rsm;jzpfa omf vnf ; tzGJ Ytpnf;ywf0 ef; usifwG if
tjcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;ESifhaygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh tcsif;csif;rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;r&Sdygu
olwdkYonf "r®opfusrf;oabmw&m;tm;jzifh trSefwu,fc&pf,mefrsm;rjzpfaMumif;
 161
oufa&mufaeygonf/ c&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfzdkYqdkonfrSm tkyfpkwpfpkwGif tzGJY0ifjzpfNyD;
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rSDcdktm;xm;rI&Sd&rnf/ tzGJYtpnf;wpfckwGif tjyeftvSefrSDcdktm;xm;rI
r&S dvQif c&pfawmf\toif; awmf r[kwfEdk ifyg/ ,H kMunfrI& Sdonf[ka jymaomfv nf;
c&pfawmf\toif;awmfr[kwfEdkifyg/ þonfrSm tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftay:ü þuJhodkY
&Sifaygvkem;vnfrI&Sdonf/
arwåmpdwfonf vQKdY0Sufjcif;ESifhuif;apavmh/ qdk;npfaomtrIudk
puf q k y f ½ G H & S mMuavmh / aumif ; rG e f a omtrI ü rS D 0 J q nf ; uyf M uavmh /
nDtpfudkcspfjcif;t&mrSm yuwdaygufazmfuJhodkY wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf
pHkrufMuavmh/ csD;rGrf;jcif;t&mrSm olwpfyg;udkudk,fxufcsD;ajr§mufMu
avmh/ tm;xkwfjcif;t&mrSm ysif;&djcif;r&SdbJvsuf? pdwfwef;ojzifh ocif
bk&m;\tvdkawmfodkYvdkufí tm;xkwfMuavmh/ arQmfvifhvsuf0rf;ajrmuf
Muavmh/ qif;&J'ku©a&mufaomtcg onf;cHMuavmh/ qkawmif;yw¬em
jyKjcif;trIudk tjrJjyKMuavmh/ oefY&Sif;olwdkYonf qif;&Jaomtcg a0iS
ay;urf;Muavmh/ tm*EÅKwdkYtm; {nfhonf0wfudkBuKd;pm;íjyKMuavmh/
oifwdkYudkn§Of;qJa omolwdkYtzdkY arwåmydkYMuavmh/ usd efqJjcif;udkrjyK?
arwåmydkYjcif;udkomjyKMuavmh/ 0rf;ajrmufaomolwdkYESifhtwl 0rf;ajrmuf
jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? idka<u;aomolwdkYESifhtwl idka<u;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
jyKMuavmh/ tcsif ;csif;pd wfoabmwnD wnGwfwnf ;&SdM uavmh/ *kPf
pnf;pdrfudkiJhuGufjcif;r&SdMuESifh/ ESdrfhcsaomolwdkYudk taygif;tazmfvkyf
Muavmh/ igonf ynm&Sd\[kudk,fudkrxifMuESifh/ tb,foludkrQ&efwHkY
rrl MuES i fh / vltaygif ;wdk Y a&SU rS m wif h w,fa vsmuf ywf aomtusifh ud k
MuHp nfM uavmh / oifwdk Yonf wwf Edk ifo rQtwd kif ; vltaygif ;wd kYE Si fh
toifhtwifhaeMuavmh (a&mr 12;9-18)/
þonfrSm tcsuftcsmjzpfaom ]]wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;}} jzpfaomtaMumif;t&monf
"r®opfusrf;wGifawGU&onf/ ]]wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;}} usrf;csufonf trSefwu,ftm;jzifh
&Sifaygvk\tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftaMumif;em;vnfcJhaombmoma&;tjrifjzpfygonf/
þtzGJYtpnf;wGifom trSefwu,fulnDrpjcif;? Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;&SdEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
F-21
162
c&pf,mefrsm;onf bk&m;ocifudkwpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;jzifh trIawmfaqmifay;&ef
ac:awmfrljcif;rjyKyg/ tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf tjcm;olrsm;ESifhapcdkif;jcif;jzpfygonf/
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tjyeftvSefulnDrI&Sdonf? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;cspfcifMurnf? wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;aysmfarGYjcif;&SdEdkifrnf? ponftm;jzifh þonfrSm ppfrSefaomc&pf,mefwdkY\
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf\xifay:aomvu©Pmjzpfonf/
1aum&defok 12 wGif &Sifaygvkonf qufvufí toif;awmfwGif 0dnmOfa&;
qkaus;Zl;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;rIjyKcJhonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf vlwpfOD;
csif;tm;qkaus;Zl;udkay;Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkqkaus;Zl;udk oD;oefYwpfOD;csif;u
toHk;rjyK&yg/ toHk;jyK&mwGif tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfrSm toHk;jyK&rnf/ c&pf,mefwdkif;
onf rdrdwdkY\qkaus;Zl;udktoHk;jyKoGm;vQif toif;awmfonf jynfhpHkrI&Sdvdrfhrnf/
od kYa omfvnf; toif; om;rsm;wpfO D; wpf a,muf u xdkq ka us;Zl; ud ktoHk; rjyKygu
udk,fcE¨monf epfemoGm;ygrnf/ udk,fcE¨monf qufvufí&SifoefaeOD;rnf? odkY&mwGif
tpdwftydkif;tm;vHk;utwlwuGvIyf&Sm;aeouJhodkY xda&mufpGmr&SifoefEdkifawmhyg/
&Sifaygvk\tjcm;aomt"duusrf;csufjzpfaom qkaus;Zl;taMumif;udk a&mr 12 wGif
udk ,f c E¨ mtaMumif; udk toH k; rjyKbJ toif; awmftm;oabmw&m;tm;jzif h ouf &S d
wpfckvHk;tjzpfajymygonf/ xdkt&mrSm ]]0dnmOfa&;nDnGwfrI&Sdaom qkaus;Zl;jynfh0
onfhc&pf,mefrsm;}} jzpfMuonf/ þtESpfom&onf &Sifaygvk\toif;awmftay:
tjrif&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ udk,fcE¨mwpfckwGif vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd;jzifh tzGJY0ifrsm;ESifh
nDnGwfrI&SdpGm o[Zmw&SdpGm c&pfawmfOD;acgif;tjzpfyHkaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrmum;? udk,fwpfckwnf;ü t*Fgtrsm;&Sdonfjzpfí xdkwpfckwnf;
aomudk,f\t*Fgtaygif;wdkYonf rsm;vsufESifh udk,fwpfckwnf;jzpfouJhodkY
xdkenf;wlc&pfawmfjzpf\/ taMumif;rlum;? ,k'vljzpfap? a[vovl
jzpfap? uRefjzpfap? vlvGwfjzpfap? igwdkY&SdorQonf 0dnmOfawmfwpfyg;
wnf;tm;jzifh wpfudk,fwnf;xJodkY AwådZHudkcHMu\/ igwdkY&SdorQonf
wpf p d wfwpf 0 d n mOf wnf ;xJ o d k Y v nf ; aomuf M u\/ ud k ,f onf t*F g
wpfckwnf;&Sdonfr[kwf? trsm;&Sdonf (1aum&defok 12;12-14)/
 163
þwGif &Sifaygvk\tcsuftcsmtzGJYtpnf;\ bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufjzpfonf/
c&pf,mefrsm;onf trSefwu,ftm;jzifh udk,fxJodkYAwådZHcH,lMuonf/ AwådZHcH,ljcif;
onf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGifyg0ifjcif;r&SdaMumif; t&dyfta,mifwpfckrQazmfjyjcif;
r&Sd yg/ tcsKdUaomajrmfvif hjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf tMuHjyKoGm;onf rSm vlr sm;u
AwådZHcH,lMuaomfvnf; tzGJYtpnf;wGif toif;om;rjzpfoGm;yg/ &Sifaygvktaejzifh
þodkYjzpfvQif bmoma&;t,ltqESifhqefYusif&ma&mufonf/ AwådZHcH,ljcif;onf
,HkMunfolwpfOD;tm; tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfESifhqufoG,fay;jcif;usifhpOfwpfckjzpfonf/
&Sifaygvktaejzifh tjrif&SdonfrSm toif;om;wpfOD;jzpfonfomrubJ tzGJYtpnf;
wGifyg0ifrI&Sd&rnf/ olonf a&mr 12 wGifazmfjyNyD;onftwdkif; tjyeftvSefulnD
rpjcif; ES ifh jyKpk apmif ha&Smufj cif;&Sd &rnf/ yg0ifywfo ufr I&S do nfr Sm tzGJ Ytpnf ;\
tm;tenf;qHk;tpdwftydkif;wdkYud kulnD&rnf/ trSeftm;jzifh tm;tenf;qHk ;olonf
txl;*½kpdkuf&ygrnf/ olwdkYonf txl;*½kpdkuf&rnfhol? tvkyfydkvkyfay;&rnf/
trS e f t m;jzif h "r® o pf u srf ; t& oabmxm;rS m? trI a wmf a qmif j cif ; onf
c&pfawmf\udk,fxnfrygbJESifh rnfonfhtrIawmfaqmifjcif;r&SdEdkifyg/ &Sifaygvkonf
toif; awmftm; wpfO D; wpf a,muf yk *¾ vd u trIa wmf aqmif& G uf jcif; ? tzG JY tpnf ;
wpf&yftm;jzifh trIawmfaqmif&Guf&efac:qdkjcif;jzpfonf/
tcsKyfrSm pdwf"mwfjyif;jyaomwpfOD;csif;\BuKd;yrf;csufESifhqefYusifí
&Sifaygvkonf tav;xm;ajymjyonfrSm c&pf,mefwdkY\tawGUtBuKHrSm
oefY&S if;aom0dnmOfawmfonf udk,fxnfud kjyKjyifjcif; (qufíjyKvkyf
jcif;onf)? OD;wnfcsufwdkYrSm udk,f\aumif;usKd;twGuf 0dnmOfawmfudk
vl t oD ; oD ; wd k Y tm;xif & S m ;pG may;awmf r l v suf & S d \ (1aum 12;7)/
tu,fíom þ 1aum&de fok 12 \&S if;jycsuf udkvufcHr nfqdk ygu
qufítrSefw&m;jzpfonfh c&pfawmf\udk,fxnfrSm c&pf,mefwdkY\pnf;vHk;
nDnGwfrIudk 0dnmOfawmfüwnf&Sdygonf/ tac:ta0:rSm c&pfawmf\
udk,fxnf[kac:qdkygonf (0dnmOfawmf\udk,fxnfr[kwfyg)/ taMumif;rSm
c&pfawmf \0dnmOfawmfonf olwdkYudkcsnfaESmifjcif;jzpfonf/ þed*Hk;csKyf
onf ,ckjyKvkyfaeaomppfaq;rItwGufta&;BuD;ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
ajymqdkE dki fonfu m;? &S ifa ygvktwGuf rSmrl c&pf,mef tzG JYtpnf ;wG if
164
trIawmfaqmif jcif;onf c&pfawmf\0dnmOfawmf ürlwnfonfh twGuf
c&pf a wmf o nf trI a wmf a qmif j cif ; qk a us;Zl ; ud k tyf E S i f ; ol j zpf í
(wpf B ud r f wnf ; wG i f ) tjyef tvS e f & S d a ompnf ; vH k ; nD n G wf r I z ef w D ; í
tjyeftvSef0dnmOfawmftusKd;jyKaomvlrsm;udkzefqif;cJhonf? c&pfawmf
\udk,fxnf[líac:qdk&rnf/
Kruse u 0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;cH&aomudk,fudk c&pfawmfzefqif;cJhí ajymqdk
aompum;rSm þudk,fonfwnf&Sd&jcif;rSm 0dnmOfawmf\ Charismata tay:üom
rSDcdk&ygonf/ þ0dnmOfa&;ay;tyfjcif;cH&onfrsm;rSm vlwpfOD;csif;tm; wpfrsKd;pD
t&nftcsif;rsm;ay;tyfjcif;cH&í trIawmfaqmif&GufzdkY wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rSDcdktm;xm;í
toif;awmftm; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tay:rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;jyKygonf/ tjcm;wpfOD;tay:ü
ociftjzpftrIawmfaqmifjcif;r[kwfyg/ trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf wpfOD;tay:wpfOD;
rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;jzpfí tvGefxl;jcm;aombmoma&;e,fy,fwGif&Sdonf? yxr&mpkESpf
rsm;wGifrubJ ,cktcsdeftcgüyifvQif xl;jcm;ygonf/ {zuf 4 wGif &Sifaygvku
csJUxGifNyD;ajymonfrSm udk,fcE¨mudk wpfckESifhwpfckqufay;aomtqufwdkYrSm udk,fxnf
udkcspfjcif;arwåmESifhqufay;xm;onf/ þtqufrsm;onf vkyfaqmifcsufay;aom
t&mrSm toif;om;rsm;wpfOD;tay:wpfOD;cspfjcif;arwåmjzifh jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;jzpf
onf/ þtjyeftvSefcspfjcif;arwåmrSwpfqifh c&pfawmfonf toif;awmf\OD;acgif;
jzpfonfESifhtm;avsmfpGm toif;awmfudkauR;arG;í &Sifoefapygonf/ &Sifaygvk\
aumavmoJtoif;awmfodkY Mo0g'pmudkaqG;aEG;&mü Kruse onf ed*Hk;csKyftaejzifh
udk,fcE¨mudkwifpm;ítoHk;jyKjcif;onf c&pfawmf\OD;acgif;ae&mudkjzpfí &Sif;jyjcif;
jzpfygonf / c&pfawmfonf toif;awmfudkauR;arG; &mü udk,fcE¨m\tpd wftydkif;
jzpfaomtoif;om;rsm;rSwpfqifh auR;arG;jcif;jzpfonf/ toif;om;rsm;onf tm;vHk;u
OD;acgif;ESifhtquftoG,f&Sdonf/ &Sifaygvktaejzifh c&pfawmfonf toif;awmfudk
wnfaqmuf&mü toif;0ifrsm;onf tjyeftvSeftm;udk;tm;xm;&SdMuonf/
bk&m;ocifonf toif;awmfudk qkaus;Zl;udkay;&mü {zuf 4 wGifazmfjyonfh
twdkif; toif;awmfudkay;jcif;onf tjyeftvSeftm;udk;rI&SdaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;
jzpfonf/ Kruse \tjrifrSm?
 165
{zufwGifvnf;? c&pfawmf\aqmif&Gufcsufonf toif;awmf\
txl;trIawmfaqmif\tcGifhta&;rubJ ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf
tcGifhta&;jzpfygonf/ opöm&SdpGmwm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;udk toufwmwGif
xrf;&Gufjcif;onf c&pfawmfvufcHEdkifaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
&Sifaygvk\xl;jcm;aom"r®opfusrf;acwftoif;om;rsm;\Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;
taMumif;udk em;vnfoabmaygufyHkudk ppfaq;NyD;aomtcgrSm Kruse onf &Sifaygvk
toH k; jyKcJ h aomud k ,f cE¨ mwif pm;csuf r Sm xl ; uJ rI & S d N yD; ol \ ta&;tom;rS mvnf ;
wpfpxufwpfpzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmaom udk,fcE¨mtoufwmtaMumif;em;vnfrIwGif
ajymif;vJrIr&SdaMumif; e*Hk;csKyfvdkufonf/ þt&mrSm tHhMop&mr[kwfyg/ a,½Ionf
ol \wynf ha wmf rsm;ESi f h tzG J Y tpnf ; wpf & yfx l a xmif & mü þtcsuf tvuf r sm;ud k
awGY&ygonf/ &Sifaygvk\bmoma&;tjrifwdkYonf a,½IxHrSvmonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyygonf/ a,½Ionf toif; awmftm;tzGJYtpnf ;wpf&yfem;vnfrI&S djcif;onf
xl ;uJaomt&mjzpfo nf/ &Sif aygvk onf a,½I\ oGe fo ifc sufrsm;udk omcsJUxGi fí
a&;om;jcif;jzpfygonf/
tajccHtm;jzifh tjyeftvSeftm;udk;tm;xm;rI&SdaomtrIawmfonf "r®opfusrf;
toif;awmf\aqmif&Gufaeustvkyfonf wGef;tm;ay;aomt&mrSm MoZmwduúrESifh
jynfhpH kaom charismata jzpfo nf/ tHhMop&mrvdkonfrSm pmwefrm&fewfonf þ
charismata ud k a pmf u m;onf j zpf í c&pf , mef r sm;tm; trI a wmf a qmif jcif ;trI ud k
0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;&&Sdjcif;tay:ü tajccHjcif;udkjiif;qdkaponf/ bk&m;ocifonf
toif ; awmfwG i f vlwpf OD ; wpf a ,muftm; qk tm;vHk ; ud k r ay;aqmify g/ ol onf
toif;awmfwpfckvHk;tay:ü rQa0ay;NyD; olwdkYonf tjyeftvSeftm;udk;tm;xm;rI
&SdatmifoGefoifay;cJhonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;udkom toif;awmfwGifulnDrpzdkY
cefYxm;jcif;onf "r®opfusrf;\toif;awmfESvHk;om;udk jrm;pdkufypfovdkjzpfygonf/
BuKd;yrf;csufwpf&yfjzpfaom bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufESifhusifhpOfwdkYudk toif;awmfwGif
zGH YN zKd ;wd k; wuf vmatmif jyKvk yf v Qif trI a wmfu d k qk a us;Zl ;tay:ütajccH jcif; ud k
vspfvsL½IoGm;ygu "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfwGifxl;qef;onfrubJ bmoma&;
wGif a,bk,svufcHaomt,ltqESifhqefYusifí rdpäm'd|dt,l0g'oufa&mufjcif;&Sd
166
rnf/ "r®opfusrf;\toif;awmftwGufem;vnfcJhaom udk,fcE¨mtpdwftydkif;tajccH
onfhtzGJYtpnf;tay:ü trSDwHuJjyKaom "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmf\em;vnfrIudk
ajczsuf&ma&mufoGm;rnf/
taMumif;rSm tjyeftvSeftm;udk;tm;xm;rIvdktyfcsufESifh 0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;
tyfESif;jcif;cH&onfrSm tajccHjzpfí trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf tjyeftvSeftm;udk;
tm;xm;&SdzdkYvdktyfonfhtwGuf "r®opfusrf;\em;vnfrIonf ygpwmq&m odkYr[kwf
tjcm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;iSm;&rf;í toif;awmf \tvkyfu dkvkyfu dkif&ef ae&m
r&Sdyg/ þodkYjyKygu "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmf\tjrifrsm;udk tzGJYtpnf;ay:ü
rlwnf&Sdjcif;tm; zsufqD;&ma&mufoGm;rnf/
odkYjzpfí "r®opfusrf;acwfwGif toif;awmfü txl;cefYxm;aom
yk*¾dKvfrsm; toif;awmfudpöt00aqmif&Guf&efr&Sdyg/ þt&mrsm;onf
NyKdifbufjzpfolrsm;rSod&SdEdkifrnf/ t"dyÜm,frSm toif;awmfwGif&Sdaom
olrsm;onf rdrdwdkYESifh&Sdaomolrsm;rSm tjcm;aomqkaus;Zl;&&SdonfrubJ
toif;awmftrIaqmifwdkYonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;ulnDrpjcif;r&SdbJESifh ol\
trIawmfudkaqmufwnfjcif;r&SdEdkifyg/ wrefawmfrsm;onf trSefwu,f
tjcm;ol rsm;ES if hp mvQif xl ;jcm;aomt&nf tcsif; &S dy gonf / jyef vnf
&Sifoefaomocifbk&m;\txl;ac:,ljcif;jzifh jcm;em;rI&Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif
oluyifvQif ol\trIawmfudkaqmif&Guf&mü tzGJYvdkufaqmif&Guf&aom
tvkyfjzpfonf[k,lqygonf/ olESifhtwltcGifh&&Sdaomvkyfazmfudkifzuf
rsm;ESifhvufwGJí aqmif&Guf&aomtvkyftudkifjzpfaMumif;,lqygonf/
&Si faygvku olonf tpOftvmtm;jzif h uGi f;qufay;oljzpf aMumif;
odygonf (1aum&defok 15;3)/ þtjzpfrSm wrefawmfpdwfjzmaomtzGJY
(sub-apostolic) acwf txd ajymif;vJ rI r&S d yg/ od kYjzpf í wrefawmf rsm;\
trIawmfrSty? wrefawmfwdkY\trIawmfonf txl;ac:,ljcif;rSxl;uJ
ygonf/ odkYjzpfí "r®opfusrf;acwfwGif rnfonfhtrIawmfaqmifjcif;
tvkyfudkrQ toif;awmfwGif&SdaomtzGJY0ifrsm;wm;jrpfjcif;r&Sdyg/
 167
&Sifaygvk\*EÅ0iftzGJYtpnf;ESifhywfoufaomusrf;csufESpfckrSm uREfkyfwdkY\
em;vnf&aom &Sifaygvk\bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufrSm a,½I\oabmxm;jzpfaom
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftaMumif;udk udkufnDrI&SdaMumif;azmfjyygonf/ a,½Ionf vmNyD;
tzGJYtpnf;topfwpf&yfudkyHkazmfzdkYjzpfonf/ þtzGJYtpnf;opfü vlawGutrSefwu,f
wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf*½kpdkufMuonf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif wnfaxmifcJhaom
tdrf toif;awmfrsm;onfi,f NyD; vl awGuwpfOD;ud kwpfOD; odMuí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
*½kpdkufrI&SdMuonf / bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufuRrf;usifol&Sif aygvkonf bmaMumifh
toif;awmfonf tkyfpki,ftoif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmif&oenf;[lí em;vnfEdkif
atmif ol onf bmoma&;,H k Munf csufa emuf c Ho rdk i f ;ud ka zmfj yay;ygonf/ tdr f
toif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaqmufjcif;&nf&G,fcsufrSm vlrsm;udkpka0;&mt&yftqifajyrI
&Sdjcif;ESifh toif;awmfonfi,fvGef;í tjcm;wyfqifrIrsm;rvdkawmhaMumif;r[kwfyg/
tdrftoif;awmfrsm;zGJYpnf;onfrSm a,½I\bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuftzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
jzpfay:vmrI&nfrSef;csufESifh tckrSm &Sifaygvkvnf; þodkYwGef;tm;ay;ízGJYpnf;&jcif;
jzpfy gonf/ tzG JYi ,ftwGi f;&Sdv lwd kYo nf wpfO D;ESif hwpfOD ;aumif ;pG mod uRrf;vmí
wu,f htzGJ Y tpnf; wpf & yf j zpf vmatmif zGH YN zKd ; wd k ;wufE d ki f aponf / "r®o pfu srf ;
toif;awmfay:xGufvmjcif;rSm rawmfwqjzpfvmjcif;r[kwfyg/ bk&m;rSpDpOfaom
t&mjzpfonf/
,aeYqdkvQif OykofaeYreufwGif BuD;rm;aomtkyfpkyg0ifywfoufrI&Sdjcif;onf
rvkyfrjzpfaomudpöwpf &yf[lí c&pf,mefrsm;twGuf,lq Muonf/ tkyfpk i,fwGif
yg0ifywfoufrItoif;awmfrsm;wGifa&G;cs,fEdkifaomt&mrsm;jzpfaMumif; ,lqMuonf/
þem;vnfrIudkjyefívSef&rnf? okdYrSom toif;awmfonf "r®opfusrf;toif;awmf
yHkpHESifhnDatmif&yfwnfEdkifrnf/ tcsdeftcg&SdcJhonfrSm NrKdUwpfNrKdUü tdrftoif;awmfrsm;
onf pka0;NyD; twlwuGa&muf&Sdvmí awGUqHkrI&SdMuonf/ tcsufwpfcsufrSm&Sif;onfrSm
þtoif ; awmf r sm;onf td r f toif ; awmf r sm;jzpf o nf / ae&mtES H Y N rKd U wG i f & S d a om
tdrftoif;awmfi,frsm;jzpfí wpfcgwpf&HrSom tkyfpkBuD;tjzpfvma&mufawGYqHkjcif;
jzpfonf/
tu,fíom a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh tkyfpki,frsm;tjzpf
&yfwnfcJhMuvQif þtcsufonf toif;awmftvkyfudkaqmif&Guf&mü vHk;0uGJjym;
168
aom,aeYaqmif&GufcsufESifhrwlnDrI&Sdygonf/ ,aeYt"dutoif;awmf\vIyf&Sm;rI
wpf&yfrSm OykofaeYreufwGifawGY&Sd&ygonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;rSmpk½Hk;NyD; bk&m;ocifudk
0wfjyKudk;uG,f&efjzpfonf/ yHkrSeftoif;awmfwGif vlig;a,mufyJpk½Hk;onfyJjzpfjzpf?
vlig;axmifyJjzpfjzpf pk½Hk;MuvQif yHkpHrSmtwlwlyJjzpfygonf/ 0wfjyKudk;uG,folrsm;onf
aemuf r S Dc H k wef ; &S nf r sm;wG i f aomf v nf ; aumif ; ? uk v m;xd k i fr sm;aomf v nf ; aumif ;
xdkifaomtcg w&m;a[mpifudkrsufESmrlNyD;xdkifMuonf/ olwdkYonf a&SUcHkrSmxdkifaom
vl wdkY \aemuf aphu dkj rifí ygpwmq&ma[mMum;csuf udk rde pfoH k;q,f- av;q,f
avmufMumatmifwdwfqdwfpGmem;axmifMuonf/ oDcsif;tenf;i,fvnf;qdkMurnf/
odkY&mwGif 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;rSm yGJMunfholrsm;tjzpfyg0ifjcif;&Sdonf/ þtjzpfrSm
&Sdaomolonf tjcm;olwpfOD;wpfa,mufESifhpum;rajymrqdkbJESifh&SdEdkifonf/ vlrI
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfr&SdcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif c&pf,mefurÇmrSm vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfyg
onf/ vltrsm;onf toif;awmfwGif vlrIqufqHa&;wdkYudkawGY&Sd&onfrSmrSefay rnf/
odkY &mwGif 0wfjyKudk;uG,f jcif;tpDtpOfwGi f&SdcJh ygonf/ tjcm;aomtoif;awmf\
tpDtpOfudkyg0ifwufa&mufrI&SdvQif aumif;ayrnf/ odkY&mwGif OykofaeYreuf0wfjyK
jcif;tpDtpOfwGif ]]c&pf,mefrsm;}} trsm;pkonf wufa&mufjcif;&Sdygonf/ 0rf;enf;
p&maumif;onfrSm vltenf;i,frQom c&pfawmf\qE´&SdaomvlrItzGJYtpnf;&Sd&ef
trSefwu,fjynfh0pGmjznfhqnf;rI&Sdygonf/
tcsKdYaomolrsm;onf toif;awmfwnf&Sdjcif;rSm bk&m;ocifudk0wfjyKudk;uG,fzdkY
jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí bk&m;ausmif;rsm;udk rdwfo[m,zGJYzdkYrwufa&mufMuyg/ 0wfjyK
udk;uG,fzdkYomwufa&mufygonf/ odkYjzpfí 0wfjyKudk;uG,faomtcsdefwGif NidrfoufpGm
&Sd ae&rnf / rd wf o[m,ud k tjcm;aomwpf csde fc sd ef r Smxm;cJh onf/ þbmoma&;
,HkMunfcsufonf "r®opfusrf;wGif xl;qef;aomt&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ trSeftm;jzifh
"r®o pf usrf ;acwftoif; awmf rsm;onf awGY qH ka omtcg bk &m;ocifu dk 0wfj yK&ef
r[kwfbJ rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;twGufjzpfygonf/ a,½Ionf olwdkYtm;0wfjyKudk;uG,f
jcif;udk t"dyÜm,fopftm;ay;í &Srm&da&wGif;ü trsKd;orD;tm;aqG;aEG;&mwGifajymyg
onf /
a,½Iu? ]]tcsif;rdef;r? ighpum;udk,Hkavmh/ þawmifodkYrvm?
a,½k&SvifNrKdYodkYroGm;bJ crnf;awmfudkudk;uG,f&rnfhtcsdefumva&muf
 169
qJ&Sd\/ oifwdkYonf udk,frodaomt&mudkudk;uG,fMu\/ igwdkYonf
ud k ,f o d a omt&mud k u d k ; uG ,f M u\/ taMumif ; rl u m;? ,k ' vl wd k Y ü
u,fwifjcif;taMumif;&Sd\/ udk;uG,faomolrSeforQwdkYonf crnf;awmfudk
eH 0dnmOfE Sifh vnf; aumif;? opömw&m;ES ifh vnf; aumif; udk; uG,f&rnfh
tcsdefumvonfvmí ,ckyifa&mufvsuf&Sd\/ taMumif;rlum;? xdkodkY
udk;uG,faomolwdkYudk crnf;awmfonftvdk&Sdawmfrl\/ bk&m;ocifonf
eH0dnmOfjzpfawmfrl\/ bk&m;ocifudkudk;uG,faomolwkdYonf eH0dnmOfESifh
vnf;aumif;? opömESifhvnf;aumif; udk;uG,f&rnf}} (a,m[ef 4;21-
24)/
c&pf,mefrsm;0wfjyKudk ;uG,f jcif ;ae&monf ta&;rBuD;awmhy g/ vl wdkY onf
oefY&Sif;rGefjrwfaomae&modkY 0wfjyKudk;uG,f&efoGm;zdkYrvdkawmhyg/ ppfrSefaom 0wfjyK
udk;uG,fjcif;onf t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm c&pfawmfudktoufwmtjyKrlwdkif;rSm emcHzdkY
jzpfonf/ 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf wpfywfwpfcgOykofaeYreufwGif vlawGjyKvkyf
aomt&mr[kwfawmhyg/ 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf emcHrI&Sdaomtoufwmudk ocif
bk&m;twGuf vlawGutouf&Sifaexdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ &Sifaygvkonf þbmoma&;
,HkMunfcsuftopfudk 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;taMumif;tm; ydkícsJUxGifajymMum;ygonf/
nDtpfudkwdkY? touf&Sifjcif;vu©Pm? oefY&Sif;jcif;vu©Pm? bk&m;
ocifESpfoufawmfrlzG,faomvu©PmESifhjynfhpHkaom,Zfudk oifwdkYonf
yl a Zmf í rd r du d k ,f c E¨mud k bk &m;ocif tm;quf u yf jcif ; wnf ;[l a om
oifwdkYjyKtyfaom0wfudkjyKrnftaMumif; bk&m;ocif\u½kPmawmfudk
axmufxm;í oifwdkYudkigwdkufwGef;EId;aqmfay\ (a&mr 12;1)/
&Sifaygvkonf a,½I\tajccH0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;oGefoifcsufrsm;udkcsJUxGifí
ajymaompum;rsm;rSm 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf c&pf,mefwpfOD;\toufwmwpfckvHk;
udkjzpfygonf/ ,if;onf c&pf,mefwpfOD;csif;\jyKvkyfaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk
tjcm;aom0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;wdkYESifho[Zmwjzpfatmif ocifbk&m;twGufjyKvkyfaom
t&mjzpfonf/ trSeftm;jzifh 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;ESifhywfoufí 0dnmOfqkaus;Zl;ud k
F-22
170
toHk ;jyKjcif;onf &S if aygvk \t"du bmoma&;\,HkM unfc suf tpwGi f& Si f;jyaom
toif;awmftm; vlYtzGJYtpnf;tjzpfazmfjycsufwGifawGY&Sd&ygonf/ &Sifaygvktaejzifh
toif;awmfonf bk&m;ocifudk0wfjyKudk;uG,f&efawGYqHkjcif;r[kwfbJ bk&m;ocifudk
0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf tzGJY0ifrsm;jyKorQaomt&mrsm;wGif 0wfjyKudk;uG,frIjyKonf/
þtaMumif;onf vlrsm;u bk&m;ausmif;odkYoGm;aomtcgrSm olwdkYonf bk&m;ocif
udk0wfjyKjcif;r&Sdonfudkrqdkvdkyg/ olwdkYonf bk&m;ausmif;wGif0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;rSm
olwdkY\toufwmwpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzpfí jyKorQaomt&mwdkYrSm 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí toif;awmf\t"duvIyf&Sm;rIrSm ]]0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;vkyfief;}}
[líajymqdkjcif;rSm wvGJtac:ta0:orkwfjcif;jzpfayrnf/ þodkYaomtjrifrsm;onf
or®musrf;pm\ppfrSefaomem;vnfrIudk vGJacsmfapí 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;udkwnfaxmif
xm;onf htoif ;BuD ;wpfc k\ vIyf &S m;rIwpf &yftaetxm;jzpfoG m;onf/ trSe fr Sm
toufwm\emcHrIwpf&yfjzpf&ygrnf/
toif ;awmf \ twl wuG awG Yq H kj cif ; \&nf & G,f csufr S m 0wf j yKudk ; uG ,fj cif ;
r[kwfyg/ c&pf,mefrsm;taejzifh tjrJwrf;0wfjyKudk;uG,f&rnfjzpfonftavsmuf trSefrSm
rd wfo [m,zGJY jcif;jzpfo nf/ tu,fíom toif; awmftwlwuG awG YqH kjcif;onf
or®musrf;pm\,H kMunfcsufudk &Sif ;vif ;jyjcif; jzpf vQif toif;awmfonf tzGJYi ,f
rdwfo[m,tzGJYi,fESifh&Sd&rnf/ þtzGJYwGif vlwpfOD;csif;u ppfrSefaomtzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;udkawGY&Sd&rnf/ toif;awmf\BuD;rm;aom
awGYqHkjcif;yHkpHonf jyifqifoGm;&efvdktyfayrnf/ t"dyÜm,frSm BuD;rm;aomawGYqHkjcif;
onfta&;rBuD; yg[l ír[kwfy g/ trS ef tm;jzif h BuD; rm;aompk ½Hk ;awG Yq Hk jcif ;onf
t"dyÜm,f &SdEdkifrnfrSm tjyeftvSefqufqHa&;wdkYudk ao;i,f onfhtkyfpkwGif zGHYNzKd;
wdk;wufrI&SdrSom t"dyÜm,f&Sdygvdrfhrnf/
a&S; OD ;c&pf,mef rsm;\awG Y qH k y GJ r S m b,f uJ h o dk Y & S dy goenf ; / taMumif ;t&m
raumif;onfrSm or®musrf; csufr sm;wG if yd krdk csJUxGifjcif;r&Sdyg/ tMurf;zsif;azmfjy
csufrsm;om&Sdygonf/ olwdkY\t"duvIyf&Sm;rIrSm wrefawmfrsm;\oGefoifcsuf (or®m
usrf;pmudkavhvmjcif;) wGifom tm½Hkay;jcif;omjzpfygonf/ oGefoifcsufrsm;avhvm
jcif;? rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;? rkefYudkzJhjcif;ESifh qkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/ olwdkY\
vIyf&Sm;rIwGifvnf; qmvHusrf;udkoDqdkjcif;? "r®oDcsif;rsm;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;oDcsif;rsm;
 171
vnf ;yg0ifo nf / þt&mrsm;onf trsm;ESi fh q dk if aomvI yf & Sm;rIwpf& yf j zpfo nf /
yGJMunfhy&dowfoabmr[kwfyg/ "r®opfusrf;wGif t&dyfta,miftm;jzifh yHkrSefw&m;a[m
q&mrsm; vl x k t m;w&m;a[mjcif ; rsm;jyKvk y f o nf h taxmuf t xm;rsm;r&S d y g/
w&m;a[mjcif;trIonf c&pf,mefr[kwfaomolwdkYudk c&pfawmftaMumif;jzpfonfh
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfrsm;udk a[mMum;jcif;jzpfonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\taetxm;rSm
w&m;a[mMum;jcif;onf yHkrSefjyKvkyfaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ &Sm;yg;onfrSm "r®opf
usrf ;acwfwGif vltkyfBuD; u w&m;a[mjcif ;trIud kem;axmifjcif; taxmuf txm;
r&Sdyg/ olwdkY\yHkrSefpk½Hk;jcif;taMumif;t&mwpfckr[kwfyg/
þodkYajymqdkjcif;rSm wdwfwdwfaejcif;rjyKbJ tjiif;tcHkwpf&yftaetxm;rS
jzpfí t"dyÜm,frSm w&m;a[mjcif;tvkyfr&SdaMumif;ajymvdkír[kwfyg/ toif;awmfrS
w&m;a[mjcif ;onf rS m;ygonf [l í rajymvd ky g/ tjzpf rS m þvIy f & Sm;rI r sKd ; onf
taxmuftxm;wpf pH kwpf&mr&S dj cif ;omjzpfy gonf/ od kY& mwG if tawmf qef ;jym;rI
&Sdonf rSm ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;wGif w&m;a[mjcif;ud kt"dutm½Hk jyKrIjzpfy gonf/
"r®opfusrf;wGifrl c&pf,mefrsm;0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;wGif w&m;a[mjcif;onf vHk;0
taxmuftxm;rsm;r&SdcJhyg/ þodkYajymjcif;rSm w&m;a[mjcif;tpDtpOfudkzsufodrf;í
qufqHa&;toif;awmftjzpfxm;&Sdaomvdkvm;csufr[kwfyg/ em;vnfEdkifaom or®m
usrf;pmavhvmjcif;ESifhqufqHa&;taMumif;udk azmfjyjcif;&Sdonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;
vdktyfjcif;&Sdonfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif ajymvdkaompum;rSm a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;wGif
w&m;a[mjcif;onf olwdkY\t"duwrefawmfrsm;&JhoGefoifcsufrsm;udk ,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh
r,HkMunfao;aomolrsm;udk w&m;a[mjcif;enf;vrf;r[kwfyg/
&Sifaygvkonf a,½I\yHkpHvlrItzGJYtpnf;udkyHkrSeftm;jzifh c&pf,meftoif;awmf\
yHkpHtm;jzifh em;vnfrIudkcsJ YxGifay;vdkufonf/ olonf bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuftajccHí
xd kvlr ItzG JYtpnf; wdkY udk em;vnfEd kif &ef aqmifMuOf;ay;ygonf / vufawGYtm;jzifh
olwnfaqmufcJhaomvlrItzGJYtpnf;yHkpHudkvnf; azmfjyay;cJhonf/ &Sifaygvkonf
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwlwuGvkyfaqmifcJhonf/ olonf vlwdkYudk
tkyfpktvdkuf (tzGJYtpnf;)rsm;&&SdcJhonf/ xdkolrsm;udk topfaom,HkMunfolrsm;tjzpf
tzGJYtpnf;topfü olwnf&SdcJhaomtzGJYtpnf;wGifxm;&Sdonf/ olonf yHkpHtopf
172
tjzpftoif;awmfudk xl;jcm;pGm,k'wdkY\0wfjyKudk;uG,frIESifhuGmjcm;onfhyHkpHudk ol\
tcsdeftcgwGifuGJjym;rI&SdoGm;atmifzefwD;cJhonf/ oljyKvkyfcJhaomt&mrSm toif;awmf
\yHkpHudkjyKjyifajymif;vJí yGJMunhfy&dowftjzpfrS yg0ifywfoufrI&Sdaomtoif;awmf
tjzpf a jymif ; vJ c J h o nf / &S i f a ygvk \ acgif ; aqmif r I a tmuf r S m toif ; awmf o nf
rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;tzGJYodkYajymif;vJí wufa&muf&aomtjzpfrSajymif;vJcJhonf/
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a,½IESifh&SifaygvkwdkYomvQif c&pf,mefavmuudk vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf
wifpm;cJhonfrubJ "r®opfusrf;rSwrefawmftm;vHk;wdkYonf "r®opfusrf;\r[m
AsL[mtjzpfwifpm;cJhonf/ wrefawmf&Sifa,m[efonf t&Sif;qHk;aomtoif;awmf\
vkyfief;&yftjzpfaMunmcJhygonf/ toif;awmfonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk,fpm;vS,f
jzpfí vlrItzGJYtpnf;wGif&yfwnfaeygonf/ &Sifa,m[efonf aumif;aomowif;udk
w&m;a[monfrSm vlYtzGJYtpnf;udkwnfaxmifEdkif&ef a[mMum;jcif;jzpfonf/ vlom;
rsm;udkwpfOD;csif;tvdkufu,fwifjcif;ay;&efr[kwfbJ olwdkYonf rdwfo[m,jzpfzdkY
twGuf zcrnf;awmfESifhom;awmfrdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;cH&aomoltaygif;wdkYESifhvnf;
rdwfo[m,jzpfzdkY&ef&nfpl;jcif;jzpfygonf/ zcrnf;awmfESifhom;awmfwdkYonf tzGJY
tpnf;ütoif;awmfwGif&yfwnfaeouJhodkY c&pfawmfwnfaxmifcJhaomtoif;awmf
wGif c&pfawmfESifhqufpyfrI&Sdonfholrsm;onfvnf; tzGJYtpnf;wGif tjcm;olrsm;ESifh
aygif;pyf&yfwnfEdkifzdkYtcGifhta&;ay;aeygonf/
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;jzefYa0jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm vlrsm;udktzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
wGi f; odk Ya c:aqmifz d kY jzpfo nf / tu,f íom vlr sm;ud k u,fwif j cif; pDr Hu d ef ; ES if h
trSef w&m;odkYtodw&m;ydk Yaqmifay;aomfvnf; tzGJYtpnf; wpf&yfodk Y0ifEdkif atmif
rjyKvkyfEdkifygu c&pf,meftrIawmfonf us½IH;rI&Sdygonf/ &Sifa,m[efonf a,½IESifh
&S if a ygvk u J ho d k Y yif axmuf cH o G m;onf rS m toif ; awmf u dk y H kp H tm;jzif hq uf vuf í
toif;awmf tm;tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGif&SdzdkY "r®o pfusrf;acwfumvwpfa vQmufvHk;
 173
aeoGm;EdkifzdkY&efjzpfonf/ toif;awmfonf taqmufttHkwpfckr[kwfyg/ bmom
t,l0g'wpfckr[kwfyg/ rdwfo[m,tzGJYwpfckyg/ ol\&yfwnfcsufrSm tjcm;aom
ol r sm;ud k ol \ rd w f o [m,od k Y ,l a qmif v mjcif ; jzpf y gonf / ,if ; rS m
oD; jcm;wpfO D;wpfa,muf\rdwfo [m,r[kwfy g/ vlwpf OD;csif; \crnf;awmfES ifh
om;awmfwdkYESihfrdwfo[m,jzpfNyD;om;vlwdkYESifh rdwfo[m,jzpfjcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/
&Sifa,m[efonf a'giftvdkuftvsm;vdkufrdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;onf cGJjcm;ír&
Edkifyg/ tu,fíom crnf;awmfESifhom;awmfESifhrdwfo[m,jzpfjcif;wGif wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD ;rdwfo[m,jzpfj cif ;wG if& Sdygonf / 'DrS muREfky fwd kYonf urÇmOD; usrf ;\rlv
tawG;tac:rsm;jzpfaom tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfodkYjyefoGm;ygrnf/ þwGifbk&m;jzpfaom
olonf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGif om;awmfESifhoefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfESifhtwlwuG
aexdkifaomolonf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudkcsJ YxGifNyD; tm'HESifh{0wdkYudkzefqif;í oHk;yg;
wpf y g;wnf ; bk & m;ES i f h twl xm0&rd wf o [m,ae&ef j zpf y gonf / tjypf o nf
xdk qufq Ha&;udkcsKd;azmufvd kufo nf/ odkY&mwGif a,½I rSwpfqifh xdkr dwfo [m,
jzpf j cif ;ud k j yef v nf ae&m&&Sd y gonf/ xm0&bk & m;onf tm'H E S if h {0udk z ef q if ; í
xdkrdwf o[m,wdk;í&Sdovdk? uREfkyfwdk Yonfvnf; c&pf awmftaMumif;ud kaMunmí
xdkrdwfo[m,csJYxGifzdkYawmif;qdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;udk csJYxGifEdkif&ef
zefqif;jcif;? jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;? tpDtpOfjzifhvufcH,lum NyD;jynfhpHkrIodkYa&muf&Sd
oGm;aponf/
&Sifa,m[ef\rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;onf a0g[m&tm;jzifh koinonia [kac:qdkonf/
,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh rdwfo[m,jzpfjcif;odkY&&Sdygonf/ c&pfawmfESifhrdwfo[m,
jzpfjcif;onf tjcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;ESifhrdwfo[m,jzpfjcif;r&Sdygu vHk;0r&&SdEdkifyg/
&Sifa,m[efuaMunmoGm;onf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf tvif;a&mifxJüvrf;avQmufonfh
tcg? tjcm;olrsm;ESifhrdwfo[m,jyKaomtcg c&pfawmf\taoG;awmfonf tjypf
rsm;udkaq;aMumoGm;onf/ tjypfudkaq;aMumjcif;onf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGifjyKvkyf
jcif;cH&ygonf/ tjypfaq;aMumjcif;cH&aomolonf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGifxm;&Sdyg
onf / taMumif ;rS m tzGJ Y tpnf ;wpf& yf wG i f& S d aomtcg uREfk y f wd k Ywm0ef ,lE d k if í
xdktjypfrsm;udkxyfrjzpfatmif *½kjyK&efvdktyfygonf/
174
&S ifa ,m[ef\t"dy Üm,f&Sd &Sd ajymqdk aompum;rS m toif; awmfonf ,H kMunf
olrsm;rSm rdwfo[m,tm;jzifh bk&m;ocifESifhtwl tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfrSmaeí olwdkYESifh
tjcm;olwdkYonf rdwfo[m,tzGJYtm; wdk;yGm;&ef&nf&G,fcsufonf "r®opfusrf;acwf
wGif toif;awmfudkvlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftaejzifhjrifawGY&ygrnf/ rdwfo[m,jzpf
jcif ; onf c&pf ,mef wd kY \ ab;xG u ftusKd ; qufv I y f& S m;rI wpf& yf r[k wf yg/ or® m
usrf ; pm\axmuf c H r I & S d a omc&pf , mef j zpf j cif ; \tES p f o m&jzpf o nf / vl w pf O D ;
wpfa,mufonf tjcm;olrsm;ESifhuif;&Sif;atmif wpfOD;wnf;jzifh c&pf,mefrjzpfEdkifyg/
bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYudktzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfrSmaeNyD; tjyeftvSeftm;udk;rI&Sd&rnf/
tultnDay;onfhtzGJYtpnf;wGifaeaomolwdkYonf tzGJY0ifrsm;u wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;ulnDrpjcif;yifvQif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYjzL;aomvufeufud&d,mwpfckyif
jzpfonf/ c&pf,mefr[kwfaomolwdkYonf vlrsm;udkMunfhNyD; jyefvnfjyKjyifrI&Sdaom
tzGJYtpnf;wGifaeNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;udktrSefwu,fjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;jyKaeonfudk
jrifvQif 0dkif;tHkvmNyD; olwdkYonfvnf; yg0ifywfoufrI&Sdapcsifrnf/ xdkcspfcifjrwfEdk;
jcif;&SdNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;udkulnDapmifha&SmufaomtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfonf {0Ha*vd
owif;pum;udkjzefYjzL;&mü qGJaqmifrIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ vlrsm;u xdktoif;awmfrsKd;
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGifaexdkifjcif;qDodkYOD;vSnfhoGm;Murnfjzpfonf/ xdktoif;awmf
rsm;onf "r®opfusrf;ywf0ef;usifwpf&yfwGif&SdMuonf/ xdkt&monf a&S;OD;toif;awmf
\atmifjrifrIwpf&yfjzpfayrnf/ vltrsm;onf ,aeYwGifysufpD;,dk,Gif;vsuf&Sdaom
tzGJYtpnf;wGifae&í olwdkYonfvnf; ppfrSefaomjyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomtzGJY
tpnf;üaevdkcsifpdwf&Sdvdrfhrnf/ 0rf;enf;p&mjzpfonfrSm ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;onf
ydkrdkíysufpD;,dk,Gif;aeaomurÇmBuD;\tzGJYtpnf;udk a&mifjyef[yfvsuf&Sdygonf/
jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;&SdonfhtzGJYtpnf;rsm;udk odyfNyD;a&mifjyef[yfjcif;r&Sdonfudkpdk;&drf&yg
onf/ c&pfawmfonf rdrd\toif;awmfrsm;udkjrifvdkonfrSm jyefvnfjyKjyifjcif;&Sdaom
tzGJ Ytpnf; wG if a&mif jyef[yfa pvd konf/ toif; awmfo nf vl rsm;ud kp pfr Sef onfh
tzG JY tpnf ;wGi fa eEdk if zd kY oifM um;jcif; ysuf uG uf onf htwG uf ysufp D; ,d k,Gi f; aom
tzGJYtpnf;wdkYudka&G;Ekwfjcif;jyK&efvdktyfygonf/ toif;awmfrsm;onf wpfzefjyefí
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGifaexdkifaomtcg {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYa0aomudk,fpm;vS,f
 175
vkyfief;wpf&yfudk jyefvnfíjzpfoGm;rnf/ ppfrSefaom"r®opfusrf;acwftzGJYtpnf;wGif
ae&jcif;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkrjzefYjzL;bJraeEdkifyg/
tzGJYi,ftkyfpkonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYjzL;&m vIyf&Sm;onfhae&mjzpf&yg
rnf/ rdrdudk,fudkomjyKpkapmifha&SmufaomtzGJYi,fwdkYonf tjcm;olrsm;udkvufvSrf;
jcif;rjyKvkyfygu aooGm;vdrhfrnf? &yfqdkif;vdrfhrnf/ vlrsm;onf tzGJYi,fwGifyg0ifrI
&Sdaomtcg oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfu xdkolwdkYudkpGrf;tm;ay;NyD; olwdkY\vufvSrf;udk
qefY apí emusif cH pm;&aomol rsm;ud kwdk Yxd apygonf/ olwdk Yud kj yKjyif ajymif ;vJí
jyefvnfa&G;Ekwfjcif;cH&aomolwkdY\tzGJYi,fxHodkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;onf/ odkYjzpfí
a,½Ionf ol\wynfhawmfwdkYudk ESpfa,mufwpfwGJESpfa,mufwpfwGJjzifh omoem
jyK&efrSmMum;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf wpfOD;wpfa,muftm;jzifh oD;jcm;pD {0H
a*vdw&m;awmfudkrjzefYjzL;Edkifyg/ tkyfpktultnDvdkygonf/ tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfonfom
tzGJYtpnf;udkxkwfvkyfrIjyKEdkifonf/
bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuf[muGufrSm c&pf,mefrsm;onf twlwlawGYqHk
jcif;onf wpfOD;wpfa,muftvdkufjzpfí NyD;vQif wpfOD;wpfa,mufjzifhom
oufaocHzdkYxGufoGm;onf/ olwdkYonf tcsif;csif;ac:,lNyD; xGufoGm;vQif
rnfrQaumif;rnfenf;/ olwdkYonf tazmfac:í r,HkMunfolwdkYtoufwm
udkygatmifqufqHa&;wGifjyKvkyfvQif rnfrQaumif;rnfenf;/
"r®opfusrf;yHkpHonf wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;wGif tjcm;wynfhawmfrsm;ESifhtwl
qufqHa&;jzifhjyKvkyfum topfaom,HkMunfolrsm;tm; tzGJYi,fwpfckwGifyg0ifap&ef
jzpfygonf/ xdktzGJYi,fwGif ,HkMunfolrsm;omru r,HkMunfolwdkYvnf; qufqHa&;
jyKapvQif taumif;qHk;taetxm;wGif&Sdygrnf/ tkyfpkwGif;rSmyg0ifvIyf&Sm;rIonf
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk jzefYjzL;jcif;wpf&yfjrifEdkif&rnf/ odkYjzpfí {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk
jzefYjzL;&mü wpfOD;wpfa,muftm;jzifhrvkyfawmhbJ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf qufqHa&;
tm;jzifhjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/
"r®opfusrf;acwfwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\r[mAsL[mrSm tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyfjcif;tay:ü A[dkjyKcsufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif jyKpkapmifha&Smuf
jcif ;r[kwfy g/ {0Ha *vdw&m;awmftm;jzifhq ufqHa&;jzpfonf / "r®o pfusrf; acwf
176
tzGJYi,fonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifhudkufnDonf/ tu,fíom ,aeYtoif;awmf
rsm;onf "r®opfusrf;acwferlemudk tzGJYi,frsm;jzifhzGJYpnf;rIjyKvQif þtzGJYrsm;onf
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifhnDnGwfrI&Sdrnf/ tkyfpkrsm;onf Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;wpfck
wnf; tay:ütm½HkjyKjcif;onf bmoma&;,HkMunfjcif; \vlaysmhrsm;jzpfapygonf/
vlrsm;onf tkyfpktvdkufjyKpkapmifha&SmufNyD; a,½I\apcdkif;csufwdkYudk jynfhpHkpGmaqmif&Guf
NyD;pD;rIudkjyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonf/ vltm;vHk; wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
þonfrSm tzGJYtpnf;twGif;ü wynfhawmfjzpfzdkYaxmufcHrI&SdonfhtzGJYtpnf;wdkYwGif
jyKvkyfrI&Sd&rnf/ odkYrSom wynfhtopftvm;tvm&Sdaomolrsm;onf ]]pdwfcs&aom}}
ae&modkYaeoGm;&ef&Sdvdrfhrnf/
"r ®o pfu sr f;acwfwG
i ft o i f;o m;r sm;t m;u ln D
r p&ef
t jyeft v S
efjyKpkapmifh
a&S
mu fjci f;t zG
JY
o n ft &i f;t jr pfjzpfo n f
"r®opfusrf;acwfwGif toif;awmfzGJYpnf;yHkrSm ygpwmq&monf t"duulnD
rpolr[kwf&yg/ þtpm;bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuft&? vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfzGHYNzKd;
wdk;wufvmatmifaqmif&Gufay;NyD; toif; om;rsm;\Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;udk tjyef
tvSefulnDrpjcif;pepfudkzefwD;jcif;jyKygonf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf jyKpkapmifha&Smuf
jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? toif;om;rsm;ulnDrpjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; vspfvsL½Ijcif;
rjyKyg/ olwdkYonf wu,ftultnDudkay;ygonf/ topfaomc&pf,mefrsm;aomf
vnf;aumif;? toif;om;a[mif;rsm;aomfvnf;aumif; ulnDapmifha&Smufjcif;udk yHkrSef
vdktyfygonf/ jyóemrSm þodkYjyKvkyfay;oifhovm;? rnfodkYjzpfvmrSmvJ [líyif
jzpfonf/
"r®opfusrf;onf toif;om;rsm;vdktyfonfhjyKpkjcif;udk trIawmfaqmifq&mrsm;
(clergy) ESif h rywf ouf aMumif ; wd wdususrod &yg/ þwm0ef onf c&pf ,mef wd k if ;\
wm0efrsm;jzpfonf/ þodkYwm0efrsKd;rSm c&pf,mefjzpfzdkYac:,ljcif;cH&aomtcgwGif
&SdESifhNyD;om;jzpfonf/ txl;a&G;cs,fjcif;cH&aomvlwpfpktay:ürxm;&Sdyg/ odkYjzpfvQif
usef&Sdonfhtoif;awmfwGif&Sdaomolrsm;udk ulnDrpjcif;tvkyfudk uif;vGwfvdrfhrnf/
 177
,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;onf ,Zfyka&m[dwft&müaomfvnf;aumif;? trIawmfaqmif
jcif; rsm;üaomf vnf ;aumif; jzpf&ygrnf/ trI awmfaqmif jcif;yk*¾ dK vfu dki Sm;&rf ;NyD;
trIawmfudkaqmif&GufapvQif ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;udk ,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudkjiif;qdk
&ma&muf awmhr nf/ odkYj zpfvQif vlrsm;udk bk&m;ocifa y;aomt&mwpfckj zpfo nfh
usef;rmoefpGrf;aomc&pf,mefjzpfzdkY tcGifhta&;udkqHk;½IH;apvdrfhrnf/
"r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmf\zGJYpnf;yHkrSm "r®a[mif;usrf;toif;awmfzGJYpnf;yHk
ESifhvHk;0uGJjym;onf/ zGJYpnf;yHkrSm av0dtrsKd;om;rsm; ,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;\yHkpHr[kwfyg/
a,½Iaomfvnf;aumif;? "r®opfusrf;pma&;q&mrsm;tm;vHk;aomfvnf;aumif; oifMum;
ydkYcsaomyHkpHjzifh vlrItzGJYtpnf;yHkpHwpf&yfjzifhzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif bk&m;
ocifonf £oa&vwdkYudk ol\EdkifiHawmftm;jzifh yHkaqmifoGm;Edkif&ef apcdkif;cJhygonf/
£oa&vudk ,Ofa us;rIwpf &yf \vrf ;qHk vrf ;cGwGi fx m;&Sd í Ed ki fi HtoD; oD ;wdk Yu
bk&m;ocifonf ol\vlrsKd;wdkYtwGuf rnfonfht&mvkyfay;cJhoenf;[lí oufaocHzdkY
jzpfonf/ olwdkYtrIawmfaqmifjcif;zGJYpnf;yHkrSm £oa&vEdkifiHawmfwGif&Sdaomoltm;vHk;
twGufy Hkaqmifj cif ;jzpfonf / od kY& mwGi f "r®opf usrf;\zGJYp nf;yHkr Sm t&yfr sufE Sm
toD;oD;odkYysHUESHYapaomtrIjzpfygonf/ toif;awmfonf wpfae&mwnf;pk½Hk;zdkYr[kwf
yg/ owif;pum;udk urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;tm;vHk;odkYjzefYa0&ygrnf/ odkYjzpfí zGJYpnf;yHk
wnfaqmufjcif;rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;&ygrnf/ qdkvdkonfrSm? trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyf
jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí trIaqmif"r®q&mrsm;tvkyfonf "r®opfusrf;toif;awmfwGif
trIaqmifjcif;tvkyfudkrvkyf&bJ bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;udkudkavhusifhay;&NyD; olwdkYonf
ae&mtESHYodkYoGm;NyD; {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYa0í wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tvkyfudkvkyf
ay;&rnf/ þtpDtpOfonf toif;awmf\o,HZmwudkukefcef;jcif;r&SdbJ tajccH
t"dutvkyfjzpfaom{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udkjzefYa0um wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tvkyf
udkvkyfEdkifonf/
"r®opfusrf;csuftm;vHk;wdkYonf vuf&Sdc&pf,mefwdkYudkMunfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;
trIwGi f c&pf ,mef tm;vHk ;odk YOD ;wnfNyD ;ajymqdkaompum;jzpfo nf/ trIaqmif" r®
q&mrsm;odk YO D; wnfa jymqdk jcif ;r[k wf yg/ þusrf ;csufr sm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh
]]wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;}} tay:ajymqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGifrl tjyeftvSef
Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;taMumif;ESifhqdkvdkjcif;vHk;0ryg&SdbJ "r®opfusrf;wGifrl pum;&yf
F-23
178
rsm;rSm rsm;rsm;oHk;NyD; txl;jyKcsufrSm vlrsm;udkwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;
oabmESifhtoHk;jyKcJhonf/
þpum;&yfr sm;onf toif;om;rsm;udkMunfh ½Ia pmif ha&Smufjcif;
oabmESifhtoHk;jyKygonf/ rSwf,l&rnfrSm c&pf,meftm;vHk;odkYajymaom
pum;rsm;jzpfygonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf wpfOD;\tjypfudkwpfOD;tm;
0efcsawmif;yef&efjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf onf;cHíwpfOD;udkwpfOD;tjypfudk
vTwfay;&efjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf oem;Muifemí pdwfoabmEl;nHhjcif;jzifh
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tjypfudkajzvTwfEdkif&rnf/ toif;om;rsm;onf wpfOD;
ESifhwpfOD;a'gojzpfatmifrqG&yg? pD&ifjcif;rjyK&? odkYwnf;r[kwf wpfOD;
ESifhwpfOD;remvdkj cif;r&Sd&? olwdkYonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;udk&efrwdkuf&/
ysufpD;jcif;odkYra&mufap&? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;taMumif; qdk;npfaompum;
udkrajym&yg/
usrf;csuftrsm;pkr Sm toif; 0ifr sm;tcsif;csif; jyKvkyfa y;Ed kif aomaumif ;usKd;
tvk yfudkv kyfay;Edkifo nf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh cspfcifjrwfE dk;jcif;&Sd& rnf? oem;Muifem
cspfarwåm&Sd&rnf? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;ESpfouf&rnf/ olwdkYonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;u½kPm
arwåmMuifemrI&Sd&rnf/ olwdkYonf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;pmem&rnf? aqmufwnf&rnf?
EId;aqmfwdkufwGef;&rnf/
tjcm;aom ]]wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;}} usrf;csufwdkYrSm toif;0ifrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;csnfaESmifjcif;&Sd&rnf[kajymonf/ taMumif;rSm wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; toif;om;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ toif;om;wpfOD;onf tjcm;tay:ü*½kpdkuf&ygrnf/ toif;om;rsm;
onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; pdwfoabmESdrfhcsNyD; qdkqHk;r&rnf? av;pm;&rnf? tjcm;wpfa,muf
\0efxkyfudk tjcm;wpfOD;uo,fydk;&rnf? onf;cH&rnf? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rdwfo[m,
&Sd&rnf/ þoauFwtm;jzifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;\csnfaESmifjcif;eD;uyfpGm&Sdí olwdkY
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;EIwfqufaomtcgrSm oefY&Sif;aomerf;jcif;jzifh BuKdqdk&rnf/ wpfOD;
tay:wpfOD;\pdwfoabmESdrfhcsjcif;jzifh olwdkYonf a,½I\erlemjyjcif;jzifh tjcm;ol
wpfOD;\ajcudkaq;ay;&rnf/
 179
aemufqHk;taejzifh bk&m;ocif\vl rsm;onf trIawmfudky dkifqdk ifonfj zpfí
a&S;OD;,HkMunfolrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qdkqHk;r&rnf/ þvIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfaom
oGefoifjcif;ESifhtm;ay;jcif;wdkYonf trSm;rsm;udkjyKjyifjcif;wdkYonf wm0efusa&mufrIrSm
bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;tm;vHk;tay:üwnf&Sdonf/ trIawmfaqmif"r®q&mrsm; (clergy)
tay:üomr[kwfyg/ toif;om;rsm;tm;vHk;onf {nfh0wfaus&rnf? {nfh0wfaus&mü
wGefYwdkrIr&Sd&yg/
þ ]]wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;}} usrf;csufrsm;onf trIaqmifjcif;wdkYonf ulnDrpjcif;
trIrSm bk&m;ocif\vlrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf aqmif&Guf&rnfhtrIawmfudk &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyoGm;ygonf/ þusrf;csufrsm;onf trIaqmif"r®q&mrsm;odkYajymaompum;om
jzpfvQif clergy "r®q&mrsm;onf t"duulnDrpoltjzpfowfrSwf&rnf/ odkY&mwGif
"r®opfusrf;rSaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk tMuHjyKcsufrsm;onf clergy rsm;\woD;wjcm;
wm0efr[kwfaMumif;azmfjyygonf/ þusrf;csufrsm;azmfjyaeonfrSm ulnDrpjcif;trIwGif
bk&m;ociftoif;awmfwpfckvHk;\wm0efrsm;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyygonf/ trIaqmif
q&mrsm;ESifh omreftoif;om;tm;vHk;wdkY\wm0efrsm;jzpfonf/
Clergy rsm;t"duul nDrpjcif ;ay;olrsm;tjzpf owf rS wfoGm;vQif toif ;awmf\
,HkMunfoltm;vHk;wdkY\tcGifhta&;udkcdk;&musoGm;rnf/ þodkYjyKjcif;onf toif;awmf
\0dnmOfa&;wGiftm;avsmhoGm;rnf/ aemufydkif;toif;awmfonf þrSm;,Gif;aom Clergy
\tcef;u@jzpfaom t"duulnDrpjcif;ay;olrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfoGm;&mü zsm;emí
tm;aysmhaomtoif;awmfwpf&yfjzpfay:vmygonf/ odkYjzpfí omrefvlrsm;onf Clergy
wdk Yudk aiGa &;aMu;a&;axmufyHhr IvdktyfaMumif; ,lqaomfvnf; t"duul nDrpay;
olrsm;tjzpf &Sm;yg;pGmtcGifhta&;ay;jcif;cH&onf/ Clergy vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfudkvnf;
wufa&mufjcif;r&Sdyg/ udk,fvuft*Fgrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;r&Sdygu olwdkYonf tm;avsmh
jcif;jzpfoGm;onf/ avsmh&J&Jjzpfvmí aemufqHk;wGifvHk;0toHk;rusawmhyg/
t ES
pfcsK
yf
þ"r®a[mif;ESifh"r®opfusrf;rsm;udkavhvmppfaq;Munfhaomtcg &Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyonfrSm bk&m;ocif\pHjyjzpfaom vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudkawGY&Sd&ygonf/
180
"r® o pf u srf ; acwf v l w d k Y onf a,½I u d k tav;xm;í toif ; awmf \ zG J Y pnf ; yH k u d k
wnfaqmuf&mü vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudkzefwD;ay;Edkifaomjzpf&yfudkawGY&Sd&ygonf/
bk&m;ocif\zefqif;jcif;trIwGif olarQmfrSef;cJhaomt&mrsm;onf a&S;OD;toif;awmfü
jynfhpHkpGmzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrI&Sdonf/ tzGJYtpnf;wGif vlrsm;utrSefwu,fwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
ulnDyHhydk;rI&Sdonf/ toif;0ifrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;ulnDrprI&Sdonf/ taMumif;rSm
tjyeftvSefulnDrIonf olwdkYtm;tyfESif;rI&Sdonf/ "r®opfusrf;tdrftoif;awmfi,f
onf yHkpHabmifcwfay;xm;í tjyeftvSef*½kpdkufrIay;aqmifcJhonf/
ed*Hk;csKyfp&mtaMumif;wpfckrSm omreftoif;om;wdkY\trIawmfaqmifjcif;rSm
"r®opfusrf;\oabmw&m;jzpfonfudk&Sif;aeygonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;wGif &Sif;&Sif;
vif ;vif ;r&Sd aomf vnf; "r®o pf usrf; rS m rsm;pGm&S if ;vif; rI &S do nf / þtajctae
ajymif;vJ&jcif;rSm "r®q&mrsm;udkcsnfaESmifjcif;rSuif;a0;aponf/ 0dnmOfa&;tm;enf;
vsuf &Sd aomc&pf,mefrsm;udk uav;xde f;&bd ouJ ho dkY vG wf ajrmufí topfa om
c&pf,mefrsm;udk &SmazGum a,½IxHodkY ac:aqmifE dkifatmifj yKvkyfEdk ifygonf/ olwdkY
wnfaqmufcJhaomtoif;awmfrsm;onfvnf; oefrmawmifhwif;jcif;&Sdrnf/ taMumif;rSm
toif;om;rsm;onf wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;ulnDrpjcif;&Sdí tjyeftvSefulnDrpjcif;onf
c&pf,mefr[kwfaomolrsm;twGuf qGJaqmifrIwpf&yfjzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ olwdkYonf
c&pf,mefrsm;udk c&pfawmf\udk,fcE¨mtjzpf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;udk trSefwu,fulnD
rpaomtzG J Y tpnf ; wpf & yf tm;jzif h j zpf o nf u d k j rif & aomtcgwG i f v nf ; ol wd k Y u d k
qGJaqmifrIjyKvdrfhrnf/ þoabmw&m;tm;jzifh c&pf,mefrsm;wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;*½kpdkuf
jcif; &SdonfrS m "r®opfu srf;\{0Ha *vdw&m;awmfudk r[mAsL[mwpf &yfqGJaqmifrI
wpfrsKd;udk aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/
_____
 181 182

tydkif; (3)

"r®q&mtcef;u@ESifhomreftoif;om;rsm;udk
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;wGifulnDrpjcif;
 183
tcef ; BuD ; (6)
ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; awmf x if a y:vmjcif ; \
aemuf c H o rd k i f ; aMumif ;
"r®opfusrf;acwfc&pf,mefavmuonf omoemjyKvkyfief;tjzpfESifhpwifcJhyg
onf/ toif; awmfo nf omoemtwG uf &yfwnf cJh ygonf/ omoemjyKjcif ;onf
toif; awmfrsm;ae&mwumwGi fyG ifh vef ;cJh ygonf/ yxr&mpkE Spf tuk efa vmufwG if
c&pf,mefavmuonf a&mrtifyg,mwpfavQmufvHk;wGif taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/
"r®trIa qmifrsm;? omreftoif;om;rsm;ESifh toif ;awmfrsm;onf pnf;½Hk;jcif;ESifh
taqmufttHkwdkYonf þomoemvkyfief;\jzpfajrmufzdkYtwGuf wmplvsuf&Sdonf/
"r®opfusrf;taqmufttHkrSm vGefcJhonfhtcef;rSmppfaq;cJhonfhtwdkif; "r®q&m
rsm;udk toif;awmf\tajccHulnDrpjcif;wm0efudkuif;&Sif;í olwdkYonf tiftm;rsm;udk
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifh toif;awmfpdkufxljcif;tay:ütm½HkjyKEdkifonf/ tajymif;tvJ
rsm;onf aeYcsif;ncsif;rajymif;vJcJhyg/ odkYjzpfí Clergy rsm;twGuf tvkyftudkif
trnfazmfxkwfjcif;rSm wjznf;jznf;csif;a&muf&Sdvmygonf/ odkY&mwGif 'kwd,&mpkESpf
tcsdeftcgwGif taphrsm;pdkufysKd;jcif;&Sdí tv,facwfwGif Clergy rsm;\tcef;u@
jzpfvmzdkYwmplvsuf&Sdonf/ acwfopftoif;awmf\ygpwmrsm;&mxl;trnfazmfjyjcif;udk
tajccHulnDrpay;oltjzpfowfrSwfvmygonf/
Clergy rsm;\usif h pOf tm;jzif h ,Zf yk a&m[d wf tjzpf jzpf vmaomtcgrSm "r®opf
usrf;\,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;onf ,Zfyka&m[dwft&modkYa&muf&Sdjcif;udkzsufqD;jcif;
cH&onfrSm 'kwd,&mpkESpfaESmif;ydkif;rSmpwifcJhonf/ yxr&mpkESpfwGif Clergy jzpfolrsm;
onf e,f v S n f h q &mrsm;jzpf í toif ; awmf y gpwmrsm;tjzpf wpf a e&mxd k i f N yD ;
toif;awmf\y&dowftay:üMunfh½Iapmifrjcif;tvkyfudkrvkyf&yg/ taxmuftxm;
wd wdususr&Sda omfv nf; uREfkyf wdkY cef YrSe f;&onfr Sm a'owGifc efYtyfj cif; cH&aom
toif;vlBuD;rsm;rS Clergy &mxl;rsm;wGif tmPmydk&atmif&SdMuvdrfhrnf/
c&pf , mef a vmuud k a&mrtif y g,mBuD ; wpf c G i f v H k ; wG i f p d k u f x l j cif ; &S d & mü
e,fvSnfh"r®q&mrsm;vdktyfrIudkavsmhyg;vmygonf/ a&mrtifyg,mudkausmfvGefNyD;
184
{0H a *vd w&m;awmf ud k j zefY& rnf he ,f o pf od k Yr [k wf a&mrtif y g,mtwG i f ;rS myif
omoemcsJUxGifzdkY tm½HkjyKrnfhtpm;? toif;awmfonf csJUxGifrnfhtpm; ae&ma[mif;
rsm;rSmpkpnf;rIwGiftm½HkjyKrI&Sdvmonf/ omoemjyKjcif;taerS jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;odkY
OD; wnf r I& S d& mü Clergy tcef ;u@udk e,f v S nf h tjzpf rS twnf wusaexdk i f aom
trIawmfaqmifrsm;tjzpfodkYajymif;vJvmonf/ 'kwd,&mpkESpfrSm Justin Martyr udk
&nfñTef;í Lefroy &JhrSwfcsufrSm?
]]oifwdkYonf yka&mzufrsm;ESifhoifMum;a&;q&mrsm;udk trIawmf
aqmif ay;onf/}} þpmydk 'fo nf ajymif; vJv mrI tcsuftaetxm;udk
azmfjyygonf/ yka&mzufrsm;onf oGm;av&SmNyD/ e,fvSnfhq&mrsm;rSm
avsmhenf;vmNyD . . . / tajcpdkufaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;onf BuD;xGm;
vmvsuf&Sdonf/ trIawmfaqmifjcif;? jzefYjzL;jcif;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;wefcdk;
awmfo nf wpf ae&mwGi fpd kuf xlj cif ;ES ifh a'otvdku fwnf Nid rfj cif ;od kY
OD;wnfvsuf&Sdonf/
Lefroy ajymqdkcsufrSm 'kwd,&mpkESpfwGif e,fvSnfhq&mrsm;OD;a&onf avsmhyg;
vmí tajcpdkuftrIawmfonf Clergy \tcef;u@udk t"dujzpfvmvsuf&Sdonf/
e,fvSnfh Clergy rsm;onf te,fxdkifa'oygpwmrsm;jzpfvmíaomfvnf;aumif;?
a'o&Sdtoif;vlBuD;rsm;onf Clergy &mxl;wGifaomfvnf;aumif; a&TUajymif;vmjcif;
jzpfrnf/ wpfckaomtcsufrSm&Sif;ygonf/ ajymif;vJrIwpf&yfonf 'kwd,&mpkESpfrSm
Clergy &mxl ;\tcef ;u@onf jzpf ay:vsuf &S d onf/ ]]jyKjyifajymif ;vJ rI csD wuf vm
&mwGif . . . e,fvSnfhjcif;onf twnfwusjzpfjcif;udkae&may;oGm;ygonf/ a,bk,s
onf a'otrI a wmf a qmif j cif ; odk Y a jymif ;vJ v monf /}} Lefroy onf Schaff \
ajymqd kcsufud kwifjyoGm;onfr Sm? a'o&Sd toif ;vl BuD; rsm;onf wrefawmfr sm;udk
tpm;xdk;ívmonfjzpf&m toif;awmf\zGJYpnf;wnfaqmufrIwGif ae&m,lvsuf&Sdyg
onf /
"r® opfu srf; acwf tuke fwGi f Clergy wdkY\ tcef;u@taetxm;rSm a,½I?
&SifaygvkESifhtjcm;aomolrsm;onf a&S;OD;toif;awmfudkwnfaxmifcJhaomtjzpfonf
Clergy \tcef ;u@ajymif;vJ rI r&SdcJh yg/ odk Y&mwG if tcsd ef wd ktwGif;wG if 'k wd ,&mpk ES pf
 185
tpü taxmuftxm;wpf&yfonf or®musrf;pmyHkpHerlemtjzpfrS e,fvSnfh Clergy rS
a'otxdkif Clergy tjzpfodkYul;ajymif;vmjcif;ESifh a'o&Sdtoif;awmfacgif;aqmifrsm;\
tcef ;u@tjzpf tajccH jyKpk apmif ha&Smufa y;olr sm;tjzpfod kY ajymif;vJv mygonf/
rlvtponf 'kwd,&mpkESpftapmydkif;üjzpfí 'kwd,&mpkESpftqHk;wGif ae&mtESHYü
twnfjzpf oGm;onf/
tapmqHk;taxmuftxm;wpf&yfrSm twnfwus Clergy taetxm;&SdonfrSm
Ignatius (A.D. 110) awG Y&ygonf / ol \ wif jycsuf rS m Clergy \tcef ;u@onf
jrifhrm;vsuf&Sdonf/ oltMuHjyKoGm;onfrSm bD;a&Smhyf (Bishop) r&Sdaomae&mwGif
toif; awmfr &Sd Edk ify g/ bD ;a&Smh yf udk emcHjcif; onf c&pf awmftm;emcH jcif;jzpfonf/
tjzpf r Sm a'o&S d b D; a&Smh y f \wef cd k ; tmPmonf a&SU ajy;jzpf vG e f ;í Ignatius \
tajymrSm xdkwefcdk;tmPmonf wdkawmif;onfhtcsdeftwGif;rSmjzpfEdkifajc&SdEdkifrnf
r[kwfaMumif;pOf;pm;rdygonf/ þar;cGef;rsm;onf pmayavhvmolrsm;ar;cGef;rsm;jzpfí
Ignatius rsm;a&;om;aomtaMumif;t&mwdkYonf ppfrSefrI&Sdyg&Jhvm;[lí oHo,&SdEdkifonf?
þtawG;rsm;onf aemufrSjzpfvmaomt&mrsm;jzpfonfudk rSef;qír&bl;vm;/
'kwd,&mpkESpfwGif ydkía&mifjyef[yfEdkifaomtjzpfrSm Clement and the Shep-
herd of Hermas yxrpmapmif onf tvif ;w&m;ay;Ed k if onf / þvuf &mrsm;wG if
ES pfc kpvHk; rSm Clergy \tcef;u@onf Ignatius ajymonfxuf zGH YNzKd ;rI r&S da o;
onfudkawGY&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif &mxl;tqifhvdkufowfrSwfjcif;odkYa&GUvsm;vsuf&Sdyg
onf/ Clement \ajymqdkcsuft&? "r®opfusrf;acwfacgif;aqmifwdkYonf "r®a[mif;
usrf;pepfwdkYudkcsdwfqufvsuf&Sdonfudk pwifvsuf&Sdonf/ odkYjzpfí Clement onf
yxrOD;qHk;c&pf,mefpmayrsm;a&;om;oltaejzifh Clergy ESifh Laity wdkY\tcef;u@
uGmjcm;yHkESifh&mxl;tvdkufwnfaqmufrIudktMuHay;oljzpfygonf/ taMumif;jycsufrSm
Clement onf toif ;awmf \ pnf ;urf ;csuf ES if h tqif h w d k Yonf a'otoif ;awmf rS
cGifhjyKEdkifjcif;&Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif þbD;a&Smhyftopfrsm;onf a'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;\
bD;a&Smhyfomjzpfygonf/ ydkus,fjyefYaome,fedrdwfwGifr[kwfyg/
bmaMumifha&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;onf a,½IESifh&SifaygvkwdkYwnfaxmifcJhaom
toif;awmfyHkpHudkpGefYcGm&oenf;/ taMumif;rSmrsm;í&Sif;vif;jcif;r&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif John
Knox utvm;tvmtcsKdU ud k ajymjyonf /
F-24
186
tkyfcsKyfrIpepfwpf&yfonf toif;vlBuD;rsm;\aumifpDrSBuD;MuyfvQif
½Iyfa xG;rI&Sd Edkifrnf / aemufN yD; toif ;awmfy&d owfaqmif &Gufcsuf ESifh
BuD;xGm;vmonfhpnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIESifhtqifacsmrIwdkYonf ½IyfaxG;EdkifvGef;í
EdkifiHawmfrSn§Of;qJrItygt0ifESifhcufcJeufeJaomynm&SifwdkY\ gnostic
teachers - þtajctaerS m&S d aomoabmw&m;onf wpf OD ;wnf ;aom
toif;awmfacgif;aqmifrI? pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIxdef;odrf;olESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
csrSwfaomwm0ef&Sdoludk,fpm;vS,fjzpfjcif;onf þt&müwpfOD;wnf;
aomtmPmay;jcif ;onf toif ; awmf y&d owftrsm;pku dk ES pf ouf& m
tjzpfrsm;tm;qGJaqmifrIrsm;&SdEdkifonf/
Volz uvnf;ajymonfrSm bmoma&;t,ltqESifhqefYusifí rdpäm'd|dt,l0g'
oufa&mufjcif; ay:ayguf vmjcif;? Montanism t,l 0g'rsm;onf toif;awmfu dk
zdtm;ay;í wpfOD;wnf;aomacgif;aqmifrIzufodkYa&G;cs,fjcif;udk wGef;tm;ay;vsuf&Sd
onf /
þajymif;vJvmonfh Clergy rsm;\tcef;u@onf 'kwd,&mpkESpfwGif acwfopf
ygpwm\tajccHulnDrpay;jcif;u@odkYwGef;tm;ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ 'kwd,&mpkESpfwGif
&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;ajymif;vJrIonf oufaotm;jzifh Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@rSm acwfopf
tcef;u@onf "r®opfusrf;acwftcef;u@r[kwf&yg/ ordkif;okawoDtrsm;pkrSm
Volz vdk vl rsm;onf þajymif ;vJ rI onf taygif ;vu© Pmwpf &yf n§d EI d if ;rI jzpf aMumif ;
twdkuftcHajymoGm;onf/ Volz onf jiif;qdkajymMum;&mü a'otoif;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh
bD;a&SmhyfwdkYonf toif;om;y&dowfwdkYESifh e,fvSnfh"r®q&mrsm;xufpmvQif tawGY
txdydkrsm;ygonf/ odkYjzpfí obm0tm;jzifh þjzpf&yfonf tmPmwefcdk;ESifhodu©m
t&mwd k;wufrIonf oifhavsmf aMumif;jiif;qdkrIjyKcJhonf/ þpma&;q&mrSm þvdk
ed*Hk;csKyfodkYa&;om;jcif;rsKd;udk apm'uwuf&ygrnf/ "r®opfusrf;wGif Clergy wdkY\
tcef;u@rSm omoemjyKjcif;taMumif;t&m&Sdygonf/ þtcef;u@ajymif;vJvm
aomtcgrSm Clergy wdkYonf omoemjyKjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIudk aysmufuG,foGm;ygonf/
toif ;awmfx JwGi f Clergy rsm;onf omoemjyKjcif ;vIy f& S m;rI onf aysmufu G,f
oGm;aomtcgwGif &yfwnfEdkifzdkYtaMumif;aysmufqHk;oGm;ygonf/ usefaomt&mrSm
tmPmvkyGJomusefygonf/ þtjzpfomusefí toif;awmfonf tpOftvmwpf&yf
toif;awmfyHkpHudka&GUoGm;onf/
 187
toif;axmufrsm; (deacons) wdkYonf a&S;a[mif;usaom&mxl;
rsm;ESifhrauseyfíjzpfonfudk uREfkyfwdkYxif&ygonf/ Harnack taejzifh
olwdkY\wm&SnfpGmjzifhtmPm&zdkYESifh ajymifajrmufrI&&Sd&ef toufBuD;&ifh
olwdk Y\ epfe mrI wG if owda y;EI d; aqmfr Ij yKonf/ ol wd kY \vI HY aqmf rI rS m
ol wdkY onf bD;a&Smh yfrsm;ES ifh& if;ESD;rIaMumifh jzpf ayvd rfhr nf/ odkY &mwG if
bD;a&Smhyfrsm;onf toif;axmufrsm;udkjr§ifhwif&rnfudk olwdkYudk,fwdkifu
w&m;0if&mxl;wdk;jr§ifh&efvnf;vdkygonf/
c&pf,mef*dkPf;csKyfbkef;awmfBuD;wdkY\tkyfcsKyfrIudkwnfaxmif&mü
,HkMunfcsufwpfckrSm bD ;a&Smhyf &mxl;wGi f ,Zfyka&m[dwf\tmPmrSm
wrefawmfrsm;\tarGtESpfESifh"r®a[mif;usrf;\,Zfyka&m[dwftmPmwdkY
&&SdcJhygonf/
wwd,ESifhpwkw¬&mpkESpfwGif Clergy wdkYwpfae&mwnf;wGiftxdkifjyKjcif;ESifh
,Zfy ka &m[d wftcG if htmPm&S dr Io nf zGHY NzKd ;wdk ;wufr I& Sd &m Nicea (325) acwfwGi f
c&pf,meftoif;awmfonf Constantinian acwftcgodkYul;ajymif;cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
"r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfwGif trIaqmifjcif;vkyfi ef;onf jzefYíxm;ygonf/
wjznf;jznf;ESifh,cktcsdeftcgrSm yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;wnf;jzifh udkifwG,fvkyfaqmifrIwdkYudk
jynfolrsm;twGufaqmif&Gufvmygonf/ jzpf&yfrSm ,Zfyka&m[dwf&mxl;BuD;pdk;vmonf/
odkY&mwGif wjznf;jznf;ESifht"du&mxl;aqmiftzGJYonf npmpm;yGJ
,Ofaus;rIjyefvnfazmfxkwfjcif;yGJwGif c&pfawmf (Ignatius of Antioch)
ESi fheD ;uyf pGmqufqHa &;&S dí u&medu kef; ,Zfyl aZmf yGJwGif c&pf,mefwdkY
bk & m;&S d c d k ; yG J usif ; yyH k tcrf ; tem;wG i f yG J a wmf wnf c if ; ay;onf h O uú X
udk,fwdkifu "r®a[mif;usrf;\y#dnmOf,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;tjzpftjrif&Sd
oGm;ygonf/ olYudkvnf; awmf0if,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkY\ajyma&;qdkcGifhwpfOD;
tjzpftjrif&SdMuonf/ olonf yHkrSeftm;jzifh toufBuD;&ifholtkyfcsKyfol
wpfOD;jzpfaomfvnf; ,Ofaus;rIyGJawmfwpf&yfusif;yay;olonf ol&&Sd
cJ haomtod trS wfjyKcH &jcif;onf toif;axmuf rsm;udk BuD ;Muyf&jcif ;?
toufBuD;&ifholtkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYtm; MoZmvTrf;rdk;jcif;wdkYonf olYtm;
188
c&pfa wmftzG JY aumifp D “municipal” tjzpf? ol \Edk if i Ho m;jzpf j cif; ud k
aumif;uifEdkifiHrSm&Sdygonf/
wjznf;jznf;ESifhbD;a&Smhyfonf a'oygpwmwpfOD;jzpfpOfrSmyif ol\tmPm
tcsKdUESifhvkyfief;vkyfaqmifcsufwdkYudk teD;tem;&SdomoemjyKe,fy,frsm;odkY bkef;awmfBuD;
Munfh½IrIr&Sdao;aome,frsm;odkY a0iSvdkufonf/ xdktcgrSm toufBuD;ol,Zfyka&m[dwf
rif;rsm;jzpfí bD;a&Smhyftm; teD;tem;wpf0dkuf&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;udk tmPmoufa&muf
rIvrf;udkcif;ay;ygonf/ William onf qufíavhvm&mü?
odkYjzpfí trIawmfonf ac:awmfrljcif;cH&onfxuf toufarG;0rf;
ausmif; wpf&yfjzpfcJho nf/ trIawmfonf a'otvdk uftoif;awmf\
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpfavsmhenf;jzpfvmjcif;ESifh bk&m;ocif\a&SUwGif
vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftwGufajymqdkcGifhavsmhenf;vmNyD; aMu;pm; Clergy
rsm;jzpfvmí aumif;pGmavhusifhay;rIcH&jcif;ESifh &mxl;wdk;jr§ifhjcif;&Sdí
wpfe,frSwpfe,fodkYcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
trIawmfaqmifq&mrsm; (Clergy) udk vufwifr*Fvmtcrf;tem;udkrl A.D. 200
avmuf w G i f j yKvk y f c J h y gonf / wjznf ; jznf ; ES i f h t oif ; awmf \ zG J Y pnf ; yH k o nf
"r®a[mif;usrf;ESifhydkrdkwlvmonf/ "r®a[mif;usrf;ESifhvnf;csKyfaESmifrI&Sdvmygonf/
jzpf&yfrSm Clergy rsm;onf "r®a[mif;usrf;rS,Zfyka&m[dwfrsm;\tmPmwefcdk;wdkYudk
&,lvdkufygonf/ tjzpfrSm wjznf;jznf;ESifholwdkYonf tjypfudkygvTwfay;EdkifaMumif;
ajymonf/ ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} [lí tac:ta0:udk Nicea (325) rwdkifrDuav;wGif
pwiftoHk;jyKygonf/
pwk w¬ &mpkE S pf wG if þajymif ;vJ vmaomtajctaerS m jref q ef v mygonf /
toif ;axmuf (deacons) ES i f htouf B uD ; oltk yf c sKyf a&;tzG J Y (presbyters) wdk Y \
½kef;uefrIwdkYonf a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif xl;qef;tHhMo&aomjzpf&yfwpfckygyJ/ Clergy
\pdk;&drfrIr[kwfbJ toif;awmf\omoemjzefYjzL;jcif;trIwGif zGJYpnf;wnfaxmifrI
r&Sdawmhaomtoif;awmftwGufpdk;&drfrIjzpfoGm;onf/ toif;awmfonf omoemjyK
jcif;tpm; tcsdefu dk½ Iyfa xG; onfh Clergy wdkY\ tcef;u@ESi fhtmPmwnf& Sdr Iudk y J
 189
tjiif;tckHpum;&nfvkyGJwpf&yfjzifhtcsdefukefcJhonf/ toif;axmufrsm;onfyifvQif
Clergy tcef ; u@od k Y 0 if a &muf E d k i f z d k Y BuKd ; yrf ; vsuf & S d o nf / a'o&S d t oif ;awmf
vlBuD;rsm; tapmydkif;&mpkESpfrsm;uJhodkYBuKd;pm;cJhonf/
Clergy rsm;\tmPmwefcdk ;onf uGefpwifwdk if ; (Constantine) c&pf ,mefwpf OD ;
jzpfcsd efwG if zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrItvGef jref qefc Jhonf / þtcsde fwGi f Clergy rsm;onf
tcGeftaumufay;jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGifh&&Sdonf/ ûrdYjytmPmudkvnf;tyfESif;ygonf/
NrKdYjyaumifpD0ifawGvnf; Clergy &mxl;tqifhudk&&Sd&efavQmufxm;Muonf/ tqifh
twef;owfrSwfjcif;udk ,ckwGifowfrSwfí &mxl;tqifhvdkuf tjcm;aom Clergy
rsm;tay:ü tmPmoufa&mufrIudkowfrSwfcJhygonf/ olwdkYonf vkyfydkifcGifhwpf&yf
taejzifhvnf; bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufudkqefYusifaombD;a&SmhyfwdkY\tjyKtrlrsm;udk
todtrSwfrjyKbl;[lí vkyfydkifcGifhjyKvdkufonf/ aemufqHk;wGif bD;a&SmhyfwpfOD;onf
tjcm;bD;a&Smhyftm;vHk;tay:ü tmPm&Sdjcif;udk Leo the Great vufxufwGifjyKvkyfí
tv,facwfüyxrOD;qHk;aomykyf&[ef;rif;ay:aygufcJhonf/ ,if;rSm Gregory the Great
jzpfygonf/ olonf ygpwmrsm;toif;awmf\Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;udk tv,facwf
wpfavQmufvHk;wGifzefwD;cJhonf/
c&pf,mefbmomonf tifyg,m\w&m;0ifbmomtjzpf Theodosius
(C. 390) vufatmuf wG if jzpf oG m;aomtcgrSm c&pf,mef&mxl;tqif hq if h
wdkYonf vlrIa&;&mxl;tqifhudkvnf; 'd|dwdkY\,Zfyka&m[dwfESifhbD;a&Smhyf
wdkY\&mxl;&mcH? bGJYwdkYESifhtwl 0wf½Hktxnfrsm;udkvnf;qufcH&&Sdonf/
bk&if*sDbkef;BuD; bk&m;0wfjyK&mü0wfqifonfhtusÐvufjywf (chasuble)
dalmatic, vnf pnf;yg0g (stole) ES if h maniple wdk Yonf a&mrw&m;½H k;rS
acs;iS m;xm;&onf/ pnfyife,f edrd wftwGif; rSm {u&mZfrif;0wfjyK&m
tcsdefwGifBuD;Muyf&ef flamen ae&mrSm bD;a&SmhyfwpfOD;&Sdí flamen \
tcGifhta&;tm;vHk;udk&&Sdygonf/ þtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm vpmaiG? NrKdY\
aumifpDwGifxdkif&aomxdkifcHktcGifhta&;? {u&mZfrif;ESifhwdkuf½dkufqufoG,frI
tcGifhta&;udk&&Sdonf/ ol\tcGifhta&;rSm e,fy,fbk&ifcHNyD;vQif olonf
tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ bD;a&Smhyfrsm;onf ,ckrSm txifu&yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpf
Muygonf/ MoZmBuD;rm;jcif;ESifh&mxl;jrifhrm;jcif;&Sdygonf/ olYaemufwGif
190
tapcH rsm;&S d í vSn f h vS n fp D wef ; jcif ;jyKcsd ef wGi f a&mrwd k Y\ vif ; ,ke f
wHqdyftpm;? vuf0g;uyfwdkifo,faomtzGJYrsm;&Sdygonf/
Constantine c&pf,mef0ifwpfOD;jzpfvmcsdefwGif pwkw¬&mpkESpfwGif Clergy tcef;
u@onf omoemjyKjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIrS wefcdk;tmPmESifhxdef;csKyfrItmPmodkYoufqif;
oGm;onf/ toif;awmf\vIyf&Sm;rIywf0ef;usifonfvnf; BuD;pGmtpGef;a&mufvsuf
&Sdonf/ Constantine tcsdefrwdkifrDrSm toif;awmfonf wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom*kdPf;
wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/ Constantine \ ]]ajymif;vJrI}} ESifh'd|dwdkY\ ]]vG,fulpGmajymif;vJrI}}
wdkYaMumihf toif;awmfonf a&mrtifyg,mwGif ]]r,HkMunfol}} urÇmESifh&ifqdkifzdkY
rvdkawmhyg/ Clergy rsm;tvkyfrSm trIawmfxrf;aqmif&ef BuD;MuyfrIrvdkawmhyg/
toif;awmftopfrsm;xlaxmifoGm;&efr vdka wmhyg/ vlr sm;ud k {0H a*vd w&m;awmf
a[mMum;í c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfzdkYrvdkawmhyg/ taMumif;rSm a&mrtifyg,m&Sdvltm;vHk;
wdkYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjynfh0pGm&&SdNyD; c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfvmNyDjzpfí aemufxyf
toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmif&efr&SdaMumif; toif;awmftaetxm;t&&Sdygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf "r®opfusrf;yHkpHrSajymif;vJrIESpf&yfudkawGY&ygonf/ yxrtcsufrSm
e,fvSnfhtrIawmfaqmifjcif;rS twnfwusaexdkifaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
þonfrSm Clergy tcef;u@rSm a'owGiftwnfwusjzpfygonf/ 'kwd,ajymif;vJ
csufrSm Constantine tcsdefvGefNyD;rSjzpfcJhonf/ þajymif;vJcsufrSm Clergy ESifh Laity
(omreftoif;om;rsm;) tcef;u@udk uGmjcm;rIydkí&SdvmNyD ; olwdkY&&Sdaomwefcdk;
tmPmrSm bk&m;ocifolwdkYtm;ay;zdkY&nf&G,fcsufr&Sdonfrsm;udk&&Sdygonf/ þtmPm
&&SdrIrSmvnf; "r®opfusrf;wGif tajcpdkufrIr&Sdyg/ toif;awmfwGif rdrd\zGJYpnf;rIyHkpHudk
"r®a[mif;usrf;\,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkY\yHkpHtm;jzifhyHkazmfcJhonf/ Clergy onf vlrsm;
twG u f trI a wmf a qmif a y;jcif ; rS m ol wd k Y u d k ,f wd k i f r jyKvk y f E d k i f a omtvk y f r sm;ud k
vkyfay;vsuf&Sdonf/
þajymif;vJrIrsm;onf toif;awmf\ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;udk omoemjyK
jcif;rSa'otxdk ifo dkYj zpfv mcJh ygonf/ omoemjyKjcif;tay:ü tav;xm;jcif ;ESi fh
t"duxm;jcif;r&SdaomtcgwGif toif;awmfudk trIawmfaqmifjcif;xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf
jyKjyifajymif;vJ&efvdktyfygonf/ þajymif;vJjcif;onf t"dyÜm,f&Sd&SdawG;ac:rIwpf&yf
 191
jzpf o nf / toif ; awmf \ omoemjyKjcif ; \&nf & G ,f c suf a ysmuf q H k ; aomtcgrS m
þjzpf&yfonf zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmrnfjzpfonf/ toif;awmfwpfckonf Clergy tzGJYtm;
t"dujyKpkapmifha&Smufolrsm;udkcefYxm;aomtcgwGif omoemjyKjcif;todw&m;onf
aysmufqHk;oGm;&onf/
Constantine onf c&pf,meft,l 0g'udk vuf cHNyD; a&mrtifyg,mwG if c&pf,mef
t,l 0 g'onf yG m;rsm;pG m csJ Y xG i f v monf h t wG u f Clergy tcef ; u@onf v nf ;
ajymif ;vJv mygonf / omoemjyKjcif ;OD; pm;ay;rI rS jyKpk apmifh a&Smuf jcif ;tjzpf od kY
ul;ajymif;oGm;ygonf/ Loren Mead onf þajymif;vJrIudk EdkifiHa&;½IaxmifhrS&Sif;vif;
ajymqdkonf/ yxr&mpkESpftenf;i,fwGif c&pf,meft,l0g'onf &efvdkaomurÇmBuD;
udk&ifqdkifcJh&onf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifh pdrf;um;rI&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif tifyg,m
BuD;wGif c&pf,meft,l0g'udkvufcHNyD;onfaemuf urÇmBuD;rSmtwlwljzpfoGm;&onf/
þonfrSm Clergy \tcef;u@udk {0Ha*vdomoemjyKjcif;rSjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;
trIwGifajymif;vJ&ygonf/ omreftoif;om;rsm;\tcef;u@rSm trIawmfaqmif
jcif ; rS a pmif h M unf h a omol tjzpf o d k Y ajymif ; vJ & ygonf / þtaetxm;ü {0H a *vd
w&m;awmfonf aMu;pm;ppfonfrsm;\tvkyfjzpfvmí e,fjcm;topfrsm;odkYa&muf&Sdí
atmifEdkifjcif;jzifh a'o&Sdvlrsm;udktwif;tusyfc&pf,mefbmomodkY0ifcdkif;Muonf/
omoemjyKjcif;vkyfief;onf aMu;pm;ppfom;rsm;\wm0efrsm;jzpfvmaomtcgwGif
tm;vHk;aomvlYtzGJYtpnf;wdkYonf ]]c&pf,mef}} rsm;jzpfvmaomtcg toif;awmf
onf a'oomoemjyKjcif;tvkyfr&Sdawmhyg/ jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;tvkyfom&Sdawmh
onf/ odkY&mwGif Mead \ajymqdkcsuft&? acwfopfurÇmBuD;wGif vlrItzGJYtpnf;rSm
"r® o pf u srf ; acwf o d k Y j yef v nf a &muf & S d v mygonf / þtjzpf o nf urÇ mtcsKd U rS m
&efvdkrI&Sdonf/ tcsKdYrSm pdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&Sdyg? tcsKdYrSmaxmufcHrI&Sdygonf/ þodkY
vlrItzGJYtpnf;ajymif;vJrIwGif omreftoif;om;rsm;ESifh Clergy wdkYonf erlemyHkpH
topfjzifh trIawmfaqmif&Guf&rnf/ Mead ajymqdkcsifonfrSm yHkpHerlemajymif;vJjcif;
onf omoemjyKjcif;tav;xm;rIrS jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;tav;xm;rIodkYajymif;vJjcif;
onf tifyg,mEdkifiHonf toif;awmfjzpfvmjcif;\tjzpftysufaMumifhjzpfygonf/
odk Y & mwG i f þpma&;q&m\,l qcsufr S m yH kp H erl e monf yxrOD ; qH k ;ajymif ; vmí
toif;awmfESifhtifyg,monf obm0tm;jzifh yHkpHerlemajymif;vJjcif;aMumifh ajymif;vJ
192
cJh&jcif;jzpfygonf/ þajymif;vJrIonf 'kwd,&mpkESpfwGifjzpfcJhonf/ toif;awmfonf
tifyg,mBuD;ESifhqufpyfrIr&Sdcifuwnf;u MumjrifhpGmjzpfcJhonf/ ygpwmonf jyKpk
apmifha&Smufoltcef;u@ü Constantine tcsdefwGif cdkifcHhpGmwnfjrJcJhonf/ yHkpHerlem
ajymif;jcif;\jzpf&yfonf obm0tm;jzifh tifyg,mEdkifiHawmf\c&pf,meft,l0g'udk
vufcHaomtcgrSm Mead \tMuHjyKcJhovdk toif;awmfonf þvrf;odkYcsDwufcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif tu,fíom toif;awmfonf jyefvnfíwrefawmfrsm;\yHkpHerlem
udkodrf;ydkufEdkifvQif toif;awmfonf tv,facwfüacsmufurf;yg;awGudka&SmifEdkifyg
vdrfhrnf/ toif;awmfonf rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfcsufudkpGefYvTwfjcif;jzpfí "r®opfusrf;\
em;vnfrI&Sdaom Clergy, Laity wdkY\tcef;u@udkvHk;0pGefYvTwfjcif;jyKcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí
tv,facwfrSm toif;awmfESifhtifyg,mudk wpfckwnf;toGifjzifhvufcHjcif;onf
rawmfwqjzpfvmjcif;r[kwfbJ tusKd;qufwpf&yfjzpfygonf/
toif;awmfonf tifyg,mESifhydkrdkíqufpyfrIjyKaomtcgrSm toif;awmfwGif
&SdaomtzGJYtpnf;rsm;onf ajratmufurÇmodkYcdkvIHí oabmxm;uGJvGJaomtoif;awmf
[lí tv,f a cwf wG i f xl a xmif c Jh o nf / þtk y fp k tzG J Yr sm;onf tiftm;BuD ; aom
acgif;aqmifrsm;&Sdí ]]c&pf,mef}} avmuudk olwdkY\&efolrsm;tjzpf ywf0ef;usif
wpf&yfESifhxl axmifNyD; pD;aomtoif;awmf\ ypfy,fcJ haomomref toif;om;wdkY\
trIawmfudkvufrcHcJhyg/ þtpm;? ,if;tkyfpktrsm;pkonf trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyf
udkaqmif&GufMuygonf/ þtrIawmfaqmifjcif; onf jrefqef pGmygyg&[ef ;rif;\
Oa&mywdkufEdkifiHtwGif;rSmBuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ t"duOyrmjy&rnfqdkvQif Waldenses
tkyfpkrsm;jzpfonf/ þolrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudkukefonfBuD;rsm;jzifh½kyfzsufí trSef
wu,frSm olwdkY\t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm aumif;aomowif;udka0iSzdkYjzpfonf/
Mead \c&pf,mef rsm;\yH kpHerlemtcsd ef ü urÇ mESif htoif;awmfwpf orwfwnf ;
jzpfcsdef wGif a&mrtifyg,mtwGif ;rS m þtopf aomyHkp Herlemudkv ufcH zdk Yjiif;qef
aomolrsm;&Sdygonf/ olwdkYonf qufvufíomoemjyefYyGm;a&;tvkyfudkaqmif&Guf
vsuf&Sdonf/ þpdk;&drfaMumifhMurIonf toif;awmfESifhurÇmBuD;udkwpforwfwnf;
jyKvkyfjcif;udk ,aeYc&pf,meftcsKdYwdkYonf EdkifiHawmftm; zdtm;ay;í EdkifiHawmfudk
rdrdwdkY\bmoma&;wm0efrsm;tm; tiftm;oHk;íaqmif&Gufapvdkygonf/ þpma&;
 193
q&mtaejzifhajymvdkonfrS m? þjzpf& yfonf or®musrf;pm\taxmuftxm;t&?
usrf;pmawmf\yHkpHudk Laity ESifh Clergy wdkY&Jhtcef;u@udkpGefYvTwfjcif;jzpfaMumif;
ajymqdkvdkygonf/
þajymif;vJrIrsm;onf vlrItzGJYtpnf;rsm;\toif;awmfudkxdcdkufonfruyg?
,aeYvuf&S dtoif;awmf\ tajctaerSm "r® opfu srf ;\trIawmfaqmif jcif ;yH kpHu dk
pGefYvTwfjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ "r®opfusrf;yHkpHudk jyefvnf&,lzdkYvdkygonf/ ,aeY
vl r I t zG J Y tpnf ; wd k Y onf yd k í "r® o pf u srf ; urÇ m vd k j zpf v mjcif ; aMumif h r [k w f b J
taMumif;rSmor®musrf;pmyHkpHjzpfaeygonf/ toif;awmfonf tv,facwfüyifvQif
“church kingdom” toif;awmf\EdkifiHtjzpfvufcH,lzdkYroifhavsmfyg/ þtrIawmf rsKd;onf
Mead rStqd k jyKoG m;onf /
þpma&;q&mrSm Mead \twGif;usustjrifjzpfaom yHkpHerlemajymif;vJjcif;
tqdkudkaus;Zl;wifygonf/ odkY&mwGif vlrItzGJYtpnf;tajymif;tvJyxrjzpfjcif;udk
vufrcHyg/ þtpm;? "r®opfusrf;yHkpHudkpGefYvTwfonfhtwGuf toif;awmfonf vlrI
tzGJYtpnf;ajymif;vJrIudk vdkvdkvm;vm;tv,facwfwGifvufcHjcif;jzpfonf/ vlrI
tzGJYtpnf;wdkYonf wpfzefjyefíc&pf,mef rsm;\,HkMunfjcif;udk ]]&efvdkrI }} tae
txm;ü&SdonfrSmrSefaomfvnf; toif;awmfonf toif;awmf\xHk;wrf;pOfvmyHkpH
udk pGef YvTwf jcif ;\t"d utaMumif; &if;rjzpf oifhy g/ þodkY& SdvQif tajymif ;tvJ udk
jrefqefaprnf? odkY&mwGif tajymif;tvJjzpfjcif;onf or®musrf;pmt&? trSeftuef
&Sd&rnf/
q,fhajcmuf&mpkESpfrSmjzpfcJhaom y½dkwufpwif;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI (Protestant
Reformation) onf tajccH tm;jzifh bmoma&;,H k Munf csufrsm;ES if h ouf q d kif ygonf /
odkY &mwGif vufawGYtm;jzifh ½IyfaxG ;rI&Sd cJhonf htpwnf pjzpfE dkifonf/ Luther \
BuD;jrwfaomtqdkjyKcsufjzpfaom ,HkMunfcsufwpfckwnf;üom vufcHEdkifzG,f&&Sdjcif;
tqdkudk trsm;uowdjyKrdygonf/ odkY&mwGif Luther onf jyefvnfí,Zfyka&m[dwf
t&mtm;jzifh ,HkMunfolwdkYESifhqdkifaomt&mudkvnf;awGY&SdcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí þt&m
rsm;onf y½dkwufpwif;,HkMunfolrsm;\txl;trSwftom;wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/
Luther rSm Clergy wdk Ytm; bk &m;ocif ESif h vl wd k Ypyf Mum;zsef ajzay;olrsm;tjzpf
z,f&Sm;cJhaomfvnf; olonf bmoma&;jyKjyifjcif;udk ydkrdkvufawGUqefaom Clergy
F-25
194
ESifh Laity wdkY\yHkpHerlemajymif;vJjcif;tqifhudkrjyKvkyfcJhyg/ Luther onf ,Zfyka&m[dwf
t&mudk ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;twGufjzpfonf[kawGY&Sdí c&pf,mefwpfOD;csif;tm;jzifh
yg0ify wfoufrI& Sd&ef trIawmfwGi fvdk tyf vsuf &Sda Mumif; jrifa omfv nf;? olo nf
vdkufzufaom Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@topfudkrjrifcJhyg/ odkYjzpfí Laity \trIawmf
aqmifjcif;wGif jyKjyifajymif;vJrIwpfpHkwpfckrQr&SdcJhyg/ taMumif;rSm Clergy \&mxl;
tcef;u@onf or®musrf;pmyHkpHerlemr[kwfbJ þ Clergy rsm;onf tv,facwf
wGiftwnf&Sdao;onfhtwGufjzpfonf/
þtcsufonf a&S;jyKjyifajymif;vJolrsm;u toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmfESpfckudk
oD;jcm;pGmrcGmxk wfEdkifaomt"dutaMumif ;&if;wpf&yfjzpfygonf / odkYjzpf í or®m
usrf;pmESifhrnDnGwfaomtv,facwf\yHkpHerlematmufrSm olwdkYvIyf&Sm;&onfhtwGuf
Luther, Zwingli, Calvin ESif h tjcm;aomol rsm;onf wpf OD ;pD u or® musrf ;pmES if h nDaom
EdkifiHawmfudkzefwD;í EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrSm&SdzdkYBuKd;pm;cJhonf/ olwdkY\
Edkifi HawmftoD;oD;ü EdkifiH om;tjzpf toif;awmftoD;oD;üjzpfM uonf/ Edki fiHa&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf olwd kY\Ed kifiH awmfwG if bmoma&;ajymif;vJr IjyKaomtcgrSm
EdkifiH\bmoma&;onfvnf;ajymif;vJcJhonf/ jzpf&yfrSm a&S;OD;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIwdkY\
trsm;pkrSm ppfrS efonfh toif;awmfomoemjyKjcif;yH kpHudk rzefwD ;Edkif cJhyg/ odkYj zpfí
xd k j yKjyif a jymif ; vJ r I j yKol r sm;rS *d k P f ; uG J toD ; oD ; qif ; ouf v mol r sm;onf v nf ;
toif;awmf\omoemjyKjcif;yHkpHudk zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifrjyKvkyfEdkifcJhyg/ orm;½dk;us
"avhyHkpHudkom rysufrpD;bJxdef;odrf;EdkifcJhonf/
Anabaptist wdkYonf toif;awmfESifhEdkifiH\tkyfcsKyfrIudkaygif;pnf;ír&EdkifaMumif;
yxrOD;pGmawGY&SdcJhonf/ 0dnmOfa&;orm;ESifhEdkifiHa&;orm;wdkYudk pkpnf;rI&SdaomtcgrSm
tusifhy sufjcif ;&S dv monf/ od kY jzpfí Anabaptist wdk Yo nf yxrOD;qHk ;aomjyKjyif
ajymif;vJrIjyKolwdkYu tv,facwfawG;ac:rIjyKjcif;udkpGefYcGmcJholrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwdkY
onf toif;awmfESifhtifyg,mudkpkpnf;rIBuKd;yrf;csufudkpGefYcGmaom yxrOD;qHk;jyKjyif
ajymif;vJolrsm;jzpf Muonf / pdwf0ifp m;p&maumif; onfrS m Anabaptist twGif; rSm
c&pf,mefbkef;awmfBuD;ESifhqdkifaom jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjyif;jyif;xefxef
tjcm;aomjyKjyifajymif;vJolrsm;uJhodkYr&Sdyg/ þtpm; Anabaptist wdkYonf omoem
jyKjcif;tzGJYtpnf;wdkYudk zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyfcJhonf/ *dkPf;uGJtoD;oD;rSqif;ouf
 195
vmaom Anabaptist wdkY\vIyf&Sm;rIwdkYonf omoemjyKjcif;wGif tjcm;aomt"du
jyKjyifajymif;vJolwdkYxuf omoemjyKjcif;trIwGif ydkrdkpdwf0ifpm;Muonf/
Wesleyan jyefvnfEdk ;Mum;x<ujcif;vIyf &Sm;rIonf vnf;? Anglican toif;awmf rS
pwifjcif;trIawmfonf omoemjyKjcif;tvkyfudk zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufaompepfudkzefwD;cJh
onf/ odkY&mwGif tjcm;aom Anglican uJhodkYEdkifiHawmftoif;awmfudkzefwD;rIrjyKcJhyg/
odkY&mwGif Anglican twGif;rSm rlvoabmxm;uGJvGJolrsm;tjzpfodkY&yfwnfcJhonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf Methodist wdkY\vIyf&Sm;rItaMumif;udk þtcef;wGifaemufrStus,f
w0ifhppfaq;rIjyKoGm;rnf/
t o i f;o m;r sm;jyK
pkapmifha&S
mu fjci f;ES
i fh
ywfo u fí
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o pfu sr f;\ t pD
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cx
JG
G u fjci f;
toif;om;rsm;jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifhywfoufí "r®opfusrf;\tpDtpOfudk
qHk;½IH;&jcif;onf Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@udk or®musrf;pmESifhtnD&Sdjcif;udk qHk;½IH;cJh
&ouJhodkYwlnDaeygonf/ trSefrSm Clergy wdkYomoemjyKjcif;tcef;u@ESifh "r®opfusrf;
\toif ; om;rsm;tjyef tvS e fu ln D rpjcif; onf rvGJ ra&Smifo mqufp yf r I& S do nf /
wpfBudrfom þtjzpfwpfckckonf jyefvnfawGY&Sd&aomtcgrSm tjcm;wpfckonfvnf;
jyefvnfawGY&SdoGm;ygrnf/ xdkenf;wlpGm wpfckckuaysmufqHk;oGm;vQif wpfckuvnf;
jrefqefpGmaysmufqHk;oGm;vdrfhrnf/ odkYjzpfí Clergy \tcef;u@onf a'owpfckck
wGiftenfxdkiftwnfwusjzpfoGm;vQif toif;awmf\omoemjyKjcif;trIonfvnf;
&yfqdkif;oGm;vdrfhrnf/ Clergy wdkYtwGuf tvkyfrsm;udkzefwD;ay;&onfrSm omoem
jyKjcif;trIwGif olwdkYonf omoemjyKolrsm;r[kwfawmhjcif;aMumifhjzpf&onf/ odkYjzpfí
ygpwmrsm;onf tajccHjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;tvkyfudk vuf&Sdc&pf,mefrsm;twGif;rSm
ay:aygufcJh&onf/
"r®o pfusrf ;acwfuk efqHk;csdefwG if toif ;awmfo nf vlrI tzGJYtpnf;ay:wGif
wnfaqmufcJhonf/ yxr&mpktxdyif wrefawmf&Sifa,m[efonf toif;awmf\
wnfa qmuf rI rS m tajccH taMumif ;&if ;wGi fp dk uf xl cJ hj cif ;jzpfo nf [l íajymcJh onf/
tESpfESpf&mtxd toif;awmfonf qufvufítdrftoif;awmfyHkpHjzifh&yfwnfcJhonf/
196
þumvwG i f toif ; awmf o nf rsm;pG maomwd k ; wuf B uD ; xG m;rI u d k c H p m;&onf /
aumif ; pG maom0d nmOf a &;wd k ; wuf r I & S dc J h o nf/ tqufr jywf n§O f ; yef ; ES d y f p uf r I u d k
cH p m;vsuf & S d o nfj zpf a omf vnf ; 0d n mOfa &;rS musef; rmvsuf & Sd o nf / þtjzpf r S m
rSefuefrI&SdonfrSm Clergy rsm;onf a'otvdkuftenfxdkifvsuf&SdpOfrSmyif 0dnmOfa&;rSm
tajctaeaumif;cJhonf/
þtcsdefwGif c&pf,meftaqmuftODrsm; toif;awmftwGufaqmufvkyfjcif;
r&SdcJhyg/ qufvufítdrfrsm;rSm? *ltwGif;rSm? vlaorsm;jr§KyfESHxm;aomajratmuf
vd kP facgif;rsm;wG if awG Yq HkM uonf/ toif ;awmf onf BuD ;rm;aomtaqmuf ttHk
rsm;wGif XmecsKyfrsm;üwnfaqmufjcif;r&SdcJhyg/ toif;awmfonf ,HkMunfolrsm;\
vlrItzGJYtpnf;touf wmtay:üwnfaqmufjcif;jzpfonf/ olwdk YwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
tjyeftvSef*½kpdkufulnDrpjcif;tay:ü&yfwnfjcif;jyKcJhonf/ olwdkYonf tjypfom;
jzpfoltcsif;csif;udk rdwfzGJYjcif;tm;jzifh vufurf;jcif;jyKygonf/
wwd , &mpk a vmuf r S myif c&pf ,mef r sm;pk a 0;&ef t&yf t aqmuf tOD r sm;
wnfaqmufjcif;t&dyfta,mifudkjrif&ygonf/ þodkYtaqmuftODrsm;udkwnfaqmuf
ay;&mü yHkpHwdkYrSm {nfhonfrsm;vufcHEdkif&ef a&mrESifha[vowdkYtdrfaxmiftaqmuf
tODyHkpHtjzpfwnfaqmufcJhonf/
wwd,&mpkESpfrSom c&pf,mefrsm;onf yxrOD;pGmtaqmuftODrsm;udk pka0;&m
t&yfrsm;udkwnfaqmufvsuf&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif þtaqmuftODwdkYonf ao;i,fvS
ygonf/ ygvufpwdkif;NrKdYa[mif;rsm;udkwl;azmf&mü jrif&aomtcgrSm pma&;q&monf
wwd,&mpkESpfwdkY\toif;awmftaqmuftODrsm;udkawGYjrif&onf/ olwdkYonf vlae
tdrfESifhrjcm;bJ ydkíBuD;rm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ tcsKdUaomNrKdYao;rsm;onf c&pf,meftaqmuf
tODtao;oHk;av;vHk;avmuf&Sdygonf/ tjzpfrSm tdrfuaetoif;awmftaqmuftOD
rsm;odkYul;ajymif;jcif;jyKaomtcgrSm uoD'&,ftBuD;rsm;rwnfaqmufcJhyg/ tdrfrsm;
ES if hy Hkp Hwla tmifa qmuf Muonf / trS ef rS m c&pf,mef rsm;onf quf vufítdr fr Sm
awGYqHkMurnfjzpfygonf/
pwkw¬&mpkESpfrSm uGefpwifwdkif;c&pf,mefbmom0iftjzpf ajymif;vJvmaom
tcgrSom c&pf,mefwdkYudkonf;cHjcif;jyKMuonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh c&pf,mefbmomonf
wpf ck wnf; aomtif yg,m\bmomjzpfc Jh o nf / þonf rS m tzGJ Ytpnf; wpf& yf \
 197
toif;awmftaqmuftODwnfaqmufjcif;jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ ao;i,faomtkyfpki,f
toif;awmf\taqmuftOD\ed*Hk;csKyfjcif;jzpfcJhonf/ yHkpHerlemajymif;vJjcif;onf
'kwd,&mpkESpfrSmpwifcJhNyD; pwkw¬&mpkESpfrsm;wGif jynfhpHkpGmtwnfjyKjcif;cH&onfrSm
&mpkESpfaygif;q,fhckepf&mpk&SdcJhNyD/ ,aeYrSmvnf; uGefpwifwdkif;\bmoma&;,HkMunf
csuf\pGefYcGmrIjzifh cGifhjyKcJhaomt&mrsm;? 'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;udkcHpm;vsuf&Sdygao;onf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf toif;awmf\aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udkjyKvkyf&mü tv,facwfrS a&mr
tifyg,myHk pHerlemrsm;ESif hwln Daeygonf/ "r®o pfusrf;acwfc &pf ,mef wdkY \erl em
tm;jzifhwlnDrIodyfr&Sdyg/
wrefawmfrsm;\tzGJYi,fay:aygufNyD;onfhtcg ESpfaygif;oHk;&mxuf
rausmfaomtcsdefwGif wrefawmfrsm;\u,fwifjcif;ordkif;wGif vIyf&Sm;rI
NyD;aomtcgrSm ]]toif;awmf}} \yHkpHESifhyifudkvu©Pmonf ½kwfcsnf;
ajymif ; vJ o G m;onf / tzG J Y i,f tzG J Y t pnf ; onf aysmuf u G , f o G m;í
toif;awmf rSm w&m;0if yHkrSe ftaqmuftODES ifhwuGay:xG ef;vmonf/
þajymif;vJjcif ;onf BuD; rm;aomyHk pHerlemajymif;vJjcif;jzpfí bk&m;
ocif\ajrBuD;tay:obm0tm;jzifhay:xGefjcif;jzpfonf/
------------------------
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a,bk,stm;jzifh bmoma&;okawoDrsm;? ordkif;okawoDrsm;ESifh
c&pf ,mef E S i fh o uf qd k i fa omomoemyk * ¾ d Kvf wd kY \ ,Hk M unfj cif ;wd k Yo nf
twnfjyKcsufwGif toif;awmfonf pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&myHkpHerlemtm;jzifh
ordkif;0ifajymif;vJrItaetxm;wGifa&muf&Sdaeygonf/ vGefcJhaomESpf 1700
wGif bk&m;ocif\e,fy,frSm A.D. 313 ckESpf? uGefpwifwdkif;\c&pf,mef
bmom0if jzpf jcif ;ESi fhvI HYaqmfcJ haomtzGJ Ytpnf;ES ifhc snfa ESmifrIwdkYo nf
xdef;csKyfrI&SdcJhonf/ ]]toif;awmf\y&dowfonf tzGJYi,ftjzpfr[kwf
awmhbJ toif;\ae&mwGif toif; \y&do wfem;vnfr Ionf csJYx Gif
198
BuD;xGm;vmNyD; tifyg,mEdkifiHawmfwGif tm;vHk;aomt&mrsm;yg0ifygonf/
y&dowfonf toif;awmfjzpfonf/ toif;awmfonf tifyg,mEdkifiHawmf
jzpfonf/}} (Loren B. Mead \ta&;tom;rsm;udkjyefqdkonf)/
Clergy wdk Y\ t"du wm0efj zpfa om {0H a*vd w&m;awmf ud ka [mMum;jcif ;ESi fh
toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;tvkyfudk vkyfaqmifaeaomomoemjyK Clergy rsm;udk
qHk;½IH;&jcif;onf yxrOD;pGmjzpfcJhonf/ Clergy rsm;onf a'owGiftxdkiftrIawmf
aqmif&jcif;jzpfaomfvnf;? toif;awmfonf BuD;xGm;rI&SdNyD; 0dnmOfa&;üusef;rmvsuf
&SdonfrSm ESpfESpfoHk;ESpf&mpkrQ&Sdao;onf/ ygpwm\tcef;u@onf tajccHtm;jzifh
jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;ay;olrsm;tjzpfodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;í tmPmwefcdk;udk&Smaeolrsm;
aMumifh a'otoif;awmfrsm;onf t&G,ftm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? vTrf;rdk;rItm;jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif; BuD;xGm;vmygonf/ olwdkYonf tdrfrSxGufcGmí taqmuftODi,f
rsm;odkYul;ajymif;oGm;onf/ xdkrSwpfqifh BuD;aomtaqmufttHkrsm;odkYul;ajymif;oGm;
&onf / Constantine tcsde f od k Ya &muf oG m;aomtcgrS tzG J Yi ,fv l rI tzG J Ytpnf ; ud k
tajccHaomtoif;awmfrsm;onf aysmufuG,foGm;ygonf/ tzGJYtwGufwnfaqmuf
cJh aomtoif;awmfrsm;onf BuD;pd k;vsuf &Sdonf/ BuD;rm;aomtoif;awmfrsm;onf
þtcsde fu mvwG ifwnf axmifj cif;jzpfa omtoif; awmf rsm;onf c&pf,mefr sm;\
0wfjyKudk;uG,frIwdkYudk vlrItzGJYtpnf;rStcrf;tem;wpf&yfodkYul;ajymif;apygonf/
w&m;a[mjcif;onf vlrsm;\vdktyfcsuftay:w&m;a[mjcif;r[kwfawmhbJ tcrf;
tem;rdefYcGef;wpf&yfjzpfoGm;onf/ a&S;tusqHk;"r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfrsm;wGif
owfrSwfjcif;cH&aomacgif;aqmiftjzpf c&pf,mefrsm;\0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;twGuf
r&S d y g/ þawG ;ac:rI o nf Justin (A.D. 160) rSy if pwif c Jh o nf/ toif ; awmf \
t&G,ftpm;onf BuD;xGm;vmonfESifhtrQ Clergy ta&twGufvnf;rsm;vmygonf/
Clergy \tcef;u@onf tkyfpki,ftoif;awmfrsm;twGufray:xGufvmawmhbJ Meth-
odist wdk Y\ jyef vnfEd k ;Mum;jcif ;tcsd ef tcgrS om ay:vmjcif ;jzpf onf /
tcsdeftcgul;ajymif;jcif;onf a'owpforwfwnf;wGif tajcpdkufjzpfjcif;ESifh
Clergy rsm; tmPmqmavmif r G wf o d y f jcif ; onf 'k w d ,&mpk E S p f wG i f p wif c J h o nf /
wpfO D; ESi hf wpfOD ;tjyef tvS ef ul nDr pjcif;rS ygpwmrsm;\Munf h½ Ia pmifh a&Smufj cif;
 199
onfvnf; ul;ajymif;cJhonf/ 'kwd,&mpkESpfrsm;wGifyif Polycarp onf toufBuD;ol?
BuD;MuyfuGyfuJolrsm;udk zsm;emolrsm;tm;vnfywfMunfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif; ponfwdkYudk
trdefYay;cJhonf/ Cyprian (c. A.D. 250) wGif ygpwmwdkY\tcef;u@onf ydkrdk BuD;xGm;vmí
c&pf , mef r sm;ud k n § O f ; yef ; ES d y f p uf j cif ; umvü rd r d w d k Y onf c&pf , mef j zpf
jcif;udkpGefYvTwfolwdkYonf ,cktcgjyefvnfítoif;awmfxJodkYjyef0ifvdkonfrsm;ESifh
qufqH&onfhygpwmrsm;\tcef;u@onf BuD;xGm;vmvsuf&Sdonf/ yxrwGif vlrsm;udk
AwådZHay;NyD;onfaemuf wpfcgwnf;aemifw&zdkYtcGifhta&;ay;cJhonf/ þt&muvnf;
trsm;ta&SYrSm 0efcsawmif;yefjcif;jzpfonf/ aemifumvrsm;wGif (&mpkESpfrsm;wGif)
0efcsawmif;yefjcif;aowåmrsm;jzifh aMu;pm;tjzpfzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmygonf/ Mumjrifh
vmaomtcgwGif tv,facwfü Clergy rsm;onf pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&;tkyfcsKyfrI
(administration of discipline) tvk y f o nf ol w d k Y \ vk y f y d k i f c G i f h j zpf v mcJ h & onf /
þ&nf&G,fcsuftm;jzifh tv,facwf\ Clergy rsm;onf tjypftrsKd;tpm;wdkYudk cGJjcrf;
pdwfjzmjcif;tvkyfudkjyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;onf pdk;&drfaMumifhMurI
r&SdcJhyg/ þonfrSm tv,facwf Clergy rsm;onf 0dnmOfa&;ESifhpdk;&drfrIr&SdaMumif;
qdkvdkonfr[kwfyg/ olwdkYpdk;&drfrI&Sdygonf/ olwdkYonf vlrsm;udktjypfrsm;rvkyfrd&efESifh
i&J odkY rusrd&ef owd jyKMuonf/ odk Y&mwGif olwd kY\vk yfaqmifc sufo nf tmPm
wefcdk;ESifhxdef;csKyfrIatmufrSmjyKvkyfonf/ tjyeftvSefcspfcifjrwfEdk;jcif;? ulnDrpjcif;
jzifhjyKvkyfjcif;r[kwfyg/
vIyf& Sm;rIwpf &yf Clergy ud kzdtm;ay;í vlrsm;\tjypf rsm;ud kapmif hMunfh &ef
tvk y f onf tqif htwef; jr§i f hwif jcif ;tm;jzif h Tertullian \vd k tyf c sufj zpfa om
trsKd;orD;rsm;udk &wemypönf;r0wf&ESifh rsufESmudktvSjc,frsm;rjyK&wdkYjzpfonf/
xdk pnf;urf;xde f;odr f;zdk Y Clergy rsm;\apmifh Munfh jcif; vdktyfygonf/ tjcm;aom
wwd,&mpk ES pftvky frsm;onf ygpwmwdk Yud k odk; uJh od kYx def ;ausmif;&rnf ho dk; xde f;
wpfOD;\yHkaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif Volz uazmfjyonfrSm?
ygpwm\½kyfvTmudkpdwf0ifpm;zdkYaumif;aomfvnf;? tcsdefwefvQif
þt&mrsm;u tmPm&SdaomtkyfcsKyfrIwpf&yfjzpfvmygonf/ Chrysostom
\owda y;csufrSm odk;xdef ;ol\tcef;u@udk pm\t"dyÜm,ftwdkif;
zwf½INyD; t"dyÜm,faumuf,ljcif;rjyK&ef owday;oGm;onf/ taMumif;rSm
200
]]odk;xdef;wdkYonf rdrdütmPmtjynfht0&SdNyD; odk;rsm;onf olajymonfh
twdkif; rdrdbmomrvkyfaqmifvQif ay;onfh'PfudkcH&rnf . . . odkY&mwGif
vlr sm;ud k quf qH & mü od k; xde f ;rsm;rd r d\ od k ;rsm;udk xd e f; csKyfx m;onf h
tmPmuJhodkYrxdef;csKyf&yg/
Thomas Oden onf *EÅ0ifygpwmwpfOD;\jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;\qifjcifwHk
w&m;ESifhtnD aMumif;usKd;azmfjycsufonf tjyKoabm&Sdygonf/ ol\usKd;aMumif;
azmfjycsufonf toif;awmf\zcifrsm;yHkaqmifjcif;tay:üjzpfygonf/ "r®opfusrf;
t&r[kwfyg/ ol\rsm;jym;aomajymqdkcsufrSm zcifrsm;\ajymprSwfjyKaompum;rsm;
jzpfí þyHkaqmifjcif;toif;awmfonf a,½I\oGefoifcsufrsm;ESifh &SifaygvkwdkY\
oG e f oif c suf r sm;r[k wf o nf u d k &S if ; vif ; pG mazmf j yygonf / aemuf r S j zpf vmonf h
taMumif; t&yf &yf tay:üjzpf í toif; om;rsm;\tcsif ;csif; tay:ü rSDc dktm;xm;
ulnDrpjcif;usKd;aMumif;azmfjycsufESifhrnDyg/ Oden axmufjyaomtcsufig;csufrSm
*EÅ0if ygpwm\ul nDapmifha&S mufjcif;onf þt&mrsm;jzpfonf/ rSef uefav;euf
aompum;rsm;udkem;qifjcif;? xyfwlxyfrQ&SdaomyGifhvif;jcif;&Sdí rdrdudk,fudkazmfjy
jcif;udktm;ay;onf/ jcGif;csufr&Sd? cspfjrwfEdk;jcif;udkvufcHonf/ jyif;xef;pGm
rd rd u d k ,fu d k p pf a Mumonf ? rd r d u d k,f u d k azmf j yEd k i f aom[moajrmuftwG i f; oP²mef
&Sdjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/ þt&mrsm;onf aqmif&Guf&aomolwpfOD;\toif;awmfy&dowf
twGufjzpfygonf/ xdkt&mrsm;onf *EÅ0iftoif;om;rsm;\Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;jzpf
onf/ vlwpfOD;udkiSm;&rf;í þtvkyfudk toif;om;rsm;twGufMunfh½Iapmifha&SmufzdkY
jzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;toif;awmfonf tpDtpOfwpf&yftoif;om;rsm;\udk,fwdkif
tjyeftvSefMunfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;udkzefwD;ay;cJhonf/ þtjzpfudk Oden \wifpm;
csufrSm ygpwmwpfa,muf\tvkyfudk&Sif;jyygonf/ tMuHay;ol? orm;tjzpf? vrf;ñTefol?
vGwfvyfrIay;olESifh ynmoifMum;ay;oljzpfonf/
tjcm;aomt"d yÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm *EÅ0ifygpwmwpfOD ;\Munfh½Iapmif ha&Smuf
jcif;tvkyfazmfjyí tpm;xdk;jcif;oabmw&m;udkazmfjyygonf/
0dnmOfa&;ukpm;rI? trIawmfaqmifjcif;? odkYr[kwf ygpwmwpfOD;\
Munfh ½I apmif rrIo nf ul nD rpjcif ; trIj zpfo nf/ tcsKd Ya omc&pf,mef
 201
wpfOD;\udk,fpm;rpjcif;? OD;wnfcsufonf jyefvnfusef;rmvmatmif
jyKpkjcif;? touf&Sifatmifxdef;odrf;jcif;? vrf;ñTef;rIjyKjcif;ESifh pdwfaomu
jzpfaomoludk rdrdudk,fudkvufcHEdkifatmifn§dEIdif;ay;onf/ pdwfaomu
jzpfaomol\'ku©rsm;rSm t"dyÜm,fESifhwuG pdk;&drfaMumifhMurI&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
ygpwmwpfOD;\Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;tvkyfudk t"dyÜm,ftaumif;qHk;azmfjycsufrSm
tv,facwfrSyxrOD;qHk;aomykyf&[ef;rif; Gregory the Great jzpfygonf/ ol\
tvkyfrSm ygpwmwpfOD;\tvkyfay:wGif tcuftcJ&Sdjcif;tm½HkjyKygonf/ vlrsm;\
tema&m*gzdpD;rIESifhpdwf"mwfusp&mtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudkajz&Sif;Edkif&efBuKd;pm;jcif;ESifh ygpwm
wpfOD;\tm;enf;csufudkowday;jcif;jzpfygonf/
tv,facwfwGif ygpwmrsm;\Munfh½Iapmifrjcif;udk tm½HkjyKcsufrSm udk,fpm;vS,f
awmftm;jzifhjyKrlcsufwdkYrSm tm½HkjyKjcif;&Sdonfjzpfí ygpwmjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;onf
bmom0g'r*FvmtrIESifhtajccHtaMumif;&if;wpf&yfjzpfcJh&onf/
bmom0g'trIESifhtajccHonfhaus;Zl;awmfaMumifh tv,facwfu
a,musfm;rdef;rwdkYudk ,lqcsuft&? 0dnmOfa&;usef;rmrIodkYjyefvnf&&Sd
apygonf/ xdkYtjyif 0dnmOfa&;BuD;xGm;rIudkcGifhjyKí trsm;aomolwdkY\
xm0&csrf;ajrhaysmf&TifrIodkYa&muf&Sdapygonf/
jyefvnfjyKjcif;jcif;tcsdefonf ,Zfyka&m[dwft&mudk ,HkMunfoltm;vHk;wdkYtm;
jyef vnfay;tyfjcif;&Sda omfvnf; ygpwmrsm;\Munfh½I apmifrjcif;ES ifhapmifhMunfhrI
wdkYonf Clergy wdkY\e,fy,fwpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/ Clergy wdkY\t"dutcef;u@rSm
jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;umvwGif w&m;a[mjcif;jzpfygonf/ Clergy wdkYt"dutac:ta0:
rSm ]]ygpwm}} [líjzpfonf/ ]],Zfyka&m[dwf}} r[kwfyg/ Luther ESifhtjcm;aom
jyKjyifajymif;vJolrsm;onf ,Zfyka&m[dwfwdkY\usifhpOfrsm;udkz,f&Sm;Edkifaomfvnf;
trIawmfudk omreftoif;om;jynfolodkYjyefvnftyfESif;jcif;rjyKvkyfEdkifyg/ txl;ojzifh
tjyeftvSefulnDrpapmifha&Smufjcif;udk rjyKvkyfay;EdkifcJhyg/ þtaMumif;t&monf
apmapmuajymovdk toif;awmfESifhEdkifiHawmf\aygif;pnf;rIrSm qufvufíwnf&Sd
rIaMumifh- &SifoefqJjzpfí jyKvkyfír&Edkifyg/ Luther onf olodonfrSm olonf
202
EdkifiHawmf\tultnD&,lNyD; ol\jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk Oya'jyXmef;Edkifrnf/ odkYjzpfí
jyKjyif a jymif ; vJ r I j yKjyif o l r sm;onf quf v uf í ygpwm\Munf h ½ I a pmif r jcif ; ud k
tv,facwfrStarGtepfudkqufvufíxdef;odrf;&onf/ olwdkYonf ygpwmrsm;tm;
vlrsm;\tusifhpm&dwåtjyKtrlrsm;udkxdef;csKyf&efESifh yHkoGif;&efjyKvkyfí toif;awmf
e,fedrdwftwGif; wpfESpfwpfBudrftenf;qHk;tdrfrsm;odkYvSnfhvnf&onf/ y½dkwufpwifh
Clergy ESif h uGmjcm;csuf t"d urSm Clergy wdk Y\ tmPmyd k ifwd k Yonf a'otoif ;awmf \
y&dowfrsm;u olwdkYudkaxmufcHNyD; EdkifiHawmfuvnf;axmufcH&ygonf/
odk Yjzpfí "avhx Hk;wrf;pOfvmtm;jzifh ygpwmrsm;\apmif rjcif;ud k ygpwm
wpfOD;onf tajccHMunfh½Iapmifrjcif;tvkyfonf ygpwmrSwpfqifhulnDrpjcif;udk
ay;Edkifonf/ þjzpf&yf\zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrIrSm 'kwd,&mpkESpftapmydkif;uzGHYNzKd;wdk;wuf
vsuf&SdNyD; tv,facwfwGifjynfh0pGm&Sdygonf/ tcGifhta&;wpf&yfESifhtwl&yfwnfcJh
onf / jyef vnfj yKjyif jcif ;umvü þyHk pH ud k tv,f acwf rS tarG tepf &&Sd cJ ho nf /
rodvdkufbJESifh tpb,fuvmonfudk "r®opfusrf;aemufydkif;ürodcJh&yg/ ,aeYqdkvQif
þ"avhx H k; pHo nf toif ; awmftm;jynf h 0pG mjyef v nf í "r®o pfu srf; acwf yH k pH o dk Y
tjyeftvSeftoif;om;rsm;\tcsif;csif;½dkif;yif;ulnDrIjzifh jyefvnfa&mufzdkYvdktyfyg
onf/ q,fhudk;&mpkeD;yg;wnf&Sdjcif;udk z,fxkwfEdkif&ef tvGefcufcJygonf/ Clergy
ESifh Laity ½Ia'gifhrSvnf; arQmfvifhcsuft&udkajz&Sif;&ygrnf/
r u fo ' pft , l0g' ES
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Clergy ES i fh
t o i f;o m;jyK pkjci f;\ em;v n fr I
Wesley wd kY\tar&duef Edk if iH wG ifjyKvk yfaomjyefvnf Ed k ;Mum;jcif ;vIyf&S m;rI onf
tar&duefbmoma&;ordkif;wGif arhaysmufz,f&Sm;rjyKEdkifaomjzpf&yfwpfckjzpfygonf/
olwdkY\pepfwusc&pfawmftaMumif;udka[mMum;csufESifh topfaom,HkMunfolrsm;udk
oifwef;toD;oD;ESifhtzGJYi,fzGJYí toif;om;tcsif;csif;ulnDrpjcif;onf tar&duef
Edk if iH \jrif uG if ;tay:ü ruf o'pf t,l0 g'onf ½dk u fc wf rI tm;arhí r&Edk if atmif
usef&SdoGm;rnf/ EIdif;pmvQifBuD;rm;aomjyefvnfEdk;Mum;tjzpfrsm;onf w&m;a[mMum;ol
John Whitfield udk vnf ; atmif jrifrI ay;oG m;onf / od k Y&mwG if ol \ ajymif;vJ vmaom
 203
,HkMunfolrsm;onf wm&SnfrcHyg/ jzpfEdkifaomtaMumif;wpf&yfrSm Whitfield onf
Clergy wpf OD ; \jyef vnf Ed k ; Mum;jcif ;w&m;a[mol jzpf onf / ol onf quf vuf NyD ;
omreftoif;wdkYtay:üxyfqifhNyD; ,HkMunfcsufcdkifrmatmifrjyKvkyfcJhyg/ Wesley \
jyefvnfEdk;Mum;jcif;tpDtpOfwGif ajymif;vJjcif;jyKaomolrsm;udk jyefíavhusifhay;rI
jyKcJhonf/ tjiif;yGm;p&mr&dSonfrSm Wesley onf oifwef;rsm;jyefvnfay;í omref
toif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkifOD;aqmifapcJhygonf/
Wesley \oifwef;jyKjcif;onf ,HkMunfoltopfrsm;udkavhusifhrIay;onfhtwGuf
rl v uatmif j rif r I r sm;&&S d c J h o nf / þoif w ef ; rsm;onf omref toif ; om;rsm;
OD;aqmifonfhtwGuf toif;om;rsm;udk toif;om;tcsif;csif;omapmifha&Smufjcif;
jyKoGm;ygonf/ Clergy awGudktoHk;rjyKcJhyg/ þvIyf&Sm;rIonf omreftoif;om;
rsm;\trIawmfaqmifjcif;wGif tapmqHk;BuKd;yrf;csufjzpfonf/ "r®opfusrf;\pHerlem
wpf&yfodkYjyefvnfa&muf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí rufo'pfwdkY\tapmqHk;trIaqmif
Clergy wd k Y o nf e,f v S n f h r sm;jzpf o nf / txd k i f usw&m;a[mq&mrsm;r[k wf y g/
"r® opf u srf ;tpD tpOfu d k toif ; om;rsm;tcsif ;csif ; uln D a pmifh a &S mufj cif ; trI u d k
jyefvnfwnfaxmifoGm;EdkifvQif toif;awmfwdkif;rSm ygpwmwpfOD;pDxm;&SdzdkYvdkrnf
r[kwfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí trIqmif Clergy awGu topfaom,HkMunfolrsm;udk {0Ha*vd
owif;pum;udka[mMum;EdkifzdkY vGwfvyfoGm;ygrnf/
Wesley onf tzG J Y i,f E S p f r sKd ; ES pf pm;ud k tawG Yt BuKH &&S d zd k Y urf ; vS rf ;cJ h onf /
oifwef;rsm;ESifh bands rsm;jzpfygonf/ Bands rsm;onf a&G;cs,frIjyKEdkifonf/ oifwef;
rsm;rSm toif;om;rsm;tjzpfqufaevdka omolrsm;twGufjzpfonf/ &v'frsm;onf
ygpwmrsm;\Munfh½IapmifrrIudktjrJwap&&Sdjcif;udkxlaxmifay;Edkifonf/
tzGJYwpfckcsif;rSm vlq,fOD;rSq,fhESpfOD;&Sdygonf/ ywf0ef;usifu
vlrsm;jzpfNyD; tywfpOfwpfem&Dydkrdkavmufvma&mufawGYqHkrIjyKMuonf/
acgif ;aqmif rsm;onf omreftoif ;om;rsm;jzpf Muonf / tcsKdU
aomolrSmtrsKd;om;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ odkY&mwGif trsm;pkrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ olwdkYu dka&G;cs,f&jcif; rSm tusifhpm&dwå aumif;rG efonf?
0dnmOfa&;ESifhjynfhpHkrI&Sdonf? vufawGYqefqefawG;ac:wwfonf/
204
pdwf0 ifp m;p&maumif ; onfr S m tapmyd ki f; u rufo 'pf oifwef; awG Yq H ky GJ \
acgif;aqmiftrsm;pkrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfMuonf/ þonfrSm pOf;pm;p&maumif;aom
tcsufwpfcsufjzpfygonf/ urÇmay:wGif a'otoif;awmftBuD;qHk;onf udk&D;,m;rSm
wnf a qmufc J h onf / Dr. Paul (David) Cho &Jh Seoul NrKd Y ud k & D; ,m;wG i f jzpf onf /
tkyfpki,frsm;zGJYí trsKd;orD;rsm;acgif;aqmifrItm;jzifhwnfaqmufcJhonf/ trSeftm;jzifh
tkyfpki,fqufqHa&;wGif trsKd;orD;wdkYonf trsKd;om;xuftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/
a&S; uruf o'pfo if wef;tpnf; ta0;rSm b,f uJh od kY &S dygoenf ;/ xd ka eY rsm;
tapmydkif;wGif rufo'pftzGJY0ifrsm;jzpfzdkY þoifwef;udkrSefrSefwufEdkifrS toif;om;
jzpfEdkifonf/ þoifwef;udkrSefrSefwufEdkifzdkY ysufuGufvQif tzGJY0iftjzpfrSxkwfEkwf
Ed k i f y gonf / Wesley onf þtwef ; tpnf ; ta0;ud k ,H k M unf r I t rsm;BuD ; &S d í
toif ;awmf\tzGJY0if jzpfzdk Y&ef jcGif;csuf wpf&yftaejzifh þoifwef;tpnf; ta0;
wufrSom toif;awmf\tzGJY0iftjzpfyg0ifEdkifonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif *dkPf;toD;oD;rS
xdk o wfr S wfc sufj yKoG m;vQif csKyf c s,f r I BuD ; wpf & yf tjzpf ,lq Murnf / od k Y& mwGi f
xdkvdktyfcsufrsm;onf tapmydkif;uc&pf,mefrsm;twGufvdktyfaomt&mwpfckjzpfyg
onf/ vlrsm;onf toif;tzGJYrsm;ü tjcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;ESifhraeEdkifvQif c&pf,mef
rjzpfEdkifyg/ xdktkyfpki,fwGif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;rSm vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfay:
aompHjyae&mjzpfygonf/
rufo'pf\tapmydkif;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;wGif tav;xm;rIwpf&yfrSm bmoma&;
,H k M unf c suf t ay:ür[k w f b J wynf h a wmf j zpf j cif ; tay:ütav;xm;ygonf /
þtpnf;ta0;ü vlrsm;udkc&pfawmfütouf&Sifjcif;udkwm0ef,lajz&Sif;&rnfjzpfonf/
Wesley onf or® musrf ;pm\oabmw&m;udk aumif ;pGmem;vnf xm;ygonf/ c&pf,mef
rsm;onf wpfOD;wpfa,muftm;jzifh wpfoD;wpfjcm;? tjcm;aomc&pf,meftzGJYtpnf;
rsm;ES if h aygif ;oif; quf qH a&;r&S dv Qif tjcm;aomc&pf ,mefr sm;onf olY u dk rd rd ü
wm0ef&SdaMumif;0efcHjcif;rjyKEdkifyg/ Wesley onf þoifwef;tzGJYtpnf;udkzGJYpnf;NyD;
ajymif;vJvmolrsm;rSm 0dnmOfa&;wGif&ifhusufrI&Sdvmatmif BuD;xGm;rI&SdEdkifzdkYjzpfonf/
tav;xm;rIonf &Sif;vif;pGmaygif;oif;qufqHrI&Sd&rnf/ &nf&G,fcsufrSm wynfh
awmfjzpfjcif;aywnf;/
 205
Wesley onf trSefwu,f,HkMunfonfrSm wm0ef,lrdwfo[m,
&Sdjcif;onf c&pf,mefwpfOD;\wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf jyKpkapmifha&Smuf
Edkifí xda&mufrI&Sdvdrfhrnf/ þtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufí rufo'pf\
zGJYpnf;rItaetxm;udkod&SdEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
Wesley \rufo'pfpepfwus Wesleyan Methodism onf oefY&Sif;rGefjrwfjcif;
vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ Wesley onf c&pf,mefrsm;tm; qE´tm;jzifh c&pfawmfudk
vufcHvdkcsifpdwf? rdrdwdkY\u,fwif&SiftjzpfrubJ olüqufqHa&;tm;jzifh&ifhusufrI
&Sd&ef qE´tvdk&Sd&rnf/ Wesley \tjrifrSm 0dnmOfa&;BuD;xGm;rIonf tkyfpktaetxm;ü
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tjyeftvSeftm;ay;rIjyKí toufwmoefY&Sif;rGefjrwfjcif;udkvdkufí
&&SdoGm;atmif aumif;aomae&mjzpfonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rSm rnfonfhtaMumif;yg&Sd
ovJ /
vltm;vHk;onf pum;ajym&mü ]]&Sif;EdkiforQ&Sif;atmifESifh vGwfvyf
pGmajymqdk í wd usEdk i fo rQol\ ES v Hk ;om;rSm&Sd onf rsm;udk a wG Yê uH& aom
pHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;ESifh vGwfajrmufjcif;cH&aomtjzpfwdkYudk ,cifawGYqHkyGJ
rSonftxdajymjyapcsifygonf/}}
odkY&mwGif tpnf;ta0;wdkif;wGif vlwdkif;tm;ar;p&mar;cGef;ig;ck&Sdygonf/
 ,ciftpnf;ta0;rSonftxdod&Sd&aomtjypfudk oifbmrsm;usL;vGefrd oenf;/
 oifonf rnfonfhpHkprf;aESmifh,Sufjcif;rsKd;ESifh&ifqdkif&oenf;/
 rnfodkYvGwfajrmufjcif;cH&oenf;/
 oifrnfonfht&mawG;rdíaomfvnf;aumif;? jyKrlcJhjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;
tjypfonfrjzpfonfudkoHo,&Sdygoenf;/
 oifonfvQKdY0Sufxm;&efwpfckck&Sdygovm;/
þvd k yG if h vif ;rIr sKd ; onf ,aeY c&pf ,mef rsm;twG u fo d& S d& efc J,Of; vdr fh r nf /
tar&d uefwoD; yk* ¾vrsm;taejzif h þar;cGef ;rsm;ar;jcif; udk wpfOD ;wpfa,muf& Jh
vGwfvyfrIudkapmfum;jcif;cH&onfudk ,lqvdrfhrnf/ q,fh&Spf&mpkrufo'pft,l0g'
onf þuJho dkYtjrifr&Sd yg/ þar;cGe f;rsm;ar;jcif;onf vlrsm;udkrd rdwdkY vkyf&yfu d k
206
wm0ef,ljcif;tjzpfudk ulnDrIay;&efjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif a&S;rufo'pfrsm;twGufyifvQif
þar;cGef; rsm;ar;vQif jyif; xefvGe f;onf[ líjrif aomtcgrSm rMumaomtcsdef rSm
jyifqifrIjyKoGm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif &nf&G,fcsufrSmtwlwljzpfygonf/ twef;tpnf;
ta0;onf &nf&G,fcsufrSm vlrsm;udk rdrdwdkY\jyKrlaqmif&GufcsufwdkYudk olwdkY\ c&pfawmfü
toufwmudkwm0ef,lEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ þtaMumif;rsm;onf ,aeYtoif;awmfrsm;\
BuD;rm;aomvdktyfcsufwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif þodkYyGifhvif;jcif;rSm vlrsm;udk
aMumuf &G HY a pygonf/ þuJ h od kY y Gi fh v if ;rI rsKd ; onf ,aeY,Of a us;rI taetxm;rS m
vH k ; 0qef ; jym;jcif ; &S d y gonf / t&G J U wd k u f o a&mf a omtm;jzif h þyG i f h v if ; rI o nf
toif;awmfrSm&Sdoifhonfudk rdrdudk,fudktultnDay;aomtzGJYwGif&Sdaeygonf/ Oyrm
Alcoholic Anonymous t&uf pGJ ol rsm;\trnf razmf vd k aomtzG JYrsKd ;wG if &S d aeygonf /
þtzGJYrsm;onf þrQavmufyGifhvif;rI&Sdjcif;onf vlawGuyGifhvif;jcif;ESifhwm0ef,lrI
udkwtm;vdkvm;rI&SdNyD; tpD&ifcHrIESifh½IwfcsrIr&SdbJESifhjzpfygonf/ tu,fíom uREfkyfonf
c&pf awmf ü BuD ;xGm;rI v dk v m;ygvQif uREf ky f wd k Y\ tar&d u ef wdk Y\ woD ; yk *¾ v tae
txm;udkpGefYvTwfNyD; cdkifrmonfhvlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudkjyefvnfxlaxmifí c&pfawmfü
toufwmcHpm;csufudkjyefvnftppftrSef&&SdEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
a&G;cs,fEdkif&ef&Sdaom bands rsm;wGif toif;om;rsm;udkwdkuf½dkufar;cGef;rsm;
xkwfMuygonf/ Classmeeting wGi f wdku f½dkufa r;cGef; rsm;rxkwfyg/ olwdkY \rlv
&nf&G,fcsufrSm wpfywfwpfBudrfawGYqHkyGJrSm tvªaiGwpf&yfvufcHjcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
vlrIpdwf"mwfjrefqefpGmzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmygonf/
twef ; wd k i f ; rS m &S d a omtzG J Y 0 if r sm;onf oabmxm;&S d o nf r S m
wpfywfudkwpfBudrfawGYqHkMurnf/ wpfywfwpfBudrftvªaiGrsm;aumufcH
jcif ;omrubJ tMuH ay;jcif ;? tjypf wifj cif ;ESif h vd ktyfo vdk tm;ay;
axmuf cH rI j yKjcif ;wd kY jzpf onf / c&pf ,mefr sm;\rdwfo [m,&S dj cif; ud k
vIyf&Sm;rItiftm;wpf&yfjzpfay:vmcJhonf/ toif;0ifrsm;onf wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;0efxkyfrsm;udkrQa0cHpm;í wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;ulnDrpí&SdcJhygonf/
tpnf; ta0;aMumifhj zpf ay:vmonfh yGi fhv if; rIo nf wpf OD; ESi fhwpfO D;
ydkrdk&if;ESD;&SdMuí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;cspfcifjrwfEdk;jcif;&Sdvmygonf/ olwdkYonf
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tay:ü opöm&SdpGmqufqHEdkifygonf/
 207
þtwef ;awGY qH ky J Gr sm;onf jref p Gmpwdk i fy Hk pH wpf rsKd ; od kY ul ; oG m;í vla wG ud k
yG if hv if ;&Sd &eftaxmuftyH ha y;oG m;onf/ wpf OD ;ESi fh wpfO D; ul nD rpjcif ;&Sd Muonf/
ar;cGef;rsm;ar;Mujref;Mu&SdMuonf/ odkY&mwGif tapmydkif;uJhodkYtwdtusr&Sdawmhyg/
þodkYpdwftm;rmefygajymqdkMuNyD;onfaemuf acgif;aqmifjzpfolonf
&Sdaomvlwdkif;\0dnmOfa&;ESifhqdkifaomar;cGef;rsm;udkar;Muonf/ Oyrm
qdkpum;wdkYonf ]]tdknDrtpfrwdkYonf? odkYr[kwf aemifawmfrsm;? oifwdkY\
0d n mOf a &;tajctae'D n b,f v d k & S d y govJ / }} toif ; om;rsm;onf
rxMubJjyefvnfwHkYjyefMuonf/ &ifxJwGif&Sdonfht&mudk acgif;aqmif
tm;ajymjyonf? tHxkwfonf/ ajymaeuspum;twdkif;0efcsawmif;yef
jcif;r[kwfbJ? a,bk,stm;jzifh wpfywftwGif;jzpfysufcJhaomt&mrsm;
pOf;pm;rdaomt&mrsm;udkjyefvnfajymjyygonf/
od kY &mwGi fþ twef; awGYq Hk yG Jrsm;ü&&Sd aomrd wf o[m,zGJ Yjcif ;udk
aysmf&TifpGmcHpm;&jcif;rSm e*dkuolwdkYonf wm0ef&SdrI-wm0efcHrI&Sdonfh
twG u f j zpf o nf / tpwG i f tqif r ajyonf h tajctaersm;&S d E d k i f o nf /
vlrsm;uwdkuf½dkufar;cGef;rsm;ESifhwGufcsufrIrsm;udktajzay;zdkY ,HkMunf
csufr&Sdjcif;? aMumuf&GHUjcif;wdkY&Sdrnf/ odkY&mwGif wm0ef,lrItydkif;wGif
avhusifhrI&SdaomtcgwGif olwdkYonf oabmaygufí wpfc&D;yJoGm;ae
Muygovm;[lí olwdkY\tjyeftvSefwm0ef,lrIonf pum;nHhzsif;apaom?
,k w f n H h í r[k w f b J wpf O D ; ES i f h w pf O D ; axmuf c H r I & S d í jzpf y gonf /
rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;onf jynfh0rI&Sdonf/ taMumif;rSm olwdkYpka0;&onfh
taMumif;&if;udkem;vnfrI&SdMuonf/ pkpnf;jcif;rSmvnf; wcrf;wem;
r[kwfyg/ taMumif;rSm wnfaqmufrIonf pdwfcs&aomtoGifjzpfygonf/
acwf o pf c &pf ,mef r sm;onf þtpnf ; ta0;rsKd ; ud k a Mumuf & G H U Muvd r f h r nf /
taMumif;rSm þar;cGef;rsm;udkar;jref;&mü pD&ifcsufcsaomoabm&Sdygonf/ uREfkyf
wdkYo nf a&S;OD ;rufo'pf toif;om;rsm;tjyeftvSefaxmufyHhrIESi fhyGifhvif;rI&Sdj cif;?
aysmf&TifpGmcHpm;&jcif;rsm;udk uREfkyfwdkYrod&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif eufeuf½Idif;½dIif;rSm?
acwfopfc&pf,meftrsm;onf a&S;OD;c&pf,mefrsm;\tawGYtBuKHrsm;udkcHpm;vdkMuyg
208
onf / uREfkyf wdkYo nf pD &ifa omoabmxm;&Sdjcif;ud kz,fx kwfí toif ;awmf onf
wpfzefjyefíwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;axmufyHhrIay;aomywf0ef;usifodkY jyefvnfa&muf&SdvQif
b,fa vmuf aumif; rnfe nf ;/ ao;i,fN yD ;wpfO D; ES if hwpf OD ;quf qH jcif ;&Sd aomtzG JY
tpnf;wpf&yfaxmufyHhjcif;&Sdtkyfpki,fwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkYtwGuftajzwpfpdwfwpfydkif;
tajzay;Edkifvdrfhrnf/
Wesley aoqH k ;NyD ; onf aemuf twef ;rsm;cG J xm;onf h tpnf ; ta0;rsm;onf
qH k;cef ;wd kif a&muf oGmonf / ruf o'pftoif; om;rsm;onf þtawG YtBuKH rsm;udk
wrf;woGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ q,fhudk;&mpkwGif þtwef;rsm;awGYqHkyGJudkwufa&muf
&jcif;onf ydkrdkenf;yg;pGmawmif;qdkrI&SdMuonf/ toif;om;rsm;jzpfzdkYtwGuf awmif;qdk
csufonf 1889 ckESpfwGify,fzsufjcif;cH&onf/ twef;tpnf;a0;udkwufa&mufjcif;
ES if hy wf oufí cg;oD; onfh wd ku fc dk ufy GJ rsm;&S dv mí n§dE Id if ;rIwpf &yftaejzifh &&Sd NyD;
twef ; tpnf ; ta0;wuf a &muf j cif ; ysuf u G u f o l r sm;ud k ruf o 'pf toif ; awmf r S
toif;om;rsm;tjzpfxkwfy,fjcif;rjyKawmhyg/ twef;awGYqHkyGJrSm qufvufNyD;jyKvkyf
Muygonf/
Wesley tcsdefwkef;u þoifwef;twef;rsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh?
]]{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifhxdef;odrf;jcif;twGuftoHk;jyKonf- topfaom
toif ; om&&S d j cif ; ES i f h a vh u sif h o if M um;ay;onf /}} q,f h u d k ; &mpk E S p f
wpf0uftapmydkif;wGif þvIyf&Sm;rIESpf&yfpvHk;onf aysmufuG,foGm;onf/
. . . twef;awGYqHkyGJrsm;ESifhywfoufí udk,fydkifa&;rSDjirf;usrf;rsm;onf
rufo 'pf\ta&;tom;wd kY onf ½kwfw&uf qd ko vdk enf; yg;í 1830
ckE SpftwGif; wGif toif; awmf odkY0 ifaygufonfqkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;
tpnf;ta0;utpm;xdk;0ifa&mufvmonf/ txl;ojzifh w&m;a[mNyD;
onfaemuf qkawmif;jcif;tpnf;ta0;udk yGJawmfpm;jcif;ae&mESifh bk&m;
&Sdcdk;cef;taqmifwGifjyKvkyfonf/ 0dnmOfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIonf qkawmif;
yw¬e mtpnf ; ta0;üjyKvk y f Muonf/ twef ; awG Y qH k y GJ r sm;ür&S d M uyg/
awGYqHkyGJrsm;onf wnfaqmufyHkenf;yg;NyD;? MuHpnf&nf&G,fjcif;r&SdbJ
½k w f w&uf v l p k v l a 0;rsm;jzpf c J h o nf / w&m;0if a qmuf w nf c J h a om
 209
toif;awmf\vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yf0wfausmif;ESifhudkufnDonf/ tjyeftvSef
0dnmOfa&;yGm;rsm;aomtwef;awGYqHkyGJuJhodkYr[kwfyg/
rSwfom;p&mta&;BuD;aomtcsufrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\tpjyKjcif;
tcsdefrSm? rufo'pfrsm;\twef;awGYqHkyGJonf wjznf;jznf;ESifhqkwf,kwfvmcJhonf/
aemufqHk;wGif qkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;tpnf;ta0;jzifhtpm;xdk;oGm;onf/ odkY&mwGif
rufo'pft,l0g'onf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\tawG;tac:udkvIyfcwfap
onfha&S;OD;olwdkY Ellen White uJhodkYrufo'pftoif;awmfuvluJhodkYxGufvmolrsm;rSm
þtcsdefwGif rufo'pf&Jhtwef;awGYqHkjcif;vlrsm;jzpfcJhrnf/ þae&mrSm wdwdusus
qufqHa&;&Sdjcif;ESifh rdrd\toufwmudk c&pfawmfa&SUawmfüwm0ef,lEdkifaomolrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ tcef;BuD; (8) wGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\vlrIa&;awGYqHkjcif;udk
tptOD;ürufo'pf&Jhtwef;awGYqHkjcif;ESifh rufo'pfqkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;tpnf;
ta0;ESpfckpvHk;rStpwnfjcif;udk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\tpyxrjzpfonf/
Watson onf ol \ ruf o 'pf t oif ; awmf \ twef ; awG Y q H k j cif ; tptOD ; ü
avhvmawGY&Sdcsufudk atmufygtwdkif;ed*Hk;csKyfcJhonf/
b,fodkYyJjzpfjzpf xda&mufaomvufvSrf;jcif;ESifhpkodrf;jcif;jzpfygap/
þonf rS m rl v&nf& G ,f csufr sm;r[k wfy g/ Wesley \aeY &uf rsm;rS m
txd a &muf q Hk ; aom{0Ha *vd w&m;awmf u dk j zef Yj zLjcif ;onf uGi f; qif ;
w&m;a[mjcif;jzpfygonf/ þtcsufrSm rufo'pf&Jhudk,fwdkifa&;rSwfjcif;
wGifawGY&ygonf/ þonfrSm rufo'pftoif;awmfodkY0ifa&mufcJhaom
tpxdawGYjcif;taMumif;udkajymjyygonf/ twef;onf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf
jzefYjzL;jcif;ESifhjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;t&yfa'ojzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm
t&ifu&nf&G,fcsufonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkvufvSrf;,l&mü wHkYjyefrI
&SdaomolwdkYudk &SifoefrItwGufwdk;wufzGHYNzKd;ap&ef opöm&Sdaomwynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;udk tjyeftvSefwm0ef,lrIwpf&yftm;jzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/
xd kol rsm;onf c&pf,mef wdk Y\opömapmifh odj cif ;jzifh tywfpOfawGYq Hk
jcif;jzifh wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;jzifhxdawGYMuojzifh olwdkY\bk&m;udkzl;ajrmf
jcif;jzifh olwdkYa&;rSwfcJhonf/ olwdkYonf ppfrSefaomoufaocHcsufonf
210
olwdkY\qE´jzpfcJhonf/ olwdkY\vdktyfcsufjzpfonf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
cspfjcif;arwåmESifhapmifha&Smufjcif;jzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí rufo'pftoif;awmfonf vdktyfcsuf&SdaomqufqHa&;tm;vHk;udk
zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyfí þtzGJYi,fonf yHkrSefawGYqHkMuNyD; tjyeftvSefaz;r
ul nDr Ij yKMuNyD; wpfOD ;ESif hwpfO D;tm;ay;Muí rd rd\ toufwmud k c&pfawmf a&S Uü
wm0efrIjyKMu&ef wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;az;rMuonf/ rufo'pfrsm;\twef;awGUqHkyGJwGif
tzGJYi,frsm;t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhjynfhpHkpGm&Sdygonf/ þtcsdeftcgonf yxrOD;qHk;
aomtcsdefuGefpwifwif;\bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufpGefYvTwfjcif;ESifh tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
wnf axmif cJ ha omtoif; awmf r S? þtoif ; awmf onf quf qH a &;&S da omtzG JY i,f
wpf&yftrsm;ESpfoufaomaxmufcHrIjzifhawGY&Sd&ygonf/ uREfkyfwdkYrarhoifhaomt&mrSm
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrS bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufonf rufo'pfrsm;\tajctjrpfrS
acs;iSm;,lcJhygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\uGefz&ifhzGJYpnf;yHkonf vGefrif;pGm
ta&;ygrIonf rufo'pfwdkY\tptOD;jzpfygonf/ e,fvSnfhtzGJYajrmfvifhjcif;a&S;OD;
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf ZmpfjrpfrSm rufo'pfwdkY\tajctjrpf&Sdygonf/
a&S;rufo'pfwdkY&Jhtwef;awGYqHkyGJudkppfaq;aomtcgrSm or®musrf;ESifhnDaom
bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufudk jyefvnfa&muf&Sdygonf/ toif;awmfwnfaqmufjcif;onf
tajccHtm;jzifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftay:ütajccHjyKygonf/ tzGJYtpnf;BuD;wpf&yf
tay:ütajccHjcif;rjyKyg/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\tapmydkif;wGif toif;awmfudk
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpfwnfaqmuf&efESifh wpfcsdefwnf;rSm vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
toif;awmfudkwnfaqmuf&efBuKd;pm;cJhonf/ olwdkYatmifjrifrI&&SdcJhonf/ aemufqHk;rSm
tzG J Y t pnf ; wpf & yf w nf a xmif r I o nf atmif j rif o G m;jcif ; jzpf y gonf / acwf o pf
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf tzGJYydkifwnfaqmufjcif;udkjyefoGm;cJhonf/ vlrItzGJY
tpnf ; wpf & yf t ajccH a omtzG J Y tpnf ; ud k tjrif a ysmuf u G , f v suf & S d y gonf /
þtaMumif ; tcsuf r sm;aMumif h uREf k y f w d k Y o nf jyef v nf í a&S ; OD ; ajrmf v if h j cif ;
toif ;awmftm;ppf aq;í tzGJ Ytpnf;ydk if wnfa qmufr IE Si fh vl rI tzGJ Ytpnf ;wdk Y\
csdefqrIudkaumif;pGmcsdefxdk;rI&Sdjcif;udk jyefvnfppfaq;oifhygonf/
_____
 211
tcef ; BuD ; (7)
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avmufwGif c&pfawmf\'kwd,tBudrf<uvmjcif;\Edk;Mum;rINyD;onfaemuf ay:xGuf
vmjcif;jzpfí toif;awmf\wnfaqmufyHkudk yxr&mpkESpf\yHkpHESifhrsm;pGmwlnDygonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf zGJYpnf;yHkudka&;qGJ&rnfqdkvQif tapmqHk;aomajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;awmf\or®musrf;pmyHkpHESifhwlatmifa&;qGJ&rnf/ olrsm;wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdaom
zGJYpnf;yHkwnfaqmufrIudkul;,ljcif;oufoufrjzpf&yg/ trSefrSm olwdkYonf tjcm;
olwdkY\wnfaqmufrIyHkpHudkpdwf0ifpm;vsuf&SdonfrSmrwwfEdkifyg/ odkY&mwGif xdktxJrS
rufo'pftzGJYtpnf;wnfaqmufrIonf or®musrf;pmESifhwlnDrI t&SdqHk;tzGJ Ytpnf;
jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkYonfomreftoif;om;rsm;OD;aqmifrI&Sdaom? Clergy wdkY
tay:ürS Dc d kr Ir &Sd a om? vl YtzGJ Y tpnf; aygif ; oif ;rI ütajcwnf a omtoif; awmf ud k
wnfaqmufrIjyKoGm;rnf/
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oHk;&yf&Sdygonf/ yxrtcsufrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf aygufonfhtcsdefwGif
trdefYtmPmpufwpf&yfESifh &Sif;vif;pGmomoemjyKjcif;ESifhtwlay:aygufcJhonf/ 1844
ckESpfBuD;pGmaompdwfysufrIwpf&yf\aemufydkif;wGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
txifao;tjrifao;t½l;wrQ&efvdkaomurÇmBuD;udk&ifqdkif&ygonf/ tajctaerSm
,cif a zmf j yNyD ; aom Mead &J h y xr&mpk E S p f u d k o abmayguf c J h a omtoif ; awmf \
qufq Ha&;taMumif;udk em;vnfrI &S dovdk jzpfc Jh onf / urÇ mBuD; u olwdk Y\owif;
pum;udk&ifqdkif&mü &efvdkjcif;&SdonfhtwGuf olwdkYonf omoemjyKjcif;r[mAsL[mudk
vufcHí &yfwnfEdkif&efaqmif&GufcJhonf/
'kwd,tcsufrSm ajrmfv ifhjcif;toif; awmfonf olwd kY\trIawmfaqmifjcif;
tvkyfudk omreftoif;om;wdkY\yHkpHjzifh trIawmfaqmifjcif;udkjyKvkyfcJhonf/ taMumif;rSm
ol wd kY\ tajctjrpfo nf rufo'pf tajctjrpfr Sqif; ouf vmonf / olwdkY txJu
212
Ellen White onf xifay:cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí tapmqHk;ajrmfvifhjcif;tzGJYtpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk
pepfr S m ruf o'pftoif ;awmf ES i fh qif wl ,dk ;rS m;&Sd onf / yxrOD ; qH k; ajrmf v if h jcif ;
toif;awmfrsm;\toif;awmftrsm;pkrSm ao;i,faom,HkMunfolrsm;tkyfpkjzpfygonf/
rufo'pftwef;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifhwlygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf
e,fvSnfh{0Ha*vdw&m;a[mq&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ rufo'pfrsm;&Jhywfvrf;w&m;a[m
q&mrsm;ESifhwlygonf/
wwd,tcsufrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\trIawmfaqmifjcif;yHkpHudk omref
toif;om;rsm;&JhOD;aqmifrIjzifhvufcHoGm;&efrSm Ellen White &JhpGrf;&nfqE´udk jznfhpGrf;
ay;&efjzpfygonf/ tpjyKjcif;rSmqdkovdk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf Ellen White
&Jhyka&mzuf&Jhqkaus;Zl;udk olY&JhtoufwmrSm&&SdaMumif; todtrSwfjyKcJhonf/ olrtm;
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;&Jh,HkMunfjcif;udkay;aomoltjzpf tjrifr&Sdaomfvnf; Mrs.
White onf ol \ yJ h xd ef ;OD ; aqmif r I t wG u f uav;b0&S d a o;aomtoif ; awmf ud k
vufawGYtrIawmfaqmifjcif;e,fy,fwGif olYtm;rsm;pGmav;pm;orIjyKcJhonf/ olr
axmuf cHrI jyKaom Clergy rsm;tm;avhusifh ay;ol? t&nf tcsif; wyf qif ay;ol ESi fh
omreftoif;om;rsm;&JhtrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
tm; "r®opfusrf;yHkpHrsm;odkYjyefvnfíac:qdkrIrsm;rSm olr\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;aMumifh
jzpfonf/ Ellen White &Jhtjrifrsm;onf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;wGif yg0if
ywf o uf r I BuD ;rm;onf htwGu f þtcef ; u@rSm olr ajymqd k c suf trsm;tjym;ud k
aocsmpGmavhvmoGm;ygrnf/
taMumif;t&moHk;csufwGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;\yxr&mpkESpf\yHkpHudk jyefvnf
&&S d jcif; onf yxrcsuf o nf tBuD; rm;qHk ; aomatmif j rifc suf j zpf onf / wwd ,
tcsuf tm;jzifh axmuf cHr I&&Sdy gonf/ yxrpG efY pm;olwdkY \{0Ha*vd w&m;awmfu dk
tjrif& Sd aomaMumifh olwdk Ytm;toif; awmf\ wnfa qmufy Hk udk omoemjyKjcif ;udk
OD;pm;ay;&jcif;jzpfygonf[lí&Sif;aeygonf/ þwnfaqmufrIzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmif
axmufcHrIjzifhjyKvkyfolonf Ellen White \pGrf;&nfqE´jznfhpnf;oljzpfonf/ olronf
toif ;awmfwnfaqmufrIyHk pHudka &;qGJ& mü BuD ;rm;aomtcef; u@udk,lcJhygonf/
aemufwGif 1901 ckESpf? General Conference Session wGif jyefvnfjyifqifíwifjy
cJhonf/
 213
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;rSm a,½Ionf rMumrDjyefvmrnfudk av;euf
pGm,HkMunfygonf/ owåraeYO ykoftoif;om;rsm;onf ocifbk &m;\jyefvmrnfh
aeY&ufudkrowfrSwfaomfvnf; olwdkY\ajymMum;csufrSm tcsdeftcgeD;vsuf&Sdonf/
odkYjzpfí urÇmBuD;udkjyefvnf<uvmrnfhbk&ifBuD;taMumif;udk vHk;0owday;&efvdktyf
ygonf[lí,HkMunfMuonf/ aiGaMu;wpfpHkwpf&mudktoHk;jyKEdkif&ef <uvmawmfrljcif;udk
owif;jzefYa0vsuf&Sdonf/ aiGaMu;rsm;udkcsefvSyfí c&pf,mefrsm;twGufaomfvnf;
aumif;? ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;wGufaomfvnf;aumif; csefxm;ír&yg/ taMumif;rSm
owif;pum;udk urÇmBuD;odkYjrefEdkiforQjzefYa0&rnf/
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trI a qmif Clergy rsm;onf e,f v S n f h r sm;&S d M uygonf / ol wd k Y \ t"d u wm0ef r S m
toif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmif&efESifh a'otoif;awmfy&dowfwdkYudk BuD;Muyf&efjzpf
ygonf / þtoif ; awmf \ y&d o wf r sm;onf rd r d u d k ,f u d k x d e f ; od r f ; csuf & S d o nf /
tajcpdkufa'oygpwmrsm;r&SdcJhyg/ ygpwmrsm;onfvnf; a'o&Sdtoif;om;rsm;udk
t"duMunfh½Ioltjzpfr&SdMuyg/ þodkYtm;jzifh toif;&JhwnfaqmufrIyHkpHonf yxr
&mpkESpfutoif;awmfrsm;ESifhqifwlrI&Sdonf/
toif;awmfwpfckudkzGJYpnf;wnfaxmifrINyD;vQif a'o&Sdomreftoif;om;vlBuD;
rsm;udkcefYxm;í toif;awmfy&dowfrsm;udkBuD;MuyfEdkif&ef jyKvkyfoGm;onf/ trIaqmif
Clergy wdk Yonf quf vuf í topf aomy&d owfud k &S mxm;&ygonf / toif ;awmf rsm;
onf ao;i,fí ,HkMunfolrsm;rSm ae&mtESHYjyefYusJí trIaqmifwpfOD;udk toif;awmf
wpfckqDodkYcefYxm;&efrvdktyfyg/ jcGif;csuftaejzifh toif;&JhXmecsKyfjzpfaom Battle
Creek, Michigan rS m yJ ajrmf vif h j cif ; toif ; om;rsm;axmif ES i f h c sD í pk ½ H k ;Muygonf /
þaxmifESifhcsDaomtoif;om;rsm;pk½Hk;&mtoif;awmfwGif q,fhudk;&mpkESpftukefwGif
a'owG if txdk i fy gpwmwpf O D ;&S d cJ h [ef wlo nf / James White onf Battle Creek
214
toif;awmfwGifygpwmtjzpfaqmif&GufNyD; wpfcsdefwnf;rSm General Conference &Jh
OuúXtjzpfESifh pmayjzefYjzL;a&;tvkyfudk acgif;aqmiftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
odkY&mwGif þ&mxl;rSm ,aeYygpwmrsm;\&mxl;wm0efESifhwlonfr[kwfyg/ t"dyÜm,frSm
olonf xdkae&müwpfBudrfwpfcgw&m;a[mcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
od k Y j zpf í ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; awmf \ zG J Y p nf ; yH k tapmyd k i f ; rS m yxr&mpk E S p f
toif;awmfrsm;ESifhwlygonf/ toif;awmfonf omoemtwGuftrIawmfaqmifjcif;udk
NyD;pD;rItwGufzGJYpnf;rI&SdcJhygonf/ þtcsdefwGif q,fzdkYwpfzdkYay;aqmifjcif;pepfonf
jynfhpHkpGmzGJYpnf;rIr&Sdao;aomfvnf; toif;om;rsm;onf tvªaiGrsm;ay;í trIaqmif
Clergy rsm;\t"d uwm0ef rsm;rS m toif ;om;topfrsm;ud k pk pnf ;wnfaxmifjcif ;jzpf
onf/ toif;awmfrsm;udkBuD;Muyf&efr[kwfyg/
rsm;rSmawGY&onf/ jynfe,fwpfckwGif&Sdaomtoif;om;rsm;onf ae&mwpfckrSmpk½Hk;MuNyD;
ESpfpOftpnf;a0;udkjyKvkyfMuygonf/ trIaqmif Clergy rsm;onf toif;awmfrsm;
toD;oD;rSvma&mufwufMuNyD; ,HkMunfolrsm;udkw&m;a[mMuonf/ odkY&mwGif pcef;
tpnf;ta0;onf t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkaqmif&Gufjcif;toGifjzifh
aqmif o G m;ygonf / tywf p Of & uf rsm;ü w&m;a[mcsuf r sm;onf t"d utm;jzif h
toif;om;rsm;twGufjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif naeydkif;tcsdefESifhtywfukefqHk;csdefwGif
vltk yfBuD; rSm r,H kMunfa o;olrsm;wufa&mufjcif ;jzifh toif;awmf\vIy f&Sm;rIrSm
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmftwGuf aqmif&Gufjcif;onf xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdygonf/
toif;awmf\tapmydkif;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tm;vHk;onf omoemjyKjcif;\trdefYawmf
udkuif;vGwfjcif;r&SdcJhay/ omoemjyKjcif;wm0efonf toif;awmf\wGef;tm;wpf&yf
jzpfcJhonf/ toif;awmfonf zGJYpnf;xm;yHkt&? xdkomoemjyKjcif;wm0efudkaqmif&Guf&ef
zGJYpnf;jcif;&Sdygonf/
omreftoif;om;rsm;jzifhzGJYpnf;rI&Sdaomtoif;awmfonf e,fvSnfhtrIawmfaqmif
Clergy wd k YES if h twl &S d jcif ;onf tapmyd k if;uajrmf vif h jcif ;toif ;om;rsm;onf ta&
twGufenf;yg;jcif;aMumifhr[kwfbJ wrifwumzGJYpnf;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmfonf vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yftaejzifh wrifwumzGJYpnf;jcif;onf "r®opfusrf;
uJhodkYaomtoif;awmfjzpf&efzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ c&pfawmf\omoemjyKjcif;NyD;ajrmufzdkY
jzpfonf/ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk urÇmtESHYrSmNyD;pD;zdkYjzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefrSm e,fvSnfh
 215
rsm;\yHkpHerlemrsm;taMumif;udk toif;awmf\zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrIzGJYpnf;rItae
Clergy
txm;jzifhavhvmoGm;ygrnf/
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k ko mo emjyK jci f;t wG
uf
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ao;i,f a omvl tky f p k j zpf aom owå r aeY a jrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; om;rsm;onf
yxrq,fhudk;ESpftcsdefumvrSm toif;awmftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? *dkPf;uGJrsm;
tjzpfa omfv nf;aumif; zGJYp nf;jcif ;udk jiif ;qefcJh onf/ þtjzpf rSm b,fo dkYa om
tzGJYtpnf;tm;jzifh&Sdonfudk AmAkvkefBuD;wpfpdwfwpfa'ojzpfaMumif;,lqjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif 1863 ckESpfwGif James ESifh Ellen White wdkY\wdkufwGef;csuftm;jzifh
toif;awmfudk General Conference taejzifhzGJYpnf;vdkufygonf/
zGJYpnf;rIrjyKvkyfcifuwnf;u tarG;tawmifjynfhpHkptoif;awmfonf trIaqmif
Clergy &J h tvk yf tud k i f rsKd ; ud k azmf j yjcif ; &S d onf / ygpwmwpf O D ; onf tajccH j yKpk
apmifha&Smufjcif;ay;oltjzpfjzifh aqmif&Gufaomolr[kwf&yg/ olonf toif;awmf&Jh
omoemvkyfief;wGifyg0ifrItjynfht0&Sd&rnf[líjzpfygonf/ J. N. Loughborough onf
xdktcsdeftcgajrmfvifhjcif;\vuf&Sdq,fhudk;&mpkordkif;okawoDu trIaqmif Clergy
wdkY\tvkyfudk toif;\zGJYpnf;rIrwdkifrD þodkY&Sif;jycJhonf/
1854 ckESpf? aEG&moDtcsdefwGif owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
onf &G u f z sif w J B uD ; wG i f yxrOD ; pG mtpnf ; ta0;ud k u sif ; ycJ h o nf /
xdk aeY& ufr sm;wG if jrif &cJa omt&mrsm;jzpfy gonf/ od kY jzpf í vlr sm;
tkyfvdkufwJtpnf;ta0;odkYvma&mufMuygonf/
þvkyf&yfonf trIawmfaqmifrsm;twGuf owif;pum;udkjzefYjzL;
&mü {0Ha *vdowif; pum;ud ka [mMum;&mü pd wf yg0ifp m;olrsm;wdk ;í
vmcJ ho nf ? trI aqmifr sm;vnf; {0H a*vd owif; pum;ud kjzef Yj zL;&mü
tcsdefudkrsm;rsm;toHk;jyKEdkifonf/ þvkyfief;udk olwdkY\vufcsnf;yif
jyKvkyfír&yg/ taxmuftyHhwpfckck&rSom vkyfudkifEdkifygonf/
216
Loughborough uajymonf/ trIaqmif Clergy \wdk;yG m;csJYxGi fjcif ;jyK&mü
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;tay:ü pdwf0ifpm;rIwdk;yGm;jcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;udk
Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;twGufaMumifhr[kwfyg/ þomoemjyKjcif;twGuf pdwfyg0ifrI
wdkYonf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftwGufta&;tvGefyifBuD;aomtcsufyifjzpf
onf/ trIaqmif Clergy wdkY\&yfwnfcsufwpf&yfyifjzpfonf/
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfay:vmzdkY 1860 ckESpftapmydkif;ü ½kef;uefrIwpf&yfjzpfjcif;
aMumifh? pmcsKyfomwrf;wpf&yfudka&;qGJNyD; General Conference udkzGJYpnf;&ef tajccH
taMumif; rsm;udk a&;qG Jc Jh y gonf / þpmcsKyf pmwrf ;wG if tao;pd wf a zmfj ycsuf rS m
trIaqmifol&mxl;&mcHESpfrsKd;ESpfpm;udkazmfjyxm;ygonf/ yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm bk&m;
ocif \txl; ac:awmfr ljcif ;ud kc H&jcif;? wref awmfr sm;ES if h {0Ha *vdw&m;awmfu dk
a[mMum;ol r sm;\ac:awmf r l j cif; ud k c H &ol r sm;jzpf M uonf / 'k wd ,trsKd ; tpm;rS m
toif ; awmf u cef Y tyf j cif ; cH & aomomref toif ; om;wd k Y \ &mxl ; rsm;jzpf M uonf /
toif;vlBuD;rsm;? bD;a&Smhyf? ygpwmrsm;ESifhtoif;axmufrsm;jzpfMuonf/
þpmcsKyfpmwrf;t&qdkvQif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf
ygpwm\&mxl;rsm;udk a'ocHtoif;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh toif;axmufrsm;ESifhtwlwl omref
toif;om;rsm;tjzpfowfrSwfcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí trIaqmif Clergy rsm;\tcef;u@
ud k wref a wmf r sm;ES i f h {0H a *vdo wif ; a[mMum;ol r sm;tjzpf o wf r S wf v d ku f o nf /
tHhMop&maumif;onfrSm þtajccHwnfaqmufrIonf yxr&mpkESpf? a&S;OD;c&pf,mef
rsm;&JhzGJYpnf;yHkwGifawGY&SdcJh&onf/ trSefrSm þpmcsKyfonf tcsdefrsm;rsm;,lí "r®opf
usrf;acwftajccHtoif;awmfrsm;zGJYpnf;yHkudkppfaq;avhvmNyD; ed*Hk;csKyftm;jzifh "r®opf
usrf;acwftajccHwnfíyHkpHerlemrSm toif;awmf&JhzGJYpnf;yHkonf omoemjyKjcif;udk
tav;xm;&rnf / Munhf &yHk r Sm ajrmf vif hj cif; toif ; tm; omreftoif ;om;wd kY \
vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yftaejzifh ygpwmrsm;udkae&mtwnfwusrxm;&Sdjcif;onf rawmfwq
r[kwfyg/ toif;awmfao;i,fí ,m,DtpDtpOfjzifhaqmif&onfhtjzpfrsKd;r[kwfyg/
bmoma&;vkyf&yfwpfckjzpfí "r®opfusrf;acwfodkYjyefvnfa&muf&Sd&ef omoemjyKjcif;
udkOD;pm;ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ txl;rSwfom;jyK&efrSm pmcsKyfwGifyg&Sdaomtoif;awmf\
vlBuD;rsm;t"dyÜm,fazmfqdkjcif;udkMunfhMupdkY/
 217
toif ; vl BuD ; rsm;/ þ&mxl;onf a0g[m&tm;jzifh bD;a&Smyf?
ygpwmESifh BuD;Muyfolrsm;tjzpfvnf;toHk;jyKMuonf/ þt&mrsm;udk
tjyeftvSefoHk;í&EdkifaMumif; yxrOD;pGm wdwk 1;5? 7 udkMunfh&atmif?
]]igonf oifhudkrSmxm;cJhESifhonftwdkif; ua&wifuRef;ürpHkviforQwdkYudk
jyifqifí NrKdY&Gmrsm;ü oif;tkyf (toif;vlBuD;rsm;) wdkYudkcefYxm;apjcif;iSm
xdkuRef;üoifhudkigxm;cJhownf;/ taMumif;rlum;? oif;tkyfonf (bD;a&Smyf)
bk&m;ocifb@mpdk;uJhodkY tjypfwifcGifhESifhuif;vGwfoljzpf&rnf?}} ponfrsm;?
tydk'fi,f 5 rS toif;vlBuD;rSm presbuteros pum;&yfrSvmonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm
Robinson taejzif h t"d u tm;jzif h touf B uD ; ol ? pD e D , morm;?
toif;awmf\vl BuD;rsm;? presbyters tjzpf toif;awmfwpfckc sif;\
ñTefMum;olESifhtkyfcsKyfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ tydkifi,f 7 episcopos - oif;tkyf
(bD;a&Smyf) rsm;onfvnf; þpum;&yfrSmjzpfí xdkpma&;ol\t"dyÜm,f
zGifhqkdcsufrSm ]]"r®opfusrf;wGif toif;awmfa[mif;rsm;\&mxl;cHrsm;onf
BuD;Muyfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ &mxl;trnfrSm a[vobmomjzifh omref
&mxl;tjzpfac:a0:jcif;rSm presbuteros ESifhnDrQjcif;jzpfonf/ aemifwGif
,k'vlwdkY\tac:ta0:jzpfonf/}} toif;vlB uD;ESif hbD;a&S myfwdk Yonf
nDrQjcif;&SdonfrSm wrefawmf 20;17? 28 wGifjyooGm;onf/ tydk'fi,f
17 wGif elders onf prebuteros ESifh i,f 28 wGif overseel onf
episcopos (bishop) jzpf ygonf / pum;ygpwm (pastor) onf poimen
rSvmonf/ t"dyÜm,frSm wd&pämeftkyfxdef;ol? odk;xdef;orm;udkqdkvdkyg
onf/ txl;ojzifh ygpwmq&m? oifMum;a&;q&mjzpfonf/ toif;awmf
wpfck\0dnmOfa&;wlnDonfh presbuteros (elder) ESifh episcopos (bishop)
&mxl;wdkYonf nDrQjcif;&Sdonf/ toif;awmfwpfck\a'o½Hk;awmf&mxl;
wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
or®musrf;pm\pmayzGifhqdkcsufrSm þa&S;OD;ynm&Sifrsm;\tvkyfrSm tHhzG,f&m
jzpfonf/ ygpwm\&mxl ;tqif honf a'o&S domreftoif ;om;wd kY\&mxl;tqifh
wl nD j cif ; &Sd o nf [l í ed * H k; csKyf ,l qcsufr S m cd k i fr maompmayzG i fh q d k csuf jzpf onf /
218
taxmuftxm;t&? þpmcsKyfpmwrf;yg&SdonfrSm ygpwmwpfOD;onf ,aeYtoif;
vlBuD;wpfOD;ESifhnDrQjcif;&Sdonfudkod&Sd&yg\/ trIaqmif Clergy wdkY\wpfpdwfwpfydkif;
r[kwfyg/ odkYjzpfí trIaqmif Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@ ({0Ha*vdowif;jzefYa0olESifh
wref a wmf) rsm;onf tk y f csKyf rI E S i fh {0H a *vd w&m;awmfr sm;ES i f h ouf q d ki f y gonf /
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfrSm trIaqmif Clergy rsm;udk ]]wrefawmf}} rsm;tjzpf toHk;rjyKyg/
acwfopftac:ta0: ]]OuúX}} rsm;[lítac:ta0:rsm;toHk;jyKMuonf/ þtoHk;jyK
csufrSm trIaqmif Clergy rsm;udk wrefawmfrsm;&mxl;yHkpHtm;jzifh wrifwumBuKd;yrf;
rIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ “apostles” wrefawmfrsm;tjzpf toif;awmfrsm;\acgif;aqmifrI
tydkif;jzpfonf/
tjcm;aomor®musrf;pmoHk;cJhaom a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkY\a0g[m&rSm
trIaqmif Clergy twGuf ]]{0Ha*vdowif;a[mMum;olrsm;jzpfonf/}} þolrsm;rSm
e,fvSnfhtrIaqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ þolrsm;onf toif;awmftopfrsm;udkwnfaxmif
ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ pmcsKyfygtcsufudkrSD;í {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudka[mMum;aomolrsm;udk
þodkYt"dyÜm,fudkzGifhcJhonf/
{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;udka[mMum;aomol? ae&mwusr&Sdaomol?
odkY&mwGif omoemjyKolwpfa,muftaejzifh c&D;vSnfhvnfí {0Ha*vd
owif;pum;udka[mMum;oljzpfí toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifvsuf&Sdonf/
toif; awmfzG JYp nf; rI pmcsKyfpmwrf ;wG ify g&S daomtcsuf tvufE Sif hywfoufí
trIaqmif Clergy tjzpfaqmif&GufaomolwpfOD;onf omreftoif;om;aqmif&Guf
aomvkyfief;wGifaqmif&Gufay;Edkifonf/ toif;vlBuD;rsm;tjzpfESifh toif;axmuf
ae&mwGifaqmif&GufEdkifonf/
ajympum;rsm;t&? toif;awmfrsm;\&mxl;&mcHwGif toif;awmfrS
vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;cefYtyfjcif;cH&aomolrsm;onf avsmhyg;vmí ESpfOD;yJ
&SdvmaomtcgrSm tqkdygESpfOD;onf toif;vlBuD;ESifhtoif;axmufwdkY
jzpfygonf/ bmaMumifhrsm;þtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhywfoufí ½IyfaxG;rI
&Sd&ygoenf;/ taMumif;rSm &mxl;trnfcHrsm;jzpfaom toif;vlBuD;?
toif;axmuf (bD;a&Smyf) ESifhygpwmq&mrsm;onf &mxl;tac:ta0:
 219
wpfrsKd;wnf;wGifjzpfygonf/ &mxl;trsKd;tpm;ydkíjrifhaomolwpfOD;onf
ed rf ha om&mxl; wGi fwm0ef,la qmif& Gu fEd ki fo nf/ xdk odk Ya qmif& Gu f& mü
ed r f h a om&mxl ; trnf u d k a c:qd k í Ed k i f y gonf / od k Y jzpf í ayw½k o nf
wrefawmfjzpfvsufESifh olYudk,fudktoif;vlBuD;ac:í (1ayw½k 5;11/
aygvkonf aemifawmfrsm;udk a,½k&SvifNrKdYodkYac:oGm;pOf olonfvnf;
toif;axmuf[líac:qdkjcif;rSmoifhavsmfayonf/ . . . (wrefawmf 11;30)/
{0Ha*vdw&m;a[molrsm;vnf; toif;vlBuD;[líac:Muonf/ &Sifaygvk
onf wdarmaotm;ajymonfrSm ]]aumif;rGefpGmtkyfaomoif;tkyfwdkYonf
tvªESpfqudkcHxdkufoljzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;? w&m;a[mjcif;? qHk;r
Mo0g'ay;jcif ;trIu dk BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwf aomol wd kYo nf tvªE Spf qudk
txl;ojzifhcHxdkufoljzpfonf[lívnf;aumif; rSwf&rnf}} (1wdarmao
5;17)/ þrS mw&m;a[mjcif ; ? qH k ; rMo0g'ay;jcif ;trI u d k oif ; tk y f
(toif ;vl BuD ;rsm;) tjzpf ? xdktvk yfu dkv kyf aomolwdkY onf {0Ha*vd
owif;pum;ajymolrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&H[lí toif;vlBuD;rsm;ac:jcif;
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif xdktvkyfrsKd;udkvkyfrSom ac:a0:jcif;cH&rnf/
odkYjzpfí a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf wrifwumzGJYpnf;&mü txdkif
ygpwmrsm;ESifhzGJYpnf;jcif;rjyKyg/ þodkYjyKjcif;rSm or®musrf;pmESifhtnD "r®opfusrf;ESifh
yHkpHwlatmifaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/ trIaqmif Clergy wdkYonf e,fvSnfhw&m;
a[molr sm;jzpf M uonf/ rd r dwd kY \ tvk yf r S m toif ;awmf o pf r sm;xl ; axmif& efE S if h
toif;awmfudktkyf csKyfoGm;&efwdkYjzpfy gonf/ a'ocHtoif;awmf onf rdrdud k,fudk
Munfh½I&ygrnf/ wpfcgwpf&HtrIaqmif Clergy rStvnftywfa&muf&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif olwdkYudka'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;wGif t"duMunfh½Iapmifha&Smufolrsm;r[kwfyg/
toif ; awmf rsm;ud k wnf a xmif NyD ; onf E Si f h wd ki f ; &if ; a'ojzpf oG m;onf / tjyif u
acgif;aqmifrsm;udkcefYxm;jcif;rjyKyg/ odkYjzpfí a'o&Sdtoif;vlBuD;rsm;onf a'o&Sd
toif;awmfrsm;udk ,aeY&SdtrIaqmifygpwmrsm;\tvkyfuJhodkYtkyfcsKyfoGm;&ygonf/
þtjzpfonf tajccHzGJYpnf;wnfaqmufyHkajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\ q,fhudk;
&mpkESifhESpfq,f&mpktapmydkif;txdzGJYpnf;yHkjzpfonf/ ajrmuftar&duef\ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmfESifh urÇmtESHYtoif;awmfrsm;udkaygufuGJonfhBuD;xGm;rIudkjzpfaponf/
220
toif; awmf \ o,H Zmwtm;vH k ; wd k Y onf toif ;awmf \ BuD; xG m;csJY x G i f r I twG u f
toHk;jyKcJhonf/ vuf&Sdtoif;om;rsm;twGufjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;twGufr[kwfyg/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf t"dutm;jzifh toif;awmfrsm;xlaxmifjcif;vIyf&Sm;rI
wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/
Loughborough onf ES pf pOf trI aqmif Clergy tpnf ;ta0;ud k a&S;OD ;tcsd eftcg
rsm;wG if topf aomvkyf ief; rsm;udk aqmif&G ufvd konf rsm;udk Clergy wdkY \a&S UwG if
wifjyMuonf/ xdktcsdefrSm w&m;a[mq&mrsm;tm; olwdkYudk bk&m;ocifESifhtcsdef,lNyD;
ar;&rnfrSm bk&m;ocifonf olwdkYtm; rnfonfhae&modkYoGm;vdkapcsifonfudkar;&rnf/
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf taxG a xG t pnf ; a0;od k Y jyef v mNyD ; vmrnf h E S p f w G i f
q,fae&mrSmtoif;awmfopfrsm;udkwnfaxmifrnfhtaMumif;ajymjyygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif
tm;vHk;aomolwpfOD;csif;rS em;vnfoabmaygufaomtcgwGif bk&m;ocifvdkvm;rI
jzpfonfudk pdwf&Sif;vif;rI&Sdaomtcg wm0eftoD;oD;cGJícefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
1874 ckESpfwGif California State Conference rSm aqG;aEG;csuwpf&yfjyKvkyfí
rnf ol awGu dk trIa qmif r sm;tm;todtrS wf jyKjcif ;ESi fh vdk if pif rsm;xk wf ay;jcif; ud k
aqG;aEG;Muonf/
Elder Butler toif;vlBuD;onf taMumif;t&mESifhywfoufítcsuf
rd r d wpf c gwnf ; ajymvd k u f o nf / trd e f Y a wmf tmPmpuf u d k & G wf q d k N yD ;
tvkyfvkyfrnfholtrsm;vdktyfonfrsm;udk tvkyfae&mwGiftouf&Sifvsuf
&Sdaomowif;pum;udkjzefYjzL;&rnfudk vltBuKdufenf;yg;aomtrSefw&m;
udkajymjy&rnf/ . . . xdkodkYaomolrsm;onf þvdktyfvsuf&Sdaomtvkyf
udk o Gm;rS om tvk yf twG u ftusKd; jyKEdk i fr nf j zpf onf / uGe fz &if h onf
olwdkY\tcsdefESifhBuKd;yrf;rItwGuf tcrsm;ay;&efudkvnf; wm0ef,lEdkif
jcif;r&SdaMumif;azmfjyygonf/
&JhomoemjyKjcif;&Jh Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@rSwf,lxm;yg/ Clergy
Elder Butler
wdkYonf topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;udkxlaxmif&mü tcaMu;aiGay;aqmifygonf/
toif;awmfudkBuD;yGm;vmatmifrjyKvkyfEdkifvQif olwdkYudkray;bJ&Sdrnf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;awmfonf tvkyfvkyfolrsm;twGuf toif;awmfudkMunfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;
 221
twGuf xdktoif;awmfwGif ,HkMunfolrsm;om&Sdjcif;udk tcaMu;aiGay;aqmifjcif;
rvkdaMumif;,lqygonf/
þtapmyd k i f ; ES p f r sm;wG i f pepf wusapwemo'¨ g w&m;ud k Clergy wd k Y tm;
axmuf yHhzdkYpwifaqmif& Gufygonf/ aemufydk if;wGif q,fzdkYwpfzdkYay;urf;jcif; jzifh
pepfwusaxmufyHhjcif;pepfjzpfoGm;onf/ xl;jcm;aumif;rGefcsufrSm q,fzdkYwpfzdkY tm;vHk;udk
a'o&SduGefz&ifhrsm;odkYydkYay;onf/ xdkrS Clergy rsm;udkay;aqmifoGm;onf/ tjzpfrSm
a'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;wGif txdkifygpwmrsm;r&Sdjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ q,fzdkYwpfzdkYaiGudk
tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYjzL;olrsm;odkY oD;oefYaqmif&Gufolrsm;twGuf
ay;aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf owif;pum;rsm;udkjzefYa0&ef pdwf0ifpm;rI
BuD;jyif;pGm&SdonfhtwGuf a'o&SduGefz&ifhrsm;onf olwdkY\0efxrf;rsm;udkvkyfief;cGifodkY
0ifa&muf&mwGif olwdkYudkaxmufyHhaomuGefz&ifhrsm;wGif tvkyfudkomowfrSwfonfh
twdkif;twmrubJ tjcm;aome,fedrdwfrsm;wGif axmufyHhjcif;&Sdygonf/ 1903 ckESpf
txdyifvQif tjcm;aomjynfe,frsm;ü 0efxrf;rsm;udk a'ouGefz&ifhrSaxmufyHhay;cJh
onf/ 1903 ckESpftpnf;ta0;wGif California Conference u omoemvkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&GufEdkif&ef tvkyfolrsm;ig;q,fig;OD;udkvpmaxmufyHhay;cJhonf/ vufwif
r*F v may;jcif ; cH & aomtrI a wmf a qmif o H k ; q,f E S p f O D ; tygt0if a xmuf y H h c J h o nf /
xdkoHk;q,fhESpfOD;aomtrIaqmifrsm;onf EdkifiH&yfjcm;odkYajcmufOD;omoemjyKjcif;&Sdyg
onf/ xdkoHk;q,fhESpfxJrSmvnf; vdkifpif&omoemjyKudk;OD;onfvnf; NAdwdefEdkifiHwGif
tvkyfvkyfoGm;NyD; California rSvpmay;cJhonf/ vlq,fhwpfa,muftm; omoemjyK
vdkufpifrsm;ay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ wpfOD;u t*FvefrSmtvkyfvkyfNyD; wpfOD;onf Geogia
Conference rSmtvk yf vk yfonf / od k Y&mwG if California rS vpmay;ygonf /
a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf a'oEÅ&mtkyfcsKyfa&;e,fy,fwGif tjrifusOf;ajrmif;aom
oabmxm;rsm;r&SdMuyg/ omoemtvkyforsm;rsm;udk ae&mtESHYwGifrQa0toHk;jyKMu
onf/ taMumif;rSm omoemjyKjcif;onf toif;awmf\t"duomoemjyKjcif;tvkyf
jzpfonf/ 'Dxufru? trIawmfaqmif Clergy rsm;udkawmif;cHjcif;r&SdonfrSm owåraeY
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;trsm;pk&SdESifhNyD;om;ae&mrsm;wGif rawmif;cHMuyg/ olwdkYonf
rdrdwdkYe,fy,fwGif omoemjyefYyGm;a&;udk olwdkYjyKvkyfEdkifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkt&mrSm
222
a'otoif ; awmf E S i f h toif ; om;rsm;\wm0ef r sm;jzpf M uygonf / q,f z d k Y wpf z d k Y
aumufcHjcif;onf trIawmfaqmif Clergy rsm;udkaxmufyHhaomaiGrsm;onf a'o&Sd
toif;om;y&dowfrsm;udktvdkvdkufjcif;jzifhtoHk;rjyK&yg/ þtpm; Clergy rsm;udk
vGwfvyfrIay;í toif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmufoGm;&efjzpfygonf/
or®musrf;pm\tajccHjyKaomtxdkifygpwmrsm;udkrxm;&Sdjcif;onf þa&S;OD;
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrStjrJwrf;ajymqdkrIrsm;jyKcJhMuonf/ James White onf 1859
ckESpf? uGefz&ifhtpnf;ta0;wGifajymcJhaompum;rSm?
uREfkyfwdkYwGiftxdkifjyKaomygpwmrsm; toif;awmfwGifr&Sdjcif;rSm
trIaqmifrsm;tm;vHk;onf omoemjyKolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ a,½Ic&pf\
trIawmfaqmifrsm;uJhodkYyif a&S;OD;trIawmfaqmifrsm;jzpfí olwdkYonf
tdrfESifhuyf&onfyifvnf;r&SdMuyg/ c&pfawmf\tusKd;awmftwGufESifh
vl wd k Y \tcsif; csif ; u,fwif j cif ; &&S d & ef olwd k Y cspf jrwf E dk ; &aomtd rf r S
cspf & aomol r sm;ESi f h a ygif ; oif ; quf q H a &;ud k p G e f Y v Twf c J h í at;pd r f h í
udk,fusKd;zufaomurÇmBuD;odkYoGm;í olwdkYtoufwmudkpGefYvTwfjcif;jzifh
vl BuKdufe nf; aomor® musrf;pm\trSe fw&mudk a[mMum;cJh&ygonf/
bk&m;ocifrS olwdkYtm;aumif;csD;r*Fvmay;ygap/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYudk
touf&SifcGifhay;&rnf/ bk&m;ocifonf toif;awmftm; wm0efwpf&yf
ay;í olwdkYudkaxmufyHhay;&rnf/ olwdkYonf omoemtwGufcspfjrwfEdk;
aomc&D;pOfwGif oGm;vmvIyf&Sm;jcif;jyKvsuf&Sdonf/
&Sifaygvkonf ,cktac:ta0:tm;jzifh ]]txdkifygpwm}} wpfa,muf
r[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif ]]aum&defokNrKdYudk wpfESpfESifhajcmufvrQ bk&m;ocif\
taMumif;udk olwdkYtv,füa[majymcJhonf/}} wrefawmf 16;1? 11/
þa&S;OD;c&pf,mefq&mrsm;onf NrKdYwpfNrKdYrSmaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrSm
aomfvnf;aumif; olwdkY\oufaocHcsufrsm;onf vlawGudkEdk;Mum;jcif;
&Sdonftxd? ,HkMunfaomvlwpfpk&Sdvmaomtcgü c&pfawmftaMumif;udk
vufcH,HkMunfrI&SdonftxdaeMuygonf/ t&m&mrsm;onf tcif;tusif;
&Sdí þwynfhawmfrsm;onf bk&m;ocifudk0wfjyKudk;uG,faomol&SdvmzdkY
 223
jyKpkjcif ;&Sdy gonf/ þtcsd efrS trIaqmifwdkY onf aemufwpfae&modkY
topfaomae&modkYoGm;í trIawmfaqmifMuonf/ þtoif;awmfrsm;onf
trIa wmfa qmif rsm;\rSD cd ktm;xm;jcif; rjyKoG m;yg/ ol wd kY ud kc sefx m;í
rdrdudk,fudkrSDcdkrIjyKoGm;onfudk bk&m;ociftm;rSDcdk0wfjyKrI&SdoGm;onf/
wpfcgwpf&HrSm olwdkYonf þaemifawmfrsm;udk {nfhonftjzpfoGm;a&mufí
wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfjcif;? twnfjzpfoGm;zdkYESifh ESpfodrfhrIrsm;ay;Muonf/
t&Sif;qHk;rSm a&S;OD;tvkyftudkifjyKoGm;aomolwdkYrSm twnfwusygpwmrsm;
rxm;jcif;onf tusKd;&Sdí or®musrf;pmESifhnDnGwfrI&Sdonf[lícHpm;&Muonf/ olwdkYonf
ygpwmrsm;a&G;cs,fNyD; toif;awmfudkjyKpkapmifha&SmufzdkYjyKvkyfoGm;Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif
or®musrf;pmESifhtnDrjyKvkyfcJhyg/ trSeftm;jzifh vli,frsm;onf w&m;a[mq&mrsm;
t&nftcsif;jyvmaomtcg olwdkYudktoif;awmfüw&m;a[mapjcif;udktm;ray;bJ
olwdk Y\ ac:qd kr Iu dk j yaomtaetxm;rsm;rsm;jzifh o Gm;í toif ;awmftopf rsm;ud k
wnf a xmif o G m;apygonf / toif ; awmf r sm;wnf a xmif j cif ; onf ol w d k Y twG u f
tjrifhqHk;aomac:awmfrljcif;\prf;oyfrIwpf&yfjzpfí Clergy &Jhwm0efwdkYudk xrf;aqmif
Edkifjcif;jzpfygonf/ toif;awmfwpfckudk rdrdaxmufyHhEdkifaomt&nftcsif;r&SdbJESifh
xlaxmifoGm;vQif oifonf vcpm;aomtrIaqmifrjzpfxdkufyg/
w&m;a[molwpfOD;onf rdrdudk,fudkjyoaomtaejzifh e,fopf
y,fopfodkY0ifa&mufjcif;jzifh prf;oyfrIcH&jcif;jzpfonfudkjyoEdkifonfjzpf
rnf/ xdkae&mü ol\vkyftm;jzifhtoD;tESHudkawGY&SdEdkifygonf/ tu,fíom
olonf atmifjrifpGmtoif;awmfrsm;udkxlaxmifí twnfwus&Sdatmif
jyKvkyfEdkifvQif? toD;aumif;rsm;udkoD;EdkifatmifjyKvkyfvQif ol\aemifawmf
rsm;tm; taumif;qHk;aomoufaotjzpf ocifbk&m;\ac:awmfrljcif;
jzpfaMumif;jyooGm;Edkifonf/
tcsKd Y a omol r sm;onf owå r aeY a jrmf v ifh j cif; toif ;om;tjzpf
0ifa&mufvmNyD; ol\aemifawmfrsm;udkcsufcsif;yifw&m;a[mcJhrnfqdkvQif
xdkaemifawmfrsm;onf olESifhrsm;pGmatmifjrifvsuf&Sdayrnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf
224
xdkaemifawmfrsm;udkw&m;a[mapvQif trSm;jcif;wpf&yfjzpfapygonf/
xdktrIawmfrsm;onf oifhavsmfatmiftuRrf;w0ifowif;pum;udk tawGU
tBuKH&Sdaomolrsm;tm; avhusifhoifMum;ay;í e,fopfrsm;odkYapvTwfí
bk&m;ociftm;tultnDESifhatmifjrifrI&SdzdkYawmif;avQmufapyg/ xdktcgrSm
toif;awmfrsm;udkxlaxmifí ñTefMum;rIjyKaomtcgrSm xdktoif;awmf
rsm;onf olYudkaxmufcHrIjyKoGm;rnf/ tu,fíom olwdkYonf toif;awmf
rsm;ESifhrdwfaqGrsm;rxlaxmifEdkifí olYudkaxmufcHay;EdkifvQif trSefw&m;
ta&;awmfyHkonf olwdkYudkrvdktyfbJ&Sdygonf/ olwdkYonf taumif;qHk;
aomouf a otm;jzifh ol wd k Y ud k b k & m;ocif a c:awmf rl j cif ; cH & onf r S m
rSm;,Gif;pGmawG;ac:rdjcif;onf rSm;ygonf[lí ed*Hk;csKyfjyKoGm;Edkif&rnf/
olYudkbk&m;ocifu aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;\owif;pum;udka[majymzdkY
ac:awmfrljcif;cH&onfhtawG;rSmr[kwfEdkifaMumif;od&SdoGm;&ygrnf/
txdkifygpwmrsm;rxm;&Sdjcif;tjcm;taMumif;wpf&yfrSm tcsdefonfwdkawmif;vS
ygonf/ vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrsm;rSm BuD;rm;vSygonf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
rsm;rSm olwdkY\ocifbk&m;rMumrDjyefvmjcif;udk arQmfvifhcsuftm;jzifh&Sdjcif;onf olwdkY\
zGJYpnf;yHkwdk;wufjcif;tm; taMumif;oufa&mufrI&Sdygonf/ omoemjyKjcif;tvkyfudk
tav;xm;jcif;jyKoGm;onf/
þxl;jcm;aom"r®opfusrf; acwf omoemjyKjcif; tvk yf\taxmuftxm;rSm
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\ta&;tom;wdkYa&;om;cJhaomawmif;yefpmrsm;ü
awGY& Sd& ygonf/ olwdkY \trIawmfaqmif jcif;vIyf& Sm;rIo nf tjcm;aombmoma&;
*dk Pf ;tzG JY ES if hq ef ;opf uG Jj ym;jcif; ud k ajrmf vifh jcif ;toif; om;rsm;onf rMumcP
þxl; jcm;aom Clergy wdk Y\ tcef; u@ud k ajrmf vifh jcif; toif ;awmf r[kwfa om
olwdkYtm;ajz&Sif;í tusKd;jyKaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk rMumcP&Sif;jy&onf/ 1886
ck ES pf wG if a'o&S do wif; pm&Si f; vif; yG Jwpf ck wG if G. B. Starr onf ajrmf vifh jcif ;
toif;om;{0Ha*vdowif;pum;a[mMum;olu ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm; jrefqefpGm
wdk;yGm;vm&jcif;taMumif;udk þodkYajymoGm;onf/
 225
toif;vlBuD;uajymoGm;onfrSm ]]yxrOD;pGmajym&rnfqdkvQif txdkif
ygpwmrxm;&Sdyg/ uREfkyfwdkYtoif;awmfonf rdrdudk,fudktm;udk;&rnf/
trIawmfaqmifrsm;tm;vHk;onf topfaome,fy,fwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;
awmfwGifvkyfudkif&ygonf/}}
owåraeYAwådZHtoif;om;rsm;onf owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;udk
zGJYpnf;pwGif rsm;pGmtoif;om;OD;a&rsm;cJhonf/ owåraeYAwådZHtoif;om;rsm;onf
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;pGmESpfq,f&mpkESpftpydkif;wGif vsifjrefpGmwdk;yGm;vmjcif;
taMumif;udkpOf;pm;íajymonfrSm?
owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;trIaqmif Clergy rsm;onf omoemjyKolrsm;jzpfonf/
toif;awmfrsm;wGif txdkifygpwmrsm;rjzpfyg/ olwdkYonf w&m;a[mjcif;? oifMum;
ydkYcsjcif;ESifh urÇmtESHYtoif;awmfrsm;zGJYpnf;vsuf&Sdonf/
Elder D. M. Canright onf a&S ;OD ;ajrmf vifh jcif;toif;awmf \trI aqmif wpfOD ;
jzpfonf/ aemufydkif;wGif olonf toif;awmfrSxGufcGmNyD; toif;awmfudkykwfcwfí
a&;om;cJhonf/ odkYjzpfí toif;awmfrSol\pGJcsufcyfrsm;rsm;udkjyefvnfwHkYjyefajz&Sif;
csufrsm;&Sif;jy&onf/ tcsufwpfcsufwpfckrSm olonf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif
xifay:onfhtrIaqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf/ taMumif;rSm olonf toif;awmfq,fh&Spfck
udk ygpwmjzpfcJh&onf/ w&m;0ifajz&Sif;csufrSm þajrmfvifhjcif;trIaqmif\txifrSm;
jcif;pGyfpGJcsufudk ol\aqmif&Guf&aomtvkyfudk þodkY&Sif;jy&ygonf/
Kalamazoo Telegraph rSa&;om;csufrSxkwfEkwfí þa&;om;csufudk
awGY&onf/ ]]olwdkYESifhtquftoG,fjzwfawmufcsdefwGif olonf Michigan
wGiftoif;awmfq,fh&SpfckudktkyfcsKyf&onf/}} þtrIwGiftjzpfrSefu þodkY
jzpfonf/ owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf yHkrSef0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
tpDtpOfudk txdkifygpwmrsm;\tultnDrygbJESifh 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
tpDtpOfudkaqmif&Gufygonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk
vHk;0vGwfvyfjcif;ay;í {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudke,fopfrsm;üomoemjyK
jcif;udkaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí uREfkyfwdkYtoif;rsm;wGi f
226
tcsde fMumjrifhp Gmw&m;a[mjcif;rsm;r&Sd onf udk awG Y&ygonf/ odkY jzpfí
uGefz&ifhaumfrwD0ifrsm;onf jynfe,ftwGif;wGif wpfcgwpf&Hütm;vyf
onfhtcsdefü þtoif;awmfrsm;udktvnfoGm;NyD; c&pf,meftoufwmESifh
ywfoufí tultnDay;jcif;ESifh tm;ay;rIrsm;ay;Edkif&ef tpnf;ta0;
jyKvkyfay;Edkif&efjzpfygonf/
odkYjzpfí Canright tm; þtoif;awmfq,fh&Spfckudk tajctaet&ay;jcif;jzpf
ygonf/ od kY jzpfí Canright udk þtoif; awmf ud ktk yf csKyf&ef txdk ify gpwmrsm;
wm0efudkay;jcif;r[kwfyg/ taMumif;rSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf txdkifygpwm
rsm;rxm;&Sdyg/
a&S ;OD ;ajrmfv ifh j cif; toif ;awmf \trIa qmif Clergy rsm;onf uGe f z&ifh \
ñT e f M um;rI a tmuf wGi f a qmif & G u f & NyD ; ol wd k Y \ t"d u wm0efr S m toif ; awmf r sm;
xla xmif jcif ;ESi fh {0Ha*vdowif;a[mMum;ol rsm;udk avhu sifh ay;jcif; jzpf ygonf/
tBuD;qHk;aomtoif;awmfjzpfonfh Battle Creek Tabernacle onf vlOD;a&oHk;axmif
qHhaomtoif;awmfwGif txdkifygpwmr&Sdyg/ ESpfq,f&mpktapmydkif;rSom&SdcJhygonf/
Ellen White ES
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Ellen Whiteonf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;tcef;u@wGif BuD;rm;aomae&mwGif
yg0ifonfhwdk;wufrIwpf&yfESifh olrtMuHay;csufrsm;onf bk&m;ocifxHrSwdkuf½dkuf
vmonfudk,lqMuonfhtwGuf olrtaMumif;udktxl;wvnfazmfjy&ygrnf/ vGefcJh
onfhtcef;wGif a&S;OD;arQmfvifhjcif; Clergy rsm;onf a'otxdkifwpfckwGif ygpwm
rsm;r[kwfMuyg/ t"dutm;jzifh {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYjzL;aomvkyfom;rsm;jzpfMu
onf/ Ellen White taejzifh þtpDtpOfudkaxmufcHrIjyKoGm;ovm;/ Clergy tvkyf
tudkifESifhywfoufí olr\tjrifrnfodkY&Sdoenf;/ yxrOD;pGmajym&rnfqdkvQif olr\
tjrifr Sm Clergy wdk Ya vh usif ho if Mum;ay;ol? t&nftcsif ;rsm;wyf qifa y;ol [l í
tjrif&Sdygonf/
 227
trI aqmifwpfOD;onf ol\ tcsde fudkw&m;a[monfxuf ynm
oifMum;ay;jcif;udktoHk;jyKygap/ olwdkYonf vlawGtm;&&SdcJhaomtod
w&m;udk tjcm;olrsm;tm;ay;urf;EdkifzdkY oifMum;ay;apyg/
ocifbk&m;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf olwdkYudk
xm;cJhNyD; trSefw&m;tm; taphrsm;MuJoltjzpfrxm;&Sd&yg/
tvkyfvkyfaomtcgrSm ,HkMunfcsuf&SdNyD;om;olrsm;vnf;&Sdaernf/
trI awmfaqmifrsm;onf yxrOD;pGm,Hk Munfcsufr&Sd ao;aomolrsm;udk
ajymif;vmjcif;udkvk yfa qmifcsufrsm;rjyKvky f&ao;yg/ toif; awmf\
tzG J Y0 if rsm;ud ka vhu sifh o if M um;ívufc H E dk i fj cif ; &S d í yg0if yl ; aygif; zdk Y
tvkyfr[kwfygoavm/
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jyefvkyf&OD;rnf/ toif;awmf\tzGJY0ifrsm;onf þodkYMunfh½Iapmifha&Smuf
jcif;cH&olrsm;onf bmoma&;tm;aysmholrsm;jzpfMuonf/ trSefw&m;udk
od&Sdolrsm;udk tapmifhta&Smufay;jcif;\q,fyHkudk;yHkudk trSefw&m;rsm;
rMum;&ao;aomolrsm;twGuftoHk;jyKcJhvQif wdk;wufrIb,favmufrsm;
&Sdygrnfenf;/
wpfcgwpf&HtrIa wmfaqmifrsm;onf tvkyfrsm;vGefuJpGmvkyfMu
onf/ vkyfief;tm;vHk;udkwpfa,mufwnf;vufrSmydkufaxG;Muonf/ olwdkYudk
tm½H kpdkufr IjyK&NyD; olwd kYtm;ao;odrf&ygonf/ od kY&mwGi f olwdk Yonf
qkyfudkifjrJqkyfudkifMuonf/ olwdkYpOf;pm;cJhonfrSm olwdkYonf wpfOD;
wnf;jzifhbk&m;ocif\tvkyfudkvkyf&ygrnf? þtcsdefwGif toif;ol
toif ; om;rsm;u ab;wG i fy sif ; &d p G mxvsuf & S do nf / þtpD tpOf r S m
bk&m;ocif\tpDtpOfr[kwfyg/
tultnDtrsm;qHk;jzpfjcif;rSm uREfkyfwdkY\vlrsm;tm; bk&m;ocif\
tvk y f u d k v k y f E d k i f & ef o if M um;ay;jcif ; jzpf y gonf / bk & m;ocif u d k o m
tm;udk;tm;xm;&Sd&rnf/ trIaqmifrsm;udktultnD&,ljcif;r[kwfyg/
228
toif;om;rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;odkYtultnDay;&efr&SdbJjzpfvQif
olwdkYudkay;aomtultnDrsm;onf BuD;rm;aom0dnmOfa&;tm;aysmhrIonf
&v'ftm;jzifhjzpfxGef;vmygrnf/
Ellen White taejzifh trIawmfaqmifrsm;rSm toif;awmfESifhtvkyfvkyfaomtcg
olwd kYonf avhusifh oifMum;ay;a&;vIyf&Sm;rIwGifj yKvkyf& rnf/ þtjzpfrSm yxr
&mpkESpfyHkpHerlemESifh c&pf,mefrsm;twGufudkufnDrI&Sdonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
onf q,fhudk;&mpkwGifzGJYpnf;jcif;cH&jcif;onf yHkpHtm;jzifhnDnGwfrI&Sdonf/ owdjyK
&rnf r S m ol r ajymaompum;wd k i f ; onf ord k i f ; 0if u d k u f n D a omtjzpf tysuf wG i f
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf txdkifygpwmrsm;r&Sdaomtoif;awmfrsm;jzpfygonf/
þtjzpftysufrSm olrajymaompum;wdkYonf ydkítHhMojcif;&Sdygonf/ tjzpfrSm olronf
q,fhudk;&mpktrIaqmifrsm;onf tcsdefudkrsm;pGmoHk;í toif;awmfrsm;üumpD;umpD;
&Sdaeonf[k olrxifygonf/
Ellen White \tjrif r S m toif ;awmf \ tzG J Y 0if rsm;onf trI a wmf üud k ,f xd
vufa&mufwpfckckudkaqmif&Guf&aomolrsm;jzpfMu&rnf/ þonfrSm olwdkY0dnmOfa&;
tiftm;twGufESifh c&pf,mefr sm;BuD;xGm;rItwGufvdk tyfvsuf&Sd ygonf/ odk Yjzpfí
ygpwmrsm;onf taumif;qHk;tm[m&ay;jcif;onf toif;om;rsm;tm;tvkyfvkyfapí
zD; olwdkYtwGuftrIawmfaqmifjcif;xufaumif;ygonf/ Ellen White &JhtaMumif;
jycsufrSm ygpwmrsm;taorxdkifbJ&Sdjcif;onf omoemjyKjcif;twGuftm[m&jzpfonf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfESifhywfoufí olr\ajymMum;csufrSm?
olwdkYonf &ufpufaomt&mwdkYudkckcHzdkYtiftm;rSm Murf;wrf;pGm
tvky fvkyfr Somjzpf rnf[lí olwdk YonfpOf; csufrS m a,½k &Svif NrKdYwGif
&Sdaomtoif;awmfudk &efolvufrSwdkufcdkufrIudkumuG,f&ef pOf;pm;Mu
onf/ ol wdk Y o nf topf a jymif ;vJ v maomol r sm;ud k ynmoif ay;í
{0H a *vd w&m;awmfu d k rMum;&ao;aomolwd kY tm; jzef Ya 0&rnf htpm;?
ol wd kYo nf ,l aomvrf; pOf rS m &&S dcJ ha omatmif jrifr IES if hauseyfa tmif
pdk;&drfp&mrsm;&Sdygonf/ bk&m;ocifonf ol\udk,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; jzefYMuJí
tjcm;olrsm;twGuftvkyfvkyfay;Edkif&ef n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufjcif;udkcGifhjyKcJhonf/
 229
a,½k&SvifNrKdYBuD;rSarmif;xkwfjcif;cH&í ,HkMunfolrsm;onf ]]ae&mtESHY
oGm;í EIwfuywfawmfudka[majymcJhonf/}}
atmifjrifolrsm;jzpfvdkMuvQif rdrdudk,fudkqGJxkwfí þBuD;rm;aom
tvky f wdk Y u d kN yD ;ajrmuf o G m;zd k YtwG uf tjcm;olwd k Y ud k u ,f q ,f Ed k i f& ef
pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifh&Sd&rnf/
Ellen White \tjrif rS m usef; rmvsuf &S d aomtoif; awmf o nf toif; om;
tm;vHk;uxda&mufaomtrIawmfwGifvkyfudkif&rnfjzpfygonf/ þtjrifrSm omoem
jyKjcif;pdwf"mwf&Sdí olr&JhtjrifwGif usef;rmoefpGrf;aomc&pf,mefrsm;jzpf&mEdkifpGrf;
&Sdygonf/ olronf av;eufpGmþodkY,HkMunfrI&Sdí cdkifrmpGmajymjcif;onf omref
toif;om;rsm;\trIaqmifjcif;jzifh toif;om;rsm;onf atmifEdkifolrsm;jzpfMurnf/
Ellen White onf trIaqmif Clergy rsm;udkavh usifh ol rsm;tjzpf ESifh t&nf tcsif;
jznfhay;olrsm;tjzpftoHk;jyKjcif;rSm trIawmfaqmifay;oltjzpfxuf pdwftm;xufoefrI
&S dí olr onfa jymygao;\/ ygpwmrsm;onf trI awmf aqmif jcif ;udk OD ;pm;ay;í
toif;om;rsm;udk trIawmfaqmifjcif;udkoifMum;ay;jcif;rjyKolrsm;rSm tvkyfjzKwfzdkY
oifhygonf/ þonfrSmvnf; ,aeYtxdkifygpwmrsm;taMumif;udka&;om;jcif;r[kwfbJ
e,fvSnfhtrIawmfaqmifjcif; Clergy taMumif;udka&;jcif;jzpfygonf/
Ellen White \pdk ;&drfrIBuD;wpf&yfjzpfaom ygpwmrsm;txdkif jzpfjcif ;rSm taMumif;
ESpf&yf&Sdygonf/ toif;awmf\omoemvkyfief;twGufESifh c&pf,mefrsm;udk wynfh
awmfjzpfjcif;ESpf&yfay:rSm&Sdonf/ olr\tjrifrSm &Sif;ygonf/ toif;awmfwpfckonf
trIaqmifrsm;tay:ü rSDcdktm;xm;rI&SdvQif &ifhusufrIr&SdbJ wynfhawmfrjzpfcJhjcif;jzpf
onf/ ygpwmonfvnf; ol\tvkyftay:wGif atmifjrifrIr&SdcJhyg/ taMumif;rSm
olonf toif;awmfwpfckudkzefwD;&mü rdrdudk,fudktm;udk;rIr&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
uREfkyf\ESvHk;om;rSm 0rf;enf;vsuf&Sdonf/ taMumif;rSm ae&m
toD;oD;wGifMunfhaomtcgrSm NrKHaeaomae&mrsm;&Sdaeonfudkjrif&jcif;
&dSygonf/ þt&monf t"dyÜm,frnfodkY&Sdygoenf;/ a,½Ic&pfawmf\
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf þae&mwGif&yfwnfaeygovm;/ rnfolu 0dnmOf
wdkY\0efydk;udkxrf;í trSefw&m;udkr&&SdbJESifh olwdkYxHodkYydkYrSvufcHEdkifrnfudk
230
rnfuJhodkY&Sdrnfenf;/ uREfkyfwdkY\trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf toif;awmf
rsm;ü0JysHí&SdonfrSm oem;jcif;u½kPm&Sdaomaumif;uifwrefrsm;onf
0dnmOfrsm;udku,fwifjcif;rjyKonfudk&Sdaeygonf/
bk& m;ocif onf þtrIa qmif r sm;udk wm0ef& S d ol r sm;taejzif h
0dn mOfrsm;udktarSmifxkrSa e&onf udkac:aqmif &ef trIaqmifrsm;tm;
wm0efwpf&yftjzpfowfrSwfygonf/ olonf uGif;xJodkYac:aqmifjcif;
rjyKonfrSm orm;awmfvdktyfcsufr&Sdaomae&mwGifr[kwfjcif;aMumifhjzpf
onf/ oifwdkYtoif ;awmfrsm;ud kwnfaxmif& mü olwd kYtm; trIawmf
aqmifrsm;apmifhMunfhzdkYESifh tjrJwapcGHYauR;zdkYrvdkbJESifh em;vnfrI&Sd&rnf/
olwdkYonf trSefw&m;udkodygNyD/ olwdkYrSmtjrpfwG,frI&Sd&rnf/ þolwdkY
onf eufeJpGm½dkufoGif;&rnf/ odkYrSom tjrifhodkYydkíjrifhrm;atmifvSrf;Edkif
&rnf/ olwdkYonf ,HkMunfjcif;ütjrpfwG,f&rnf/
toif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmif&rnf/ XmecsKyfrsm;BuD;BuD;us,fus,f
Battle Creek wGifrwnf aqmuf&yg/ odkY&mwG if ta&;BuD ;aomtoif;awmf
rsm;wnfa qmufj cif; cH&rnf/ pnf;a0;cef;raqmif rsm;udk NrKdYB uD;rsm;ü
wnfaqmufí oifhavsmfaomae&mrsm;wGif ,HkMunfolrsm;twGufpka0;
Edk if &ef wnfa qmufv dr fh r nf / toif ; awmf rsm;wGi f txd ki fy gpwmrsm;
ac:,lrIr&S d&yg/ toufaoG;aMumudkay;aqmifaomwefcdk ;onf trSef
w&m;udktoif;om;rsm;wpfOD;csif;udkzdtm;ay;í trIawmfvkyfaqmifEdkif
atmif wef cd k; awmf ud ka y;ygap/ xdk a'owGi f xd a&mufa omomoem
vkyfief;udkaqmif&GufEdkifygap/ bk&m;ocif\vufawmftm;jzifh toif;
awmfonf ynmay;jcif;ESifhavhusifhrIcH,lí xda&mufaomtvkyfudkvkyf
Edkifygap/ toif;awmf\,HkMunfolrsm;onf ocifbk&m;\tm½HkjyKaom
c&pf,meftvkyform;rsm;jzpfygap/ toif;awmfonf wpfzufapmif;eif;í
&Sdygonf/
onf a'o&Sdtoif;om;rsm;rSm Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;vdktyfonfudk
Ellen White
&Sif;vif;pGmem;vnfoabmaygufygonf/ olr\em;vnfrIonf þtvkyfrSm vc
 231 232

pm;aomtrIaqmif Clergy rSvkyf&rnfhtvkyfr[kwfyg/ omreftoif;om;vlBuD;rsm; ygpwm\yHkpHudkul;,loGm;vQif aMumufzG,faumif;aomjzpf&yfESifhawGUBuKHEdkifrnfjzpf

onf ygpwmwm0efudk a'otoif;awmfrsm;üaqmif&Gufaomolrsm;taejzifh ygpwm aMumif; owday;cJhonf/ owday;oltxJrSm General Conference \OuúXjzpfol?
\wm0efonf omreftoif;om;rsm;wm0eftjzpf,lqjcif;&Sdojzifh olwdkYudktoHk;jyKjcif; ESpfq,f&mpk\yxrtESpfESpfq,f\OuúX A. G. Daniells vnf;wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpf
onf toif;awmf\0dnmOfa&;usef;rmrIvdktyfaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ onf/ xif&Sm;onfrSm ol\tcsdeftcgwGif txdkifygpwmrsm;xm;&SdzdkY aqmfMoolrsm;
The Battle Creek Tabernacle onf toif ;awmf * d k Pf ; \tBuD ;rm;qH k ; aom &Sdayrnf/ þolrsm;tm; Daniells onf atmufygtwdkif;yka&mzufwdkY\tqdkjyKvm
toif;awmfonf q,fhudk;&mpkESpfwpfavQmufvHk;wGif txdkifygpwmr&SdcJhyg/ James csufjzpfvmcJhonf/
White onf General Conference \Ouú Xtjzpf ES if h pmayyH k ES d yf jcif ;acgif ;aqmif wpfOD ;
uREfkyfwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkY\trIawmfaqmifrsm;tm; toif;awmf\
taejzifh wpfcgwpf&H Battle Creek Tabernacle \ygpwmtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/
ygpwmrsm;tjzpf txdkiftm;jzifhrsm;rsm;rjyKvkyfcJhyg/ toif;BuD;rsm;wGif
1906 ckESpftxd Ellen White onf A. G. Daniells tm; xdktcsdefwGif General Confer-
ta&G;cs,fcH&aomygpwmrsm;&SdMuonf/ odkY&mwGif pnf;urf;t& uREfkyfwdkY
ence Ouú Xjzpf ol ud k Battle Creek Tabernacle \ygpwmtjzpf wm0ef ud k yg,l ap&ef
onf uGif ;qif;tvkyfrsm;udkaqmif&Guf&ef toifh&Sdygonf/ {0Ha*vd
tMuHjyKcJhygonf/
w&m;awmfu dk 0 if a&muf& ef tqifo if h& Sd ygonf / uREf ky fwd kY \nDtpf ud k
Munfh&onfrSm omreftoif;om;vlBuD;rsm;ESifh toif;axmufrsm;u a&S;OD;
armif E S r rsm;onf v nf ; rd r d u d k , f u d k t oif ; awmf \ vk y f i ef ; twG u f
a'oemtoif; awmf rsm;\tky fc sKyf rI ud ku dk if wG ,f aeMuygonf/ Ellen White onf
vky f aqmifo G m;&ef txd k if y gpwmrsm;r&Sd b J ES i fh tqif oif h& S dy gonf /
e,fv Snfhw&m;a[mq&mrsm;udk toif;awmfwpfckwnf;rSm aemufxyf wpfESpf wGif
þtjzpf onf rjywf pJb J þtzGJ Ytpnf; wGi fq uf vuf xd ef ;odrf ;jcif;
olwdkYtm;rydkYzdkY tMuHjyKoGm;ao;onf/ þpdk;&drfrIrSm olwdkYonf trIaqmifwdkYtay:ü
tpD tpOfjzpfoGm;rnf[k uREfk yfarQmfvifhy gonf/ taMumif;rSm a&SUodkY
rSDcdktm;xm;í olwdkY\0dnmOfa&;toufwmudkaESmifhaES;apvdrfhrnf/ Battle Creek rSm
csDwufjcif;udk&yfqdkif;í toif;awmfwGiftxdkifjyKí olwdkYESifhtwl&Sdjcif;?
yxrtoif ; vl B uD ; George Amadon, omref toif ; vl B uD ; jzpf o l o nf Oyk o f a eY
ol wd k Y tawG ; ES i f h q k a wmif ; jcif ; rsm;? tvk y f twl v k y f & aomtcgwG i f
reufwdkif;rSm w&m;a[mrnfholudk Battle Creek rSm&SdaomtrIawmfaqmiftrsm;tjym;
uREfkyfwdkY\toif;awmfrsm;onf tm;aysmhvmí olwdkY\toufwmESifh
xJrS wpfOD;OD;udka&G;cs,fíw&m;a[mapygonf/ trIaqmif Clergy rsm;u xdkNrKdYwGif
pdwf"mwfwdkYrSm aysmufuG,foGm;vsuf? avjzwfjcif;ESifhausmufjzpf½kyf<uif;
&Sdovdka[mMum;cJholtrsm;tjym;a[mcJhygonf/
tjzpfa&muf&SdaomtcgrSm uREfkyfwdkY\tvkyfonf aemufjyefqkwfoGm;
vdrfhrnf/
t o i f;awmfwn fax mifjci f;\ t rIawmfaq mifClergy wd
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t cef;u @aysmu fq H ;jci f;
k odkYjzpfí 1912 ckESpftxd ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;onf "r®opfusrf;yHkpHtm;jzifh
toif;awmfrsm;vIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdao;onf/ odkY&mwGif Daniells \umuG,fajymaom
toif;awmfonf ES pfq,f&mpkESp fodk Ya&muf&S dvmaomtcg ygpwmwpfOD ;\ pum;rsm;rS m tcsKd Yaomtoif ;BuD; rsm;ü txdk ify gpwmrsm;ud kcefY xm;NyD ;jzpf onf/
tvkyftudkifazmfjycsufonf rdk;ukyfpuf0dkif;wGif tajymif;tvJrsm;ay:aygufvmygonf/ tpDtpOfwpf&yfrSmvnf; toif;i,frsm;odkYvnf; þusifhpOfrsm;udkvdkufavQmufEdkif&ef
xl;jcm;onfhor®musrf;pmtcef;u@udk &Sif;vif;pGmem;vnfaomolrsm;onf ajrmfvifh twGuf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;&Sdaeygonf/ odkY&mwGif þtcsdefwGif toif;awmfrsm;ü ygpwm
jcif;trIawmf Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@udk tjcm;aomy½dkwufpwifhwdkY\"avhxHk;pH rsm;udk rSDc dktm;xm;rIr&S dao;yg/ ygpwmrsm;onf avhu sifh ay;ol ? t&nftcsif; udk
 233
wyfqifay;oltaejzifhomaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdao;onf/ J. O. Corliss onf San Francisco
ygpwmwpfOD;jzpfí Ellen White \ac:qdkjcif;udk toif;awmfrsm;üjcif;r&SdbJ em;axmif
cJ h o l wpf O D ; rS m toif ; awmf wpf c k wG i f txd k i f y gpwmwpf O D ; &S d j cif ; ES i f h y wf o uf í
toufwmvIyf&Sm;rIb,fvdk&Sdonfudk þodkYajymygonf/
]]r[kwfbl;q&m? þodkYjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;}} qdkonfrSm aysmufqHk;aeolrsm;udk
vufurf;í tvkyfrsm;vkyfvQifr[kwfyg/ vlwpfa,mufonf 0JysHvsuf toif;awmf
wpfckwGifw&m;a[mí ol\w&m;a[mjcif;tay:ü rSDcdktm;xm;rI&SdvmatmifjyKvkyf
Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYtoif;awmrSm þodkYrvkyfMuyg/ uREfkyfwdkYtoif;awmf
onf tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sdonf/ toif;awmfrSm&Sdaomtoif;om;wdkif;udk tvkyfvkyfzdkY
pnf;½Hk;onf/ odkY&mwGif ygpwmjzpfolonf cGJjcm;odjrifaomtMuHOmPf&Sdapvdkonf/
xdktoif;om;wpfOD;csif;onf pum;ajymí olESifhudkufnDaomtvkyfudkod&ygonf/
uREfkyfwdkY,HkMunfonfrSm uREfkyfwdkYvkyfudkifEdkifygonf/
qufv uf íolonf toif ;awmf rS vk yf onf htvk yf udk ajymjyonf/ yxrESi fh
wwd,we*FaEGaeYrSm Seaman \tdrfwGif 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;tvkyfudkaqmif&Gufyg
onf/ ol\rdom;pkrsm;udk c&pfawmfodkYac:,l&efBuKd;pm;cJhonf/ axmifrSm trIawmf
aqmifjcif;jyKvkyfonf/ wwd,we*FaEGaeYwGifvnf;jyKvkyfonf/ Mumoyaw;aeYwGif
orm;awmfrsm;\usef;rma&;a[majymyGJjyKvkyfonf/ xdkYtjyif? toif;om;rsm;onf
qif;&Jolqif;&Jom;rsm;odkYoGm;íusef;rmpGmaexdkifrItaMumif;udkrQa0jcif;? vdktyfvsuf
&Sdolrsm;udk a,½ItaMumif;ajymjyí tpm;tpmESifht0wftpm;rsm;udk qif;&Jom;rsm;tm;
a0iSjcif;jyKygonf/ aumfrwDtzGJYrsm;onf zsm;emolrsm;ESifh oufBuD;&G,ftdkwdkYqDodkY
tvnftywfoGm;í tjcm;olwdkYrSm a0pmrsm;ESifh Signs of the Times a&mif;jcif;rsm;
wpfywfwpfywfwGif apmifa& 250 ausmfjzefYjzL;cJhonf/ olwdkYonf w½kwfvkyfief;ESifh
*syefvkyfief;udk NrKdYwGifaqmif&GufrIjyKonf/ ygpwm\tcef;u@rSm b,fuJhodkY&Sdyg
oenf; /
þaumfrwDtzGJYrsm;onf yHkrSeftywfpOfvkyfom;wdkY\tpnf;ta0;
wGiftpD&ifcHpmrsm;wifoGif;Muonf/ uREfkyonf tvkyftpDtpOfrsm;wGif
vkyfp&mtrsm;tjym;r&Sdyg/ tvkyfvkyfolrsm;udk tMuHOmPfay;jcif;ESifh
234
tpDtpOfrsm;aqmif&Guf&efom&Sdygonf/ þtMuHay;rIrsm;onf vdktyf
vsuf&Sdygonf/ vkyfief;aqmif&Gufolrsm;jym;vsuf&Sd&m o[Zmw&Sdjcif;ESifh
&nf&G,fcsufrsm;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrI&Sd&efvdktyfygonf/
toif ; om;rsm;onf tvk y fu d k B uKd ; pm;ívk y f u dk i f j cif ; onf toif ; awmf \
ygpwmuavhusifhay;ol? t&nftcsif;ay;oltaejzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? toif;om;
rsm;\vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udkn§dEIdif;ay;jcif;tm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; tusKd;aus;Zl;
&&Sd y goenf ;/ &v'f u dk b ,fv d k tusKd; aus;Zl ;&&S dc J h onf u dk Corliss &Si f ; jycsufu d k
em;qifMunfhyg/
[kwfygonf/ wpfvwGif AwådZHcH,lrIoHk;ck&Sdygonf/ wpfvwGif
Awåd ZHcH,lrI r&SdbJES ifh r&Sd oavmufj zpfonf/ vlrsm;u trSefw&m;udk
vufcHolrsm;&Sdvmygonf/ þtvkyfonf tjyifüaqmif&GufrIjzpfonf/
trIawmfaqmif&Gufolonf olYaMumifhtusKd;cHpm;cGifhr&Sdyg/ tvkyfvkyf
aomolrsm;\pdwftm;xufoefrI? olwdkY\*½kwpdkufvkyfMuaomenf;pepf
wdkYonf trSefw&m;udk tjcm;olwdkYtm;axmufcHrIay;onf/ rMumaom
tcsdeftcgrSm olwdkYar;vmjcif;&Sdygonf/ owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;taMumif;?
olwdkY\,HkMunfcsuftaMumif;ar;ygonf/ olwdkYajymonfrSm? ]]uREfkyfonf
owå r aeY&uf u d k Oyk o f a eY j zpf a Mumif ; pOf ; pm;rd y gonf /}} oif o nf
xdk v la wG ES i fh j iif ; qd k írvdk y g/ uREf ky f wdk Y onf c&pfa wmf taMumif ; ud k
a[majymygonf/ olESifhywfoufí tm;vHk;aomt&mrsm;udk olYtay:ü
rSDwif;rIjyKcJhonf/ pum;ajymonfwdkif; c&pfawmfonf taMumif;t&m
jzpfonf? OykofaeYtaMumif;udkajymjy&mü ajymqdkrIrsm;rsm;rajymyg/ odkYjzpfí
vlrsm;u c&pfawmfudkvufcHaomtcgwGif olESifhtwl OykofaeYudkvufcH
oGm;Muonf/ Oykof aeYtaMumif;onf þowif; pum;ESifh ywfo ufí
ta&;BuD;aomtydkif;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf þtaMumif;ESifh
ywfoufí ydkrdkxda&mufpGma[majymEdkifaomtcsdefudka&muf&SdvmEdkifyg
onf/ Oyk ofaeYtaMumif; udk þ&ufES pf& ufu Gmjcm;onf htaMumif;udk
 235
pdwfpGJírxm;bJ a[majymoGm;vQif xda&mufrIydkrdk&SdoGm;onf/ vlrsm;u
OykofaeYonf u,fwif&Sifudk,fwdkifyif aEG;axG;pGma&muf&Sdvmapcsifonf/
yxr&mpkESpftapmydkif;wGif toif;rsm;\toufwmonf txdkifygpwmrsm;
&Sdvsufyif ,ckaeYrsm;vdkvHk;0rwlyg/ ygpwmrsm;\tcef;u@rSm or®musrf;pmyHkpH
jzpf a omavh u sif h a y;ol ? t&nf tcsif ; jznf h a y;ol taejzif h o m ud k u f n D r I & S d o nf /
toif;awmfrsm;onf txdkifygpwmrsm;ESifh&Sdvsufyif toif;awmfrsm;onf BuD;xGm;
vsuf&Sdygonf/ Ellen White ESifh A. G. Daniells wdkYonf þacwfopfajymif;vJvmrIESifh
ywfoufí pdk;&drfaMumifhMurI&Sdygonf/ taMumif;rSm ,cktpDtpOfwGiftvkyfjzpfyg
ao;aomfvnf; aemifwGifajymif;vJrI&SdNyD; ygpwmrsm;txdkif&SdaomtcgwGif aemufqHk;
wG ify gpwmrsm;udk rSD cdk tm;xm;rI &Sd vmvdrf hrnf/ od kYj zpf í toif ;awmfwGi f txdk if
ygpwmrsm;xm;&Sda&;&ifqdkif&aomtcgrSm Ellen White onf yHkrSeftm;jzifhrxm;&Sd&ef
tMuHjyKoGm;ygonf/ þodkYESpfq,f&mpktapmydkif;ü olonf txdkifygpwmrsm;rxm;
&Sd&eftMuHjyKoGm;onf/ bmaMumifhenf;/ taMumif;rSm toif;awmfrsm;onf omoem
jyKjcif;tvkyfonf qHk;½IH;&NyD; 0dnmOfa&;wGifqkwf,kwfjcif;&SdoGm;rnf/
Battle Creek toif;awmfwGif 0dnmOfa &;tm;tiftoHk;jyKrIonf
vGefuJjcif;&Sdygonf/ xdkae&mwGif wefzdk;&SdvSaomtrSefw&m;udk vGwfvyf
pGmem;axmif&olrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifhvufcH,lEdkifzdkYESifh tvif;w&m;
wd kY ud ktod trSwf jyK&ef ysuf uG uf cJ ho nf / olwdk Yo nf &&Sd onfr sm;udk
qufvufíjzefYjzL;rIrjyKcJhyg/ . . . tukeftusrsm;pGmoHk;pGJaomþtzGJY
tpnf;wdkYonf rMumcPjyKvkyfjcif;onf tu,fíom trIawmfaqmif
rsm;udk bk&m;ocif\vspfvsL½Ijcif;cH&onfhpyspfjcHwGif trIawmfaqmif
rsm;ud k x d e f ; od r f ; jcif ; jyKoG m;vQif &v'f r sm;yd k í &&S d E d k i f r nf j zpf o nf /
,if;ae&mrsm;ü OykofaeYudkapmifha&Smufaomolr&Sdao;yg/ . . . {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmfonf EdkifiHwdkif;odkY? bmompum;trsKd;rsKd;ajymonfholwdkYqDodkY?
vlrsKd;trsKd;rsKd;qDodkYa&muf&SdoGm;&rnf/ odkYjzpfí trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf
ol wd kY\ vky ftm;udk trSef w&m;udko d&S dN yD; om;toif; awmfwGif tcsd ef
236
rjzKef; &yg/ trI aqmifr sm;ES if h vl trsm;wdk Y onf þenf; vrf; tm;jzif h
usifhoHk;aomtcg qHk;½IH;rIrSmrsm;jym;vsuf&Sdrnf/
Ellen White onf A. G. Daniells uJhodkYyif owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfodkY
toH BuD; pG mjzifh ac:qdk í "r®o pf usrf ;acwf zG JY pnf; yH ktaqmufttH ku dk xd ef ;odr f; &ef
ac:qdkvsuf&Sdonf/ tv,facwfodkYjyefoGm;NyD; yHkpHerlemtm;jzifh ygpwmrsm;udkrSDcdk
tm;xm;jcif;rjyK&yg/
uREfkyfwdkY\toif;awmfrsm;wGif txdkifygpwmrsm;xm;&SdzdkYac:,ljcif;
r&S d o if h y g/ od k Y & mwG i f trS e f w &m;\wef c d k ; ay;aomtmPmwd k Y o nf
toif;om;wpfOD;pDwdkYtm; aqmfMoítvkyfvkyfzdkY&efwGef;tm;ay;ygap/
odk Y j zpf vQif a'owpfc k c sif ;tvdk u f xd a&mufa omomoemjyKjcif ; ud k
pdwfyg0ifpm;pGmaqmif&Gufvdkpdwf&Sdygrnf/ bk&m;ocif\vufawmftjzpf
toif;awmfonf ynmay;&rnf/ avhusifhay;NyD; xda&mufaomtvkyfudk
vkyfay;Edkifrnf/ toif;om;rsm;onf ocifbk&m;\qufuyfjcif;&Sdaom
c&pf,mefvkyfom;rsm;jzpf&rnf/
txift&Sm;jzpfEdkifonfrSm ESpfq,f&mpktapmydkif;wGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
tm; ]]txd k i fy gpwmrsm;}} udk x m;&S d & ef ac:,l j cif ; &Sd r nf / toif; awmf r sm;tm;
tkyfcsKyfoGm;zdkY&Sdrnf/ Ellen White ESifh Daniells wdkYonf þac:qdkcsufrsm;udkvufrcHbJ
ckcHcJhonf/ olwdkY\pdk;&drfrIonf qHk;roGefoifyJhjyifjcif;ESifh omoemjyKjcif;\pdk;&drfrI
&Sdjcif;wdkYjzpfygonf/ Ellen White \ajymqdkcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/
trIawmfaqmifrsm;udk oif\toif;awmfwGif tvkyfrsm;udkrvkyfap
ygES i fh / oif \ywf 0ef ;usifr S mvnf ;rvk yf a pygESi f h / ygpwmrsm;onf
aysmufaomodk;rsm;udk&SmazG&ygrnf/ oifonfvnf; tultnDay;&rnf/
trIa qmif rsm;onf tjcm;aompyspf jcHa e&mod kY ac:awmf rl jcif; cH &aom
tcgwGi f bk&m;ocif \vlrsm;onf olwdkY\twGi f;wGif tvif ;a&mif
&Sd&rnf/ tcsif;csif;pum;ajymwdkifyif&rnf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qmvHusrf;
rsm;ESifhaxmremoDcsif;rsm;ESifh0dnmOfa&;oDcsif;rsm;? aus;Zl;awmftm;jzifh
 237
ESvHk;om;xJrSmoDqdkí oDc sif;oHrsm;tm; ocifbk&m;xHodkYoD qdk&rnf/
oifonf trIawmfaqmifrsm;udkav;pm;í olwdkYvkyf&aomjrifhrm;onfh
tvkyf rsm;twGuf oifonfol wdk Ytm;u,fwif& Sif tjzpfr tm;udk ;&yg/
oifonf oifhudk,fudkwnfaqmufí oefY&Sif;aom,HkMunfcsuf&Sd&rnf/
oifonf bk&m;ocif\tdrfawmfüpk½Hk;MupOf oif\tawGYtBuKHrsm;udk
ajymjyí oifonftm;BuD;vmrnf/ oifonf tpnf;ta0;wGif pum;
ajymaomtcg oifonf ynm&&Sdí tjcm;olrsm;udktvkyfvkyfay;Edkifonf/
vltrsm;onf toif;awmfwG ifqkwf,kwfnHhz sif;rI? aysmfa rGUjcif;
BuD; xG m;vmrIo nf ygpwmr&S dj cif;aMumifh xif Muygrnf/ rS ef ygonf/
toif;awmfonf opöm&Sdaomvrf;jyolESifhygpwmrsm;\tkyfxdef;jzifhpDpOfrI
jzifh&Sdoifhonf/ trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudkc&pfawmfütyfESif;
jcif;r&Sdaomvli,frsm;twGuf pdwftm;xufoefpGmjzifhtvkyfvkyfay;&rnf/
tjcm;aomol r sm;twG u f v nf ; toif ; awmf \ emrnf p m&if ; wG i f r yg
&Sdolrsm;twGuf bmoma&;udkif;½Idif;rIr&Sd? c&pfawmfr&SdaomoltwGuf
tvkyfvkyfay;&ygrnf/ odkY&mwGif trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf opöm&SdpGm
tvk y f r sm;vk y f a omf v nf ; rd b rsm;onf ol w d k Y \om;orD ; rsm;ud k
vspfvsL½IcJhvQif olwdkYtvkyfrSm tenf;i,fomtusKd;oufa&mufrnf/
vlwdkYonf a,½Ic&pf\tapcHjzpfzdkY oif,l&&SdaomtcgrSm olwdkYonf
toif;awmfwdkif;rSmtvkyform;wdkif;onf tvkyfudkBuD;Muyf&aomtcg
ol wdk Ye m;vnfM uvdrf hrnf/ ygpwmrsm;ESif hoifMum;aomq&mrsm;onf
olwdkY\aqmif&Guf&rnfhtvkyfrsm;wGif uRrf;uRrf;usifusifvkyfudkifEdkif&
rnf/ toif; awmf&Sd toif;om;rsm;udk aq;zufqdk if&momoemjyKjcif;
vkyfief;wGif oifMum;ay;&rnf/ rdrdudk,fudkc&pfawmfaemufvdkufrsm;tjzpf
u,fwif&Sif\olwdkY\twGif;rSm&SdaomtcgwGif c&pfawmfvkyfouJhodkY
olwdkYonfvnf; tvkyfvkyfEdkif&rnf/ tvkyfrvkyf&bJ oHacs;wufjcif;rS
uif;a0;oGm;rnf;/
ygpwmrsm;onf olwdkY\trIaqmifvkyfief;wGif vspfvsL½Irdygonf/
toif;om;rsm;tm; opöm&SdpGmynmay;jcif;r&SdcJhyg/
238
uREfkyftm;rMumcPowday;jcif;cH&onfrSm trIawmfaqmifrsm;
onf w&m;a[mjcif;trIüavQmhNyD; or®musrf;pmudkavhvmaomoabmjzifh
jyKvkyfoifhonf/ uREfkyfwdkYvlrsm;onf rMumcPw&m;a[mcsufrsm;udk
OykofaeYwdkif;rSmem;axmifapjcif;jzifh olwdkYonf þw&m;a[mcsufrsm;onf
trS e f w&m;rsmud k &S i f ; vif ; pG ma[mMum;aomf v nf ; oif , l & &S d a om
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk em;vnfrIr&SdMuyg/ OykofaeYawGYqHkyGJonf or®m
usrf;pmavhvmjcif;rsm;jzifh tusKd;ydk&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf/
wynfhawmfrsm;odkYay;aomapcdkif;csufrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYudkvnf;ay;
ygonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif xdkaeYrSm&SdouJhodkY &Sifjyefxajrmufaomu,fwif&Sif
onf bk&m;w&m;r&Sdolrsm;ESifh urÇmwGifarQmfvifhcsufr&SdaomolwdkYta&SUwGif
jr§ifhwifay;&efvdktyfygonf/ ocifbk&m;onf ygpwmrsm;? ausmif;q&m
rsm;ESifh {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudka[mMum;rnfholrsm;udkac:,lvsuf&Sdonf/
wHcg;0wpfckrSwHcg;wpfckqDodkY olYtapcHrsm;onf u,fwifjcif;owif;
pum;udkaMunm&rnf/ ajrBuD;ay:rSm&SdaomoltoD;oD;bmompum;udk
ajymaomvlrsKd;EG,fcyfodrf;wdkYtm; xm0&{0Ha*vdpum;udka[majym&rnf/
xdkvlrsm;qDodkY c&pfawmfrSwpfqifh&&SdEdkifaomtjypfrSvTwfjcif;udk owif;
pum;onf o,faqmifoGm;&rnf/ u,fwifjcif;owif;udko,faqmif&mü
touf r&Sdaomajymqdkc sufrsm;ESifhpdk ;&GHUrI &SdaomavoHrsm;jzifhray;&yg/
&Sif;vif;jywfom;rI&SdaompdwfvIyf&Sm;zG,f&mESifhatmfajym&rnf/ &maygif;
rsm;pGmaomvltaygif;wdkYonf owday;jcif;udkapmifhajrmfvsuf touf
ab;uif;&modkYxGufajy;Murnfjzpfonf/ urÇmBuD;onf c&pf,mefrsm;ü
oufaotm;jzifh c&pf,mefwdkY\wefcdk;awmfudkjrifvdkMuygonf/ tcsKdU
aomae&mwG if r [k wf b J urÇ mtES H YwG i f j rif v d k M uygonf / oem;jcif ;
u½kPmowif;pum;onf vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftwGuf Ellen White \ay;aqmifaomajrmfvifhjcif;
,H kM unfc suf tm;jzif h vuf a wG Y b moma&;,H k Munf c suf wdk Y u d ka vh vmcsufr sm;t&?
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifh bmoma&;½Ia'gifhrSMunfhvQif e,fvSnhfygpwmrsm;vdktyfcsufudk
 239
awGYjrif&onf/ þonfrSm q,fhudk;&mpkwGif obm0tm;jzifh toif;awmfrsm;\pHjy
jzpfrIonf ESpfq,f&mpktapmydkif;ü þajymqdkcsufrsm;udka&;om;&jcif;rSm xdktcsdefwGif
txdkifygpwmrsm;udkcefYxm;&ef ac:qdkrIrsm;&SdaomtcsdefwGifjzpfygonf/ Ellen White
ESifh Daniells wdkYonf þajymif;vJvmonfhtaetxm;udkwm;qD;&ef rsm;pGmBuKd;pm;cJh
ygonf/ odkY&mwGif ol\uavmifrsm;ESifha&;om;csufonf 1915 ckESpfwGif olr\
aoqHk;jcif;ESifhtwl&yfqdkif;cJhygonf/ Daniells onfvnf; 1920 ckESpfwGif General
Conference Ouú X&mxl ;rS q Hk ;cef;wd k if a&mufoG m;í 'D a&vI d if ;ud k &yf wef Yzd k Y bmrQrvk yf
aqmifEdkifawmhyg/ ajrmuftar&duajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf omoemjyKjcif;yHkpHudk
pGefYvTwfí "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmt&? toif;awmf\yHkpHodkYa&GUvsm;cJhonf/ q,fhudk;&mpk
tv,fydkif;wGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;\yHkpHudk zGJYpnf;yHk
t& trSefwu,fyifpGefYvTwfcJhonf/
Ellen White rS aemufq Hk;tBudrfESifhjyif;xefaomajymMum;csufrSm 1901 ckES pfwG if
a&;om;NyD; olr\tjrifudk toif;awmf\txdkifygpwmrsm;ESihfywfoufí pdwf\
cHpm;csufjyif;jypGmþodkYa&;om;cJhonf/
toif;awmfrsm;onf aoyGJ0if vsuf &Sdonf/ olwdk YrSm trIa wmf
aqmifwpfOD;tm; w&m;a[mapcsifygonf/
olwdkYonf bk&m;ocifxHodkY q,fzdkYwpfzdkYopöm&SdpGm,laqmifvm&ef
oifMum;rIjyK&rnf/ odkYygrS bk&m;ocifonf olwdkYudktm;&SdapNyD; olwdkYudk
aumif;csD;r*Fvmay;Edkifrnf/ olwdkYonf pepfwusjyKjyifí bk&m;ocif\
xGufouf0ifoufwdkYonf olwdkYtay:üusa&mufvmEdkifygonf/ olwdkYonf
oifMum;rIwpfzef,lí trIawmfaqmifrsm;rvdkbJ rdrdwdkY\wpfudk,fawmf
&yfwnfEdkif&rnf/ odkYr[kwfvQif olwdkYonf wpfzefjyefíajymif;vJrI&SdNyD;
aemufx yfwpfBudrfAwådZHtopfcH,l &rnf/ olwdk Yonf aemufwpfBudrf
jyefvnfarG;zGm;&efvdktyfygonf/
onf &Sif;vif;pGmwdkif;&if;a'otoif;awmfudk,HkMunfrI&Sdonf/
Ellen White
toif;awmfonf jyifyrSygpwmwpfOD;udkrSDcdktm;xm;&rnfr[kwfyg/ olwdkY\0dnmOfa&;
toufwm&SifoefzdkY&m ygpwmtay:ürSDcdktm;xm;rI&SdvQif toif;awmfonf ajymif;vJ
240
jcif ; od k Y r a&muf & S d a o;yg/ xd k t oif ; awmf u d k wnf a xmif a omol o nf vl r sm;ud k
wynf h a wmfj zpf j cif ; rjyKvk y f &ao;yg/ wynf h a wmf j zpf z d k Y ol wpf O D ; ud kj yKvk y f & mü
vGwfvyfrIudkzefwD;ay;&rnf/ þtqdkjyKcsufonf tm;BuD;onfjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmftm; ,cktcsdefwGif rdrdwdkY\tajctjrpfodkYjyefoGm;NyD; NyD;jynfhpHkrI&Sdaom
toif;awmfjzpfzdkY aqmfMojcif;&Sd&rnf/
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf omoemjyKjcif;yHkpHrS "avhxHk;wrf;pOfvmodkY
acwfopftoif;awmfodkYa&TUajymif;vJjcif;twGuf t"dyÜm,fazmfjyjcif;r&Sdyg/ þtpm;
wjznf;jznf;ESifhq,fpkESpfrsm;pGmjzifh ajymif;vJvmjcif;&Sdygrnf/ 1920 ckESpftpydkif;wGif
wjznf ; jznf ; tm;jzif h ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; awmf \ ygpwmrsm;onf ol w d k Y tm;
wdkif;toif;awmfrsm;udk yHkrSefjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;wm0efrsm;ay;jcif;cH&onf/ wpfcsdef
wnf ; rSmvnf ; ,cifa qmif & Gu f &aom{0H a*vd w&m;awmfu d ky gaqmif& G uf & onf /
wdkif;wm0efay;jcif;onf 1950 ckESpfwGif tjynfht0ae&mwus&SdcJhonf/ 1960 ckESpfESifh
1970 ckESpfrsm;wGif toif;awmfonf ygpwm&mxl;wdkYudkwdk;csJYcJhonf/ þodkYjyKvkyf
jcif;onf t&G,ftpm;BuD;aomtoif;awmfrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\udk,fydkifygpwmrsm;&SdMu
onf/ ao;i,faomtoif;awmfrsm;uom ygpwmwpfOD;udkrQa0wm0efcsxm;ygonf/
1980 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 1990 ckESpfrsm;tapmydkif;wGif aiGa&;aMu;a&;tcuftcJ
rsm;aMumif h a'ouG e f z &if h w d k Y o nf aemuf wpf v S r f ; jyef q k wf c J h & onf / þtpm;
wdkif;rsm;udkcsJYxGifrIjyKMuonf/ tcsKdYaomuGefz&ifhwdkYonf wdkif;toif;awmfrsm; pkpnf;&mwGif
wd k i f ; ig;wd k i f ; rS a jcmuf wd k i f ; txd toif ; awmf tk y f p k r sm;&S dv mygonf / od kY & mwG i f
þwdkif;rsm;twGif;ü&Sdaomygpwmrsm;onf tajccHtm;jzifh t"dujyKpkapmifha&SmufrI
ay;olrsm;tjzpf tcef;u@tm;jzifhaqmif&Guf&ygonf/
tcsKdYaomolrsm;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;onf Ellen White \pGrf;&nf
vTrf ;rdk;rI BuD;pG mjzifh tjyeftvSeftoif ;om;rsm;jyKpk apmifha &Smufjcif;? vlrIa&;tzGJY
tpnf;rsm;udkp GefYy ,fí "avhx Hk;pH yHkpH &Sdaomtoif ;awmf \trI awmfa qmifr sm;jyKpk
apmifh a&Smufj cif; odk Yul; ajymif; oGm;&onf udk pOf ;pm;rdr Smjzpfy gonf / 0rf;enf;p&m
aumif ;onfrsm ajrmfvif hjcif;toif;awmfo nf Ellen White &Jh tMuHay;csufrsm;udk
wpforwfwnf;vdkufavQmufrIrjyKcJhyg/ olrtouf&SifpOftcgrSmvnf; þodkYyif&SdcJh
onf/ t"duOyrmay;&rnfqdkvQif 1888 ckESpfy#dyu©jzpfcJhaom,HkMunfcsuftm;jzifh
 241
ajzmifhrwfjcif;odkYa&muf&Sdjcif;jyóemrSmjyqdk&rnf/ xdktcsdefwGif acgif;aqmifrItydkif;rSm
Oya'udkwif;MuyfpGmvdkufemjcif;udkpGefYy,f&ef cufcJygojzifh Ellen White ajymovdk
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk oefY&Sif;rGefjrwfap&ef trIudkvufrcHcJhyg/ þonfrSm olwdkYonf
ol r\pGr f; &nf vT rf; rd k;rIu dk ,H kMunf vsuf&S do nfy if vQifj zpf ygonf / aoG ;om;jzifh
zGJYpnf;xm;onfhESvHk;om;wdkY\wefcdk;onf BuD;rm;vsuf&Sdonf/
Ellen White \aemufq Hk ;q,f hig;ESpftouf &S ifaexd kif pOfrS m (þtcef ;rSmazmfjy
xm;ovdk) txdkifygpwmrsm;owfrSwf&efac:qdkjcif;udk qufwdkuf&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
Ellen White onf wif ;cH íck cH cJ h onf / ol r\toH onf aojcif ;w&m;jzifh csKyf Nid rf ;
aomtcgrSm wjznf;jznf;ESifhajymif;vJrIjzpfvmonf/ uREfkyfwdkYowdjyefvnf&&Sd&ef
ESpfq,f&mpk\yxrtESpf? ESpfq,fwGif ygpwmrsm;onf toif;awmfrsm;ücefYxm;
jcif;jyKonfrSm Ellen White \uefYuGufrIMum;rScefYxm;jcif;jyKcJhygonf/ þygpwm
rsm;onf t"dujyKpkapmifha&Smufolrsm;r[kwfyg/ xdktjzpfonf aemufrSjzpfvmcJh&onf/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;jzpfcJhouJhodkY olr\uefYuGufrIr&SdaomtcgwGif tajymif;tvJ
jzpfjcif;udk rnfolrQwm;qD;ír&yg/ w&m;0ifta&;,lrIwpfpHkwpf&mrS trIaqmif Clergy
wdkYtcef;u@udkajymif;vJjcif;r&SdcJhyg/
1925 ckESpfwGif t,f'Dwm\½Ia'gifhrS Review and Herald pmapmifwGif ray:
way:uefYuGufrIwpf&yftjzpf trIaqmif Clergy wdkY\tcef;u@ajymif;vJjcif;udk
a&;om;cJhygonf/
pm;p&mwnfcif;aompm;yGJwGif *½kpdkuf&rnf/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk
vspfv sL½I jcif ;rjyK&/ toif ;awmf\ puf,EÅ &m;udk vnfy wf ap&rnf /
odkY&mwGif acwfopf{0Ha*vdowif;pum;udka[mMum;&mü ocifbk&m;
wnfaxmifpDrHcefYcJGaomw&m;a[mcsufrsm;ESifh ol\wrefawmfpDpOfcJhí
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\vrf;jyrI&Sdonfxuf omíaumif;rnfr[kwf
Edkifyg/ bk&m;ocifonf uREfkyfwdkYudkuGJtufaeaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;rS
u,fawmfrlyg? vGJz,fwdrf;yg;aomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;rSu,frawmfrlyg/
wpfc ka omf vnf; aumif ;? ESpf ck pvHk; aomf vnf ;aumif; ? bk &m;\pHc sd ef
pHñTef;jrifhrm;jcif;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;jynfh0aomw&m;a[mjcif;xda&mufrIudk
242
edrfhyg;apvdrfhrnf/ bk&m;ocifpDpOfcif;usif;onfhvlwdkY\u,fwifjcif;udk
pDrHxm;rI&Sdonf/
tEÅ &m,f BuD; wpf& yf rS m oefY &S i f; rG ef jrwf onfh trIa qmif twGu f
z,fxm;jcif;cH&aomolrsm;onf þvIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfESifhywfoufí vGJz,f
wdrf;yg;um olwdkY&nfrSef;csufBuD;ESifhvnf; vGJz,fNyD; trIawmfaqmifjcif;
tvkyfrSxGufcGmí wnfcif;aompm;p&mpm;yGJwGifoGm;a&mufvkyfudkifrnf
jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif uREfkyfwdkYonf ½dk;pif;aom,HkMunfcsufjzpfaom {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmf\pDrHudef;rSvGwfajrmufoGm;jcif;cHpm;csufudkESdrfeif;&mrjyKEdkifyg/
uREfkyfwdkYonf pDrHcsufrsm;a&;qGJ&mü wpfcsdefvHk;rSmtoHk;csaomtcgrSm
pDrHcsufrsm;udkta&;,laqmif&GufzdkYtwGuf tcsdefodyfNyD;rusefawmhyg/
xdktcgü uREfkyfwdkYBuD;rm;aompdk;&drfrI&Sdygonf/ jzpfEdkifonfrSm uREfkyfwdkY\
tm;enf; csuftay: pdk ;&d rf rI &S d jcif ;jzpf rnf/ xd ktcgrS uREf ky f wd kY onf
uREfkyfwdkY\pDrHcsufESifhqHk;jzwfcsufwdkYjzifh þvkyfief;rsm;NyD;ajrmufatmif
aqmif& GufE dkif &ef tm;udk;&ygonf/ bk&m;ocif \BuD ;rm;aomwefcd k;
awmfudktm;udk;jcif;r&Sdawmhyg/
od kY jzpfí ygpwmrsm;onf toif ;awmf rsm;ütxd ki frsm;jyKvk yfí (pm;yG JcH kr Sm
apmifha&Smufjcif;) tm;jzifh trIawmfaqmifjcif;wdkYonf vGJz,fwdrf;yg;aom rdrdwdkY\
wm0efaqmif&Gufjcif;rS tEÅ&m,f&Sdvmygonf/ ,if;wm0efrSm {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk
a[mMum;jcif ; jzpf o nf / jyef v nf o wd & Muaomol r sm;onf a&S ; OD ; yH k p H e rl e mrsm;
aysmufu G,f oG m;aomtcgwGi f "avhx Hk ;pHy H kp Ho nf ajrmfv if h jcif ;toif ;awmfwGi f
cdkifrmpGJjrJvmonf/ H. M. S. Richards, ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\ Voice of Proph-
ecy \a&'D , d k w&m;a[mol rsm;tzG J Y\ Xmerª; onf pwif í trI awmf a qmif j cif ; ud k
ESp f q,f& mpk \ tapmydk i f; wGi fj yKvk yf c Jh onf / 1957 ckE S pf wGi f txd k if y gpwmrsm;
oabmw&m;udk ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfolrsm;\cdkifrmpGJjrJjcif;&SdNyD;onfaemuf Richards
onf yxrOD;pGmaom H. M. S. Richards &Jha[mMum;csufudk Washington Missionary
College ES if h SDA Seminary wGif a[mMum;cJ h onf/ þa[mMum;csuf rsm;wGif olonf
 243 244

txdkifygpwmrsm;r&SdpOftcgü &Sdaomtajctaersm;udk jyefvnfíajymjyygonf/ olonf jyifopfbkef;awmfBuD;wpfOD;rSa&;cJhonf/ uREfkyfwdkYudkeD;uyfpGmavhvmcJh

1925 Review a&;om;csuf wG if jyef vnf íñT ef ;ygonf / od k Y&mwG if uREfk yf wdk YrS ef;qí onf/ oifhjrwfpGmvnf;ajym&rnf/ ol\tjrifrSm uREfkyfwdkYudka0zef
t"dyÜm,faumuf,lonf/ ½Iwfcsjcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? wdkufcdkufjcif;aomfvnf;aumif; rjyKvkyfyg/
olonf jyifopfumodkvpfwpfOD;onf owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;0if
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wpfOD;taejzifh jzpfEdkifyg\vm;[lí od&Sdvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ . . . ppfaq;rI
onfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh olcHpm;&ovdkcufcJrI&Sdonf/ olYa&;om;csufrSm
jyKaomtcgwGif “psychology of the sectarian” olajymouJhodkY *dkPf;*P
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tpnf ;rsm;r&S do nfh tcsd ef wGi f uREf ky f wd k Yu mod k vpf rsm;onf ol wdk Y ud k
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aMumuf&GHU&onf/ odkY&mwGif olwdk Y,cktcgwGif NidrfoufvmNyD; tzGJY
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ajz&S if ;ay;&onf h tpm;? þtrsKd ;om;trsKd ;orD ;rsm;onf &J wd ku fB uD ;
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rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf yHkpHtm;jzifh a,½IESifhaygvkwdkY\yHkpHerlemudk
onf 1925 Review \aemufcHtjzpftysufrsm;udkaxmufcHa&;om;
Richards
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&onfhav;&mpkESpftrIaqmif Clergy wdkY\tmPmvkyGJuJhodkYBuKHawGY&ygonf/
orm;wpfOD;\tqdkudk ola&;om;cJhonf/ xdkpmayorm;udkrazmfjyyg/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;onf Ellen White \jiif;qdkcsuf&SdvsufESifh toif;awmf
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 245 246

t"dujzpfvm&onf/ ao;i,faomtoif;awmfrsm;onf ygpwmawGudkawmif;qdkyg toif;awmfonf txdkifygpwmyHkpHudkrusifhoHk;onfhumvywfvHk;? q,fpkESpf

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 247 248

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1930-39 1960-69
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 249 250

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1920-29
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1910-19
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1876-69 vdktyfcsufrsm;udk zdtm;ay;cH&NyD; {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudka[mMum;jcif;apcdkif;csufudk
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 251
bk &m;ay;onf wm0efud kvpf[if;í ajrmuftar&d uajrmf vif hjcif;toif ;awmfo nf
qufvufízGHYNzKd;wdk;wufrIr&SdbJ &yfwHhrI&SdoGm;rnf/
pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;onfrSm ajrmuftar&duajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf
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ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfolrsm;wdk;yGm;vmrIonf aygufuGJvmaomtjzpfodkY xdkwwd,
urÇmrsm;wGifay:xGufvsuf&Sdygonf/ jzpfEdkifonfrSm a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;yHkpHerlemudk
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252
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 253
ta0;rsm;udk w&m;a[maomtpDtpOfNyD;rSusif;yMuonf/ vlrsm;udktcGifhta&;ay;í
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a&;om;csuf rsm;&S dy gonf / uREf ky fwdk Yonf þa&;om;csufE Sp fc kp vH k; ud ka vh vmNyD;
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Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, vlrI a&;tpnf ;ta0;wd kYonf toif ;awmf yH k rS ef
vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yftjzpf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;twGufjzpfonf/ trSefrSm vlrIa&;
tpnf ;ta0;onf a&S ;OD;,Hk Munfo lr sm;twGu f w&m;a[mjcif; tpD tpOfr sm;xuf
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ w&m;a[mjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifhcsefvSyfxm;Edkifonf/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wdkYrSm vspfvsL½Ijcif;rjyKvkyf&yg/
254
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,HkMunfolrsm;onf or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;udk vspfvsL½Ijcif;udkrxm;&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif
olwdkYonf qufvufívlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfNyD; olwdkY\toufwmudkrQa0NyD;
c&pfawmfütwlwuG&SdMuonf/ þvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf oufaocHjcif;tjzpfodkY
yHkpHtm;jzifhjzpfygonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf olwdkY\½kef;uefrIrsm;udk rQa0cHpm;MuNyD;
atmifj rifr I& &S dj cif; ud kv nf ; c&pf ,mefwdk Y\ touf wmücHp m;rI jyKMuonf / ol wd kY
toufwmudk c&pfawmfüqufuyftyfESH Muygonf/ Review \pmapmifMumjrifhpGm
t,f 'D wmtjzpfa qmif& Gu fo l Uriah Smith onf ajrmfv if h jcif ; toif ; om;rsm;\
a&S;OD;vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udk þodkYazmfjyxm;ygonf/
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cPcPjzpfvmwwfaomrsuf&nfrsm;usjcif;- þjrifuGif;onf ,HkMunf
jcif;ESifhcspfjcif;arwåmonf topfwpfzefawmufyvsuf&Sdonf/
atmuf y gaumuf E k wf c suf r sm;wG i f uREf k y f w d k Y o nf þa&S ; OD ; ajrmf v if h j cif ;
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csuftm;jzifh rsuf&nfusjcif;ESifhtwl aysmf&TifpGmjzifh ocifbk&m;udk&SmMuí
 255
olYudkawGYcJh&onf/ olwdkYonf tjypfrScGifhvTwfjcif;udkcH&í csKdNrdefpGmcHpm;
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256
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c&pf,mefwdkY\tawGYtBuKHrsm;rSm ta&;BuD;aoma&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toufwmwpf&yf
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wlnDaomtcsufrsm;rSm qkawmif;jcif;? oufaocHcsuf? tjcm;olrsm;udktm;ay;jcif;ESifh
oDcsif;qdkjcif;rsm;onf wlnDrI&Sdonf/ oufaocHjcif;trIwGif vdk&if;wdk&Sif;jzpfygonf/
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twGif; 117 aomoufaocHcsufudk wifoGif;jcif;&SdcJhonfudk <um;0gcJhygonf/
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tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfMuygonf/ wpfBudrfwpfcgwGif olwdkYrSm Sabbath School OykofaeY
pmajzausmif;r&SdMuonf/ odkY&mwGif vlrIa&;tpnf;a0;jzifh qufvufívkyfaqmif
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Muyg/ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;aqmifolrsm;tjzpfaqmif&GufMuonf/ vlrIa&;
 257
tpnf;ta0;wGifom bmoma&;toufwmudk a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
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wefcdk;awmfonf uREfkyfwdkY\wnf&SdEdkifygonf/ wpfckwnf;jzpfjcif;onf
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c&pf,meftawGYtBuKHwGif wpfoD;yk* ¾vrsm;rjzpfMuyg/ olwdkY\pmudk Review \
a&S;OD;pmapmifwGifyHkESdyf&jcif;taMumif;onf BuD;rm;aomtxD;usefrIcH&aomyk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;\rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;udk tjcm;aom,HkMunfolrsm;ESifh vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif
jyefvnfaygif;qHkEdkifa&;qE´udkazmfxkwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tcuftcJwpf&yfrSm 0dnmOfa&;
258
toufwmudk vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;r&SdbJESifh touf&Sif Edkifjcif;rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;
r&SdEdkifyg/
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;tay:ü cHpm;csuf
rsm; vGefpGmjyif;xefjcif;&Sdí ,HkMunfolrsm;onf vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udk yHkrSeftm;jzifh
rSefrSefwufa&muf&ef olwdkY\wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/ tjzpfrSefonf
olwdkY\cHpm;csufrSm usrf;pmrScdkif;apcsufonf yxrOD;qHk;tcsufjzpfonf[k ,HkMunf
ygonf/ þvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udkwufa&mufjcif;udk ar;p&mrvdkyg/ wufa&muf
&rnfhowfrSwfcsufr[kwfaomfvnf; ,HkMunfolrsm;tm;vHk;onf wufa&muf&rnf
[lícHpm;Muonf/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf rdrdudk,fudkwrifwumysufuGufrI&SdvQif
olYtm;0dnmOfa&;tultnDvdktyfonf[k,lqMuonf/
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif toufwmb,fvdk&Sdonfudk Oyrmtm;jzifh
Review pmapmif wG if ay;yd k Yaompmrsm;jzif h Oykof aeYwG if touf wmb,f vd k&S d onfud k
&Sif;jyygonf/ Munfh&onfrSm olwdkYonf qkawmif;jcif;ESifhvlrIa&;awGYqHkyGJjzifhawGYqHk
Muonf/ olwdkYonf OykofaeYtp aomMumnaetcsdefESifh? OykofaeYeHeufwGifvnf;
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wufa&mufjcif;? Oykofpmajzausmif;ESifh or®musrf;pmavhvma&;
twGufwufa&mufMuonf/
txdkiftrIawmfaqmif Clergy rsm;r&Sdaoma&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif
olwdkY\&yfwnfrIrSm vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;? Oykofpmajzausmif;ESifh or®musrf;pm
avhvma&;wGiftouf&Sifaexdkif&ygonf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vHk;onf tzGJYi,fvIyf&Sm;rI
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf udk,fwdkifyg0ifrI&SdMuonf/ olwdkYonf yGJMunfh
y&dowfrsm;rjzpfMuyg/ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;awGYqHkyGJrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkYawGY&Sd&ovdk
qufqHa&;tcsdeftcgjzpfonf/ þtjzpfonf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
or®musrf;pmudk trSefw&m;od&SdzdkY tcsdefudk vnf;toHk; cscJhonf/ or®musrf; pmudk
odjrifjcif;OD;pm;ay;rIESifhywfoufí olwdkYonf qufqHa&;wGif tm;enf;oGm;rnfudk
xif&ygonf/ odkY&mwGif qufqHa&;udkvspfvsLr½IcJhyg/ trSeftm;jzifh toif;awmf\
yHkrSeftpnf;ta0;udkwufa&mufjcif;onf qufqHa&;ESifhydkrdkoufa&mufaeygonf/
todynmxufyg0ifywfoufrI&Sdonf/ trSefw&m;udkodjrifjcif;onf bk&m;ocifESifh
qufqHa&;euf½Idif;pGmr&Sdjcif;onf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;twGuf rESpfNrKdY
 259
p&mjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;awGYqHkyGJonf olwdkYtwGufxdyfwef;
ta&;BuD;jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdktpnf;ta0;rsm;üawGY&SdcJhaomtrSefw&m;onf bk&m;
ocifESifheuf½Idif;aomawGYqHkqufqHa&;jzifh w&m;0iftwnfjyKcJhonf/ trSefw&m;onf
trSefw&m;oufouftwGufr[kwfyg/ trSefw&m;onf ydkrdkeuf½Idif;aom bk&m;ocif
ESifhqufqHa&;jzifh vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;üoufaocHjcif;vGwfvyfpGmay;jcif;jzpfygonf/
topf a omtoif ; awmf r sm;ud k z GJ Y p nf; vmaomtcgrSm a&S; OD ; toif ; awmf \
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ol wdkY\pdk;&dr rIrSm ,HkMunfolrsm;\quf qHa&;tawGYtBuKH
rsm;ESifhywfoufrI&Sdonf/ ,HkMunfcsufbmoma&;oefY&Sif;jcif;ESifhrpdk;&drfcJhyg/ þt&m
onf acwfopfajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;twGuf tHhMozG,f&mjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
þtaMumif ;t&mES if hy wf oufí toif; awmf rsm;\ord ki f; aMumif ;oka woD J. N.
Loughborough u &Sif;vif;pG mazmfjycsuf onf ajrmfvif hjcif ;toif;awmf&Jha&S;OD;zG JYpnf;yHk
t&&Sif;jyoGm;onf/
topfaomae&mrsm;ü ,HkMunfolrsm;tkyfpkudkawGY&Sd&aomtcgrSm
uREfkyfwdkYonf toif;awmfudkcsufcsif;zGJYpnf;&eftMuHrjyKMuyg/ xdktajc
taerSm acgif;aqmifwpfOD;udka&G;cs,fyg/ (þodkYa&G;cs,f&mrSm {0Ha*vd
w&m;a[mq&mu toif; awmfxla xmifrnf holujyKvkyfay;Edkifo nf)/
vlr Ia&;tzGJY tpnf; awGY qHkrI udkvnf; qufvuf íusif;yapyg/ yk*¾d Kvf
wpfOD;csif;onf aumif;rGefpGm&if;ESD;rI&Sdí rnfolYudkrdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;wGif
uRrf;usifí toif;awm\&mxl ;udk xrf; aqmifEd kifr nfho lud k a&G;cs,f
wm0efay;yg/ toif;awmfudk rnfodkYrnfyHkudkzGJYpnf;&ef oifhavsmfaom
tcsdefwGif tawGUtBuKH&SdaomtrIaqmiftrsm;txJutultnDudk&,lí
oifhavsmfaomtpDtpOfudkvufcHí tvkyfjzpfEdkifaMumif; axmufcHrIay;
Edkifonf/
þtpDtpOfonf toif;awmfzGJYpnf;yHkudk q,fhudk;&mpktwGif;rSm awmufavQmuf
toHk;jyKí ESpfq,f&mpktwGif;wGifvnf; qufítoHk;jyKoGm;onf/ vlrIa&;tpnf;
ta0;onf tajccHbmoma&;tpDtpOfwpf&yfajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfolrsm;twGufjzpf onf/
toif;awmfwpfc kudk rzGJ Ypnf;rD toif;om;rsm;wpfOD ;ESi fhwpfOD ;tuRrf; w0if cifr if
260
&if;ESD;rI&Sd&rnf/ þodkYw&if;wESD;jzpfvmzdkYrSm vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;jzifhaqmif&Gufjcif;
omjzpfygonf[lí Loughborough uqdkygonf/
vlrIa&;tzGJYtpnf;awGYqHkyGJonf toif;awmfzGJYpnf;jcif;NyD;onfaemufydkif;wGif
vnf; tavhtusifhwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ þtpnf;ta0;wdkYonf w&m;a[mq&mrsm;
r&SdaomtcsdefwGif a'otoif;awmfrsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;omruyg? a&S;OD;ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;om;rsm;onf Battle Creek toif;awmfonf w&m;a[molrsm;w&m;a[m
csufr Sm rS Dc dk tm;xm;í vl rI a&;tpnf ;ta0;rS &&Sd E dk if onf ha umif ;csD; r*Fv mrsm;ud k
qHk;½IH;ae&aMumif; 0rf;enf;Muygonf/
Battle Creek toif;awmfonf þw&m;a[mq&mrsm;udk jynfe,f
twGif; rSm&Sdo nfhtoif ;awmfrsm;xufpmvQif rvd ktyf yg/ þtcsufr Sm
vIyf&Sm;aeonfhtzGJY0ifrsm;rSm tjcm;aomtoif;awmfrsm;xuf&Sdaeygonf/
tzGJ Y0ifrsm;onf &Snfvsm;onfhtawGYtBuKHrsm;ESifh pDrHcef YcGJwwfaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf olwdkYudkw&m;a[mcsufrsm;ay;onf/
okdY&mwGif vlrIa&;awGYqHkyGJtpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfay;vQif ydkíaumif;rnf[lí
cHpm;rdygonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tjcm;aomtoif;awmfrsm;ü OykofaeYudk
oGm;a&mufcJhjcif;onf aemifawmfrsm;u aumif;jrwfaomawGYqHkjcif;udk
&&SdcJhonf/ taumif;qHk;aomOykofaeYtrsm;rS&&SdcJhaMumif;ajymjyygonf/
odkYjzpfí uREfkyfwdkYw&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf þodkYaomtawGYtBuKHrsm;
onfhouf&Sdaexdkifaomtoif;om;rsm;ESifhtvkyf½Iyf&ygoenf;/
pOf;pm;írSwpfyg; uREfkyfwdkYrod&Sd&onfrSm ,aeYtoif;awmfwGif acwfa[mif;u
vlrIa&;tpnf; ta0;rsm;usif;yvQif w&;a[mjcif;tpDtpOftpm;xdk; í b,fuJhodkY
&SdrnfudkrodEDkifyg/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfolrsm;udk trIaqmif Clergy rsm;vdktyf
vsuf & S d o nf / topf a om,H k M unf o l r sm;ud k x l a xmif & ef v d k y gonf / ,H k M unf o l
ta[mif;rsm;udk qufwdkufw&m;a[mjcif;jyKvkyf&efrvdkyg/ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;
&SdonfhoufaocHcsufrsm;? qkawmif;jcif;rsm;? oDcsif;rsm;ESifh tjyeftvSeftm;ay;jcif;
rsm;onf Battle Creek rSm&Sdonfh taumif;qHk;w&m;a[mq&mwpfOD;rSw&m;a[mcsuf
rsm;udkem;axmifonfxuf ,HkMunfjcif;udkcdkifjrJaprnf/
 261
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;udkusif;yay;jcif;"avhonf a'otoif;awmftqifhwGif
usif;yonfrubJ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;pk½Hk;jcif;wdkif;wGif awGYqHkyGJrsm;&SdMu
onf/ General Conference usif;ycsdefüvnf; tpnf;ta0;rsm;&SdMuonf/ General
Conference aeYpOf tpD t pOf r sm;ud k ppf aq;&mü tcsd ef ud k oD ; jcm;yd k i f ;jcm;í vl rI a&;
tpnf;ta0;twGuf tcsdefydkif;jcm;jcif;&Sdygonf/ yHkrSefudpö&yfrsm;ESifh tm½HkjyK0wfjyK
udk;uG,frItcsdefvnf;&Sdygonf/ þBuD;rm;aompk½kH;jcif;onfvnf; vlrIa&;tpnf;
ta0;onfvnf; r&SdrjzpfaomtpDtpOfwpf&yfvnf;jzpfygonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;onf
vkyfief;tpDtpOfESifhbmoma&;,HkMunfcsufqef;opfjcif;wdkYtjyif oD;jcm;tcsdef,lí
olwdkY\toufwmudk c&pfawmfESifhtwlaygif;oif;qufqHa&;udk*a[qufzdkYvdktyf
ygonf/ oufaocHcsufxda&mufrI&Sdatmif vltkyfBuD;udktzGJYcGJí tkyfpktvdkufcGJjcrf;í
oufaocHcsufay;Muonf/
a&S;OD;olrsm;\vkyfaqmifrIESifhvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;udkppfaq;&mü vlrIa&;
tpnf;ta0;rsm;onf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;vdktyfvsuf
&SdaMumif;ay:vGifaeygonf/ þenf;vrf;onf olwdkY\,HkMunfcsufudkcdkifjrJzdkY a'o
toif;awmfwGif w&m;a[mq&mrsm;r&Sdjcif;twGuf ,HkMunfjcif;cdkifjrJzdkYvkyfaqmifjcif;
jzpfygonf/ taxmuftxm;rsm;t&awGY&Sdcsufrsm;onf a&S;OD;toif;om;rsm;onf
rdwfo[m,jyKjcif;ESifh bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufrsm;udk ta&;wBuD;cH,lrI&SdMuygonf/
xl;jcm;onfhbmoma&;,HkMunfcsufwdkYudk {0Ha*vdowif;pum;üa[majymjcif;wdkYonf
ajymif;vJvmaomolwkdYudk jrefqefpGmvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udkusif;yEdkif&ef oifMum;
ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ qufqHa&;jzifh csKyfaESmifjcif;&SdoGm;&ef&Sdygonf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;om;rsm;onf qufqHa&;u@ESifhw&m;awmfudkodjrifjcif;ESpfckMum;ü vSyonfh
csdefqrI&Sdygonf/ acwfopfajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;url bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuf
todw&m;rSmuRrf;usifNyD; qufqHa&;u@udkvspfvsL½IcJhygonf/ jzpfEdkifacs&SdonfrSm
acwfopfajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf ,HkMunfjcif;todw&m;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;
u@ESpfckpyfMum;wGif&Sdaomtoufwm\csdefqrIaumif;udk jyefvnf&SmawGYzdkYtcsdef
wefavNyDjzpfonf/ jzpfEdkifvQif tcsdefonf w&m;a[mjcif;tpDtpOfudkavQmhvdkufNyD;
qufqHa&;tpDtpOfudkwdk;írdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;udkwdk;jr§ifhay;&efvdktyfygonf/
262
Ellen White ES
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v lr Ia&;t pn f;t a0;rsm
;
jzpfEdkifacs&SdonfrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;taMumif;udk
Ellen White avmuf a&;om;cJ h ol rsm;r&S dcJ h yg/ olronf þtpnf ;ta0;wG if ud k,f wdk if
yg0ifrIrubJ tMuHaumif;OmPfaumif;rsm;ay;í usif;yyHkusif;yenf;udkygay;oGm;yg
onf / þvl r I a &;tpnf ; ta0;ES i f h y wf o uf í ol & nf ñ T e f ; aomoH k ; &meD ; yg;aom
&nf ñT ef ;csuf rsm;onf uREfk yf wd k Yu dk oifh wif ha omtjzpf rS ef ud k a&S ;OD; ajrmf vifh jcif ;
toif;om;wdkY\vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;ESifhywfoufaomtoufwmtaMumif;udkazmfjy
ay;ygonf/
Ellen White \ta&;tom;rsm;rS m tjcm;aoma&S ;OD ;toif ;om;rsm;\tjrifud k
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;taMumif;udkaxmufcHrIjyKcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif olr\a&;om;csufrSm
euf½Idif;aomt"dyÜm,fudkazmfñTef;vsuf&Sdonf/ Ellen White \t,ltqrSm þvlrIa&;
tpnf;ta0;onf tajccHtm;jzifh oufaocHjcif;trIawmfjzpfygonf/ þonfrSm
oufaocHjcif;taMumif;udk wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifhazmfxkwfjcif;taMumif;rSm rdrdwdkY\
0dnmOfa&;c&D;pOfyifjzpfonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udkusif;ycJhonf/ oufaocHjcif;
trsm;tjym;&&SdcJhonf/ tjypf0efcsawmif;yefjcif;rsm;vnf; rsuf&nfrsm;
ESifhwl&SdcJhygon/ tusKd;&Sdaomtpnf;ta0;wpf&yfjzpfcJhonf/
þeHeufig;em&DrSm vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf taumif;qHk;aom
tpnf;ta0;jzpfcJhonf/ aemifawmfwpfOD;tm; 0efcsawmif;yefvsuf&Sdonf/
ESvHk;om;rsm;usKd;yJhvsuf&Sdolrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ rsuf&nfrsm;? wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;ajzvTwfjcif;&Sdonf/ aysmf&Tifjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ þtpnf;
ta0;wGif rydwfodrf;csdefwGif bk&m;ocif\u,fwifjcif;taMumif;udk
ydkíjrif&aytHk;rnf/
þtawGYtBuKHrsm;t&? vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;onf oufaocHcsufay;jcif;
r[kwfruyg/ tjypf0efcsawmif;yefjcif;vnf;yg0ifygonf/ vlwdkYonf yGifhvif;jcif;
&Sdí rdrdwdkYtcuftcJrsm;? jyóemrsm; rQa0cHpm;Muí tjypfwpfpHkwpf&mtjcm;olrsm;
 263
tay:ü&Sdonfrsm;ud k 0efcsawmif;yefjcif;rsm;udk yGif hvif ;pGmawmif;yefMuygonf/
&Sif;vif;onfrSm oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf aqmfMoí tjypfrsm;udk0efcsawmif;yef
jcif;jyKEdkifonfrSmay:vGifaeygonf/ þvlrIa&;tzGJYtpnf;ta0;taetxm;rSmvnf;
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf twdkif;twmrsm;rSm w&m;a[mjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;xuf
rsm;pGmvIy f& Sm;jyojcif; ud kjyKvk yf oGm;ygonf/ ,aeYtcsd ef tcgrSm w&m;a[mcsuf
tNyD;wGif arwåm&yfcHcsufwpf&yfqdkoGm;Muonf/ xdkodkYa&S;OD;tcsdefrSm arwåm&yfcHcsuf
onf vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGifjyKvkyfaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif tm;vHk;aom
olwdkYonf tcGifhta&;wpf&yftm;jzifh rQa0cHpm;Edkif&ef oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfu
olwdkY\ESvHk;om;udkwdkYxdorQtwdkif;twmtxd wHkYjyefrIjyKoGm;Edkifonf/
vlrI a&;tzGJ Ytpnf;? tpnf; ta0;ü a&S;OD;ajrmfvif hjcif;,HkMunf oltwGif ;rSm
tvGefta&;BuD;onfjzpfí Ellen White onf Oa&mywdkufodkY 1885 rS 1887 ckESpf
txd o G m ;a&muf a omtcgrS m Oa&mywd k u f o m;rsm;onf þod k Y a omtpnf ; ta0;
taMumif;udkrodao;onfhtwGu f olronf csufcsif;yifpwifíxdktpnf;ta0;udk
usif;yay;onfhtwGuf 0dnmOfa&;toufwmudk xdkrSm&Sdaomtoif;awmfwGifzefwD;
ay;cJhonf/ olrcHpm;&onfrSm vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif taumif;qHk;aomae&mjzpfí
olwdkYonf ]]avhusifhay;í c&pfawmftwGufoufaocHEdkifrnf/}}
Ellen White ,lq onf rSm vl rI a&;tpnf ;ta0;onf toif ;awmf \0d nmOfa&;
toufwmtwGuf tvGefyifta&;BuD;aMumif; ,lqygonf/ toif;awmfwpfckonf
þtpnf;trsKd;r&SdbJESifh pOf;pm;ír&Edkifyg/ toif;awmfwpfckudkcsJYxGifaomtcgrSm
olrudk,fwdkifyg0ifí vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udktjrJwrf;jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
vl r I a &tpnf ; ta0;onf tjypf 0 ef c sawmif ; yef j cif ; &S d y gonf / tcsd e f tcgonf
,HkMunfolrsm;twGuf rdrdtoufwmudk c&pfawmfürQa0cHpm;Muonf/ aysmf&TifrIESifh
0rf ;enf ; rI wd k Yu dk rQa0cH p m;Muonf / þonfr Sm ol wd kY twG uf aomfv nf ; aumif; ?
tjcm;olrsm;twGufaomfvnf;aumif; tm;ay;jcif;jyKygonf/
uREfkyfwdkYonf aumif;í tusKd;&SdaomvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udkusif;y
cJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif nDrwpfa,mufonf pdwfaomujzpfí olYom;
taMumif;udk arQmfvihfjcif;uif;rJhí wpfywfyJ&Sdonfudk jrKyfESHcJh&onf/
olr\0rf;enf;rIESifhBuD;pGmaompdwfqif;&JrIwdkYudkajymjyoGm;yg/
264
þpmaMumif;rsm;udkMunfhjcif;tm;jzifh vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;\0efxkyf
onf wpfOD;tay:üomydraebJ tm;vHk;tay:ürQa0cHpm;&onf/ uREfkyfwdkY
onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;pum;ajymqdkMu&rnf/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wdkif;rSm oufaocHcsufrsm;onf Nidrfoufjcif;?
ESpfodrfhrI&&Sdjcif;? 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;ompGmtvif;&&Sdjcif;udkajymjyygonf/
aemufwpfBudrfvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif tm;vHk;eD;yg;oufaocHaom
olrsm;onf bk&m;ociftm;aus;Zl; wifí aumif;csD;r*Fvmudk raeYu
cHpm;&onfudkajymjyygonf/ tcsKdYaomolrsm;onf yxrOD;qHk;tcsdefwGif
olwdkY\tjypfrsm;udkcGifhvTwfjcif;cH&aMumif;ajymqdkEdkifonf/ þonfrSm
wefzdk;&SdvSaomOykofaeYjzpfí bk&m;ocifudk0wfjyKudk;uG,f&ef pka0;í
þae&mwGifvma&mufjcif;jzpfonf/
þ&Sif;vif;csufrsm;onf vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif tcsdefwdkYonf aysmf&TifrIESifh
0rf;enf;rIwdkYudkrQa0cHpm;&aomtcsdefjzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjycJhygonf/ tcsdeftcg
onf vlrsm;uyGifhvif;jcif;&Sdí rdrdwdkYtoufwmtao;pdwfudkrQa0cHpm;Edkifaomtcsdef
jzpf í ol wd k Y a rQmf v if h j cif ; onf c&pf a wmf tay:üxm;&S d j cif ; jzpf o nf / od k Y j zpf í
þqufqHa&;&Sdaomtpnf;ta0;wGif vlawGurQa0cHpm;jcif;jzifh w&if;wESD;jzpfaom
tcgrSm tcsKdYaomolrsm;onf tpnf;ta0;rSxGufcGmaomtcgrSm olwdkY\tjypfrsm;udk
cGifhvTwfjcif;&Sdonf[lí tmrcH&&Sdjcif;jzifhcHpm;Mu&onf/
tcsdefrsm;rsm;wGif vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk t"duajrmfvifhjcif;wdkY\tpnf;
ta0;rsm;jzpfonfh Oyrmtm;jzifh &GufzsifwJtpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifh General Conference
tpnf ; ta0;wpf & yf wG i f þvl r I a &;tpnf ; ta0;ygxnf h o G i f ; jyKvk y f M uygonf /
þtpnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvkyfaomtcgrSm Ellen White onf t"duyg0ifonf/ 1888
ck ESpf wGi f usif; ycJ haom General Conference tpnf ;ta0;wGif toif ;awmfo nf
BuD;pGmaom½kef;uefrIwpf&yfjyóemrSm- ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;odkYa&muf
&Sdonf (Righteousness by Faith) tqkdjyKcsufudk Ellen White \aqmfMooHjzpfonfh-
Salvation in Christ alone wG i f acgif ; aqmif j zpf o l c yf rsm;rsm;u Ellen White ud k
twdtvif;twdkuftcHjzpfMuonf/ cHpm;csufrsm;onf euf½Idif;í acgif;aqmifrsm;
 265
onfvnf; qE´uGJjym;cJhonf/ eHeufig;em&DcGJtcsdef wpfreufwGif 'Da&vIdif;onf
c&pfawmfütopfaomtawGYtBuKHjzifhOD;vSnfhoGm;cJhonf/ rnfonfhjrifuGif;rsKd;jzpf
oGm;onfudk Ellen White \&Sif;jycsufudkem;qifMunfhyg/
eHeuf,HtcsdefrSm obm0avmuonf aysmf&Tif0rf;ajrmufjcif;ESifh
&S do vd kj zpfo nf / ocifb k& m;\0dnmOf awmf onf uREfk yf wd kY \Mum;rSm
cdkatmif;vsuf&Sdonf/ vltrsm;onf tpnf;ta0;odkYvma&mufaomtcg
olwdkY&JhESvHk;om;rSm ausmufcJwHk;avmufrmcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkY\
EI wfr sm;udkz Gif h[aomtcgrS m a,½I \cspfj cif; arwåmudk,HkM unfo rIj yK
aomtcgwGif tvif;a&mifonf 0ifvmí olwdkY\ESvHk;om;wdkYrSmaysmf0ifí
a,½I\cspfjcif;arwåmESifhNidrfoufapygonf/ aemifawmfwpfOD;uajymonf/
ol o nf ouf a ocH o G m ;ygrnf / taMumif ; rS m rS e f u ef í jzpf o nf /
odkYaomfvnf; olonf cHpm;csufr&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif ol\ESvHk;om;onf
usKd;yJhí ausmfawmfrSmvJí a,½I\cspfjcif;arwåmESifhtxifBuD;ítoHxGuf
idk,dkcJhonf/ trIawmfaqmifrsm;onf oufaocHcsufESifhvmí ESvHk;om;
at;pufí rmaMumcJ ho nf / odk Y & mwG if ,H k M unf jcif ;tm;jzifh ol wd kY \
aemufjyefqkwfjcif;tjypfudk 0efcsawmif;yefaomtcgrSm olwdkY\odjcif;onf
a,½Iu olwdkYtjypfudkcGifhvTwfaMumif;ESifh olwdkYaysmf&Tifí topfwpfzef
ajymif;vJjcif;cH&onf/ ,ckwGif olwdkY\oufaocHcsufrSm vGwfvyfNyD;
0rf;ajrmufjcif;&Sdonf/
uREfkyfonf aumif;uifbHk&Siftz\aumif;jrwfjcif;? cspfjcif;arwåm
ESifhEl;nHhodrfarGUjcif;&Sdaomu½kPmarwåm&Sdjcif;wdkYudkazmfjyaomtcgrSm
uREf ky fo nf ocif bk &m;\0dn mOfa wmfu dk uREf ky f\ udk ,f ay:üomru
vlr sm;tay:üvnf ; usa&muf c Jh o nfu d k cH p m;&onf / tvif; w&m;ES if h
vGwfvyfrIESifhaumif;csD;r*Fvmonf em;qifaomoltay:üusa&mufí
ajymaomEIwfuywfawmfpum;wdkYvIdufvIdufvJvJvufcHwHkYjyefrI&Sdonf/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;qufvufíjyKvkyfjcif;onf taxmuftxm;tm;jzifh
em;qif o l w d k Y \ES v H k ; om;wd k Y üae&m,l í &S d o nf / vl trsm;wd k Y onf
266
oufaocHcsufrSm ,aeYonf olwdkY\toufwmrSm taysmfqHk;aeYjzpfí
tcsdeftcgrSmvnf; wefzdk;&SdvSí taqMumif;rSm uREfkyfwdkYonf a,½I
ocif\a&muf&SdaMumif;? aumif;csD;r*Fvmay;&efjzpfygonf/ uREfkyfod&Sd
cJhonfrSm bk&m;ocif\0dnmOfawmfazmfjyjcif;onf txl;udpöwpf&yfjzpf
ygonf/ oHo,&Sdjcif;udkNidrf;aponf/ r,HkMunfjcif;udk aemufjyefqkwf
aponf/ ESvHk;om;ESifhpdwfwdkYwGif vufcH0ifa&mufjcif;rSyaysmufapygonf/
vlrIa &;tpnf;ta0;onf þa&S;OD;ajrmfvifhj cif;toif ;om;rsm;udk vlrI tzGJY
tpnf;wpf&yfudk ,HkMunfolrsm;twGif;wGif zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufaponf/ or®musrf;pm tenf;
tusOf;udk omavh vmí quf qHa &;&Sd aomtpnf ;ta0;wGi f olwdk Ytm;tcG ifh ta&;
wpf&yftaejzifh rQa0cHpm;jcif;ESifh 0efcsawmif;yefrI? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tm;ay;jcif;jyKEdkif
onf/ vlr Ia &;tpnf ;ta0;onf þa&S; OD; ,Hk Munfo lrsm;udk pk pkp nf; pnf ;&S dE dki fzd kY
zefwD;ay;ygonf/ olwdkYtcsif;csif;rwlnDaomtcsufrsm;udk onf;cHEdkifMuygonf/
taMumif;rSm olwdkYonf c&D;oGm;azmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwdkYonf wpfcsdefcsdefwGif
trS m;t,G if ;&Sd a omtcgrS m 0ef cH zd kY r aMumuf M uyg/ ol wd kY onf wpf O D; ES if h wpfO D; ?
rpyf[yfaomtcgrSm vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGifajz&Sif;í o[Zmwjyefvnf&SdzdkY n§dEdIif;rI
jyKEdkifygonf/ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf olwdkYwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tqifrajyrI&SdaomtcgrSm
þtpnf;ta0;wGifajz&Sif;oGm;vdkY&ygonf/ odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;rvdkyg/
vl r I a &;tpnf ; ta0;onf ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; om;rsm;twG u f tvG e f y if
ta&;BuD ; onf j zpf í Ellen White onf tjrJ wrf ; tMuH j yK&mü toif ; awmf r sm;
rvspfvsL½I&efrSm Mum;cJhonf/ b,ftxdolrjyKvkyfovJqdkvQif c&pf,mefwpfOD;onf
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;&SdaomolwpfOD;jzpfaMumif;ajymjyygonf/ odkYjzpfí
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udkrwufa&mufaomolonf c&pf,mefwpfOD;rjzpfaMumif;ajymjy
oGm;onf/
c&pf,mefwpfOD;onf c&pfawmfESifhwlonf/ c&pfawmfESifhwlaom
trsKd;orD;wpfOD;ESifhwlonf/ bk&m;ocif\trIawmfü vIyf&Sm;olwpfOD;
jzpfygonf/ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGifwufa&mufoljzpfonf/ ol&Sdaejcif;
onf tjcm;olr sm;udk tm;ay;&ma&mufo nf / bmoma&;vky fi ef ;onf
 267
tvkyftudkifrsm;ür&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif bmoma&;onf tvkyfjzpfygonf/
rvIyf&Sm;ítaor[kwfyg/
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;tm; c&pfawmf\emrudk&GwfqdkEdkifolrsm;onf vlrIa&;
tpnf;ta0;wGifoufaocHcsufaqmifEdkifygap/
Ellen White onf ol\cHpm;csufrSm vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf c&pf,mefwpfOD;
twGuftvGefyifta&;BuD;aMumif;cHpm;&onfrSm &Sif;vif;ygonf/ olronf ynmOmPf
&Sdaomc&pf,meftaMumif;udkrod&Sdyg/ xdkt&monf OD;acgif;\todOmPfomjzpfyg
onf/ Ellen White twGuf c&pf,mefjzpfjcif;onf pdwfESifhESvHk;wdkYcsdefudkufrIwpf&yf
jzpfonf/ todw&m;ESifhqufqHa&;wpf&yfcsdefudkufrIjzpfonf/ ol\trIawmfoufwrf;
wpfavQmufvHk;ESifh txl;ojzifh 1888 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif uREfkyfwdkYawGY&onfrSm Ellen
White onf ,H kMunf ol rsm;twG uftvk yfvk yf aomtcg c&pfawmf ES if h quf q H a&;&S d&ef
vkyfaqmifoGm;ygonf/ þonfrSm t"dutm;jzifh vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rSwpfqifh
jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ qufqHa&;toufwmudkzGHYNzKd;EdkifonfrSm vlYywf0ef;usiftzGJYtpnf;ü
tjcm;aomc&pf,mefrsm;ESifhtwlaexdkifoGm;&efESifh wpfOD;tay:wpfOD;u 0dnmOfa&;
wdk;wufrItwGufwm0ef,lMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí Ellen White onf toif;awmfrS
yHkrSefvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udkusif;yEdkif&ef aqmfMojcif;jzpfonf/
Ellen White twGuf vlrI a&;tpnf;ta0;onf tvG efta&;BuD;ygojzifh olronf
rMumcPtMuHjyKcJhonfrSm w&m;a[mtpDtpOfudkcsefxm;NyD; vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;udkom
aqmif&Guf&efwdkufwGef;cJhonf/ w&m;a[mjcif;r&SdbJESifh vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;&Sd
jcif;onf udpör&Sdyg/ odkY&mwGif w&m;a[mjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;&Sdí vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;
rsm;r&SdvQif rSefuefrIr&Sdyg/
vlom;rsm;\ynm&Sdpum;tenf;tusOf ;ajymjcif ;rS c&pf awmf\
pum;ud k r sm;rsm;ajymjcif ; jzpf r nf / tu,f í om w&m;a[mjcif ; ud k
tenf;i,fomjyKvkyfoGm;NyD; vlrItpnf;ta0;udkrsm;rsm;jyKvkyfoGm;vQif
uREfkyfwdkY\toif;awmfrsm;wGif tajctaewpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\
&GufzsifwJtpnf;ta0;wpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;rnf/ qkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;tcsdef
onf toHk;jyKí oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfoGef;avmif;jcif;udkvdktyfygonf/
268
'Dx ufru Ellen White onf vlr Ia&;tpnf ;ta0;udk i,f &G,fo ltrIawmf
aqmifrsm;twGufusif;yjcif;onf oifMum;avhusifhjcif;wpf&yfjzpfoGm;rnf/ bk&m;
ocif\vlwdkYudkvnf; avhusifhay;a&;wpf&yfjzpfí olYtwGuftvkyfvkyfay;Edkifatmif
tultnDwpf&yfjzpfoGm;rnf/ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf rdrd\toufwmudk c&pfawmfü
rQa0cHpm;Muaom,HkM unf olr sm;twGi f;rSm r&S drjzpfv dktyfa Mumif; ESi fh ocif bk& m;
twGuftvkyfvkyfEdkifaomt&nftcsif;udk zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufapygonf/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf
onf tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf\jyifyütultnD,lNyD; bk&m;ociftwGuftvkyfvkyfjcif;wGif
yg0ifrI&SdEdkif&ef arQmfudk;ír&Edkifyg/ xdkolESifhvnf; ol\toufwmudk c&pfawmfüvnf;
rQa0cHpm;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg/ Ellen White taejzifh omoemjyKvkyfjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIonf
xdkvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rSqufqHa&;rQa0cHpm;Edkif&ef&Sdonf/
vlwpfOD;onf rdrd\toufwmudk c&pfawmfüjrKyfESHjcif;jyKí vlrIa&;tpnf;a0;
wGifoufaocHEdkifjcif;onf xdkol\,HkMunfjcif;udkcdkifrmaponfrubJ tjcm;olrsm;
udkvnf; rdrdwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;udkvnf; rD;xdk;ay;vdkY&apygonf/ Ellen White onf
a'otoif;awmfrsm;rSm w&m;a[mq&mwpfOD;\tjrJwrf;Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;udk
vdktyfvsuf&SdaMumif;? &SifoefEdkifzdkYtwGuf tawG;tac:rsm;udkacsyvsuf&SdaMumif;
tjrJwapvkyfaqmifvsuf& Sdonf/ olrtMuHjyKoGm;onf rSm toif ;awmfwpf ckonf
w&m;a[mq&mtay:ürSDcdktm;xm;rIjyKvQif qefYusifzufaom&v'fudk&&Sdrnf/ olr\
cHpm;csufrSm xdktoif;awmfonf ]]0dnmOfa&;vlaysmhrsm;ESifhyHkatmcH&rnf/}} a'o&Sd
toif;awmfrsm;&Jhxdef;odrf;rIrSm w&m;a[mjcif;ESifhr[kwfbJ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;qufqHa&;jzifhxdef;odrf;rI&&SdEdkifonf/
vlwdkif;onf vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;\wefzdk;udkod&Sdygap/ vlwdkYonf
tkyfpkBuD;aomfvnf;aumif;? tkyfpki,faomfvnf;aumif; ,HkMunfolrsm;
onf w&m;a[mq&mrsm;\w&m;a[mcsuftpDtpOfr&SdbJESifh tcsdeftcg
wdkYudkaysmf&TifpGmjzifhraeEdkifbl;[lírxifMuygESifh/ trIawmfaqmifq&m&SdrS
tm;udk;tm;xm;&SdaomtcgrSm vlawGuvIyf&Sm;rIBuD;pGmaombmoma&;
tawGYtBuKHrsm;udkr&&SdEdkifbJjzpfrnf/ þbmoma&;tawGYtBuKHrsm;onf
olwdkYb,fae&mrSmyJ&Sd&Sd xdkbmoma&;tawGYtBuKHrsm;udk txl;vdktyfvsuf
 269
&Sdonf/ trIawmfaqmifwpfOD;omvQif oufaocHjcif;jyKoGm;vQif ,HkMunf
jcif;topfESifh0ifa&mufvmolrsm;onf odrfzsif;vmí 0dnmOfa&;tm;jzifh
usef;rma&;raumif;Edkifawmhyg/ taMumif;rSm olwdkY\0dnmOfa&;tiftm;
udktoHk;cszdkY tcGifhta&;r&SdonfhtwGufjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf oufaocH
EdkifzdkYoifMum;&rnf/ b,fvdkqkawmif;&rnf? bk&m;ocif\*kPfawmfudk
oDcsif;tm;jzifhazmfxkwfEdkif&vdrfhrnf/ 'gawGudkrjyKvkyf&vQif olwdkYrSm
wpfzufapmif;eif;aomtawGYtBuKHyJ&&Sdrnf/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;tm;jzifhom toif;om;rsm;vdktyfonfhtawGYtBuKH&&Sdí
olwdkY\,HkMunfcsufrsm;udk urÇmüoufaocHoGm;Edkifrnf/ þtaMumif;t&mrsm;aMumifh
c&pf,meftenf;pkrSm olwdkY\,HkMunfcsufudkrQa0cHpm;csuf&SdaMumif; ,aeYwGifawGY&Sd
&ygonf/ olwdkYOnf yHkrSeftm;jzifh olwdkY,HkMunfcsufrsm;udkjyocGifhtawGYtBuKH&Sdaom
pdwfcs&onfhvlrIywf0ef;usif\tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfr&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ vlrIa&;
tpnf;ta0;udkqHk;½IH;&onfhtwGuf toif;awmf\qufqHa&;t&nftaoG;udkxdcdkuf
oG m;onfr ubJ BuD; rm;onf hv lY tzGJ Ytpnf ;wGi f oufa ocHj cif; tvm;tvmudk yg
xdc d k uf o G m;onf/ ,cif utcef; BuD; wG if a zmf j ycJ h onf h twd ki f ; or® musrf; pmonf
,Hk Munf jcif ; rQa0cH pm;jcif ;onf vl rI a&;tzG JY tpnf; wG if wnf &S do Gm;jcif ;jzpfo nf /
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;udkwnfaxmifjcif;onf "r®opf
usrf;acwfrSm vlYtzGJYtpnf;wnfaxmifoGm;cJhovdkjzpfonf/
Ellen White onf vl rIa&;tpnf ;ta0;t"d yÜm,f ud k uREf kyf wd kYtwG ufazmf jyay;
cJhonf/ olronf þtpnf;ta0;udkusif;y&mü acsmufuyfuyfESifhNiD;aiGYpGmr&Sd&atmif
tMuH OmPfu d kv nf; ay;cJh y gonf/ ol onf tm;&S do a&G U þtpnf ;ta0;rsm;onf
0d n mOf a &;ES i f h o uf 0 if v I y f & S m;rI & S d a tmif vl a wG u wpf O D ; ES i f h wpf O D ; rQa0cH p m;rI ü
pdwf0if pm;p&maumif;atmifjzpfapcsif onf/ oufaocHj cif;ay;aomtcgwGifvnf;
wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifhtjyKoabm&Sd&rnf/ þtpnf;ta0;onf pdwfaygufwdkif;rusif;y
&yg/ jyifqifrIrsm;vdktyfygonf/ tpnf;ta0;udkxdef;csKyfaomolonf tpDtpOfudk
a&;qGJonfrubJ rEdkifreif;jzpfí wpfOD;wpfa,mufuomyJ vuf0g;BuD;tkyfrjyKjcif;?
acsmufuyfuyfyHkrSefoufaocHjcif;rjzpfatmifxdef;csKyf&rnf/ vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf
270
0dnmOfa&;t&? ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;rI&Sd&rnf/ þtcsdeftcgonf NiD;wGm;jcif;ESifhtarSmifxk
\taphrsm;udkMuJjcif;r[kwf&yg/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif vltkyfBuD;trsm;tjym;&SdaomtcgrSm Ellen White onf
toif;om;rsm;udk ao;aomtzGJYrsm;zGJYpnf;&eftMuHjyKoGm;onf/ odkYrSom vlwdkif;onf
pum;ajymcGifh&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/ tkyfpki,fuav;rsm;wGif acgif;aqmifwpfOD;pDudkcefYoGm;
&rnf/ olronf rdbrsm;udktMuHjyKoGm;cJhonfrSm uav;rsm;twGufpdwf0ifpm;p&mBuD;
wpf&yfjzpfvmatmif ulnDrIjyKoGm;&rnf/ odk;i,fuav;rsm;onf odk;tkyfBuD;wpf&yf
vlrItzGJYtpnf;tkyfpkwGifyg0ifcGifhjyKoGm;&rnf/ aemufqHk;taejzifh vlrIa&;tpnf;
ta0;wGif qkawmif;csufrsm;udkawmif;avQmuf&mü wdkwdkwkwfwkwfESifhtcsuftvuf
rdrd&Sdí 0dnmOfa&;touf&Sd&SdESifhqkawmif;&rnf/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif qkawmif;jcif;jyKaomtcg tm;vHk;aom
olr sm;onf pm&dwåz GH Y NzKd ; MuHc dk i fv matmif jyKjyif aomoabm&Sd &rnf /
þtpnf;ta0;wGif yg0ifqkawmif;jcif;jyKonfhtcgrSm ocifbk&m;\
qkawmif;csufudk erlem,lí urÇmolurÇmom;rsm;twGuf þvSyaom
qkawmif;jcif;udkjyKvkyf&rnf/ þqkawmif;csufonf ½dk;&Sif;íjynfhpHkrI
&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif r&Snfvsm;yg/ pdwf"mwfrJhvnf;rjzpfyg/ tjcm;ol
tcsKdYwdkY trsm;a&SUrSmqkawmif;aomtcg t"dyÜm,frJhrjzpfyg/ þpdwf"mwf
rygaomqkawmif;csufrsm;onf awmif;udkrawmif;oifhyg/ taMumif;rSm
qkawmif;csufyHkpHoufoufjzpfí ta&;ygrIwefcdk;ESifhryg&SdbJ aumif;csD;
r*Fvmay;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdyg/ pm&dwåzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifrjyKvkyfEdkifyg/
Ellen Whiteonf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;taMumif;udk
twGif;aphaphaemufqHk;tcsufwpfcsufudkazmfjyay;ygonf/ þtpnf;ta0;onf {0H
a*vdw&m;awmf\wpfpdwfwpfydkif;jzpfygonf/ ,aeYtcgrSmqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkYonf
oufaocHjcif;tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfudk vlxkta&SUrSm {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkoufaocH
jcif;wpf&yfudktoHk;rjyKMuyg/ odkY&mwGif Ellen White \azmfjycsufrSm a&S;OD;ajrmfvifh
jcif ;toif ;om;rsm;onf þod kYy if wdwdu susjyKvkyf oG m;onf / toif;awmfxJ od kY
 271
ac:aqmifvmaomolwdkYudk todw&m;udkay;í qufqHa&;wpf&yfudkqufoG,fay;Mu
onf/ 'DrSmvnf; Ellen White \tMuHjyKcsuf&Sdovdk tcsdeftq&Sd&ygrnf/ vlrIa&;
tpnf;ta0;wGif {0Ha*vdowif;pum;jzefYa0&mü þtpnf;ta0;wGifyif vlawGudk
c&pfawmfaemufawmfodkYvdkufavQmufEdkifzdkY? qHk;jzwfcsufcsEdkifzdkY tultnDay;onf/
{0Ha*vdw&m;a[mcsufrsm;NyD;qHk;aomtcg vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;
jyKvkyf Muonf/ odkY& mwGif uREfkyf wdkY0dnmOfa&;rsm;onf tEÅ& m,frsm;
tay:ü xdkifíapmifhaeMuonf/ 0dnmOftrsm;tjym;rSm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;
rjyKvkyfEdkifao;yg/ odkYjzpfí ocifbk&m;zufüjynfh0pGmr&SdaomolwdkYudk
qHk;jzwfcsufcszdkYwdkufwGef;ygonf/ pmwefrm&fewf\oHuGif;udkcsKd;zsufí
ocifbk&m;\bufawmfom;rsm;vHk;vHk;jzpfygap/
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Ellen White onf ouf aocH csuf jzifh vl rI a&;tpnf ;ta0;onf ajrmfvif h jcif ;
toif; om;wdk Y\yH krS efp kpnf;rIwpf&yf a&S;OD;acwf rsm;wG ifj zpf ygonf/ tjcm;aom
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;0ifrsm;axmufjycJhovdk? vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;onf yHkrSef
tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfjzpf&m w&m;a[mrnfholrsm;r&Sdaomtcsdefüjzpfygonf/ w&m;rnfh
olrsm;&Sdyif&Sdjim;aomfvnf; þvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf &SdjrJ&SdMuonf/ þt&mrsm;
onf toif;awmfBuD;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;? toif;awmfi,frsm;wGifaomfvnf;aumif;
&SdjrJ&Sdygonf/
OykofaeYwGif tenf;i,faomrdwfaqGoli,fcsif;wdkYonf Edson \
{nfhcef;rSm Oykofpmajzausmif;udkwufa&mufygonf/ rdom;pkav;pk&SdNyD;-
pkpkaygif;vlq,fhESpfOD;&Sdonf/ yHkrSef0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;twGufpk½Hk;cJhonf/
Edson onf td rfrS m&Sd aomtcgwG if Oyk of pmajzausmif ;ud kOD ;aqmif ay;cJ h
onf/ Oykofpmajzausmif;NyD;onfhtcg or®musrf;pmudkzwfjcif; odkYr[kwf
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272
onf Ellen \om;jzpfí w&m;a[molwpfOD;jzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif
Edson White
þao;i,faomtoif;awmfwGif vltenf;i,f&Sdí w&m;ra[myg/ Oykofpmajzausmif;
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acwfopftzGJYi,frsm;onf jyefvnfíqufqHa&;&Sdaomvrf;ptaumif;qHk;enf;vrf;
wpfckjzpfrnf/ acwfopfajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkY\tcsufESifhjynfh0jcif;&Sdvdrfhrnf/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;ESifhywfoufí Ellen White ay;aomtMuHjyKcsufwdkYrSm trsm;tjym;
&Sdygonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm tzGJYi,frsm;ESifhywfoufí rMumcPajymqdkcJhygonf/ olr\
tcsdeftcgwGif acwfa&pD;aMumif;ESifhrnDojzifh olrsm;rsm;toHk;rjyKcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif
olronf oabmw&m;tm;jzifhajymqdkcJhonf/ þtzGJYi,frsm;udk ]]ukrÜPDi,f}} rsm;
tjzpftoHk;jyKcJhonf/ þtac:ta0:rSm a0g[m&ESpfckpvHk;twGuf qifwlrI&Sdonf/
olr\pdwftxufoefqHk;ukrÜPDi,ftaMumif;udkajymqdkjcif;onf bk&m;ocifrSvm
aomt"dyÜm,fjzpfygonf/
ukrÜPDi,frsm;zGJYpnf;jcif;onf c&pf,mefwdkY\tajccHtzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yfonf uREfkyftm;trSm;rjyKEdkifaomolrSjyocJhygonf/ toif;awmf
wpfckwGif toif;om;rsm;pGm&SdvQif toif;om;rsm;udkcGJí ukrÜPDi,f
tzGJYrsm;jzifhpkpnf;vdkufyg/ toif;om;rsm;twGufomrubJ r,HkMunfol
twGufygtvkyfvkyfapyg/ wpfae&mxJwGif ESpfa,mufoHk;a,mufaom
olwdkYonf trSefw&m;taMumif;udkod&SdvQif olwdkYtm;tvkyfvkyfoltzGJYjzifh
pkpnf;yg/ olwdkY\aygif;pnf;jcif;udkrNyKdysufygapESifh/ twlwuGcspfjcif;
arwåmESifhpnf;vHk;nDnGwfjcif;udkzdtm;,lNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;udktm;ay;í
a&SUodkYcsDwufapygrnf/ olwdkYonf owådESifhtiftm;udk&,lNyD; wpfOD;ESihf
 273
wpfOD;udkulnD,dkif;yif;&rnf/ olwd kYtm; c&pfawmfuJhodkYaompdwf&Snf
jcif;ESifhonf;cHjcif;oabmw&m;? tvsifpvdkrajymqdkwwfjcif;? pum;
ajymjcif ;uRrf ; usif r Iu d k toHk ; csí wpf O D; ud k wpf O D ; tm; oefY & S i f ;aom
,HkMunfcsufwGifwnfaqmufoGm;&efjzpfonf/ odk;jcHjyifyü&Sdaomolrsm;udk
c&pf awmfu Jh odk Ya omcspfjcif ;arwå mudktvk yfv ky fay;apyg/ rd rdtwG uf
Munf h j cif ; r&S d bJ tjcm;olr sm;twG uf u l nD r p&ef & S d& rnf/ olwd k Yo nf
tvkyfvkyf&if;ESifh c&pfawmf\emrjzifhqkawmif;ay;aomtcg olwdkY\
vlOD;a&onf BuD;xGm;vmrnf/ taMumif;rSm u,fwif&SifajymoGm;onfrSm
]]wpfzefigqdkonfum;? ajrBuD ;ay:rSm oifwdkYwGifE Spfa ,muf wdkY onf
oabmcsif;wlíqkawmif;vQif awmif;orQaomqkwdkYudk aumif;uifbHkü
&Sdawmfrlaomig\crnf;awmfonf ay;awmfrlvwåHY/}} róJ 18;19/
tzGJYi,frsm;ESifhywfoufaom aemufqHk;xGufpmtkyfrsm;udkzwfzl;cJhaomþpma&;
q&mrSm tzGJYi,frsm;a0g[m&udkt"dyÜm,fazmf&mü Ellen White \t"dyÜm,fazmfxkwf
jcif;xuf tjcm;aomt"dyÜm,fudkrpOf;pm;wwfyg/ olrajymaomvHk;0t"dyÜm,f&Sif;vif;
onfrSm toif;awmfudkukrÜPDtao;rsm;zGJYpnf;jcif;tMuHOmPfudk trSm;t,Gif;r&Sd
Edk if a omol wpf OD ; rS tMuHj yKoGm;cJ ho nf / xdk t"d yÜ m,f onf owå raeYa jrmfv if h jcif ;
toif;awmftwGu f bk &m;rSay;aomtzG JYi,f\t"dyÜ m,fa xmufcHc suf jzpf ygonf/
þtzGJYi,fonf Ellen White uxyfqifhNyD;axmufcHxm;onfhtzGJYi,f\rIaqmifjcif;
vkyfief;twGufjzpfonf/ olronf qufvufítzGJYi,fwGifbmvkyf&rnfudk t"dyÜm,f
ay;oGm;í ,if ;onf {0Ha *vd w&m;ESi fhq dk if& rnf/ qk awmif ;jcif ;? or®musrf; pm
avhvmjcif;? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tm;ay;jcif;ESifh Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh rjzpfrae
vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudkwnfaqmuf&rnf/
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274
vlESpfOD;oHk;OD;&SdcJhaomf olwdkYonf tzGJYi,fzGJYpnf;&rnf/ Ellen White \tqdkjyKcsuf
jzpfaom ,HkMunfolESpfOD;oHk;OD;udk tzGJYi,fudkzGJY&rnfrSm ydkíao;i,faomtzGJYi,frsm;
jzpfzdkYr[kwfbJ tzGJYi,fonf vlrItzGJYtpnf;tkyfpkwpf&yfudkawmufwnfzdkYjzpfonf/
toif;awmfwpfckonf tzGJYi,ftrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;wGif wnfaqmuf
aomtcgwGif trIaqmif Clergy tkyfcsKyf&efrvdkawmhyg/ toif;om;tcsif;csif;onf
ulnDrpjcif;jyKaomtcgrSm trIaqmif Clergy onf tm;vyfí topfaomvlawG
qDudko Gm;í topfaomtoif;awmfr sm;udkwnfaqmufEdkifonf / tzGJYi,fr sm;onf
jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;vkyfief;udktajccHí trIaqmif Clergy wdkY\jyKpkapmifha&SmufrIxuf
ydkíaumif;ygonf/
bk &m;ocif\ tvky fo nf ol\ enf ;vrf ;ESi fh ol\ 0d nmOf awmf
tm;jzifhvkyfaqmif&rnf/ ae&mtESHYwGif ukrÜPDtao;rsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk
bk&m;ocifxHwGifqufuyf&rnfjzpfNyD; udk,fcE¨m? 0dnmOfESifh pdwf"mwf
a&;&mtm;vHk;udk&Sd&rnf/ aemufNyD;awmh ,HkMunfjcif;tm;jzifh bk&m;ocif\
ovGe fawmfud kzufwG,fNyD; tvkyfudktm;yg;w&vkyfaqmifí olwdkY\
0dnmOfrsm;udk bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;arwåmüwnf&Sd&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\
cspf jcif; arwåm\a&;pD;aMumif ;onfu dk cH pm;&rnfj zpfNyD; aumif;uif rS
vmaomqka us;Zl ; tjzpf c Hp m;&rnf j zpf í ol \ vl rsKd ; wd k Y \trI a qmif
aumif ; rsm;tjzpf tod trS wf j yKjcif ; cH & rnf / xd k u k r Ü P D i ,f r sm;onf
wpfo Hwnf;jzifhtrS efw&m;udkolwdk Y\trIawmfaqmif rsm;ud kaysmuf qHk;
aeaomodk;rsm;odkYoGm;í&SmzdkY vkyfief;rsm;udkaqmif&Gufap&rnf/ wpfOD;
ESifhwpfOD;wdkYonf tvkyfudk,fpDjzifhaqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ bk&m;ocif\
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vufrcHyg/
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jcif;jyKoGm;&mü olwdkYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudkzefwD;vmí olwdkY\,HkMunfjcif;
udkvnf; oefrmrI&Sdvdrfhrnf/ olwdkYonf w&m;a[mq&mwpfOD;\tultnDrvdkbJESifh
 275 276

olwdkY\0dnmOfa&;toufwmudk&Sifoefapvdrfhrnfjzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm xdk0dnmOfa&; e,l;a,mufNrKdYwGif ukrÜPDao;uav;trsm;udkzGJYpnf;&efvdktyfyg

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toif;awmfudk tzGJYi,fjzifhzGJYpnf;&efonf Ellen White \tjcm;aompmtkyf apyg/ olwdkYtm; bk&m;ocif\aumif;csD;r*Fvmay;jcif;udk aus;Zl;wifí
rsm;ESifhaqmif;yg;wdkYwGif rsm;pGmolrtMuHjyKcJhonf/ þazmfjycsufonf rodvdkufouJhodkY wpfzefjyefíoGm;apyg/ olwdkYudktm;ay;yg/ tm;ay;pum;tcsKdYudkajymjcif;
pOf;pm;cJhaomt&mr[kwfaMumif;? t"dupdk;&drfrIwpf&yfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyaeygonf/ onf olwdkYtwGufpnf;½Hk;jcif;oabmjzpfvdrfhrnf/
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rSwf,loGm;yg/ Ellen White onf tzGJYi,fwdkYudktoHk;jyK&ef NrKdYBuD;rsm;ü tvkyfudk
onf ]]rrSm;Edkifaomol}} wpfOD;rStMuHjyKoGm;cJhonf/
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Ellen White onf toif ;awmf BuD ;rsm;wGif toif ;om;rsm;ud k tzG J Yi,f toD ;oD ;
Clergy wdk Yaygif ;í tzG J Yi,f jzif h zG JY&ef tvk yf vkyf oG m;&rnf/ tvkyf cG if od k Yjyef vmaom
jzifhcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmí qkawmif;jcif;ESifh wpfOD;udkwpfOD;tm;ay;jcif;twGufvnf; wdkufwGef;
tcgrSm olwdkYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf (tzGJYi,f) odkYtpD&ifcHoGm;&rnf/ olronf
cJhonf/ olronf tzGJYtBuD;BuD;jzifhpka0;jcif;udktm;ray;cJhyg/ þtzGJYtBuD;BuD;udk
tzGJYi,ftm;jzifh tvkyfoGm;jcif;onf vlrsm;udktm;tifukefcef;jcif;rjzpf&ef txl;
pka0;jcif;udk olrESpfoufcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif olronf wpfckckvdktyfvsuf&SdaMumif;
aumif;pepfjzpfonf/ tzGJYi,fonfyifvQif trIawmfaqmifjcif;,lepfwpfckjzpf&rnf/
tzGJYi,frygvQif olpOf;pm;rdonf/
Ellen White onf xd k aeY&ufjzpf aom&uf puf n§Of ;yef ;rI aeY&uf vmaomtcgrS m c&pfawmfonf vlrsm;&Sdaomae&mwGif&SmMuonf/ xdkYaemuf olwdkY
toif;awmfBuD;BuD;rm;rm;wdkYonf rwnf&SdEdkifawmh bJ toif;awmf\ qufvufí ta&SYwGif trSefw&m;udk&Sif;jyonf/ ol\EdkifiHawmftaMumif;udkajymjy
touf&SifEdkif&efrSm tzGJYi,frsm;taejzifhom&SifoefEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;&Jh onf/ oloGm;av&mtESHYü 'ku©qif;&Jjcif;cH&olrsm;udk ESpfodrfhrIay;onf/
ord kif; wGif þtjzpftysufr sKd; onf ,cif ürSe fuef í&Sdy gonf / ,cktxd rSmvnf; zsm;emolrsm;udkukoay;onf/ þt&mrsm;onf uREfkyfwdkY\tvkyfjzpfyg
rSefuefvsuf&Sdonfudk awGY&onfrSm uGefjrLepf0g'BuD;pdk;rIwGif toif;awmfwnf&Sd onf/ ukrÜPDtzGJYi,frsm;onf ol\wynfhawmfrsm;udkapcdkif;onfhtvkyf
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rsm;jzifhjzpfonf/ olrsm;udktvnftywfoGm;Edkifonf/ twlwuGqkawmif;ay;jcif;? vdktyfvQif
tcsKdY a om Ellen White \ajymqd k c suf r S m tzGJ Y i ,f u d k {0H a*vd w&m;awmf aq;ukay;&mü obm0ukxHk;rsm;ESifhoufomapygonf/
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tajccHíomaqmif&Gufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí olronf ukrÜPDao;rsm;udk {0H OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKaomqufuyfjcif;&Sdonfh avhusifhoifMum;a&;q&mrsm;ESifh
a*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYjzL;&mütoHk;jyKjcif;rSm rsm;rsm;ajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ twl vdktyfonfhe,fajrrsm;odkY0ifa&mufoifhygonf/ þtvkyfrsm;udk
 277
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White \tjrif rS m csdef ud kuf rI &S d vS ygonf / ol r\tjrif wGif tkyf pk rsm;taMumif ;ud k
em;vnfrI<u,f0ygonf/ yg0ifonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifhrubJ
or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;ESifhqkawmif;jcif;taMumif;udkyg0ifcJhygonf/ "r®opfusrf;
acwftoif ;awmfrsm;uJhod kYyif Ellen White onf ppfrS efaomtoif;awmfrS m vl rI
tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfwGifwnf&SdNyD; or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;ESifhqkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;wGif
jyKvkyfaomtzGJYi,ftwGif;rSmjyKvkyfjcif;&Sdonf[lí olrtjrif&SdcJhygonf/
ao;i,faomukrÜPDrsm;udk naeydkif;wGifpk½Hk;Muyg/ rGef;wnfhwGif
pk½Hk;yg/ odkYr[kwf eHeufapmapmwGifpk½Hk;yg/ or®musrf;pmudkavhvmjcif;
jyKyg/ tcsdefudkvnf; qkawmif;yw¬emjyKjcif;udkvnf;jyKvkyfyg/ odkYrSom
oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfonf cGeftm;udkay;í todw&m;rsm;vif;apí
oef Y& S if ;jcif ;od kY yd k Ya qmifv dr fh r nf / þtrIo nf tvk yf vk y fo lwd ki f; \
ESvHk;om;rSm&Sdvdrfhrnf/ oifwdkYudk,fwdkifaomwHcg;zGifhívufcHrI&SdvQif
BuD ;jrwfa omaumif ;csD; r*Fv monf oifh tay:üusa&mufy gvd rf hr nf /
bk& m;ocif\ aumif ; uifwref rsm;onf oifwdk Y tMum;rS m&S dv dr f hr nf /
oifwdkYonf toufyif\t&GufrSpm;&vdrfhrnf/ oif\cspfjrwfEdk;aom
todrdwfaqGrsm;ESifhoufaocHcsufaqmifoGm;rnf&Sdaomf oifESifhtvkyf
tazmfrsm;ESifhtwl þwefzdk;&SdaomtcsdeftcgwGif bk&m;ocif\aumif;csD;
r*Fvmudk&SmazG&rnf/ oifwdkYwpfOD;pDwGif rdrdwdkY\tawGYtBuKHrsm;udk
½dk;&Sif;onfhpum;rsm;jzifhajymqdkapyg/ þonfrSm oif\0dnmOftxJodkY
ESpfodrfhjcif;ESifhaysmf&TifrIudk aw;wl&d,mtpHktvifjzifh toif;awmftxJodkY
,laqmifvmjcif;xufom,mapvdrfhrnf/ c&pfawmfonf oif\ESvHk;om;
xJodkY0ifvmrnf/ þtcsufrsm;aMumifh oif\odu©mudkapmifhxdef;Edkifrnf/
olr\tjrifrSm þukrÜPDi,frsm;onf aeYwGiftcsdeftcgwpfrsKd;pDawGYqHkMuzdkY
jzpfygonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;awGYqHkjcif;r[kwfyg/ acwfopftzGJYi,frsm;jyKvkyfouJhodkY
278
jzpfygonf/ þxufru? or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;onf þtkyfpktwGif;wGifjyKvkyf
&rnfj zpf aomf v nf ; txufy gwGi f azmf jycsuft&? or®musrf; pmavh vmjcif; onf
xdktzGJYtpnf;wdkY\vkyfief;aqmif&GufcsufwdkYrSm tao;tzGJtwpf&yfyg0ifjcif;&Sdonf/
qkawmif;csdefvnf;&Sdygonf/ oufaocHjcif;tpDtpOfrsm;? c&pfawmfürdrdtoufwm
yg0ifrQa0jcif;tpDtpOf&Sdygonf/ trSeftm;jzifh txufwGifazmfjyonfhtpnf;ta0;
onf &Sif;vif;jcif;jyKvkyfaomvlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;ESifhwlnDaeygonf/ Ellen White
ajymvdkaomtcsufrSm þt&mrsm;tm;vHk;udk ao;i,faomukrÜPDwGifjyKvkyf&rnf/
BuD;rm;aomtpnf;a0;wGifr[kwfbJ&Sd&rnf/
tzGJYi,ftaetxm;wGif Ellen White onf qkawmif;jcif;taMumif;udk eufeJpGm
ajymqdkcJhonf/ olr\cHpm;csufonf tzGJYi,fwGif obm0tm;jzifh vlrsm;twlwuG
qkawmif;jcif;jyKaomae&mjzpfonf/
Los Angeles toif;awmfonf tvkyfvkyfzdkYtwGuf txl;tpnf;ta0;
rsm;jyKvkyfapyg/ ocifbk&m;\aumif;csD;r*FvmrSm vkyfief;tay:wGif
yg0if v k y f u dk i f o l r sm;ud k u sa&muf y gvd r f h r nf / tzG J Y i ,f r sm;jzif h a eY p Of
qkawmif;jcif;onf atmifjrifrIay;ygrnfhtaMumif; qkawmif;Muyg/ odkYjzpfvQif
,HkMunfolrsm;onf olwdkYtwGufaus;Zl;udk&&SdNyD; ocifbk&m;\trIawmf
onf wdk;wufrI&&Sdvdrfhrnf/
ocifbk&m;\uwdawmfrSm ol\emrawmftm;jzifh ESpfa,muf odkYr[kwf
oHk;a,mufwdkYonf awGYqHkaomtcgrSm olonf olwdkY\Mum;wGif&Sdaernf/
xdkol rsm;onf awGYqHkMuí qkawmif ;jcif;jyKvQif aumif;csD;r*FvmqD
vlMuHjcif;udk oefY&Sif;aomolrSjyKvkyfjcif;cH&rnf/ vQKdY0SufpGmqkawmif;jcif;
onf txl;vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif c&pf,meftrsm;onf awGYqHk
Muí pdwftm;xufoefpGmolwdkY\awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk bk&m;ocifxHodkY
qkawmif;yw¬emjyKvkyf&efvdktyfygonf/ þao;i,faomukrÜPDrsm;wGif
a,½Ionf&Sdygonf/ ESvHk;om;wGif 0dnmOfa&;euf½Idif;vmonf/ oefY&Sif;
aom0d nmOf awmf onf ol\ BuD; rm;aomtiftm;udk toHk ;jyKí vl om;
udk,fpm;vS,fonf toHk;csí aysmufqHk;olrsm;udku,fr&efjzpfonf/
 279
tzGJYi,frsm;onf twlwuGqkawmif;jcif;tm;jzifh Ellen White jrif&onfrSm
qkawmif;jcif;tay:ü tajzudk&&Sdí oefY&Sif;jcif;0dnmOfawmfonf oGef;avmif;jcif;
&SdcJhonf/ tzGJYi,frsm;jzifh qkawmif;jcif;\&v'ftqHk;rSm 0dnmOfrsm;udku,fwifEdkifcJh
onf/ odkYjzpfí Ellen White twGufrSm tzGJYi,fzGJY&jcif;onf tzGJYrsm;ao;i,fatmif
omr[kwfbJ&Sdygonf/ tzGJYi,fonf c&pf,mefrsm;udkpnf;onfhud&d,mwefqmyvm
tjzpf oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudkvufcH&efjzpfonf/ xdk0dnmOfawmfonf aumif;uif
\wefcdk;tmPmudkvTwfay;í c&pfawmftwGuf 0dnmOfrsm;udk&&Sdapygonf/
c&pfawmfESihftquftoG,fjywf awmufolrsm;twGuf c&pf,mef
rsm;onf bmaMumifh,HkMunfolrsm;onf eufeJpGmESifhydkrdkpdwfxufoefrIudk
pdk;&drfjcif;r&Sd&ygovJ/ tb,faMumifholwdkYESpfa,muf? oHk;a,mufonf
awG Y qH k M uNyD ; bk & m;ocif u d k a wmif ; yef í txl ; aomol r sm;twG u f
u,fwifjcif;udkrawmif;ay;&ygoenf;/ xdkYaemuf tjcm;aomolwpfOD;
twGufrawmif;yef&oenf;/ uREfkyfwdkYtoif;awmfwGif trIawmfvkyfief;
twGuf ukrÜPDrsm;zGJYpnf;ygap/ vlom;rsm;udk wHigonftjzpfrzrf;rdyg
ovJ/ olwdkYOnf urÇmBuD;\qdk;oGrf;rIrS 0dnmOfrsm;udk&Smí c&pfawmf\
cspfjcif;arwåmtppftrSefudku,fwifjcif;&Sdygap/
toif;awmfonf ukrÜPDi,frsm;jzifhpka0;MuNyD; bk&m;ociftm;awmif;yefjcif;jzifh
aumif ; uif E d k i f i H a wmf \ wef c d k ; ud k a pvT wf a pjcif ; jzpf o nf / ,H k M unf o l r sm;onf
þae&mwGiftMuHjyKjcif;rSm aysmufqHk;aeolrsm;\u,fwifjcif;twGuf tzGJYi,ftm;
tultnDawmif;cHí tjrJwap? aumif;uifEdkifiHawmfudkawmif;yefí olwdkY\u,fwif
jcif;twGuf xdkolwdkYonf c&pfawmfudk,HkMunfjcif;&Sdvmatmif awmif;avQmufay;&
rnf/ tzGJYi,fwGif qkawmif;jcif;\wefcdk;onf txifao;ír&yg/ tzGJY\touf
twGufjzpfygonf/ ,HkMunfolrsm;\tzGJYi,fwGif ESpft&mrsm;pGmüawGYqHkNyD; qkawmif;
jcif;jyKí bk&m;ocifxHodkYa&muf&Sdí bk&m;ocifonf pD&ifjcif;ütodtrSwfjyKcJhonf/
þxufru Ellen White onf tzGJYi,frsm;udkyHkESdyfa&;tvkyfwGifaomfvnf;
aumif;? ajrmfvifhjcif;toif ;ausmif;rsm;ESifh ynma&;wGifvnf;aumif; toHk;jyK&ef
wdkufwGef;oGm;cJhygonf/ tzGJYi,frsm;onf toif;awmfvkyfief;wGifom oD;oefY&Sdjcif;
280
r[kwfyg/ tzGJYi,fwdkYonf us,fjyefYaomtpDtpOftjzpf toif;awmf\vdkif;aygif;pHk
vkyfief;rsm;wGiftoHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ tajccHtm;jzifh trIawmfaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/
Ellen White taejzif h tzG J Yi,f wdk Yonf toif ;awmf \ tpD tpOfrubJ toif ;awmf \
r[mtpDtpOfzGJYpnf;a&;oabmw&m;rsm;jzpfygonf/ toif;awmfwpfckwGif tzGJYi,f
vIyf&Sm;rIr&SdbJjzpfvQif xdktoif;awmftwGuf &GH&SmzG,faumif;onf/ taMumif;rSm
toif;awmfonf tkyfpki,frsm;jzifhzGJYpnf;xm;jcif;cHaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
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a&S ;OD ;ajrmfv if h jcif; toif; awmf\ toufwmwG if tzGJ Yi ,fr sm;ES i fh vl rI a&;
tpnf;ta0;tm;jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf/ toif;om;rsm;onf jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;
aumif;pGm&Sdygonf/ olwdkYonf ygpwmtay:ütm;udk;NyD; olwdkYudkMunfh½Iapmifha&Smuf
jcif;rjyKyg/ odkY &mwGi f "r® opfusrf;t&yHkp Honf wpfOD ;ESif hwpfO D;tjyeftvSefjyKpk
apmifha&Smufjcif;jyKMuonf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf a'ocHtoif;awmf
jzpfonf/ toif;om;rsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;jyKMuonf/ ao;i,f
aomqufqHa&;tkyfpkwGif trSDo[JjyKMuí trIaqmif Clergy rsm;onf vGwfvyfpGm
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkjzefYa0NyD; toif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmifoGm;Edkifygonf/
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;wdkY\vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;onf olwdkY\toif;om;rsm;\
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;wdkY\Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;onf rufo'pftoif;\qkawmif;jcif;
tpnf;ta0;ESifhwlí twef;tpnf;ta0;rSzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufvmjcif;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;
,HkMunfolwdkY\tptOD;jzpfcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí wnfaqmufjcif;yHkpHonf rufo'pf
toif ; awmf r S acs;,l j cif; jzpf o nf qd k v Qif r rSm;yg/ Ellen White rS cG i f h j yKcsuf &&S d í
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\ta&;ygaomajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\omoemqdkif&m
,HkMunfcsufjzpfvmonf/ yHkrSeftodtrSwfjyKjcif;udk a&S;xkwfa0onfh Review pmay
rsm;ESifh Ellen White \rsm;pGmaoma&;om;csufESifhtjcm;a&S;OD;olrsm;\awG;ac:rIrsm;
onf oufaocH&mü olwdkYonf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkY\toufawmfudk
azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
 281
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;ESifhtzGJYi,frsm;onf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfolrsm;\
qufqHa&;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkay;aqmifcJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif vlrsm;u wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
yGifhvif;rI&Sdí wpfOD;ESifhpD&ifjcif;r&Sdaomtcsdefjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;
&SdaomjyóemawGudkrQa0cHpm;EdkifNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tultnDawmif;cHrIjyKEdkifaom
tcsdefjzpfonf/ olwdkYonf tultnD&&SdEdki frnfjzpfNyD; ol wdkYudkujypfwif rIjyKrnf
rjzpf aMumif ;od& SdM uonf/ þ,H kMunfo lrsm;\yGif hvif;rIonf awGY& onf hvl rIa &;
tpnf;ta0;wGif ,aeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;yifqef;jym;onf/
,aeYa jrmfv ifh jcif; toif; om;rsm;onf vnf ; tjcm;aomc&pf,mef rsm;ESi fh e nf ;wl
olwdkYrsufESmzHk;pGyfaemufuG,frSmyHk;atmif;aeygonf/ 'Da&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
rsm;wG ifvnf; yHk;atmif ;p&m&Sdv drfh rnf/ odk Y&mwGif olwd kY\yGifh vif; rIonf ,aeY
toif;awmfxufrsm;pGmyGifhvif;rI&Sdonf/
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifhtzGJYi,fwdkYonf tajccHtm;jzifh or®musrf;pmtm;
avhvmjcif;r[kwfyg/ þtpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif vlrsm;u olwdkY\toufwmü yk*¾vdu
taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;toufwmwdkYudkrQa0cHpm;Muonf/ olwdkY\&nf&G,f
csufrSm taMumif;t&mudktoday;jcif;r[kwfbJ toif;om;rsm;udk vlrIa&;tzGJYtpnf;
wpf&yfudkrQa0cHpm;EdkifzdkYjzpfonf/ olwdkY\&nf&G,fcsufrSm pm&dwåzGHYNzKd;MuHhcdkifatmif
jyKjyifwnf aqmufj cif ;jzpfo nf / ñT ef Mum;ay;rI r[kwfy g/ tcef ;BuD ;wpf cef; wG if
acgif;pOftaejzifh ]]vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;}} wGif Ellen White onf &Sif;vif;pGm
t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm þtpnf;ta0;rsm;onf tawG;tac:rsm;ESifhcHpm;csufrsm;udk
rQa0cHpm;Edkifaomae&mjzpfonf/
twlwuGpk½Hk;jcif;onf rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsuf&SdygovJ/ bk&m;ocif
udktoday;í uREfkyfwdkYonf odorQtm;vHk;udkqkawmif;jcif;jzifhajymjyae
ygovm;/ uREf kyfwd kYonf twlwuGawG YqHk &jcif ;rSm wpfOD ;ESi fhwpf OD;
pm&d wåzGHYNzKd;MuHh cdkifatmifjyKjyifwnfaqmuf&eftwG ufESifh tawG;csif;?
cHpm;csufjcif;zvS,fjcif;? tm;,l&efjzpfNyD; tvif;ESifhowådrsm;wpfOD;ESifh
wpfOD;tm;jzifh&if;ESD;rI&,lí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;\arQmfvifhcsufESifh&nfrSef;csuf
rsm;rQa0cHpm;Muonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\pdwfjyif;jyrIjzifh ESvHk;om;\qkawmif;
282
csufrsm; ,HkMunfcsuftm;jzifhawmif;avQmufaomtcgrSm uREfkyfvef;qef;rI
ESifhtm;tifwdkYonf uREfkyfwdkY\tiftm;vm&mt&yfrSmvufcH&&Sdygonf/
þtpnf;ta0;rsm;onf wefzk d;&SdvS aomtcsdeftcgjzpf&m pdwf0ifpm;
zG,f&mjzifhjyKvkyfí bmoma&;qdkif&mudpörsm;ESifh vdkvm;olwdkif;pdwfyg0if
wpm;jyKvkyf&rnf/
Ellen White \a&;om;csufrsm;t&? ñTefjyoGm;onfrSm vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;
rsm;\&nf&G,fcsufonf vlrsm;\toufwmwGif qufqHa&;ESifhywfoufí ajz&Sif;&ef
jzpf ygonf/ olr onf þtpnf ;ta0;rsm;onf toif ;awmf rsm;twGu f touf
aoG;aMumESifhusef;rma&;twGuftxl;vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkenf;vrf;rsm;onf a&S;OD;
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;u olwdkY\,HkMunfcsufudkxdef;odrf;cJhygonf/ olwdkYonf
txl;tcGifhta&;wpf&yfjzpfaom w&m;a[molrsm;\w&m;a[mcsufudk OykofaeYwdkif;
em;raxmif&onfhtwGuf olwdkYonf rdrdzmomwDxGifí vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfudk
0dnmOfa&;toufwmtm;zefwD;cJh&onf/ wpfcgwpf&HtrIaqmif Clergy wdkY\Mum;jzwf
taESmifht,SufrStyvnfywfcJh&onf/ &v'ftm;jzifh toif;awmfonf 0dnmOfa&;
usef;rmonfhtoif;awmfjzpfcJhonf/
a&S;OD ;ajrmfvifhj cif;toif;om;rsm;\touf wmrsm;udk avhvmrIjyKonfhtcg
trSefwu,f&Sif;vif;onfrSm &nf&G,fcsuftm;jzifh "r®opfusrf;acwf0wfjyKudk;uG,f
jcif;rsKd ;jzpfygonf/ "r®opf usrf;acwftoif; awmf rsm;ESi fhwlaomtcsufrS m a&S;OD;
ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfcsufonf rdrdudk,fudk a'otoif;awmfwGifyHkrSefw&m;a[mq&m
rsm;r&SdbJESifh &yfwnfcJhonf/ olwdkY\toif;awmfonf vlrIa&;tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yftjzpf
rdwfo[m&tjzpfjzifh tajccHí bmoma&;,HkMunfcsufwpfckwnf;tay:ü&yfwnfjcif;
r[kwfyg/ trSeftm;jzifh Ellen White onf a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfudk "r®opf
usrf;acwf toif;awmfrsm;ESif h o[Zmwjzpfatmif todw&m;ESifhqufq Ha&;wdkY\
nDrQaomcsdefqrIatmifBuKd;pm;aqmif&GufcJhonfht"duvljzpfonf/
1915 ckwGif Ellen White aoqHk;NyD;onfaemufydkif;wGif vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;
rsm;onf arS ; rS d e f o G m ;í qk a wmif ; jcif ; tpnf ; ta0;rsm;ES i f h t pm;xd k ; cH & onf /
aemufqHk;rSmajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;onf trIaqmifvkyfief;wdkYudk tjcm;aom
 283 284

y½dkwufpwifhtoif;awmfrsm;\yHkpHESifh Clergy wdkYonf toif;awmf\y&dowftwGuf rnf/ odkYjzpfí vrf;onf bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmfrStvif;w&m;

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tcsd e ftcgonf vl a wGr S mqk a wmif ;jcif ; ES i f h o uf a ocH j cif ; rQa0cH p m;&rI rsm;onf
jyef vnfE dk ;Mum;jcif; rD ;vQH rsm;/ ,aeY toif ;awmfr sm;onf MuH &mr&txl;
ygpwmrsm;w&m;a[mjcif;ESifh or®musrf;pmudkavh vmjcif;jzpfo Gm;cJhonf/ NyD;vQif
pdk;&drfrIjzifh þjyefvnfEdk;Mum;rIrsKd;udkvdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ bk&m;ocif\toif;awmfonf
qkawmif;jcif;jzifhNyD;qHk;cJhonf/ toif;awmftrsm;pkwGif qufqHa&;oabmw&m;onf
vlYordkif;ydwfcsdefwGif BuKd;pm;ítrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk tzGJYi,fryg&Sdjcif;ESifh
vH k ; 0aysmuf u G , f o G m;onf / bmoma&;od u Rrf ; jcif ; tay:ü wpf z uf a pmif ; eif ;
OD;pm;ay;csufrjyKjcif;&Sdygu pOf;pm;ír&Edkifyg/ jyefvnfEdk;Mum;jcif;tajzwpf&yfrSm
tav;xm;rI&Sdvmí qufqHa&;taMumif;udkaMumuf&GHYí vSyaoma&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;
tpnf;ta0;rsm;awGYqHkyGJonf tzGJYi,frsm;jzifhpk½Hk;NyD; qkawmif;jcif;jyK&efESifh wpfOD;ESifh
csdefudkufrIudkysufpD;cJh&onf/ or®musrf;pm\tpDtpOfrSm toif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif;
wpfO D;tm;ay;rIjyK&ef jzpfonf / xdkawG YqHkyGJ tpnf;ta0;rjyKvky fbJESif h ppfrSe faom
Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh trIaqmif Clergy ESpfckpvHk;tcef;u@onf aysmufuG,f
jyefvnfEdk;Mum;jcif;r&SdEdkifyg/
oGm;onf/ þoabmw&m;ESpfckonf twlwloGm;&mvrf;&Sdonf/ toif;awmfrsm;udk
Ellen White onf ajrmf vif hjcif;toif;awmfud k acgif;avmif;xdk ;oH ay;í tzG JYi,f
ygpwmut"d u apmif h a &S muf j cif ; tvk y f u d k v k y fa omtcgwG i f quf q Ha &;tay:ü
rsm;jzif h q uf q H a &;tpnf ; ta0;yG J r sm;jyKvk y f & ef aqmf M oíaxmuf c H r I j yKcJ h o nf /
tajccHonfhtzGJYi,ftcef;u@onf rvdkawmhyg/ trIaqmif Clergy wdkY&Jhtvkyfudk
xdktpnf;ta0;wGif qkawmif;jcif;trI? or®musrf;pmavhvma&;? oufaocHjyKjcif;?
yifvQif taESmifht,Sufwpf&yfjzpfoGm;onf/
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Ellen White \yk a&mzuf jyKjcif ;tjrif wG if jyef vnfEdk ;Mum;jcif ;onf umvtcsd ef
jzpfonf/ tzGJYi,ftm;vHk;onf tawGYtBuKHtm;jzifh ,HkMunfolrsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;
tcgukefvkaomtcsdefwGif bk&m;ocif\toif;awmfwGif BuD;rm;aomjyefvnfEdk;Mum;
twGuf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;aumif;udka[mMum;ajymqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ tzGJYi,f\
jcif;jzpfay:vmrnf/ xdkjyefvnfEdk;Mum;jcif;a&muf&SdvmaomtcgrSm toif;awmfonf
trIawmfaqmif&Gufjcif;udk toif;awmfüuefYuGufrnfqdkygu bk&m;ocif\tMuH
wpfzefjyefítkyfpki,ftm;jzifh bk&m;ocifudk&SmMurnfjzpfonf/
jyKcsufwdkYudk Ellen White \uavmifa&;om;csufrSwqifh pGefYy,f&ma&mufoGm;rnf/
toif;awmfwGif omoemjyKjcif;pdwfxm;onf jyefvnfEdk;Mum;jcif; tcktcsdefrSm qufqHa&;jyKaomtpnf;ta0;wdkYudk jyefvnfpwif&efESifh xdktrIwdkYonf
&Sdrnf/ pdwftm;xufoefaomqE´onf ocifbk&m;twGuf rnfuJhodkY ajrmfv ifh jcif;toif; awmf\tywfp OftawGY tBuKHtjzpf ta&;BuD;aomtcef; u@
vky fa y;&rnf ud ko if Mum;vdk pd wf &S dr nf / ao;i,fa omuk rÜ PD rsm;onf wpf&yfjzpfaomtpDtpOfwpf&yfjzpfonf/ tcsdeftcgtywfpOfqufqHa&;tzGJYi,fwdkY\
pka0;í qkawmif;jcif;ESifhor®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;udkjyKvkyfMurnf/ tm;vHk; tpnf;ta0;udk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;\jyu©'deftpDtpOfwGifxnfhoGif;&ef tcsdefwefygNyD/
aomolwdkYonf a&SUudkxGufí nDnDnmnmtvkyfvkyfMuonf/ ,HkMunf tpDtpOfxnfhoGif;&efrubJ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\t"du0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
olr sm;onf bk &m;ocif\EI wfuywfawmfudkM um;emcGif hr&Sd olwd kYxHo dkY tpD tpOf wpf & yf j zpf o G m;&rnf / þod k Y j yKrS o m ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; om;wd k Y o nf
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rnf/ BuKd;yrf;csufwpf&yftaejzifh wpfoD;wpfjcm;&Sdaomrdom;pkwdkYudk ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;wdkY\tarGtepfwdkYESifhudkufnDrI&Sdvdrfhrnf/
tultnDay;&ef&SdMuonf/ tpDtpOfrsm;onf csrSwfí þrdom;pkrsm;onf
tjcm;aomrdom;pkrsm;ESifhtwlqHkMuí or®musrf;pmudkavhvma&;jyKMu
 285 286

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ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;? odkYr[ kwf
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 287
tcef ; BuD ; (9)
or® m usrf ; pmES i f h o rd k i f ; 0if t ajctjrpf o d k Y j yef o G m ;jcif ;
owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfay:xGufpu tiftm;BuD;onfhomoemjyKjcif;
tjrifjzifhay:xGufcJhonf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfv ifhjcif;toif;awmfonf rdrdwGif&SdorQaom
o,HZmwtiftm;pkjzifh qufuyfjcif;jyKí {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkjzefYa0&ef&Sdygonf/
toif;\aiGa&;aMu;a&;? 0efxrf;tiftm;rsm;? tcsdefESifhBuKd;yrf;rIwdkYonf- tm;vHk;rSm
omoemjyKjcif ;tay:üom tav;xm;BuD;pd k;rI&Sd onf/ toif;awmfo nf BuD; xGm;
vmonfESifhtrQ qufvufíomoemjyKjcif;tay:ü BuD;rm;aomOD;pm;ay;rI&SdcJhygonf/
txl;ojzifh urÇmhtoif;awmfrsm;wGif wpfESpfwpfESpfvQif BuD;xGm;rIonf 7&mckdifEIef;
jzifh xdef;odrf;EdkifcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ajrmuftar&duef'D0DZHtoif;awmfrsm;ESifh Oa&my
wdkufESifhMooaMw;vstoif;awmfrsm;wGif BuD;xGm;EIef;rSm 2&mcdkifEIef;ESifh enf;aom
BuD;xGm;rIudk&Sdygonf/
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BuD;xGm;rIEIef;xm;avsmhenf;&jcif;taMumif;&if;rSm orm;½dkj;usygpwmrsm;\yHkpHerlem
wdk Yu dk v uf cH usif h oH k; onf htwG uf jzpfo nf / pma&;q&monf vl rI a &;vT rf ;rd k; rI ud k
BuD;xGm;rIEIef;xm;onf avsmhenf;&jcif;rSm taMumif;wpf&yfudkvufcHygonf/ odkY&mwGif
vlrIa&;vTrf;rdk;rItm; tBudrfrsm;pGmtaMumif;jycsufvnf; tu,fí toif;awmfonf
"r®opfusrf;acwfygpwmrsm;\trIawmfxrf;&Gufjcif;yHkpHudkjyefvnf&&SdvQif BuD;xGm;
EIef;jrifhwufvmrnfudkcHpm;&ygonf/ orm;½dk;usyHkpHudk ygpwmrsm;\tcef;u@udk
vufcHusifhoHk;aomurÇmhtoif;awmfrsm;\'D0DZHonf BuD;xGmr;IaES;auG;jcif;udkcH&yg
onf/ odkY&mwGif "r®opfusrf;acwfyHkpHudkusifhoHk;aomtoif;awmfrsm;onf xl;uJ
aomBuD ;xG m;rI EIef ;xm;udk jyocJhy gonf / pma&;q&m\udk ,fwdkif tawG YtBuKHo nf
ajrmuftar&du ef\BuD;xG m;EIe f;onf wwd ,urÇmwdkY BuD;xGm;EI ef;udkrSD Edkif aMumif;
ol wd k Y o nf "r® o pf usrf ; acwf y Hk p H u dk ygpwmrsm;\tcef ; u@ud k a vh u sif h a y;ol ?
t&nftcsif;wyfqifay;oltaejzifh jyefvnfusifhoHk;vQif rSDEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ (pma&;
q&monf avh usif ha y;ol ? t&nftcsif; wyfq if o ly Hk pH ud k toif; awmf ^c½d k if wGi f
288
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10&mcdkifEIef;ESifhtxuf&&SdcJhonf/ avhusifhay;ol? t&nftcsif;wyfqifay;olyHkpHudk
,ciftoif;awmf rsm;ü aemufyd kif ;toif ;awmfr sm;wG ify dkr dk jynfhp Hk pGmwyf qifxm;í
BuD;xGm;EIef;onf wwd,urÇmBuD;xGm;EIef;udkrSDoGm;onf/)
þokawoejyKcsufonf þwGifrSwfwrf;wifjyrIonf jyooGm;onfrSm trIaqmif
Clergy tcef ;u@ud k "r® opf usrf ;acwf wG if usifh oH k ;aomyH kpH rS m e,f vS nf h od k Yr[k wf
BuD;Muyfay;oltaetxm;udkjyooGm;onf/ wrefawmfrsm;rSm bmoma&;,HkMunfcsuf
oefY&Sif;jcif;xdef;odrf;oltjzpfESifh toif;awmfrsm;udkBuD;Muyfjcif;jzpfonf/ e,fvSnfh
toif;vlBuD;rsm;onf toif;awmftopfrsm;wnfaxmifoGm;jcif;wm0efudkaqmif&Guf
ygonf/ þolrsm;onf vpm&oltrIaqmif Clergy rsm;om a&S;OD;toif;awmfwGif
jzpf ygonf/ trIa qmif Clergy wd kY Onf tajccH Munf h½ Ia pmif ha &S mufj cif; r[kwfb J
olwdkY\vIyf&Sm;rIonf toif;awmfudkcsJYxGif&efwm0efjzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkYudk
vpmay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ vuf&Sdc&pf,mefrsm;udk uav;rsm;xdef;odrf;jcif;tvkyfudk
vpmay;jcif;r[kwfyg/
Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;onf toif;awmf&Sdy&dowfwdkY\tjyeftvSeftawGYtBuKH
wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ tjyeftvSeftoif;om;rsm;onf wpfOD;udkwpfOD;Munfh½Iapmifha&Smuf
jcif;tm;jzifh toif;om;rsm;onf 0dnmOfa&;t&BuD;xGm;rI&SdNyD; toufwmü 0dnmOfa&;ü
ouf&Sdxif&Sm;rI&SdEdkifonf/ toif;om;rsm;\Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;tMuHjyKcsufrsm;
onf omreftoif;om;rsm;odkYtjrJwapay;urf;jcif;&Sdygonf/ trIaqmif Clergy odkY
ay;jcif;r[kwfyg/ Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifhywfoufí "r®opfusrf;wGifazmfjycsufrSm
omreftoif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;odkYay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ olwdkYonf a'o&Sdtoif;awmf
rsm;udkBuD;Muyf&efjzpfonf/ þomreftoif;om;vlBuD;rsm;ESifhoif;axmufrsm;onf
trIaqmif Clergy rsm;r[kwfyg/ olwdkYonf trIaqmif Clergy rsm;ucefYxm;rI&Sdonf/
trIaqmif Clergy wdkYwm0efcH&jcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYonf omreftoif;om;
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ a'o&Sdtoif;awmfudkBuD;Muyf&aomwm0ef&Sdygonf/
"r®opfusrf;toif;awmfrsm;csOf;uyfyHkrSm &v'ftjzpfc&pf,meft,l0g'onf
wpfacwfwnf;wGif a&mrEdkifiHrSmysHYESHYcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif aemufydkif;&mpkESpfrsm;wGif
a'o&Sdtoif;vlBuD;rsm;onf trIaqmif Clergy odkY0ifa&mufzdkYBuKd;pm;cJhonf/ BuKd;pm;
 289
cJ honfh tavsmuf 0if a&mufr I& Sdc Jho nf/ tv,f acwfa &mufaomtcgrSm udk ,f ydk if
bkef; awmfBuD;e,fajr&Sd vmí trIaqmif Clergy rsm;onf toif;om;rsm;tkyfpk udk
Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;cH&onf/ þwm0efudkxrf;aqmifjcif;twGufvnf; axmufyHhjcif;
cH&onf/ þyHkpHerlemtm;jzifh toif;awmf\tzGJY0ifrsm;onf trIaqmif Clergy rsm;\
axmufyHhjcif;aiGudkay;&í olwdkY\tvkyfudkMunfhae&ygonf/ ESpfwpfaxmifordkif;0if
acwfu ke fq H k; aomtcg þyHk pH ud kz suf xk wf &efc ufc Jy gonf / y½d kwuf pwifh jyKjyif
ajymif;vJrI&SdcJhaomfvnf; þpepfudkrjyifEdkifí orm;½dk;ustoif;awmf\yHkpHudkvufcH
cJh&onf/
a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf jyefvnfí"r®opfusrf;\or®musrf;pmyHkpH
toif;awmfodkYjyefvnfa&muf&Sd&efBuKd;pm;íaqmif&Guf&mü zGJYpnf;yHkpepfESifhwlaom
"r®opfusrf;acwfomoemjyKjcif;toif;awmfyHkpHudkwnfaqmufcJhonf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifh
jcif;toif;awmfonf y½dkwufpwifhtoif;awmftzGJYtpnf;rsm;wGif tvGefxl;jcm;rI
&Sdonf/ trIaqmif Clergy wdkYudk toif;om;trsm;tjym;udkBuD;Muyfjcif;oabmom
&Sdonf/ OD;pm;ay;rIrSm toif;awmfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;tvkyfudkay;&rnf/ þtajc
taerSm ajrmfvifhjcif;ordkif;t&? yxrESpfig;q,frSajcmufq,ftxd&SdcJhonf/ þtpD
tpOfrSm &nf&G,fcsufESpf&yf&Sdygonf/ yxrtaejzifh toif;awmfonf owif;pum;udk
ae&mtESHYüa[majymaMunm&ef vkyfrnfhvkyfom;rsm;udkvHkavmufpGm&Sdygonf/ 'kwd,
tcsuftaerSm toif;om;rsm;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;tultnDtrtpjyKvkyfcGifh&Sdaom
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tajccHjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;xufydkaumif;ygonf/
ESp f q,f& mpk \ yxrES pf E Sp fq ,ftwGi f; wGi f ajrmfv ifh j cif; toif ;awmf onf
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aomuefYuGufjcif;rSpGefYcGmcJhonf/ aemufq,fpkESpfav;cktawmtwGif;rSm toif;awmf
onf ygpwmrsmudkrSDcdktm;xm;jcif;jyKaomyHkpHu dkzefwD;cJhonf/ þtajctaeonf
tjcm;aomy½dkwufpwifhtoif;awmfrsm;ESifh ,aeYwGifxl;rjcm;em;&SdcJhonf/ omref
toif ; om;rsm;ES i f h trI a qmif Clergy twG i f ; rS m ajrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; awmf o nf
jyefvnfíomoemjyKjcif;qE´onf jyif;jyvsuf&Sdí wpfBudrfwpfcguajrmfvifhjcif;
290
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wpf&yfrSm? ygpwmudkrSDcdktm;xm;jcif;r&SdonfrSm em;vnfEdkifzdkY&ef BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;
csuftjrifrSMunfhíom em;vnfEdkifrnf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufonf ESvHk;om;ESifh
0dnmOfa&;wdkYrSm a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\zGJYpnf;yHkwnfaqmufrIaemufuG,f
rSm&Sdygonf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufausm½dk;&SdrSom omreftoif;om;wdkY\wefcdk;
tmPmay;jcif;cH&aomtoif;awmfonf þacwfüjyefvnfzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyf
Edkifrnf? odkYr[kwfygu jyefvnfíwnfaqmufEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/
a&S;OD;toif;awmfonf wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfzdkYBuKd;pm;&mwGif olwdkY\toufwm
rsm;rSm vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;c&pfawmfonf ocifbk&m;jzpfjcif;udkvufcHjcif;jzpfygonf/
xdk enf; wl pG m ajrmf vifh jcif ;\trd ef Ya wmfo nf jrif hr m;aomwynfh a wmfj zpfj cif; ud k
awmif ; qd k y gonf / tcsuf tcsmquf p yf r I o nf jyef v nf & S i f o ef x ajrmuf a om
c&pfawmftay:üomru tjrefjyefvmrnfhc&pfawmfudkajrmfvifhjcif;ESifhqufpyfrI&Sdonf/
odkYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\enf;pepfonf wynfhawmf
jzpfjcif;rsm;udk BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\trdefYawmftwdkif;ESifh aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;
wdkY\owif;pum;rsm;ESifhnDnGwf&rnf/ þenf;pepfwdkYonf ydkíMumjrifhaomtcsdef
wGif tjcm;aomy½dkwufpwifhwdkY\orm;½dk;uswGufcsufrIxufMumjrifhrnf/ AwådZH
cH,ljcif;twGufjyifqifrIESifh owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGifvufcHjcif;onf
a,½I\ac:awmfrljcif;ESifhtnD o[Zmwjzpf&ef vlrsm;udkyxrOD;pGmwynfhawmfrsm;
jzpfNyD;rS AwådZHudkcH,l&rnf/ AwådZHjyKNyD;aemuf olwdkYudktjrJwapoGefoifay;vsuf&Sd
onf / od k Y r So m ol wd k Y o nf rd r d wd kY \ 0d n mOf a &;touf wmü jynf h p H kr I & S d v mrnf /
vcpm;trIawmfaqmif Clergy rsm;tay:ü rSDcdktm;xm;rIr&Sd&yg/
 291
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ESifhywfoufí ajrmfvifhjcif;wdkY\em;vnfrIonf vlwpfa,muf
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qdkvdkonfrSm MumjrifhaomoaE¨om;b0rSMumjrifhjcif;&Sdrnf/ &ifhusufrIonf jrefqefrI
&Sdvmayrnf/ odkY&mwGif wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;onf cdkifrmaomor®musrf;pmoGefoifcsuf
ESifhtnD AwådZHcH,lzdkYtwGufjyifqifcsuf&Sd&rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmf
enf;pepfonf vlrsm;udktcsdefvHkavmufpGmqufqHa&;zGHYNzKd;rI&Sdí a,½I\wynfhawmf
jzpfzdkYtcsdef,l&rnf/ aemuftcef;BuD;wGif uREfkyfwdkYtMuHjyKcsifonf {0Ha*vdenf;pepf
wdkYudkBuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufESifhtnDtMuHjyKoGm;rnf/
tu,fíom owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf rdrdudk,fudka,½Ic&pf\
toif;awmfjzpfaMumif;ESifh xl;jcm;aomowif;pum;udk urÇmolurÇmom;twGufay;&ef
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aomapcdkif;csuftoif;awmftjzpf&yfwnf&rnf/ omoemjyKjcif;tawG;tac:rsm;udk
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&Sd&rnf/ omoemjyKjcif;tawG;onf toif;awmftm; vdktyfonfhajymif;vJrIrsm;udk
jyKvkyfí BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk NyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufapvdrfhrnf/
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toif;awmf\yHkpHudkvHk;0pGefYvTwfrnfqdkygu ajrmuftar&duefajrmfvifhjcif;toif;
awmfonf pdk;&drfrIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ taMumif;w&m;rSm oHk;csuf&Sdygonf/ bmoma&;
,HkMunfcsuft&? {0Ha*vdw&m;awmft&ESifh jyKpkapmifha&Smufa&;t&jzpfonf/
"r®o pf usrf; acwfy Hk pHo dk Yj yef oG m;&ef vdk tyf onfr Sm bmoma&;,H kMunf csuf
taMumif;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunfcsufonf or®musrf;pm\vIyf&Sm;rI
wpf& yf jzpf ygonf/ ol\ tjrpf wG ,f jcif ;rSm usrf; pmvmonf ES if htnD jzpf ygonf/
ajrmfvif hjcif;toif;om;rsm;\cH,lcsufrSm olwdkY\,HkMunfj cif;ESifhusifhpOfwdkYonf
292
usrf;pmESifhtnD or®musrf;\tajccHjcif;jyK&rnf/ odkY&mwGif a'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;wGif
ygpwm\tcef;u@onf tajccHMunfh½Iapmifha&Smufay;olrsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufjcif;rSm
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d o pfu sr f;o n f t r Iaq mi f Clergy udk {0H a*vd
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w&m;awmfESifhtnD aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ trIaqmif Clergy wdkY\jyKpkapmifha&Smuf
jcif;ay;olr[kwfyg/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\jynfhpHkrItcsufonf c&pfawmfudk,fwdkifu
trIawmfaqmif Clergy wdkYtm;apcdkif;csufwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí "avhxHk;pH
orm;½dk;usygpwmrsm;\jyKpkapmihfa&SmufrIay;oltjzpf pGefYvTwfjcif;onf bmoma&;
taMumif;jycsufaumif;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
'kwd,tcsufonf "avhxHk;pHyHkpHudkpGefYvTwfjcif;udkjyKvkyf&rnf/ taMumif;rSm
uREfkyfwdkYonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk toif;awmf\wdk;wufapvdkjcif;udk uwdu0wf
ay;jcif;tm;&Sd&rnf/ a'o&Sdajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftrsm;pkwGif ,aeYrSmtrIaqmif
Clergy wd k Y\ tcsdef wd k Yonf vuf &S d rSm&S d NyD ;om;,H k Munf ol wd k Y\ jyKpk apmif h a&S muf jcif ;
trIwGifukefcJh&onf/ ygpwmwdkY\tpDtpOfwGif {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfvIyf&Sm;rItcsdef
r&Sdawmhyg/ tjzpfonf ygpwmtrsm;pkonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmftwGuf yHkpHtrsKd;ESifh
ywfoufí EIwftm;jzifhom trIawmfaqmifEdkifonf/ taMumif;rSm olwdkY\cHpm;csuf
onf a'o&Sd toif ;awmf\y&dowf wdkY \arQmfvifhcsufonf jyKpka pmif ha&S mufr IESi fh
BuD;MuyfrItwGufzdtm;cH&onf[kxifMuonf/ uGefz&ifhwdkYonf aiGaMu;taetxm;
t&? BuKd;pm;ítoif;awmfrsm;twGuf ygpwmrsm;udkcefYxm;jcif;wGiftoHk;jyK&ygonf/
topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;xlaxmif&efpdwfr&Sdawmhyg/ odkY&mwGif uGefz&ifhOuúXrsm;
onf topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;xlaxmifoGm;&eftjrif&SdMuygonf/ taMumif;jycsufrSm
topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;twGuf ygpwmrsm;cefYtyf&efaiGrsm;r&Sdjcif;udkajymygonf/
topfaomtoif;awmfxlaxmifzdkY ygpwmrsm;udkapvTwf&efudkvnf; aiGrsm;r&Sdyg/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf ajrmuftar&duefNrKdYrsm;odkYoGm;a&mufEdkif&eftvdkYiSm
BuD;rm;aomtoif;awmfxlaxmifa&;r[mAsL[mudktoHk;jyK&rnf/ þodkYjyKvkyfEdkif&ef
ygpwmrsm;udkjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;wm0efrSvTwfay;NyD; {0Ha*vdw&m;awmftcef;u@udk
t"duwm0eftjzpfvufcH&rnf/
wwd,tcsufrSm or®musrf;pmESifhnDaomygpwm\tcef;u@onf toif;
awmf\y&dowfr sm;0d nmOf a&;usef;rmjcif ;twGu fvdktyfygonf/ "r®wmtavsmuf
 293
jzpfysufwef&mqefYusifzufjzpfonfrSm toif;awmfrsm;ü ygpwmrsm;ydkrdkcsay;&mwGif
toif ; awmfr sm;onf 0d n mOf a &;ü yd k írusef ;rmvsuf& S d o nf/ A. G. Daniell \
]]yka&mzuftjrif}} 1912 ckwGif txdkifygpwmrsm;toif;awmfwGifcsay;jcif;tm;jzifh
olY&JhtjrifrSm rSefuefrI&Sdvmygonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif omrefajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
wpfOD;onf ol\&yfwnfrIrSm aumif;aomtqifhwGif&Sdygonf/ olwdkYonf q,fzdkY
wpfzdkYay;í trIawmfaqmif Clergy rsm;udkaxmufyHhjcif;ESifh OykofaeY0wfjyKjcif;tpD
tpOfrsm;udkwufa&mufjcif;&SdNyD; Clergy wdkY&Jhwpfywfwmvkyfief;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk
apmifhMunfhaeaomtjzpf&Sdygonf/ þtajctaeonf oem;p&maumif;aomtjzpf
tysufwpfckyg/ 0dnmOfa&;usef;rmjcif;ESifhrnDnGwfí cGeftm;enf;aomc&pf,mefrsm;
ay:xGufvmaponf/
'gxufru ygpwmwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf toif;om;rsm;twGuf vHkavmuf
onfhjyKpkapmifha&SmufrIudkray;Edkifyg/ ,aeYqdkvQif Clergy wpfOD;vQif toif;om;rsm;
ESpf&moHk;q,fajcmufOD;&Sdygonf/ Clergy OD;a&qdkonfrSm tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhtjcm;aom
tvkyftudkifrsm;wGif a'oygpwmrsm;tygt0ifwGufcsufjcif;jzpfonf/ þomoem
0efxrf;rsm;udkz,fxkwfvQif tcsKd;EIef;rSm ydkíjrifhrm;vmrnfjzpfonf/ wpfOD;wnf;aom
ygpwmonf jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;udk vlESpf&moHk;q,ftwGuf vHkavmufpGmrjyKvkyf
Edkifyg/ vHk;0rjzpfEdkifyg/ odkYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfygpwmrsm;onf tvkyf
rsm;vGef; NyD; pdwf" mwfa&;&musqif;rI& Sdygonfudk tHhMop&mrvdkyg/ þpmwrf;\
tjiif;yGm;jcif;rSm toif;om;rsm;udkMunfh½Iapmifha&Smufjcif;rvkyf&efr[kwfyg/ vkyfay;
&ygrnf/ tjiif;yGm;rIrSm þjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;onf Clergy rsm;vkyf&efr[kwfyg/
omrS e f toif ; om;tcsif ; csif ; jyKvk yf & ef jzpf o nf / od k Y j zpf í uREf k yf wd kY o nf a'o
toif;awmfwGifwnfaqmufyHktopfudka&;qGJNyD; vHkavmufonfhjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;udk
toif;om;rsm;twGufjyKvkyfay;&rnf/ toif;om;tcsif;csif;onf jyKpkapmifha&Smuf
jcif;vkyfief;udk ydkrdkuRrf;usifpGmjyKvkyfay;Edkifygonf/ odkYjzpfí "avhxHk;pHorm;½dk;us
onfhtoif;awmfyHkpHudkpGefYvTwfNyD; "r®opfusrf;acwfyHkpHudk vufcHoGm;vQif toif;
awmfwGif usef;rma&;ydkrdk&SdvmNyD; {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfESifhnDnGwfrI&Sdaomtoif;awmf
wdkYonf ajrmuftar&duefwGif&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf/
294
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ajr mfv i fh
jci f;t o i f;awmfo n fo r ®
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ajrmf v ih f j cif ; toif ; awmf \ or® musrf ; pmt& tajctjrpf p d k u f j cif ; aMumif h
apmapmuajymcJho vdk toif;awmfonf toif;om;rsm;\Munfh½Iapmifha&Smuf jcif;
tpDtpOfudk or®musrf;pmESifhtnD zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifa&;qGJ&rnf/ toif;awmfonf
Clergy \tcef ;u@ud k tvG , f wul tajccH j yKpk apmif h a &S muf jcif ;ud k pG ef YvT wf &ef rS m
or®musrf;ESifhnDaomtpDtpOfudka&;qGJí tpm;xdk;&efr&SdbJESifhjyKvkyfír&yg/ or®m
usrf;pmt&aomfvnf;aumif;? ordkif;0ift&aomfvnf;aumif; uREfkyfwdkYonf tzGJYi,f
tajccHxm;onfhtoif;awmf\zGJYpnf;yHkt&yf&yfüyg0ifrI&SdcJhonf/
toif ; awmf \ wnf a qmuf r I r S m aumf y d k a &;&S i f ; ozG ,f r wnf a qmuf & yg/
txufzufrSmvlwpfOD;wnf;jzifhtkyfcsKyfrIrjyKvkyf&yg/ tzGJYi,frsm;cGJNyD; acgif;aqmifrI
yd ki f; rSmjzefY a0í omref toif; om;rsm;onf tmPm&&Sd ygonf / &mxl; tqifh qifh
wnfaqmufrIonf a'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;ü ygpwmonf tkyf&aomtajctaerSm
]]0dkif ;BuD; ywfy wf}} vnfa omzG JYpnf ;yHk udkpD pOfa qmif& Guf& rnf/ ygpwmq&monf
&SdOD;rnf/ odkY&mwGif nDwlrQwlwm0ef&Sd&rnf/ tjzpfrSefrSm tzGJYi,ftrsm;pkonf ygpwm
q&m&Sdz dk Ya wmifr vdk tyfy g/ þtpm; a&S ;OD ;c&pf ,mef rsm;ESif h a&S;OD; ajrmf vifhj cif;
toif;awmfrsm;wGif ,HkMunfolrsm;onf 0dnmOfa&;toufwmxdef;odrf;rIudk Clergy
\tultnD rygbJE S if h oifM um;rI jyKoGm;rnf / Clergy wd kY o nf vG wf vyf rI &&S dN yD ;
c&pfawmfudk,fwdkifuapcdkif;csuft& vkyfief;rsm;udkvkyfoGm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmfudkjzefYjzL;í topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;udkxlaxmif&rnf/
uREfkyfwdkY\avhvmcsuft&? or®musrf;pmyHkpHudkvufcHusifhoHk;&mü tkyfpki,f
twG uf tpDtpOftopfwpf &yf ud ka &;qG J& ef rvdk yg/ toif; awmf \tpD tpOf rsm;rS m
tcsdef rvyfjzpfaeygonf/ toif; awmfcyfrsm;rsm;u tzGJYi ,ftwGuftpDtpOfopf
wpf&yftjzpfESifh BuKd;pm;aqmif&GufcJh&m ratmifjrifcJhyg/ þtpDtpOfjzifhaqmif&Guf
cJh&mü tzGJYi,frsm;onf cPwmrQvlBuKdufrsm;aomfvnf; tpDtpOfonf ysufuGu f
 295
cJh&ygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf tpDtpOfudkzGJYpnf;yHkoabmw&m;tm;jzifh rjrifMubJ
toif;awmfwpfckvHk;\wnf&SdrIonf tzGJYi,fyHkpHjzifh wpfckvHk;udkzGJYpnf;&efvdktyfyg
onf /
uREfkyfwdkYonf or®musrf;pmESifhordkif;t&tarGtESpfwdkYjzifhopöm&SdrnfqdkvQif
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;onf rdrdwdkY\a'o&Sdtoif;awmfrsm;udk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;zGJYpnf;yHkudk
jyefvnfa&;qGJ&efvdktyfygonf/ odkYrSom tzGJYi,frsm;onf zGJYpnf;a&;t"duoabm
w&m;jzpf v mEd k i fr nf / tzG JY i ,fwd k Yo nf &S d E dk i f rnf v nf ; &Sd r nf / r&Sd o nfu d k vnf ;
jzpfEdkifonf[lívnf;rjzpf&yg/ odkY&mwGif toif;awmfrsm;rsm;wGif þuJhodkYyifjzpfae
ygonf/ OykofaeYeHeuf0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf ]]t"dujzpf&yf}} tpDtpOfjzpfygonf/
,HkMunfoltm;vHk;onf wpfywfwpfBudrfwufa&muf&rnfjzpfonf/ topfaomyHkpHwGif
OykofaeYreuf0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf t"dur[kwfbJESifh a&G;cs,f&m&Sdonf/ xdkpepf
onf or®musrf;pmyHkpHESifhydkíeD;pyfrnfjzpfonf? vuf&Sdajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;
apmifha&Smufjcif;xufydkíeD;pyfrnfjzpfonf/
toif;awmfonf avhusifhrI&Sdaomomreftoif;om;rsm;&Sd&rnf/ ygpwmrsm;
onf toif;om;rsm;udk trIawmfxrf;aqmifEdkif&ef avhusifhay;&rnf/ olwdkYwGif
&Sdonfh0dnmOfa&;qkaus;Zl;ESifhtnD o[Zmw&Sdatmifavhusifhay;NyD; olwdkYaqmif&Guf
aeustvkyfrsm;udkcGmEdkifatmif BuKd;pm;tm;xkwfí toif;awmftopfrsm;udkxlaxmif
oGm;Edkifatmifaqmif&Guf&rnf/ þor®musrf;pm½kyfyHkvTmudk trIawmfaqmif Clergy
wdkYujyefvnf&&Sdatmif acwfopfajrmfv ifhjcif;toif;awmfujyefvnf&,l&ygrnf/
a'o&Sdtoif;awmfonf þodkYaomyHkpHerlemopfudk ygpwmtxdkifr&SdbJESifh b,fuJhodkY
xdef;odrf;&ygrnfenf;/ or®musrf;pmyHkpHpepfudkusifhoHk;jcif;jzifh tzGJYi,frsm;udktoHk;cs
&rnf/ þyHkpHerlemonf "r®opfusrf;acwftoif;awmfrsm;ESifh a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmfrsm;udkxdef;odrf;cJhygonf/ olwdkYtwGuftvkyfjzpfrnfqdkvQif uREfkyfwdkY
twGufudkvnf;tvkyfjzpf&ygrnf/ vl&nfvnf½IyfaxG;aomESpfq,fhwpf&mpkwGifvnf;
tvkyfjzpfzdkYoifhygonf/
tzGJYi,ftoif;awmfonf b,fuJhodkYtjrif&Sdygoenf;/ taqmuftODBuD;udk
vdktyfrnfr[kwfyg/ tcsKdYaomae&mwGif tdrfajctoif;awmfjzpfEdkifrnf? zGJYpnf;yHkt&
tjcm;toif; awmf r sm;ES i f htquf toG ,f rsm;&S d csifr S &S d r nf / ,if ;toif ; awmf onf
296
rd rdwd kYonf toif; awmf jzpf vsuf &Sd onf/ ydk íus,fjyefYa omae&mrsm;wGif a'o&SD
toif;awmfonf tzGJYi,ftrsm;tjym;&SdEdkifrnf/ olwdkYwGiftaqmuftODvnf;&Sdrnf?
r&Sdonfvnf;&SdMurnf/ olwdkYonf tzGJYi,frsm;udkpkpnf;aomtcsdefrsm;wGif xdktcsdef
twGuf taqmuftODrsm;udkiSm;&rf;oGm;Edkifonf/ taqmuftODonf a&G;cs,frItay:ü
tajccHoGm;rnf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomftpnf;ta0;onf toif;awmf\taqmuftOD
wGifusif;yrnfr[kwfyg/ tzGJYi,frsm;wGifomusif;yrnfjzpfygonf/ þtajctaerSm
toif;awmfonf a&S; OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfESi fhyd krdkwlvmí yHkrS efawGYqHk Muí
tzG J Y i ,f wd k Y o nf vl r I a&;tpnf ; ta0;wG if q H k M ujcif ; jzpf o nf / &H z ef & H cgwJ a wmf
tpnf;ta0;rsm;? pkpnf;íydkrdkus,fjyefYaomawGYqHkyGJtpnf;ta0;rsm;udkac:,lEdkifyg
onf/ tem*wfwGif &S da omtoif ;awmf rsm;onf þvdkp ka 0;aomawG YqH ky GJ rsm;wG if
vuf&S dwJ awmftpnf ;ta0;rsm;ES ifh tpnf;ta0;BuD ;wdkY wGi f vuf& Sdy &d owf avmuf
rsm;csifrSrsm;vdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif NrKdYwpfNrKdYrStzGJYi,frsm;onf pk½Hk;Muí ta&twGuf
b,favmufyJ&Sd&Sdpk½Hk;Murnfjzpfonf/
þor®musrf;pmESifhtnD ESpfq,fhwpf&mpkajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif vlawGu
tzGJYi,ftm;jzifhpkpnf;í toif;awmfwGif0ifa&mufMurnfjzpfonf/ tzGJYi,fwdkYonf
bk&m;ociftwGuf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYa0rnf? jyKpkysKd;axmifrnf? vlrsm;udk
trIawmfaqmifjcif;üyHhydk;ulnDoGm;rnf/ vlrsm;u tjcm;olrsm;udktzGJYi,fodkYac:aqmif
vmí olwdkYudkjyKpkapmifha&SmufzdkY olwdkYudkjyKpkapmifha&SmufouJhodkYjyKpkjcif;&Sdvdrfhrnf/
,aeYvlrsm;u toif;awmfudk0wfjyKudk;uG,f&eftwGuf ta&SUwHcg;rxJodkY0ifMuonf/
odkY&mwGif olrodudk,frodqufqHa&;r&SdaomtjzpfESifhBuKH&í vlrItzGJYtpnf;wpf&yf
taejzifh 0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sdyg/ tem*wftoif;awmfwGif vlawGu toif;awmfodkY
0ifa&mufjcif;rSm tzGJYi,ftm;jzifhqufqHa&;ESifhwuG0ifa&mufMuvdrfhrnf/
þtoif;awmfonf rnfodkYMunfhrnfenf;/ aemuftcef;BuD;wGif or®musrf;pm
ESifhtnD&Sdaomtoif;awmfyHkpHudkwnfaqmufzdkYazmfjyoGm;rnf/ þpmwrf;wGifjyKpkNyD;
avhvmcsufwdkYudk þtcef;BuD;wGifazmfjycJhygonf/ toif;awmfyHkpHonf trIawmfaqmif
Clergy rsm;u jyef vnf íe*d k rl vtaetxm;odk Ya&muf &S d í {0H a*vd wowif ;pum;ud k
jzefYa0jcif;ESifh toif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmifoGm;olrsm;jzpfMurnf/ toif;om;rsm;onf
wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;rsm;udk "r®opfusrf;ESifh a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;,HkMunf
 297
csuftwdkif;vdkufavQmufMuygonf/ toif;awmfonf omoemjyKjcif;wGef;tm;ay;
onfhtoif;awmfjzpfvdrfhrnf/ toif;awmfonf aysmufqHk;vsuf&Sdolrsm;twGuf &SmazG&ef
pdwftm;xufoefaomtoif;awmfjzpfvdrfhrnf/ þpdwftm;xufoefrIonf aysmufqHk;
aeolrsm;udk&SmazG&ef olwdkYonf toif;awmfudkjyefvnfzGJYpnf;wnfaqmufí odkYrSom
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudkNyD;ajrmufjcif;ESifh aysmufqHk;aeaomolrsm;udk,laqmifvm
jcif;jzifh olwdkYonfvnf; ppfrSefaoma,½Iocifc&pfawmf\wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfMuvdrfh
rnf/
_____
298
tcef ; BuD ; (10)
or® m usrf ; pmES i f h o rd k i f ; aMumif ; tajctjrpf
tajccH a omtoif ; awmf \ wnf a qmuf r I y H k p H
xH k; wrf ;pOfv morm;½dk ;usyHk pH jzifh ES pfc kepfq ,fr S&S pf q,f txd ordk if; tpOf
tvmjzif hausmfjzwfcJh NyD; ajrmfvifh jcif ;toif;awmfonf bk&m;0wf jyKudk;uG ,fjcif;
tpOftvmudk ,ckrSajymif;vJrnfqdkvQif tvGefyiftcuftcJ&Sdvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif
ajymif; vJ&ef tvGe fyif vdktyfygonf/ tu,fí om ajrmfv ifhj cif;toif; awmf onf
or®musrf;pmESifhordkif;aMumif;tajctjrpfESifhtnD opöm&SdrnfqdkvQif vlrsm;udkjyifqif
ay;í trSefwu,fwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk jyefvmrnfhocifbk&m;tm;BuKdqdkEdkifzdkY&ef
jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif þjyKjyifajymif;vJrIonf csufcsif;yifaeYcsif;ncsif;wGifjzpfzdkYroifhyg/
csufcsif;yif"avhxHk;pHyHkpHudkpGefYvTwfcJhvQif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfudk z½dkz&JjzpfoGm;
rnf/ toif;om;rsm;onf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rnfuJhodkYjyKpkapmifha&Smuf&rnfudkrodao;
yg/ jrefjrefcsif;ajymif;vJrIudkjyKvkyfvQif toif;om;rsm;onf qHk;½IH;oGm;vdrfhrnf/
þt&mudkawmhpOf;pm;ír&Edkifyg/ ajymif;vJjcif;onf wjznf;jznf;ESifhjzpf&rnf/
þtopfaomtoif;awmftaetxm;onf b,fuJhodkY&Sdrnfenf;/ qufvufNyD;
avhvmcsufrSm taetxm;ig;rsKd;udkavhvmoGm;ygrnf/ topfaomtoif;awmfwGif
wynfh a wmf j yKvk y f jcif ; ? a'otoif ;awmf wnfa qmuf y Hk ? ygpwm\tcef; u@?
toif;om;rsm;udkjyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;ESifh uGefz&ifh\wnfaqmufyHkudkvnf; avhvmrI
jyKoG m ;rnf / þtcef ; BuD ; wG i f pH j ytajctaeud k BuKd ; pm;ízef w D ; oG m ;rnf /
aemuftcef;BuD;wGif uREfkyfwdkYonf pHjytjzpfodkYvIyf&Sm;Edkifatmif enf;vrf;&SmazGoGm;
rnf/ pHjytajctaeudkjynfhjynfhpHkpHkr&&SdEdkifaomfvnf; þodkYtajctaea&muf&Sdatmif
BuKd;pm;&rnf/
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þpHjytajctae\tkwfjrpfrSm ra&mifh&JEdkifaomqE´onf wynfhawmftrsKd;tpm;
rsm;a,½Iv dk vm;jcif; &S do nfr sm;ud k ol BuD ;rm;aomapcdk if ;csuf ay;aomtcgüazmf jy
 299
cJhonf/ þpHerlem&Sdaomtoif;awmfrsKd;onf awmf½Hkwef½HkaEG;axG;aomc&pfawmf\
,HkMunfonf[kajymírwnfaqmufEdkifyg/ wnfaqmufEdkifrIonf a,½IESifhtwlwuG
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk aphpyfjynfhpHkjcif;&SdrSomwnfaqmufEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí pHjy
jzpfjcif;onf &v'ftay:rSmrlwnfhonfhtusKd;qufaumif;rsm;&vdkrItay:üomtajccH
ygonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk b,fuJhodkYjzefYjzL;cJhonfrS &v'fudktusKd;quf&SdEdkif
rnf/ odkYjzpfí {0Ha*vdjzefYjzL;jcif;pepfonf aemufqHk;vdkvm;onfh&v'fudka&mifjyef
[yf&rnf/ þonfrSm t"dyÜm,fonf uREfkyfwdkY\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfjzpfpOfawGudk
jyefvnfppfaq;rIjyKvkyfí ajymif;vJp&m&Sdonfrsm;udkajymif;vJoGm;&rnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfjzpfpOfudkem;vnfrIrSm Ellen White
ajymqdkouJhodkYjzpfrnf/
,aeY urÇmBuD; \vdk tyfc sufr Sm vGe fc Jo nf hwpf axmifu dk ;&mESp f
uJhodkYaomvdktyfcsufrsm;jzpfonf/ c&pfawmfudkwifpm;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
BuD;rm;aomjyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;vkyfief;onf vdktyfvsuf&Sdonf/ NyD;vQif
c&pf a wmf \ aus;Zl ; awmf tm;jzif h jyef v nf j yif q if j cif ; vk y f i ef ; onf
udk,fum,tm;jzifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtm;jzifhESifh 0dnmOfa&;qdkif&mtm;jzifh
NyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&GufEdkifygonf/
c&pfawmfudk enf;pepfwpfckwnf;tm;jzifh ppfrSefonfhatmifjrifrIudk
vlxkqDodkYa&muf&SdEdkifatmifjyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ u,fwif&Sifonf vlawG
ESifha&míaygif;oif;jcif;jzifh olwdkY\aumif;usKd;udkjyKvkyfay;Edkifonf/
olwdkYtm; ol\u½kPmarwåmudkjyocJhonf/ olwdkY\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
trIawmfaqmifay;cJhonf/ olwdkY\,HkMunfrIudk&&SdcJhygonf/ odkYjzpfí
olwdkYtm; ]]ighaemufodkYvdkufcJhyg}} [líajymqdkonf/
vl xk qD odk Ye D; uyf pG moGm;a&mufzd kY BuKd;pm;tm;xk wf &efvd ktyf yg
onf/ tu,fíom w&m;a[mwmyJ tcsdefudkavQmhNyD; udk,fydkiftrIawmf
aqmifj cif ; yd k ívky f rnf qd k vQif &v'f aumif ; rsm;ud ky dk í jrifE d ki f ygrnf /
qif;&Jolqif;&Jom;rsm;udkoufomatmifjyKvkyfay;&rnf? zsm;emolrsm;udk
Munfh½I&rnf? pdwfqif;&JEGrf;yg;olwdkYudk ESpfodrfhrIay;&rnf? em;vnfrI
r&SdolwdkYudk oGefoifñTefMum;ay;&rnf? tawGUtBuKHr&SdolwdkYudk tMuH
300
ay;oGm;&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkYonf idk,dkolrsm;ESifhtwlidka<u;&rnf? aysmf&Tif
csrf;ajrhpGmESifh twlaysmf&Tif&ygrnf/ pnf;½Hk;qGJaqmifrIESihftwl qkawmif;
jcif;\wefcdk;? bk&m;ocif\wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh þvkyfief;onf toD;
roD;bJESifhr&SdEdkifyg/
Ellen White onf ESpfa ygif;rsm;pGmuyif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\tajccH
jzpfaomomoemjyKjcif;enf;pepfudk urÇmwGifcsjycJhonf/ þpepfudkvdkufemolvnf;
&Sdovdk? rvdkufemolvnf;&SdcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif trsm;uajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\
t"du{0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\enf;pepfjzpfaMumif;vufcHMuygonf/ urÇm\qHk;cef;csdef
umvtwGuf owif;pum;udka[mMum;&mü umvukefqHk;csdefjyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
aqmif&Guf&mü toif;awmfonf vlawG\udk,fcE¨mvdktyfcsufrsm;udk trIawmfaqmif
jcif; vky fief;wdkY udk vspfvsL½I jcif;rjyK&yg/ þ[monf vlr Ia&;owif; aumif; jcif;
r[kwfyg/ owif;pum;onf cHpm;&aomvlawG\vdktyfcsufrsm;udkaqmif&Gufay;&ef
jzpfí olwdkY\,HkMunfrIudk&&SdNyD; toif;awmfonf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk r,HkMunfol
wdkYESifhrQa0cHpm;cGifhjyKoGm;onf/
{0Ha*vdowif;pum;onf Ellen White \,HkMunfcsufrS m qufqHa&;rSty
rQa0cH pm;jcif ; rjyK&yg/ odk Y jzpf í toif ;awmf onf OD; pm;ay;csufwGi f vl rsm;\
vd ktyf csuf tay:rSmaqmif &Guf ay;zdkYv dktyfygonf/ ajrmfvif hjcif;toif;awmfo nf
þt&mudkBuKd;pm;íaqmif&Gufygonf/ odkY&mwGif þodkYjyKvkyf&mü ]]ydkrdkusef;rma&;
aumif;aomtjypfom}} rsm;udk&&SdcJhygonf/ c&pf,mefjzpfzdkY ajymif;vJolrsm;rsm;r&&Sd
cJh yg/ tcsdef tcgrsm;pG mwGif ajrmfvifh jcif; toif; om;rsm;onf vlr sm;\,HkMunfrI
qufqHa&;udk&&Sdaomfvnf; {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkrQa0cHpm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg/ &v'frSm
toif;awmfonf olwdkY\vkdtyfcsuftay:üaqmif&Gufcsufay;aomfvnf; toD;tyGifh
r&d wf o dr f; Edk i fc Jh y g/ toif ;awmf \toif ;om;rsm;rS m rSm;,G if ; aompd k; &dr fr I tjzpf
qufqHa&;udkxdcdkufrSmpdk;&drfygonf/ odkYjzpfí c&pfawmfudkrQa0cHpm;jcif;rjyKcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif
þodkYrpdk;&drf&yg/ {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkrQa0cHpm;&mü vdr®myg;eyfpGmrQa0cHpm;jcif;
jyKrnfjzpfvQif/
wpfcsdefwpfcgrSmvnf; vdktyfcsuftay:ü {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkaqmif&Guf
&mü {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udkaMunmjcif;ESifh cGJxkwfwwfonf/ odkY&mwGif pHjytoif;
 301
awmfonf jrif&onfrSm wpfck\vdktyfcsufrSm tjcm;wpfzufwGifyHhydk;Muonfjzpfyg
onf/ vlrsm;\vdktyfcsufrsm;jznfhqnf;aqmif&Gufay;&mü {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk
rdwfqufjcif;jyKí wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\tpysKd;jcif;jzpfEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif vlrsm;udk
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkydkYaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf toif;om;rsm;onf &&SdcJhonfhvlrsm;\
vdktyfcsufjznfhqnf;ay;jcif;\tm;udk;tm;xm;rIudk tcGifhaumif;r,lrdvQif vlrsm;udk
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;odkYydkYaqmifEdkifrnfr[kwfyg/ odkYr[kwfvQif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;
rsm;\vdktyfcsuf{0Ha*vdw&m;awmf\tjcm;trnfrSm vlrIa&;owif;aumif;rQom
&Sdvdrfhrnf/ George Hunter \tMuHjyKcsufrSm?
trSeftm;jzifh vlrsm;uydkíqdk;usKd;ESifhzdESdyfjcif;tjzpfrSvGwfuif;jcif;
&SdonfrSm wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh&Sdygonf/ vlrIa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
pDrHcsufrsm;onf þuJhodkYrjyKvkyfay;Edkifyg/
tjcm;aomenf;ajym&vQif toif;awmfonf ac:,ljcif;rSm ocif
bk&m;\vlZmwdcH,ljcif;rStqufjzpfygonf/ arwåmw&m;BuD;rm;rI\
wH kYjyefcsuftm;jzifh emusifrIc H&aomvlr sm;\vdktyfcsufud kjznfhqnf;
ay;jcif;jzpfygonf/
pHjytoif;awmfonf vdktyfcsufcHpm;&aomOD;wnfcsuf&Sd&rnf/ þxufru
wnfaqmufyHkonf aemuftydkif;wGifrSwf,l&rnfrSm omrefvlrsm;\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
axmufy H ha y;&rnf / þtoGi f ul ; aomol r sm;\vd ktyfc suf wdk Y ud k j znf hq nf; ay;NyD ;
toif ;awmf \ urÇ mxJ o dk Y ac:aqmif & rnf / vuf& S dwnfa qmuf yH k rS m toif; awmf
bk&m;ausmif;wGifrwufa&mufMuaomolrsm;udkpdrf;um;aprnf/ taMumif;rSm vG,ful
aomenf;vrf;tm;jzifh olwdkYudkaMunufpGmavhusufjcif;rjyKEdkifyg/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf *½kpdkuf&rSmu olwdkY\{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfonf
vlrsm;\vdktyfcsufrsm;udk omrefjznfhqnf;jcif;trIawmfaqmifjcif;odkYrusa&mufap
&yg/ tcsdeftcgonf þvlrsm;udkzdwfac:NyD; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udktpysKd;íac:,l
&ygrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu toif;awmfonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk opömazmuf&m
jzpfoGm;rnf/
302
þtcsufudk uREfkyfwdkYpOf;pm;ay;&rnf/ wpfaeYaomtcg ]]toif;
awmf\omoemjyKjcif;onf}} wpfcgwpf&HrSm pum;tjyeftvSefajymjcif;
rQomjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf/ trIaqmifjcif;pDrHcsuf odkYr[kwfvQif vlrIa&;
wef; wl n Dr Qwd ku f c dk u f a &;togif o d k Yj zpf oG m;vdr f h r nf / uREf k yf wd k Yo nf
þtusKd;jyKaompDrHcsufrsm;\rSefuefrIudk jiif;qdkjcif;r[kwfyg/ þt&m
rsm;onf jynf h 0 pG mtod trS wf j yKMuonf / {0H a *vd o wif ; pum;\
ppfrSefNyD;vdktyfvsuf&Sdaomtjyifü&Sdaomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/
odkY&mwGif olwdkYonf u,fwifjcif;tawGYtBuKHESifh rdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;
twGuf tpm;xdk;ír&Edkifyg/ u,fwifcH&jcif;tawGYtBuKHrsm;&&SdcJhaom
olrsm;onf þrdwfo[m,zGJYjcif;udk&&SdcJhygonf/
vlrsm;\vdktyfcsufcHpm;&onfrSwqifh a&muf&SdaomtcgrSm Ellen White u
qdkcJhonfrSm wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udkjyKvkyfaomolrSm vlrsm;ESifhtcsdefydk,lí w&m;
a[mcsuftpDtpOfrsm;xuftoHk;jyK&rnf/ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;jyKvkyfolonf þpHjy
toif;awmfwGif qufqHa&;ydkrdk cdkifrmpGmvlrsm;ES ifhwnfaqmuf&ygrnf/ olwdkYtm;
w&m;a[mjcif;? or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;? odkYr[kwf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;a[mMum;
csufu dkem;axmifzdkY tcsdefrsm;rsm;r,l&yg/ þq&mrsm;udky,fzsuf&rnfr[k wfyg/
t"dyÜm,fqdkvdkcsufrSm qufqHa&;wnfaqmufrIonf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;jyKvkyfol
twGufta&;tBuD;qHk;vkyfief;jzpfonf/
Ellen White onf trS ef w&m;\ynmay;wif q ufrI udk rz,f xk wf yg/ od kY&mwG if
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk trSefw&m;wifjyjcif;udk xdkolESifh&if;ESD;qufqHrIonf cdkifrm
apNyD;rSwif jyoG m;vQif yd krdk tusKd;&S dvdrf hrnf / od kYjzpfí olrajymonfrSm ]]pnf;½Hk;
qGJaqmifrIwefcdk;ESifhtwl? qkawmif;jcif;wefcdk;awmfESifh bk&m;ocif\cspfjcif;arwåm
wefcdk;awmftm;jzifh}} wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tvkyfudkaqmif&Gufaomolonf ol\tvkyf
onf toD;roD;bJESifhr&Sdwef&mjzpfonf/ þqdkvdkcsufrSm toHk;jyKaomenf;pepfonf
udk,fydkifaqmif&Gufaomenf;pepfjzpfonf/ þonfrSm vlrsm;udkcspfjrwfEdk;í vufcHrI
jyKonf / wpfy g;wnf ; rS m trS e f w&m;od j rif a tmif wif q uf j cif ; onf vl a wG u d k
qGJaqmifjcif;jyKí a,½I\wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkvdkvm;Murnf/
 303
þqdkvdkcsufonf tMuHjyKoGm;onfrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rs;m\ {0Ha*vd
w&m;awmf\pepfonf rajymif;vJao;aomolrsm;twGuf jyif;xefaomqkawmif;csuf
onf vl rIa&;tzGJYtpnf ;ESi fhywfoufaomyg0ifrI onf ajymif; vJjcif; r&Sd ao;aom
olrsm;twGufqkawmif;jcif;jzpfygonf/ qkawmif;jcif;onf vlrsm;\BuKd;yrf;rIxuf
tusKd; jyKvdr f hr nf/ ajrmf vif hj cif ; toif; om;rsm;onf vl om;rsm;\enf ;pepf r sm;
olwdkYzefwD;cJhonfudk tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKvkyfzdkYvG,fulygonf/ þodkY{0Ha*vdowif;
pum;udkrQa0NyD; oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfukdvspfvsL½Ijcif;onf rzG,fr&maomvkyf&yf
jzpfonf/ oefY&Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfwefcdk;onf ,HkMunfvmatmifESifh toufwmrsm;
ajymif;vJatmiftxl; vdktyfvsuf&Sdo nfrsm;udk vTwfa y;&mü bk& m;ocif\vlr sm;
qk a wmif ; jcif ; jzif h vT wf a y;vsuf & S d o nf / uREf k y f w d k Y o nf BuD ; xG m ;vsuf & S d a om
toif;awmfrsm;\ordkif;rsm;udkavhvm&mü xyfcgwvJay:xGufvmaomtcsufrSm-
xdktoif;awmfrsm;onf qkawmif;jcif;udktm;udk;tm;xm;jyKaomtoif;awmfrsm;jzpf
ygonf /
em;vnfrSwfrdEdkif&ef u,fwifjcif;pDrHudef;owif;pum;ESifh wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;
wdkYonf tjrJwrf;odomEdkifaomajrmfvifhjcif;{0Ha*vdowif;pum;pepfwpf&yfjzpfyg
onf/ þpHjytoif;awmfwGif tay;t,ln§dEIdif;jcif;r&Sdap&yg/ todw&m;owif;
pum;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;u cHpm;&onfrSm vlawGudkwynfhawmfrsm;
jzpfzdkY a,½Ic&pfawmfxHwGiftyfESHzdkY&mtaMumif;rSm atmufygtwdkif;yg0ifrI&Sdrnf/
1/ aus;Zl;awmfwpfckwnf;jzifhu,fwifjcif;&&Sdonf/
2/ a,½Itm; rdrdwdkY\u,fwif&SiftjzpfESifh ocifbk&m;tjzpfvufcH,ljcif;/
3/ u,fwifjcif;&&SdaMumif; tmrcHESifhvHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;atmifjrifjcif;udk c&pfawmfrS
wpfqifhaumif;uifEdkifiHawmf\Adrmefawmfü aemufqHk;aompD&ifcsuf\&v'f/
4/ aoNyD;aemufy dkif;wGif udk,fcE¨m\jyef vnf&SifjyefxajrmufrIudk 'kwd,tBudrf
jyefvnf<uvmrIwGifarQmfudk;jcif;? þtpm; ½kyfemrfr&Sd0dnmOfa&;wnf&SdrIudkrvdkvm;yg/
5/ vHk;0OóHkjyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;cH&aomudk,fcE¨m? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh 0dnmOfa&;
wdkYwGif pdwfydkif;qd kif&moefY&Sif;rIjyKvkyfjcif;? usef;rmpGmtouf&Sifaexdkifjcif;
304
owif;pum;ESifh trSefw&m;wdkYonf a,½IESifheuf½Idif;aomqufqHrI&Sdjcif;wdkYonf
OykofaeYudkapmifha&Smufjcif;jzpfonf/
6/ yk a&mzuf wd k Y\ trSe f w&m;wd kY u d k em;vnf j cif; ? 'Ha ,vES i f h Asm'dwf u srf ; wdk Y \
urÇmysufudef;a[mMum;csufwdkY\t"dyÜm,fudkem;vnfjcif;jzpfonf/ þyka&mzuf
rsm;pum;trS ef w&m;ud k e m;vnf j cif ;onf wynf h awmf tjzpf 0 if a &muf jcif; \
ta&;ygyHkudk uREfkyfwdkY\ocifbk&m;\<uvmawmfrljcif;twGufjyifqif&efvdktyf
ygonf /
tu,fíom uREfkyfwdkYonf txufazmfjyygtcsufajcmufcsufudkem;vnfcJh&aom
]]wynfhawmf}} a0g[m&udk a,½Iutvif;ay;í aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;\owif;
pum;jzifhcsJYxGifjcif;ESifhEIdif;,SOfrnfqdkvQif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\owif;pum;rSm
xl;jcm;pGmazmfjyjcif;&Sdí a,½IarQmfrSef;cJhaomwynfhawmftrsKd;tpm;udk&Sif;vif;jcif;&Sd
oG m;rnf/ ajrmf vif hjcif;toif; awmf onf jyóemwpf&yf rSm þtrSefw&m;rsm;udk
wpfckESifhwpfckoD;jcm;pGmwifjycJhonf/ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;\jzpfpOfESifhwGJí wpfpdwf
wpfykdif;jzpfaMumif; wGJírazmfjycJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
þtajccH a jcmufc suf E S i f hy wf o uf a omwynf h a wmf j zpf j cif ; oabmw&m;ud k
em;vnfí vlrsm;udkAwådZHcH,l&efzdwfac:í owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif
yg0if&efjzpfonf/ þtcsufrsm;udkvufcHjcif;onf vlrsm;u wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfvdk
jcif;udkazmfjyí a,½Itm; rdrdwdkY\ocifbk&m;tjzpf olwdkY\toufwmwGif&Sdapvdk
onf/ olwdkYonf t&m&mwdkif;udkpGefYvTwfí a,½IaemufodkYvdkufavQmufrnf/ "avh
xH k; pH tm;jzif h ajrmf v if hj cif ;toif ;awmf o nf {0Ha *vd owif ; pum;ud kwif j y&mü
þowif ;pum;od& Sd jcif;udk ig;ywfr Sck epf ywftxdjyKvkyf aom{0Ha*vdw&m;awmf
a[mMum;csufwifjyavh&Sdygonf/ þtpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm oifMum;ydkYcsa&;trIawmf
aqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ yka&mzufrsm;pum;udk&Sif;vif;jyaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;r[kwfyg/
yka&mzuf\pum;rsm;trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf ]]wynfhawmf}} a0g[m&udk o[Zmw
jzpfí þoifMum;csufonf pHjytoif;awmfrSvspfvsL½Ijcif;rjyKoifhyg/
odkY&mwGif þtcsufrsm;onf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;jzpfpOfonf tpom&Sdygao;
onf/ þtcsufrsm;a&muf&SdaomtcgrSm vlawGudkAwådZHay;Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif olwdkYonf
 305
a,½ItaMumif;udkod&Sd&ef tjrJwrf;oifMum;jcif;jyK&rnf/ þonfrSm BuD;rm;aom
apcdkif;csuf\aemufqHk;tqifhjzpfygonf/ olwdkYonf a,½ItrdefYawmf&Sdonfht&m
tm;vHk;udkaqmif&Guf&rnfrSm oifMum;rIjyK&rnf/ odkYrSom vGwfvyfrI&SdNyD; tjcm;
olrsm;udkvnf; wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkoifMum;Edkifygrnf/ þtcsufrSm arQmfvifhjcif;
wdkY\enf;pepfrSm ajrmuftar&duwGifysufuGufrI&Sdonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf
vlrsm;u owif; pum;todw&m;udkvufcHoGm;vQif usefo nfhwynfh awmfjzpf jcif;
tpOftvmusefonfhtydkif;wGif tvdktavsmufqufívmrnf[lí BuKd;yrf;rIr&SdbJESifh
,lqMuonf/ &v'frSmacgif;ESifhc&pf,mefjzpfjcif;jzpfrnf/ ESvHk;om;ESifhc&pf,mefrjzpf
cJhyg/ trSefw&m;udkodMuonf/ odkY&mwGif wu,fhtrSefw&m;udkrodMuyg/
ajrmfv if hj cif; toif ;awmfo nf toif; awmf \ta&SU 0ifa yguf ES if hy wf oufí
tvk yf aumif ;aumif ; vk yf Ed ki f cJ ho nf / ESp fp Of r Smaxmif aygif; rsm;pGmaomvl wd kY onf
toif;om;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ odkY&mwGif rsm;aomolwdkYonf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ü
AwådZHrcH,lrD jyifqifp&mvrf;ñTefrIxufausmfroGm;Muyg/ toif;awmfcyfrsm;rsm;rSm
&nf&G,fcsuftm;jzifh qufNyD;wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;ütpDtpOfr&SdMuyg/ xdktajctaewGif
vGefavNyD;aomtcsdef\t<uif;tusefjzpfygrnf/ xdktcsdefü tar&duefjynfolrsm;onf
rsm;aomtm;jzifh c&pf,mefrsm;jzpfMuonf/ odkYjzpfí tajccHc&pf,mefjzpfjcif;onf
toif;awmfrsm;odkY0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfonf[k,lqEdkifonf/ ,aeYwGif avmuDa&;&m
rsm;onf tar&du ef \½Ic if ;ud kv Tr f; rd k; jcif ;jyKaomtcgwGi f ajymif ;vJa omtopf
toif;om;rsm;onf toif ;awmfodkY0ifa&mufjcif;onf wpfcgrQtoif;awmfbk&m;
ausmif;rsm;ESifhawGYxdrIr&Sdaomolrsm;twGuf pHjytoif;awmfrsm;wGif tpDtpOfwpf&yf
taejzifh emcH&rnfhtrdefYwdkYudk wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;pnf;urf;udk topfaomc&pfawmf
udk,HkMunfjcif;twGufjyKvkyfay;oifhonf/
Rick Warren onf tMuH jyKcsuftqifhav;&yf udk wynf hawmf jzpfjcif;tpD tpOfudk
wifjyvmonf/ olonf abhpfabmupm;enf;udktoHk;jyKcJhonf/ yxrtajcpdkufodkY
ajy;jcif;onf c&pfawmfESifhtoif;awmftzGJY0iftjzpfuwdjyKjcif;? 'kwd,tajcpdkufwGif
c&pfawmfüBuD;xGm;vmrI&Sdjcif;ESifh 0dnmOfa&;pnf;urf;csufudk zGHYNzKd;wkd;wufjcif;? wwd,
tajcpdkufwGif rdrd\qkaus;Zl;&&Sdjcif;udkodjrifNyD; trIawmfaqmifjcif;udk ae&mcsxm;
jcif;jzpfonf/ pwkw¬rSm tdrftajcpdkufjzpfonf/ c&pfawmf\omoemvkyfief;twGuf
306
uwdjyKjcif ;ESifh tjcm;olrsm;udk&&Sdatmifaqmif&Guf jcif;jzpfonf/ ol\yef;wdkifrSm
tdrftajcpdkufod kYa&mufatmif ½dkuf csufemem½d kufí Mum;tajcpdkuf wdkYrSm rnfolrQ
rcsefxm;yg/
Warren ay;aomOyrmonf ajrmfvif h jcif ;toif ;om;rsm;twG uf Oyrmaumif ;
jzpfonf/ pHjytoif;awmfudkwnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
yxrtajcpdkufwGif txl;aumif;rGefpGmjyKvkyfEdkifonf/ tdrftajcpdkufwGif aumif;pGm
jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ wwd,tajcpdkufwGif tm;aysmhvsuf&Sdonf/ 'kwd,tajcpdkufwGif
vHk;0BuKd;pm;rIr&Sdyg/ odkYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIudk
'kwd,tajcpdkufzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmifjyKvkyf&rnf/ 'kwd,tajcpdkufzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmif
jyKvkyfrSom wwd,tajcpdkufESifhtdrftajcpdkufudk aumif;rGefpGmzGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmif
jyKvkyfEdkifrnf/ t"dyÜm,fonf vlrsm;udkwrifwumBuKd;pm;í 0dnmOfa&;pnf;urf;csuf
udkzGHYNzKd;atmifulnDay;&rnf/ uREfkyfwdkY\t,ltqrSm vlrsm;u rdrdzmomqkawmif;
jcif;ESifh or®musrf;pmudkavhvmEdkifonfudk,lqjcif;rSm&yfwefYNyD; olwdkYtm;ulnDrp
&rnf/ uREfky fwd kY\&nf& G,f csufrSm vG wfv yfa omc&pf,mef rsm;&&S dzd kY ygpwmrsm;
toH k ; jyKjcif ; r&S d v Qif topf a omajymif ; vJ v mol r sm;onf 0d n mOf a &;touf wm
aexdkifoGm;EdkifzdkY oifMum;ay;Edkif&rnf/ odkYr[kwfvQif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;
onf vlawGudk0 dnmOfa&;tpmtm[m&udk OykofaeYr eufrSm ygpwmrsm;rS&&Sd onfh
tpmtm[m&udktm;udk;rIjyK&ef oifMum;ay;vsuf&Sdygonf/ toif;awmfonf ygpwm
rsm;ESifhuif;atmif&SdzdkYqdkonfrSm vlrsm;udkyxroifMum;&rnfrSm 0dnmOfa&;toufwm
udkaeoGm;zdkYjzpfygonf/
þoifMum;rIrSm p,frDemtpnf;ta0;jzifhjyKvkyfEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif oifMum;rI
taumif;qHk;rSm wpfOD;csif;udk wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;udkoifMum;ay;&rnf/ wynfh
awmfjzpfjcif;q&mwpfOD;onf toufwmajymif;vJvmaomvlo pfudk or®musrf;pm
avhvmjcif;ESifhqkawmif;ay;jcif;jyKvkyfay;aomtcgrSm xdkolonf rQa0cHpm;jcif;udk
rd r d \ touf wmwG i f tvk y f j zpf j cif ; ud k r Qa0cH p m;Ed k i f o nf / þvd k 0 d n mOf a &;tpm
tm[m&auR;jcif;onf tzGJYi,ftm;jzifhvnf;jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/ jyKvkyfjcif;enf;onf
ta&;rBuD;yg/ jyKvkyf&efomjzpfygonf/ pHjytoif;awmfonf þrSmwGifwrifwum
jzpf&rnf/
 307 308

Warren tMuHjyKcJhovdk tajccH0dnmOfa&;toufwmudk zGHYNzKd;wdk;wufatmif awmfjzpfjcif;enf;vrf;rSm tjcm;olrsm;udkwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udkjyKvkyf&efjzpfonf/

jyKvkyfNyD;aomtcg vlwpfa,mufonf tjcm;aomtajcpdkufrsm;odkYcsOf;uyfoGm;Edkifyg þae&mrSm pma&;olonf Warren ESifhjiif;qdkrItwdkif;twmwpf&yfrSm jyKvkyfcsif
onf/ þvd kq uf íquf íwynfh awmf jzpf jcif ;onf atmuf azmf jyaomae&mu@ ygonf/ wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tvkyfvkyfolonf tajcpdkufESpfESifhoHk;wdkYudkjynfhpHk
tvdkufyg0if&rnf/ tm;vHk;aomtjzpfrSm 0dnmOfa&;toufwmudk aeoGm;zdkYjyKvkyf&rnf/ NyD;rSom tdrftajcpdkufudkpwifítvkyfvkyfzdkYr[kwfyg/ tjcm;olrsm;udk vufvSrf;
rSDatmifjyKvkyfjcif;onf tajcpdkufESpfESifhtajcpdkufoHk;udkjr§ifhwifay;Edkifonf/
1/ vlrsm;udkcsufcsif; jzifha o;i,faom? jyKpkapmifh a&Smufj cif;tzGJYwGif xm;&Sd& rnf/
5/ vl rsm;ud k o if M um;ay;&rnfr S m vuf wif q &mvcpm;ygpwmrsm;\vma&muf
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awGYqHkjcif;ESifh w&m;a[mcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf tjcm;ygpwmrsm;\w&m;a[mcsuf
jyKvkyf&rnf/ tzGJYi,frsm;üom 0dnmOfa&;toufwmonf oifMum;rIjyKí zGHYNzKd;
tay:ü rdrdwdkY\0dnmOfa&;toufwm\rSDcdk&mt&yftjzpfvufcH&rnf/ olwdkYwGif
wdk ;wufatmifjyKvkyfa y;Edki fonf/ toif; awmfo nf wpf OD;ESi fhwpf OD;uln Drp
touf&Sifjcif;tjzpf&Sd&rnf/ odkYjzpfí pHjytoif;awmfonf vlawGudkw&m;a[m
jcif;udkoifMum;ay;onfhtwGuf tzGJYi,fwGifyg0ifywfoufrIonf txl;vdktyf
csufwpfywfvQifwpfBudrfxufrrsm;aomw&m;a[mjcif;rsm;udkem;axmifoGm;&ef
vsuf&Sdonf/
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2/ vlrsm;u AwådZHjyKvkyfcsdefwGif trIawmfüpDrHay;&rnf/ vufwifjcif;jzifh "r®opf
tcsdefrsm;ü tywfpOfrsm;üw&m;a[mcsufr&SdbJESifh&Sdaumif;&Sdvdrfhrnf/ c&pf,mef
usrf; rSoGefoifc suft&jyKvkyfay;&rnf / vlrsm;u toif;awmfxJodkY0if a&muf
trsm;pkonf toif;awmfwufa&mufjcif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh w&m;a[mcsuf
aomtcgrSm olwdkY\todw&m;onf c&pfawmfrSm olwdkYudkaqmif&Guf&ef ac:awmfrl
rsm;em;axmif jcif;? aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;rsm;wufa&muf& jcif;&Sd í olwdk Yonf
aMumif;od&Sd&rnf/ olwdkYonf AwådZHcH,laomtcgrSm trIawmfxJodkY0ifa&mufí
trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk trSefwu,faqmif&Guf&ef tcsdefenf;enf;&SdMuonf/
tjypfuif;vGwfjcif;oauFwoufoufomr[kwfyg/
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odkY&mwGif olwdkY\qkaus;Zl;udk&SmazGawGY&Sdjcif;omrubJ olwdkYudktrIawmfwpfckckü
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toif;awmfESifhudkufnDonfh Ellen White u þt&mudkw&m;csufay:ürSDcdkjcif;
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rsm;rsm;rjyK&efajymoGm;onf/ a&S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfyifvQif/
aqmifjcif;onf c&pf,mefrsm;twGuf w&m;0ifjzpfonf[k,lq&rnf/
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onf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;rItay:ü opöm&Sdí aumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;wdkY\owif;pum;udk
a,½IqDodkYvma&mufaomtcgrSm vrf;yGifhjcif;udktcGifhaumif;,l&rnf/ vlrsm;u
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wpfOD;wpfa,muftm;jzifh wynfhawmfrjzpfao;yg/ tjcm;olrsm;udk wynfhawmf
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aomolonf xdkif½HkomjyKvkyfNyD; jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;udkcH&rnfr[kwfyg/ olwdkYtm; oGm;a&mufEdkifatmif olwdkYcsOf;uyfrIyHkpHudkjyifqifí vlwdkif;twGuftqifajyrI&Sdum
tjcm;aomolrsm;udka&muf&Sdatmif tvkyfrsm;udkcdkif;&rnf/ taumif;qHk;wynfh c&pf awmfxHod kYac:aqmifEdki fvdrfhrnf/ Wesley \tarGtESp ft&? vlrsm;qDudk
 309
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csufrsm;udktavQmhtwif;rjyKvkyfbJESifh vltrsKd;rsKd;wdkYESifhqufqHa&;udkn§dEIdif;rI
&&Sdrnfr[kwf/
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jzpfonf/ olonf jrifhjrwfaomtoif;awmfBuD;\t&omudkcHpm;&wwf
onf/ odkY&mwGif ol\BuKdufES pfoufrIu dkrsKdo dyfNyD; t*Fvef\omref
olwdk Yt&ufa omuf jcif ;wnf; cd kc ef ;rSmqd kM uaom"r® aw;oDc sif; rsm;ud k
pyfqdkcJhonf/ a,m[efonfvnf; uEÅm&vGifjyifrSm bk&m;ausmif;rwuf
zl;aomvlrsm;udk oHk;q,foHk;ESpfrQw&m;a[mcJhonfrSm ol\0efcHcsufonf
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cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif uREfkyf\apcdkif;csufudkem;vnfygonf/ tjcm;aom
enf;tm;jzifh {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk owå0gwdk if; udk w&m;a[mEdk if& ef
tjcm;aomenf;vrf;r&Sdyg/}}
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toif;awmf\bwf*sufaiG? ygpwm\tcsdeftcgrSmESifh toif;om;rsm;\tcsdefwGif
ay:vmvdrfhrnf/
toif;awmfjzpfvQif c&pfawmf\toif;awmfjzpf&rnf/ c&pfawmf\
toif;awmfjzpfvQif vlwdkif; twGufjzpf&rnf/ odkYjzpfvQif tjyifwGif
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onfr[kwfbJ uREfk yf wdk Y\ac:awmfrl jcif; trI wGi f omoemjyKjcif;udk
rnfrQNyD;ajrmufatmifaqmif&GufEdkifonfudktajz&Sm&rnf/ ]]vIyf&Sm;rIESifh
BuD;us,fcrf;em;rI}} onf uREfkyfwdkYtwGufr[kwfyg/ olYtwGufjzpfygonf/
Wesley onf vuf w if t crf ; tem;pH c sd e f u d k Clergy rsm;onf
wrefawmfrsm;\toif;awmfwdkY\omoemjyKjcif;tvkyfudkaqmif&Gufap
ygonf / trS e f tm;jzif h toif ; awmf wpf ck v H k ;\tzG JY tpnf; rsm;onf
310
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uREfk yfwdkY udk owday;p&m&S donfrS m rufo 'pf enf ;pepf onf wpfck ESi fh
wpfckul;pufaomvIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfaomtcgwGif w&m;a[mq&mrsm;
onf tcsuf t csmae&mrsm;wG i f c ef Y t yf j cif ; cH & í wref a wmf r sm;\
vIyf&Sm;rI&nfrSef;csufwdkYudkjr§ifhwifí tcaMu;aiGarQmfrSef;jcif;r&Sd? &mxl;
wdk;jr§ifhjcif;r&Sd? odu©mwdk;jr§ifhjcif;wdkYudk arQmfrSef;csufrsm;vnf;r&SdcJhyg/
3/ BuD ; rm;onf h a pcd k i f ; csuf u d k j znf h q nf ; ay;rnf h toif ; awmf \ tav;xm;rI r S m
ta&;BuD;ygonf/ toif;awmftopfrsm;vnf;xlaxmifoGm;&ef tav;xm;&yg
rnf/ a,½I\trdefYawmfonf toif;awmfrsm;udk wGef;tm;ay;í topfrsm;udk
qufwdkufxlaxmifoGm;&ef topfaomvlrsKd;tkyfpkwdkYwGifwdkufwGef;oGm;ygonf/
BuD;rm;onfhcdkif;apcsufESifhaumif;uifwrefoHk;yg;wdkY\owif;pum;rSm awmif;qdk
vsuf&Sdonf/ þapcdkif;csufonf tav;xm;rnfqdkvQif toif;awmfwdkif;onf
q,fESpfwpfBudrf rdrdwdkYtoif;om;OD;a&udkododomomjyefvnfyGm;rsm;jcif;rjyK/
rjyKEdkifygu opömr&Sdonf udk,lq&rnf/ jcGif;csuftaejzifh awme,frsm;wGif
vlO D ;a&rxl xyf aomae&mrsm;jzpf o nf / þae&mrsm;üvnf; toif; om;rsm;
wdk;yGm;&rnf/
4/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufrsm;udk opöm&SdpGmBuD;xGm;vsuf&Sdaomtoif;awmfrsm;wGif
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk trSefwu,fjyKvkyfaomtoif;awmfrsm;wGif toif;awmf\
y&dowfwdkYudkMunfh½Iapmifha&Smuf&ef vcpm;trIaqmif Clergy rsm;vdktyfawmh
rnfr[kwfyg/ þtoif;awmf\y&dowfonf rdrdwdkY\ygpwmrsm;udk vGwfvyf
cGifhay;NyD; topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmifcGifhay;NyD; urÇmodkY{0Ha*vd
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ygpwmrsm;onf rdrdwdkY\omreftoif;om;rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmavhusifhoifMum;
NyD;í ygpwmrsm;onf tvkyfvufrJhjzpfoGm;Edkifygonf/ Dr. D. James Kennedy
tjrif&SdonfrSm 0dnmOfa&;&SmazGolwpfOD;udk avhusifhoifay;&onfrSm 0dnmOfa&;
wpfckudk&&Sdonfxufydkrdkta&;BuD;ygonf/
 311
þtcef;BuD;rSmjyooGm;aomtcsuftvufwdkYonf yxrtydkif;wGifwifjycJhaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifhnDnGwfrI&Sdonf/ tu,fíom ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
bk&m;ocifu olwdkYudktrSefwu,folwdkYtm;vlwpfpkudk ocifbk&m;<uvmawmfrljcif;
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azmfjycJhaomtcef;u@vnf;yg0ifrnfjzpfonf/ þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udkazmfxkwf&mü
toif;awmftoD;oD;wGif enf;trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHkazmfxkwfEdkifonf/ odkY&mwGif rnfonfh
tcsufrsm;rScsefxm;ír&Edkifyg/ bk&m;ocifawmif;qdkcJhaomt&mrsm;udk NyD;ajrmuf
apvd kvQif þaemufq Hk;aeY &ufrsm;wGif urÇm\ordkif;csKyfNid rf;csd efwGif NyD;ajrmuf
atmifaqmif&Guf&rnf/ pHjytoif;awmfonf tjrif&SdonfrSm þtcsuftm;vHk;udk
yg0ifrI&Sdygonf/
owåraeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;onf omoemjyKjcif;vIyf&Sm;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/
azmfxkwfjcif;onf tajcpdkuf&mwGifvnf; jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;onf omoemjyKjcif;
awG;yHkawG;enf;jzifhazmfxkwfcJhonf/ toif;awmfonf BuD;xGm;vmNyD; &ifhusufaom
tcgrS m þawG;yH kawG;enf;rSm aysmuf qHk;oGm;rnfudkpdk; &drf&ygonf / ,cktcsd efrSm
ol\ordkif;tcsdefwGifaysmufqHk;oGm;rnfqdkvQif 'ku©a&mufaprnf/ bk&m;ocifonf
toif ; awmf u d k a c:&mü trI y suf a tmif r ac:qd k y g/ ol a c:&jcif ; onf opö m&S d p G m
omoemNyD;ajrmufatmifjzpfonf/
toif; awmf \ "r® o pf u srf ; ½k y f yH k a wmf rsm;onf wnf a qmufy H k ?
zGJYpnf;rI? odkYwnf;r[kwf taqmuftODrsm;udkuefYuGufírajymqdkcJhyg/
toif;awmfonf þxufrutav;xm;íqdkygonf/ ouf&Sdt&m0w¬K
wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ usef;rma&;ESifhjynfhpHkrnf? odkYwnf;r[kwf zsm;emjcif;
&S dr nf / aoEdk i f y gonf / od k Y aomf touf &S i f v suf & S da omocif b k& m;
tkyfpdk;rI&Sdonf/ BuD;xGm;EdkifrIESifh rdrdudk,fudkyGm;rsm;Edkifygonf/ toif;awmf
BuD;xGm;rIonf obm0jzpfonf/ obm0vGefuJrIvnf;&Sdonf/ toif;awmf
onftouf&Sifvsuf&Sdonf/
toif;awmfonf touf&Sifvsuf&Sdonf/ touf&Sifusef;rmonfrSm ESpfq,f
&mpkukeftxd&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif n§dEIdif;rIrsm;jyKvkyfay;&ef touf&SifEdkifzdkYjzpfonf/
312
bmoma&;,H k M unf c suf tm;jzif h omoemjyKjcif ; trI a wmf v rf ; pOf r S r pG e f Y c G m &yg/
touf & S i f E d k i f & ef omoemjyKjcif ; vrf ; rS r cG m&yg/ tjrJ w apowd & apjcif ; onf
wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;trIü&Sdygonf/ rnfonfht&mrsm;urQ bk&m;ociftoif;awmf\
tcsde fESifh*½kp dkufrIudktcsdefjzKef;jcif;rjyK&yg/ rMumrD<uvmawmhrnfhocifb k&m;\
tjzpfonf toif;awmftm;opöm&SdoGm;&ef aemufqHk;em&DtcsdefrSmac:qdkvsuf&Sdygonf/
þpma&;olrSm arQmfvifhjcif;tm;jzifhomoemjyKjcif;trdefYawmfonf toif;awmftm;
vdktyfvsuf&SdaomzGJYpnf;yHkajymif;vJjcif;udk aemuftydkif;wGiftMuHjyKjcif;&Sdonftwdkif;
jyKvkyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[líarQmfvifh&ygonf/
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pHjytoif;awmf\omoûyjcif;tcef;u@wnfaqmufykHESifh wynfhjzpfjcif;onf
pHerlemjzpfaomygpwmtm;udk;rIr½dSjcif;ESifh tjyeftvSeftm;udkrI½Sdc&pf,meftwGif;wGif½Sdaom
tajctaeudk þpmwef;wGifaz:jyonfhtwdkif; vufcHrnfjzpfygonf/ toif;awmf\
wnfaqmufykHrSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\omoemûyjcif;udk axmufcHoGm;vdrfhrnf?
c&pfawmf\omoemûyjcif;udk t[efYtwm;rjzpfEdkifyg/ þpHNyjzpfaomygpwmtm;udk;rI
r½Sdaomtoif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif; rSDcdktm;udk;rIwdkYonf cGJr&atmifaygif;pnf;jcif;½Sdonfh
twGuf? ESpfckpvkH;udkþtydkif;wGif vufcH½Sif;vif;oGm;rnf/
þpHjyvIyf½Sm;rIwpf&yfodkY csOf;uyfaomtcg a'o½Sdtoif;awmfrsm;tqifhwGif
wnfaqmufykHtopfudk zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmif ûyvkyf&ygrnf? tzGJUi,fudkqdkvdkonf/
tzGJUi,foabmw&m;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;\toif;om;rsm;\ tawG;tac:wGif
0ifa&mufjcif;r½Sdyg? þzufodkYajymif;vJoGm;&ef tBudrfBudrfBudK;pm;rI½Sdaomvnf; vufcHjcif;
r½SdMuyg/ þtajctaejzpf&jcif;taMumif;&if;ESpf&yf½Sdygonf? tar&duefvlrsKd;wdkY\
woD;y*¾v½Sdjcif;aMumifhjzpfygonf/ yxrtaMumif;t&mjyóemonf vlrIqufqHa&;udk
tajccHygonf/ toif;awmfonfvnf; vlrsm;udktodynmay;jzif;jzifh or®musrf;pmESifhtnD
vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;udk wnfaqmuf&ef½Sdonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm wnfaqmufykHjyóem
jzpfonf/ toif;awmfonfþjyóemudk udk,fwG,fajz½Sif;&rnf/ ygpwmwOD;udk
 313
tajccHûypkapmifha½Smufoltjrif½Sdí toif;om;rsm;onf tzGJUi,fESifhyg0ifywfowfrI
rvd k a Mumif ; cH p m;Mu&onf / pma&;q&m\cH ,l c suf r S m tzG J U i,f r [mAsL[mud k
taumiftxnfaz:jcif;onf rjzpfEdkifao;yg/ toif;awmfonf "r®opfusrf;ykHpHudk
trIaqmif clergy taetxm;udkavhusif hay;ol? todynmay;ol tjzpf ESif hvufc Hí?
omreftoif;om;rsm;udk trIaqmifjcif;vkyfief;wdkYudk aqmif½Gufolrsm;tjzpf vufcHrSom
taumiftxnfaz:Edkifrnf/
tjcm;aomjyóemwpfckrSm tzGJUi,frsm;taumiftxnfaz:&mü ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;om;rsm;onf qufqHa&;½SdaomtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfvdktyfcsufrsm; tjrifr½SdMuyg/
ol wdkY \cH pm;csuf rSm tzG JUi,ftpnf;ta0;onf tody nmay;jcif; tawG UtBuHKudk
aqmif½Gufay;&rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;tzGJU\ pOf;pm;OmPfrSm wpfckckudkoifMum;ír&vQif?
tusKd;aus;Zl;rûyEdkifyg/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf or®musrf;pmESifh Ellen White
\tBuHûycsufrsm;udk ynmay;rIvdktyfayrnf/ vlwpfukd,fvkH\zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIonf
0dnmOfa&;aomvnf;aumif;? ynmtodOmPfüaomfvnf;aumif;? udk,fcE¨mt&aomf
vnf;aumif;? ESifhvlrIa&;t&aomvnf;aumif; wdk;wuf&vdrfhrnf/ a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmfonf þvdktyfcsufrsm;udk vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;jzifh &½SdcJhygonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;tzGJUi,f\ prf;oyfrItrsm;onf ysufcJh&ygonf/ taMumif;rSm
tzGJUi,fwdkYonf tpDtpOfopfwpf&yf ½Sd&if;pGJtpDtpOfwpf&yfwGif aygif;xnfhjcif;om
jzpfonf[k,lqMuonf/ odkYjzpfívlrsm;u 0efykdíydjcif;ESifh tzGJUi,fESifhpdwfysuf&m
a&mufoGm;onf/ topfaomykHpHerlemodkY "r®opfusrf;ykHpHESifhtnD tzGJUi,ftoif;awmfudk
zGJUpnf;í toif;awmf\a½G;cs,f&eftpDtpOfr[kwfbJ tzGJUi,ftoif;awmfyifvQifjzpf&rnf/
tzGJUi,ftoif;awmfwGif0ifa&muf&eftwGuf rdrdonftzGJUi,fwGif yg0ifjcif;r½SdbJ
0ifa&muf&efrjzpfEdkifyg/ toif;awmf\toufwmwavQmufvkH;rSm tzJGUi,frStpûycJhonf/
zGJUpnf;ykHonf tzGJUi,fjzifhtajccHûyonf/ tpDtpOfwpf&yftajccHjcif;r[kwfyg/ þykHpHonf
Ralph Neighbour rS az:jycJ h onf/ zG JYpnf ;wnf aqmuf rIonf yk H pH tm;jzif h Carl George
uvnf;az:jyoGm;onf/
tzGJUi,ftoif;awmfwGif? ûypkapmihfa½Smufjcif;wm0efwdkYonf tzGJU0iftkyfpkwdkYrS
aqmif½Gufay;onf? ygpwmr[kwfyg/ þodkYûyjcif;rSm ygpwmrsm;udkvGwfvyfrIay;NyD;
tzGJUi,facgif;aqmifrsm;udkûypkí {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfwGif yg0ifvIyf½Sm;rIûyoGm;apygonf/
314
þtzGJUrsm;onf ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;udk ay;aqmifjcif;ûyvQif? olwdkYonfqufqHa&;
½Sd&rnf/ tjcm;aomavhusifhrIwpf&yfynm&½Sdjcif;wpf&yfr[kwf&yg/ ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif ; om;rsm;onf w&m;a[monf r sm;vG e f ; \? ynmay;cH & onf r sm;vG e f ; \/
,aeYajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf t"dubmoma&;vIyf½Sm;rIonf Nidrfvsuf½Sdonf/
w&m;a[mcsufaomvnf;aumif;? tpnf;ta0;wpf&yfwGif em;axmifíaomfvnf;aumif;
NyD;vQifarhoGm;vsuf½Sdygonf/ tzGJUi,fonf tjcm;rsm;jym;onfhwm0efxrf;aqmif&onfh
vltenf;i,frsm;wGif aygif;xnfhír&Edkifyg/ þtzGJU0ifrsm;onf wm0efavQmhay;í
olwdkYonfvnf; ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;udkvnf;ay;Edkif&rnf/
tzG J U i,f tajccH j yKaom toif ; awmf o nf rnf o nf h tjrif r sKd ; ½S d y goenf ; /
pJvftzGJUi,fonf tajccHwnfaqmufjcif;ypönf;rsm;jzpfonfhtavsmuf? toif;awmf
pJvfonf tajccHwnfaqmufjcif;\ toif;awmftoufwmjzpfygonf/ tpDtpOfwpf
tajccHaomtoif;awmfwGif? tywfpOf0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif; tpDtpOfudkwufa&mufEdkifNyD;
toif;awmf\ tpDtpOfudkyg0ifywfoufrIr½SdbJjzpfEdkifonf/ pJvftzGJUi,ftajccHonfh
toif;awmfwGif yg0ifrIr½SdbJ rjzpfEdkifyg/
tajccHpJvftzGJUi,f\zGJUpnf;rIonf tzGJUi,fpJvf\twGif;rSm vIyf½Sm;vsuf½Sdygonf/
pJvftzGJU0ifrsm;onf pka0;Muí tcsdefwef0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;jyKvkyfrnf/ odkY&mwGif
toif;awmf\toufwmonf tzGJUi,fpJvfwGif pka0;íjzpfonf? 0wfjyKjcif;tpDtpOf
r[kwfyg/ tywfpOftdrfokdYr[kwf ½kH;\pJvftkyfpktpnf;ta0;onf 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;tcsdef
touf wmrQa0jcif ; twG UtBuH Krsm;? wm0ef,l rI tp½S do nfwdk Y ud k jyKvk yf Muonf /
xd k tpnf ; ta0;rsm;u&½S d a om tif tm;rsm;onf pJ v f tk y f p k i,f tzG J U 0if r sm;onf
trIa wmf aqmif trsKd ;rsKd ;ud k uruxjyKMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ? bk& m;ocifo nf
pJv ftk yf pk wpf ck u dk OD ; aqmif í t&ufp GJ ol r sm;jyef vnf usef ; rmatmif jyKaomtk yf pk ?
tjcm;aomtk yfpk wpf ckonf vifr,m;jywfpJ jcif ;rS jyefvnf xlaxmif jcif ;tky fpku dk
uruxjyKjcif;/ a½G;cs,fcJhaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfonf pJvftkyfpk\pdwf0ifpm;rI
tay:rSm rlwnfjcif;½Sdrnf? vlrItzGJUtpnf;tkyfpk\vdktyfcsuftay:ürlwnfjcif;½Sdygrnf/
tkyfpki,fonf wpfcgwpf&Hjzpf&yfwpfckudk OD;aqmifrIjyKvdrfhrnf? zdktm;cHjcif;'Pf tpnf;ta0;
wpf&yfudk usif;yvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGifqufvufízdtm;ay;jcif;cH&aomolrsm;twGuf
tNrJwrf;trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfESpfxlaxmif&rnfjzpfonf/ &nf½G,fcsufrSm þvlrsm;udk
 315
ykHrSefpJvftpnf;ta0;odkY aygif;pnf;Edkif&efjzpfonf/ jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;tkyfpkonf
tydkaqmif;tpnf;ta0;rsm;jzpfonf? tywfpOfodkYr[kwf vpOftpnf;ta0;rsm;jzpfonf/
pJv ftzG JU0ifrsm;tm;vkH; onf wufa &muf jcif ;½Sd rnfr S[kwfrnf jzpf onf? odk Y&mwGif
xdkoD;jcm;aomtkyfpkpJvf\ t"dutrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;jzpfrnf/
pJvftkyfpkrsm;BuD;xGm;vmí rsm;jym;aomtcgrSm? topfaompJvftkyfpkrsm;onf
topfaomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk urduxjyKjcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf rdcifpJvftkyfpkukd
ulnDaomtm;jzifh xdkxlaxmifjcif;trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkif&ef
tultnDay;jcif;jzpfygonf/ þokdYtm;jzifh trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;onf BuD;xGm;vmí?
okdYwnf;r[kwftoif;awmf\trIawmfonf us,fjyefYvmí topfaome,fy,frsm;odkY
BuD ; xG m ;vmEd k i f y gonf / pJ v f t k y f p k w pf c k o nf trI a wmf a qmif j cif ; vk y f i ef ;
wpfckwnf;aomvkyfief;rsm;r½SdonfhtwGuf vlawGutvkyfrsm;NyD; 'PfcH&onfukd
r½Sdawmhyg/ taMumif;rSm toif;awmfonfrdrdwdkY\ trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk
xdkvlrsm;udkxyfcgwvJ tokH;jyKjcif;r½Sdawmhyg/ trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk pJvftwGif;rSm
jzpfwwfaomtajctaersm;onf uefYowfcsufr½Sd trIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk csJUxGifí
tylavmifjcif;rcH&yg/
jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;tkyfpkrS vlrsm;uykHrSefpJvftkyfpktpnf;ta0;okdY a½GUvsm;aom
tcgES i f h c&pf , mef t ay:ü pd wf 0 if p m;rI j yaomtcgES i h f toif ; awmf taMumif ;
pdwf0ifpm;rIjyaomtcgwGif pJvftzGJU0ifwpfOD;onf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;qkaus;Zl;½Sdaom
olonf vlwpfOD;csif;tm; or®musrf;pmudkavhvmjcif;? odkYwnf;r[kwf {0Ha*vdw&m;awmf
tpnf;ta0;odkYzdwfac:jcif;? odkYr[kwfya&mzufwdkY\aqG;aEG;cef;odkYzdwfac:í xdkyk*¾Kvftm;
owif;pum;ESifhywfoufí oifMum;ay;vdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif xdkyk*¾Kvf\jyKpkapmifha½Smufjcif;
onf pJvftkyfpktwGif;rSm cHpm;&½Sdygonf/ ,kHMunfjcif;pdwfonf tajccHtm;jzifh
pJvftkyfpktwGif;rSmjzpfcJhygonf/
pJvftkyfpktajccHaomtoif;awmfwGif½Sdaom pJvftkyfpkrsm;onfomoemjyKjcif;
wGef;tm;vkH;0½Sdygonf/ tm;vkH;aompJvfrsm;onf wpfESpfwpfBudrfonfpJvftkyfpkopfrsm;
xk wf v k yf r I ½S d v Qif a umif ; ygrnf/ pJ vf tk yf p k twl wuGa eNyD ; yG m;rsm;jcif ; rjyKvQif
rsm;aomtm;jzihf qkwf,kwf vmNyD; toif ;awmftwG uftm;enf; rI jzpf oG m;onf/
,kHMunfrI½Sdaom tkyfpkwdkif;rSm wdk;yGm;½Sd&rnfrSmpJvfrsm;rSpwifcsdefrSm uwdjyKjcif;½Sd&rnf/
316
pH j ytoif ; awmf \ wnf a qmuf r I w G i f ? axmuf c H t m;ay;aomtajccH o nf
tk y f p k a cgif ; aqmif r sm;twG u f v d k t yf r nf j zpf y gonf / þvd k t yf c suf r S mvuf ½ S d
acgif ; aqmif r sm;ES i f h topf a omacgif ; aqmif r sm;twG u f avh u sih f o if M um;rI r sm;
qufwdkufjyKvkyfay;&rnf/ þtvkyfwm0efrSm trIaqmifocl lergy wdkY\wm0efjzpfvdrfhrnf/
us,fjyefYaomae&mrsm;wGif tkyfpki,ftrsm;tjym;½SdMuonf? txdkiftrIawmfaqmifjcif;clergy
wpf OD;onf trsm;tjym;½S daom tkyfp ki,fwdkYud k quf wkduf avhu sifho ifMum;rIES ifh
tay:pD ;BuD ;Muyfr Iu dk vdk tyfy gvdr fh rnf/ tky fp ki ,f trsm;\tpnf ;ta0;rsm;wGi f
BuD;BuyfrI½Sd&rnf/ þBuD;rm;aompka0;rIudk tywfpOf?vpOf? odkYt[kwfokH;vvQifwpfBudrf
jyKvkyf&rnf/ ta&;rBuD;yg? BuD;rm;aompka0jcif;r[kwfbJ tkyfpki,fonftoif;awmf\
toufaoG;aMumjzpfygonf/
txufaz:jyygjrifuGif;onf txkdifygpwmwpfOD;udk xdef;odrf;zdkYvdktyfvdrfhrnf/
odkY&mwGif toif;awmfrsm;\qufqHa&;onf ajymif;vJoGm;í tcef;u@rSmvnf;
or®musrf;pmvlYtzGJUtonf;wpf&yfESifh ajrmfvifhjcif;tarGtESpfESifhtnD ½SdoGm;vdrfhrnf/
ygpwmwpf O D ; onf wpf a e&mrS m ½S d a omtcgwG i f tywf p Of t oif ; om;rsm;\
Munhf½Iapmifha½Smufjcif;r[kwfbJ tkyfpkrsm;udkBuD;Muyfjcif;½SdaMumif; tjrif½Sdygvdrfhrnf/
þus,fjyefYaome,fajrrsm;onf tzGJUi,ftrsm;tjym;½Sdonfjzpf&m? toif;awmfonf
arma½SuJhodkYaomwnfaqmufrItaxmuftyHhrsm;udk arma½Sonf a,mu©ra,oa,m
tBuHjyKouJhodkY aqmif½Guf&mwGif vlta&twGufrsm;vGef;í vlq,fOD;wpfpk? ig;q,fwpfpk?
wpf&mwpfpk? wpfaxmifrsm;pGmaomtpkwdkY\ acgif;aqmifrsm;udkcefYxm;cJhonf/ þykHpHwGif
vlq,fOD;acgif;aqmifonf tzGJUi,f\acgif;aqmifjzpfrnf? vlig;q,f\acgif;aqmifonf
omreftoif;om;jzpfí tzGJUi,fq,fpk\acgif;aqmifrsm;udk BuD;Buyf&rnf? vlwpfaxmif
acgif;aqmifonf rsm;aomtm;jzifh trIaqmif clergy jzpfí vlig;q,fESifhwpf&mwdkY\
acgif;aqmifrsm;udkBuD;Muyfí avhusifhoifMum;ay;ygrnf/
Ralph Neighbour onf þtzG J U i,f y k H p H ud k p nf ; ½k H ; zG J U pnf ; &ef enf ; vrf ;
aemufwpfrsKd;udk zGJUpnf;&efurf;vSrf;ygonf? tjcm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;onfvnf;½SdtkH;rnf/
þpmwrf;avhvmcsufrSm zGJUpnf;rIykHpHrsm;udk EIdufEdIufcRwfcRwfavhvm&efr[kwfyg/
tjcm;olrsm;u jynhfpkHpGmjyKvkyfoGm;cJhNyDjzpfonf/ þpmwrf;onf tzGJUi,fpJvftoif;awmf
ykHpHonf uGufuGufuGif;uGif;cif;jyí þykHpHonf taumif;qkH;aomenf;vrf;jzpfí
 317
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmftwGuf or®musrf; pmESifhordkif;tarGtESpfESifhudkufnDaom
enf;pepfjzpfaMumif; az:jy&ygonf/ pma&;olrSm tzGJUi,fomvQif þuJhodkYaom
&nf½G,fcsufjzifh ajymqdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg? okdY&mwGif½SdcJhorQaom tBuHjyKcsuftxJrSm?
ajrmf v if h ; jcif ; toif ; om;wd k Y \ tajctjrpf E S i f h t eD ; pyf q k H ; jzpf o nf / a'o½S d
toif;awmfrsm;onf qufqHa&;udktajccHoGm;onfhtoif;awmf? ygpwmrsm;udkrSDcdk
tm;xm;jcif ; r½S d a om toif ; awmf r sKd ; ud k jyef v nf wnf a qmuf j cif; enf ; vrf ; ud k
toif;awmftvdkufqkH;jzwf&rnfjzpfygonf/ þtcsufwGif ajymqdkvdkonfrSm tzGJUi,fonf
zG J Upnf ; yk H onf tcsuftjcmtv,f A [k d j zpf y gonf / toif ; awmf \ touf wmrS m
tzGJUi,fwGifpdkufxl&ygrnf/
tzGJUi,fwGifbmjzpfcJhoenf;/ or®musrf;pmESifhtnD tzGJUi,fwGifzGJUpnf;jcif;cH&aom
toif;awmfrsm;onf qufqHa&;½Sdrnfjzpfonf/ toif;om;rsm;rSm or®musrf;pmudk
tzGJUi,fwGifavhvm&ygrnf? odkY&mwGif qufqHa&;jyóemrsm;udk vspfvsL½Ijcif;rjyKyg/
trS e f r S m quf q H a &;jyóemrsm;onf tzG J U i,f wG i f t"d u tyk d i f ; touf ½ S i f j cif ;
ywfoufrI½Sdrnf/ þoabmrsKd;tm;jzifh olwdkYonfa½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;wdkY\
vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;uJhodkYyifjzpfvdrhfrnf/ xdktcsdeftcgrSmqdkvQif toif;awmfrsm;onf
ykHrSefw&m;a[mq&mrsm;r½SdcJhyg/ þtpm;,kHMunfolrsm;onf awGUqkHMuí or®musrf;pmudk
Oykof pmajzausmif;wGif avh vmMuygonf/ aemuf NyD; vQif vlrI a&;tpnf ;ta0;udk
wufa&mufjcif;onf vkH;0qufqHa&;jzpfonf/ tem*wftcsdeftcgrSm or®musrf;pm\
toif;awmfwGif tzGJUi,fwdkYonf bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmftm;jzifh avhvmjcif;
jyKoGm;rnf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf or®musrf;pmudkavhvmjcif;udk vspfvsL½Ijcif;
rjyKEdkifyg/ toif;awmfonf or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;udk rpGefYvTwf&yg? qufqH&;½SdzdkYtwGuf
rpGefYvTwf&yg? toif;awmfudk or®musrf;pmESifhtnD½SdzdkY qufqHa&;udkvnf; rpGefYvTwf&yg/
þodkYjyKvQif or®musrf;pmESifhOD;ñTwfjcif;r½Sdawmhyg/
tzGJUi,ftkyfpkwGif jrifuGif;ESpf&yfonf touf½SifaexdkifrI½Sdjcif;udk az:jyEdkifygonf/
yxrtcsufrSm toif;awmfonf udk,fydkiftaqmuftOD;½Sdí toif;om;rsm;rSm OykOaeYwdkif;
awGUqkHMuonf/ toif;om;rsm;udk bk&m;ocif\EIwfuywfawmftm; Oykofpmajzausmif;
wGifavhvmrIjyK&ef tm;ay;wdkufwGef;onf/ Oykofpmajzausmif;wGif tzGJUi,fESpfck? okH;ck
½Sdvd rfhrnf? wpfzefolwdk Yonf ykdrd kBuD;aomOykofpmajzausmif;twef;rsm;pkaygif;í
318
wufMurnf/ þtzGJUi,frsm;onf rlvtzGJUrSBuD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpfrnf/ Oykofpmajzausmif;
twef;rsm;onf tcsdefudkuefYowfay;í olwdkYwpfzefjyefvmaomtcgrSm olwdkYonf
pkaygif;írdwfo[m&zGJUEdkifMuonf/ tkyfpkrsm;onf wpfzefAdrmefawmfwGif pk½kH;Muí
0d nmOfj znfhq nf ;zd kY twlwuG 0wf jyKud k; uG,fM uonf/ ol wd kY onf tzGJ Ui,fr sm;ü
cGeftm;jznfhay;jcif;cH&í 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;tcsdefü bk&m;ocifudkcsD;rGrf;axmremjyKjcif;
jzpfvdrfhrnf/ ,kHMunfolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifudkcsD;rGrf;jcif;onf 0nmOfa&;toufwmudk
c&pfawmfüaomfvnf;aumif;? tcsif;csif;üaomfvnf;aumif;? touf½SifcGifhay;onfh
twG u f a Mumif h j zpf o nf / w&m;a[mcsuf v nf ; em;axmif M u&rnf ? od k Y &mwG i f
OykofaeYtrsm;wGif tzGJUi,frsm;wGif olwdkY\0dnmOfa&;toufwmü tzGJUi,fwGifrQa0cHpm;
Mu&rnfjzpfygonf/ {nfhonfrsm;rSm 0wfjyKudk;uG,fcsdefwGif wufa&mufMurnfr[kwfyg?
yxrtcsdefjzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm olwdkYonftzGJUi,frSpwifí 0ifa&mufvmrnfjzpfonf/
odkYjzpfí OykofaeYreufrSm yxrtBudrf0ifa&mufvmaom{nfhonftenf;i,fom½Sdrnf/
þtoif;awmf\toufwmwGif trSeftm;jzifh tzGJUi,fwGifpwifcJhonf/ tzGJUi,f\
toif;om;jzpfjcif;rSm a½G;cs,f&mwpf&yfr[kwfyg/ Ellen White t&dyfta&mifjycJhonf/
c&pf,mefwpfOD;taejzifh vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;wGif wufa&mufcJholjzpfygonf/ þuJhodkY
jzpfygu? c&pf,mefwpfOD;onf tzGJUi,fwGif y0ifywfowfrIr½SdbJESifh c&pf,mefwpfOD;jzpfjcif;
udkpOf;pm;í r&Edkifyg/
þtoif ; awmf \ tzG J U i,f r sm;onf tywf p Of M um;wG i f toif ; om;rsm;\
aetdrfrsm;ESifhawGUqkHMuonf/ tcsdefwpfem&DcGJrS ESpfem&DtcsdefwGif? tzGJU0ifrsm;onf
tpmt[m&udkrQa0pm;MuNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;&ifESD;rI½Sdatmif ûyvkyfMuonf/ olwdkYonf
vGefcJhonfhtywfwGif olwdkY\toufwmü rnfonfht&mrsm;jzpfcJhonftaMumif;udk
ajymMuonf/ vlrsm;u wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;yGifhvif;Muygonf/ wm0ef,lrI½SdMuonf/
wpfOD;aomtoif;olonf t&ifuajymcJhonfrSm olronf tvkyfXmewGif a'gorenf;
csKyf wD ; cJ h & onf ? þawG U qk H y G J r S m aemuf w pf O D ; u ñS i f o mpG mar;vd k u f o nf r S m
½kef;uefcsKyfwD;jcif;ESifhywfoufí b,fvdkjzpfcJhovJ[kar;\/ wpfpkHwpf&mr½Sdyg/
,kHMunfrItjynfhESifhar;olonf olr\taMumif;&if;udk*½kpdkufí pdwf0ifpm;rI½SdaMumif;
olrb,fvdkajz½Sif;cJhaMumif; odvdkpdwf½SdcJhonf/
 319
vGefcJhonfhtywfjzpfysufcJhorQudk rQa0cHpm;MuNyD; ,kHMunfolrsm;onf tcsdefudk
qkawmif;jcif;jzifh wpfOD;twGufwpfOD;udkaomfvnf;aumif;? aysmufqkH;aomolrsm;twGuf
u,fwifjcif;&½SdzdkYtwGufaomfvnf;aumif; qkawmif;ay;Muonf/ þqkawmif;csuf
rsm;onf 0 wf auswef ; ausr[k wf yg? pd wftm;xuf oef p G mESi f h E S v k H; om;rS vmaom
qkawmif;csufrsm;jzpfMuonf/ qkawmif;csufrsm;onf c&pfawmfüESpfOD;pvkH;\&if;ESD;rI½Sdjcif;?
euf½Idif;aomaz:jycsufrsm;jzpfonf/ tzGJUi,fwGif or®musrf;pm\avhvmcsufvnf;
½Sd rnf ? ½Sd vQifv nf; quf qH a&;ES i fh ywf ouf rI ½S d rnf ? tod ynmyd ki f ;rsm;r[k wf yg/
todynmay;or®musrf;pmtaMumif;onf Oykofpmajzausmif;rSm oD;oefYxm;ygonf/
tzGJUi,ftpnf;ta0;wGif tav;xm;rIwGifor®musrf;pmonf uREkfyfwdkYwpfOD;csif;tvdkuf
bmudkajymqdkonfudk tav;xm;ygonf/ þwGif ,kHMunfolrsm;onf or®musrf;pmudk
olwdkY\aeYpOftoufwmü tokH;csoGm;onf/
wpf csde fcsde fwGi f tzGJUi,f\tywfpOf tpnf ;ta0;ü tzGJUi,f\pk aygif;jcif;
trIawmfaqmifjcif;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;Murnf/ olwdkYonf wpfOD;csif;\vkyfaqmifcsufudk
rQa0cHpm;Murnf? odkY&mwGif tzGJUi,fwpfckcsif;onf trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyfudk pkaygif;í
rQa0wm0ef ,lr I½ S dv d rh f rnf / tky f pk tzG J Uonf zd tm;ayjcif ; xd e f; csKyfr Io ifwef; rsm;
trIawmfaqmifjcif;tvkyf½Sdvdrfhrnf/ xdktrIawmfaqmifjcif;vkyfief;udk tcsdefay;í
zGJUpnf;&efESifhpDrHcsufrsm;cs&ef tcsdefay;cJhygonf/
jzpfEdkifonfrSm tzGJUi,fodkYyxrtcsdefwGifvma&mufcJhonf/ ol?olronf tzGJUi,f\
tzGJU0ifwpfOD;rSac:vmjcif;jzpfrnf/ þvltwGuftcsdefay;í tzGJUESifh&if;ESD;rI½Sdatmif
aygif;zufjcif;jyKvdrfhrnf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfonfqufvufí tzGJUi,fodkYa&mufvmjcif;½SdvQif?
wynfhawmfjyKjcif;tvkyfonf pwifíjyKvkyf&rnf/ xdkyk*¾dKvftm; OykofaeYreufwGif
tzGJU\tawGUtBuHKaz:jycsufwGif yg0if&efzdwfac:&ygrnf/ wajz;ajz;ESifhxdkyk*¾dKvfonf
c&pfawmftm;u,fwif½Siftjzpf vufcHvmvdrfhrnf? tzGJUi,frSolYudk wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk
jyKvkyfay;oGm;rnf/ olonfAwdåZHcH,lí tzGJUwGifrdwfo[m,zGJUjcif;jzifh tzGJU0ifjzpfvmrnf/
þjrifuGif;onf tzGJU\toufwmü ,ckacwftoif;awmfu udk,fykdiftaqmuftOD;
½SdaomtcgrSm jrifuGif;jzpfonf/ toif;awmfonf BuD;rm;aomjyefvnfzGJUpnf;jcif;udk
atmifjrifpGmjyKvkyfoGm;&efjzpfygonf/ odkY&mwGif ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;onf trSefwu,f
or®musrf;pmESifhtnDykHpHodkY jyefoGm;vkdvQif? þtoif;awmfrsKd;udk zefwD;ay;&ygrnf/
320
'kwd,jrifuGif;rSm toif;awmfonf udk,fykdiftaqmuftOD;BuD;r½Sdí tm;vkH;aom
,k HM unfo l taygif; wd kY u d k awGU qk HE d k if & ef r½S d Muyg/ trSe f r Sm þtoif ;awmfo nf
taqmuftOD;BuD;udk pdwf0ifpm;rIr½Sd yg/ taMumif;rSm toif;awmf\toufwGif
vkH;0tzGJUi,fwGif aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;½Sdygonf/ þtoif;awmfonf tkyfpki,ftrsm;tjym;
yg0ifNyD; tdrfrsm;üNrdKUwGifawGUqkHMuonf/ udk,fydkiftoif;awmfydkifqdkifaom taqmuftOD;
r½Sdyg/ þtkyfpkrsm;onf taqmuftOD;iSm;&rf;í OykofaeYwdkif;rSm awGUqkHMuonf?
odkYwnf;r[kwfpkaygif;NyD; 0wfjyKudk;uG,f&efwpfvpfBudrfomvQif? odkYr[kwf okH;vvQif
wpfBudrfpkaygif;NyD; 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;tawGUtBuHKrsm;&½SdzdkYjyKMuygonf/ þykHpHrSm
a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfi,frsm;ESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ½GufzsifwJtpnf;ta0;ESifhaomf
vnf;aumif;? wlvdrhfrnf/
OykofaeYreufwGif þtkyfpkrsm;udktdrftoD;oD;wGif jrdKUütESHYpk½kH;Muonfudk?
a,½k½SvifjrdKUa[mif;uJhokdYaom ae&mrsm;üawGU½Sd&ygonf/ olwkdY\tcsdefudk or®m
usrf;pmavhvmjcif;udkawGU&ygonf/ olwdkY\tdrfOykofpmajzausmif;wGif jyKvkyfMuygonf/
odkYNyD;vQif vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;uJhodkYaom rQa0cHpm;csufwdkYudk a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;rsm;uJhodkY olwdkY\toufwmrsm;udk c&pfawmfürQa0cHpm;Muonf/ uav;rsm;
twGufvnf; vspfvsL½Ijcif;rjyKcHyg? olwdkYudkta&;BuD;aomtkyfpk\ tawGUtBuHKtjzpf
jyKvkyfMuygonf/ tpnf;ta0;onf NyD;qkH;&eftwGuf rdwfo[m,pm;aomufjcif;ü
rkefYudkzJhípm;Muonf? a½S;OD;wynfhawmfrsm;uJhodkYyifjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H olwdkYonf
xdkae&mwGifyGJawmfpm;Muonf? okdYwnf;r[kwf aemufOykofaeYreufwpfBudrf awGUqkHyGJü
yGJawmfpm;Muonf/
OykofaeY reuftzGJUi,ftpDtpOftjyif? tjcm;aomtkyfpki,frsm;tpnf;ta0;
onfvnf; tywftwGif;üqHkMurnf/ 'Dae&mrSm yxrjrifuGif;az:jycJhovdk vIyf½Sm;rIwdkYonf
wlnDrI½Sdrnf/ þjrifuGif;ESpfck\ uGmjcm;csufOykofaeYreufwGifjzpfpOfrsm;½SdcJhonf/
yxrjrifuGif;rSm? ,kHMunfolrsm;onf twlwuGtoif;awmftaqmuftOD;wGifpk½kH;Muonf?
taqmuftOD;onf BuD;rm;aomvltkyfBuD;udkqhHEdkifonf/ 'kwd,jrifuGif;rSm þuJhodkY
tkyfpktrsm;udk yxrjrifuGif;uJhokdYpk½kH;&efrvdktyfyg? 0dnmOfa&;toufwmonf vkH;vkH;eD;yg;
tzGJUi,f\toufwmwGif jrKyfESHvsuf½Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&HrQom tkyfpktm;vkH;onf
pkaygif;íawGUqkHMuonf/
 321
þjrifuGif;ESpfckpvkH;onf txdkifygpwmrsm;vdktyfygrnf? olonf vuf½Sdtkyfpk
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtopfaomtkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;udk qufwdkufavhusifhrIrsm;ay;&rnf/
ygpwmjzpfolonf tkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ykHrSefawGUqkHrIjyKNyD; olwdkY\tkyfpkonf
0d n mOf a &;ü usef ; rmvsuf ½ S d a Mumif ; aocsm&ef o d ½ S d & rnf / ygpwmjzpf o l o nf
tzGJUi,frsm;tkyfpkwdkY\ pkaygif;jcif;tywfpOf? vpOfESifhokH;vvQifwpfBudrfpkaygif;0wfjyKjcif;
twGufwm0ef½Sdonf/
vuf ½ S d tzG J U tpnf ; wpf & yf toif ; awmf r sm;wG i f ygpwmrsm;onf tcsd e f u d k
toif;,EÅ&m;\ vnfywf&efMunfh½I&onf? tpDtpOftm;vkH;onf vnfywfrI½Sd&ef
aqmif ½ G u f & onf / tcsd e f r sm;rsm;ud k v nf ; ok H ; í toif ; om;rsm;\ vd k tyf c suf
jyKpkapmifha½Smufjcif;udkvnf; vkyfaqmif&ygonf/ topfaomykHpHwGif toif;om;rsm\
Munfh½Iapmifha½Smufjcif;onf or®musrf;pmESihftnDtajccHonfh vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf\
wm0ef u d k o r® musrf ; pmES i f h tnD jyef v nf a y;tyf í ? ygpwm\tcsd e f o nf r sm;pG m
vGwfvyfoGm;rnf/ þvGwfvyfaomtcsdefrsm;udk enf;vrf;ESpfrsKd;jzifhtokH;jyKoGm;&rnf/
yxrtcsufwGif ygpwmrsm;onf tcsdefrsm;udk tkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tokH;cs&rnf/
'kwd,tcsufrSm tcsdefudktopfaomtoif;awmfwnfaxmifjcif;ESifh wlnDrI½Sdrnf/
tm½kHjyKcsufonf topfaomtkyfpkrsm;? topfaom,kHMunfolrsm; ay:xGufvm&efjzpfonf/
þtopfaomtkyfpkrsm;onf vuf½Sdtkyfpkrsm;udkcsJUxGifí topfaomtkyfpkrsm;udk zGJUpnf;í
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfvIyf½Sm;rItm;jzifh w&m;a[mjcif;rsm; owif;pum;jzefYa0jcif;jzifh
jyKvkyf&ygonf/
ygpwmrsm;onfþykHpHwGif olwdkY\tkyfpkrsm;csJUwGifjcif;twGuf wm0ef,l&rnf/
od k Y j zpf í ol wd k Y \ tcsd e f r sm;rsm;rS m topf a omtk y f p k w d k Y \ acgif ; aqmif r sm;uk d
avhusifhoifMum;ay;&rnf/ topfaomtkyfpkrsm;onf tNrJwrf;BuD;xGm;vsuf½Sdaom
toif;awmfjzpfvm&rnf/ ygpwm\aomhcsuftcef;u@rSm tkyfpkrsm;\acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
tmPmayjcif ; ES i f h topf a omtk y f p k r sm;\ zG J U pnf ; jcif ; jzpf y gonf / rd r d twG u f
tPm&,ljcif;tpm; ygpwmonf tPmwefcdk;udk tkyfpkacgif;aqmifrsm;odkY ay;urf;jcif;
jzpfonf/ omrmeftoif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tmPmwefcdk;rsm;&½SdrSom toif;awmfonf
a,½Ic&pf\ toif;awmftppftrSefjzpfvmrnf/
322
þykHpHwGif jrdKUwpfjrdKUrSm tkyfpkwpfpkwnf;½Sdvdrfhrnf/ ykHpHa[mif;wGif þao;i,faom
ae&mrsm;wGif topfaomvkyfief;rsm;udk pwifjyKvkyf&efpOf;pm;ír&Edkifyg/ taMumif;rSm
toif;awmfonf ygpwmwpfOD;udk vpmay;Edkifí toif;awmfudkMunhf½Iapmifha½Smuf&ef
rvkyfEdkifyg/ vuf½SdjyóemrSm rsm;jym;aomtoif;awmfi,fav;rsm;onf BuD;xGm;vmzdkY
cJ,Of;ygonf? odkY&mwGif xdef;odrf;&eftukeftusaiGa':vmaxmifESifhcsDí½Sdygonf/
þjyóemudk ajz½Sif;&efvdktyfygonf/
rsm;pGmaomtoif;awmfi,fav;rsm;onf trSeftm;jzifh tzGJUi,frsm;jzpfvsuf½Sdonf/
ao;i,faomtoif;awmftcsKdUwdkYonf tkyfpki,frsm;ESpfckokH;ckavmufzGJUpnf;Edkifonf/
þtkyfpkrsm;onf 'kwd,jrifuGif;toif;awmfrsm;uJhodkY zGJUpnf;Edkifygonf/ ygpwm
wpfOD;wnf;jzifh uGJjym;wnf½Sdaom ae&mrsm;\tkyfpkrsm;udk ygpwmtxdkifr½SdbJESifh
a½S;OD;ajrmfvihfjcif;toif;awmfrsm;uJhodkY olwdkY&JU0dnmOfa&;toufwmudk ]]vlrIa&;
tpnf; ta0;}}tm;jzifh 0d nmOfa&;tiftm;ud k xde f;odrf ;Ed kif ygonf/ jzpf Edk ifa jcrSm
þodkYus,fjyefYNyD; tjcm;aomolrsm;ESifhuif;uGmonfh e,fajrwGiftzGJUi,frsm;wdkYudk
c½d ki f y gpwmrsm;onf ok H v wpf B ud r f a omf vnf ; aumif; ? vpOf aomf v nf ; aumif ;
tzGJUtoD;oD;rS a'owpfae&m&mwGif pkaygif;tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf&yfjyKvkyfay;vQif
tultnDay;jcif;tm;jzifh toif;oltoif;om;rsm;rSm cHpm;csuftm;jzihf olwdkYonfvnf;
ydkíBuD;rm;aomtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaMumif;cHpm;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ okdY&mwGif
toif; awmf\ toufwmtrSe fr S m tzGJ U i,fr sm;ü wG ,fu yf v suf½ S do nf / vuf ½S d
toif;awmfrsm;\tajctaeonf ygpwmwpfOD;onf toif;awmfi,fESpfckodkYr[kwf
ok H;ckwGi fxm;½S dEd kif ygonf? toif;aygif ;ajcmufq,frS wpf& m½S dMurnf ? odkY& mwG if
yk Hp HtopfwGi f ygpwmwpfO D; onf toif; awmf i,fr sm;q,f hig;ckr S ES pf q,ftxd
wm0efcsxm;Edkifonf/ odkY&mwGif toif;om;rsm;onf ydkíaumif;aomjyKpkapmifha½SmufrIukd
&½SdEdkifygonf? olwdkYonf or®musrf;ykHpHudkvdkufemNyD; tcsif;csif;jzifhulnDrpjcif;jyKoGm;rnf/
olwdk Y \{0H a *vdo wif ;pum;aqmif ½G u fE dk i fr Itvm;tvmonf wdk ;yG m;íol wd kY \
ygpwmudk vGwfv yf rIa y;í ol onf topf aomtzGJ Ui,f rsm;udk zG JU pnf; Edk if ygonf/
þenf;tm;jzifh toif;awmfwpfckudk t"dyÜm,faz:ñTef;jcif;-]],kHMunfolvltpktzGJUwpf&yf
twlwuGpk½kH;jcif;}} urÇmwGif½Sdaom tzGJUi,fvlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
ajrmf vif hjcif;toif ;om;wd kY\ pJ vfr sm;tajccHo nf toif;awmf udk zGJU pnf ;&mwGi f?
 323
ta&BuD; onf htcsuf r Sm xdk toif; awmfu dk ajrmf vifh jcif; toif ; om;rsm; t"d yÜ m,f
em;vnf x m;aom ]]toif ; awmf } } [l í ES i f h tnD wnf a qmuf & rnf / þt&mud k
em;vnf&tvG,fqkH;rSm Ellen White \*E´0ift"dyÜm,faz:ñTef;cJhaom ppfrSefaomynma&;
qdkonfrSm?
ppf r S ef a omynma&;qd ko nf rS m ynma&;vrf ;aMumif ;wpf& yf ud k
avhvmoifMum;a&;xuft"dyÜm,f½Sdonf/ ,cktoufwmtwGuf jyifqifjcif;
xuf t "d y Ü m,f ½ S d o nf / vl o m;rsm;twG u f ud k , f c E¨ mwpf c k v k H ; ru?
ouf ½ S d x if ½ S m;vsuf ½ S d a om touf w mrujzpf y gonf / ppf r S e f a om
ynma&;onf udk,fcE¨mzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI? pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh 0dnmOfpGrf;tm;
rsm;udk o[ZmwBuD;xGm;rIqdkvdkygonf/ ausmif;om;wpfOD;udkjyifqifay;í
þurÇmütvkyftaMuG;jyK&ef 0rf;ajrmufaysmf½Tifjcif;ESifh ydkíjrifhrm;aom
aysmf½TifrIwkdYudk ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom vmrnfhurÇmtwGuf tvkyftaMuG;jyK&ef
twGufjzpfonf/
Y ajrmfvihfjcif;toif;om;rsm; toif;awmftaMumif;em;vnfrIonf ñTefMum;csufokH;&yf
pvkH; udkyg0ify wfoufrI½S donf/ udk ,fcE¨mtajctaeESif hywfoufí uREkfyfwd kYonf
aumif;pGmem;vnfrI½Sdonf? uREkfyfwdkY\usef;rma&;tav;xm;rItm;jzihf em;vnfygonf/
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mESifhywfoufí txl;emvnfrI½Sdonf? uREkfyfwdkY\tm;BuD;aomynma&;
tpDtpOfjzifh or®musrf;pmavhvmjcif;ESifhOykwfpmajzausmif;rsm;jzifh em;vnfrI½Sdonf/
uREkfyfwdkYonf0dnmOfa&;ESifh vlrIa&;tydkif;wGif em;vnfrItm;enf;vsuf½Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkY\
qufqHa&;onftm;aysmhvsuf½SdNyD;? wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;rSm 0dnmOfa&;wm0ef,lrIonf
tm;raumif;yg/ okdYjzpfí ajrmfvifhjcif;t,l0g\ tBuD;rm;qkH;pdefac:rIonf qufqHa&;
aumif;rGefaomtzGJUi,f\ jyefvnfzGHUjzdK;atmif jyKvkyf&rnf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\ acG;ajcokH;acsmif;uJhodkYaomtjrifonf ppfrSefaom
ynma&;pepfjzpfonf? udk,fcE¨mydkif;qdkif&m? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m? ESifh0dnmOfa&;qdkif&m (vlrIa&;)
wdkYonf acG;ajcwpfacsmif;aysmufqkH;vsuf½Sdonf? vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;aysmufqkH;onfh
tcgrSmjzpfcJhonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf tvGeftrif;tzGJUi,frsm;udk ,aeY
vkdtyfvsuf½Sdonf? odkYrSom acG;ajcokH;acsmif;udk jyefvnfwyfqifEdkifrnfjzpfonf/
324
odkY&mwGif qufqHa&;½Sdonfh tzGJUi,frsm;tay:ü vGefuJpGmtav;xm;aomtcgrSm
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf udk,fcE¨mydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtav;xm;rI
wdkYudk raysmufqkH;&ef*½kpdkuf&rnf/ toif;awmfonf vlrIqufqHa&;½dk;½dk;toif;tzGJU
wpf&yfrjzpf&yg/ ajrmfvifhjcif;t,l0g'pGrf;tm;½Sifonf toufwm\csOf;uyfykHonf
o[Zmwjzpfí csdef udkr I½Sdj cif; aMumifhjzpfygonf/ ,aeY qdkv Qif toif; awmf onf
todynmydkif;qdkif&m(pdwfydkif;)wdkYudk vGefuJpGmtav;xm;rIjyKcJhonf/ þodkYjyKjcif;rSm
csd e f u d k u f r I r ½S d j cif ; ud k z ef w D ; vmygonf / tu,f í om tzG J U i,f u d k a ygif ; pyf í
Oyk ofpmajzausmif;udk jzKwf vdkuf vQiftjcm;aomcsdef udkufr Ir½Sd onfh tajctaeudk
zefwD;vmvdrfhrnf/ tcef;u@okH;&yfpvkH;onf nDwlrQwlav;xm;&rnf/ odkYrSom
toif;awmf\toif;om;rsm;onf xm0&twGuf trSefwu,fynmay;jcif;cH&rnf/
uREfkyfwdkYonfwnfaqmufykHudk tusOf;tm;jzifh jyefvnfpOf;pm;MuaomtcgrSm?
xif½Sm;pGmjzpfay:vmonfrSm pJvftajccHonfhtoif;awmfonf vIyf½Sm;rItm;vkH;wdkYrSm
tajccHpJvfü vnfywfrI½SdcJhonf/ odkYjzpfívlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf pJvfwpfckudk
rqufoG,fbJ pJvftajccHonfhtoif;awmfudk 0ifa&mufaygif;pnf;jcif;vkH;0rjyKEdkifonfudk
awGU½Sd&ygonf/
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tcsdKUudk jyKvkyf&rnf/ taMumif;rSm tcsdefcyfrsm;rsm;udkrokH;&bJ ygpwm\jyóemudk
BuD;Muyf&ef a'ocH toif;awmfrsm;üaomf vnf ;aumif;? toif;awmf wpfc ktwG uf
ygpwmtopfudk½Smay;zdkYtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? tcsdefrMumEdkifyg/ oabmayguf&rnfrSm
uGefz&ifhtm;vkH;wdkYonf wpfcsdefwnf;rSmykHpHtopfodkY ul;ajymif;rnfr[kwfyg/ okdYjzpf?
ykHpHESpfckpvkH;rSm uGefz&ifhwGifvIyf½Sm;rnfjzpfonf/ ajrmfvifh&onfrSm ykHpHtopfonf
rMumrDwGift"dujzpfvmrnf/
pJvfwnfaqmufrIonf ao;i,faome,ftoif;awmfrsm;rSm twnfus½Sdaom
tcgwGif? þtoif;awmfi,frsm;onf tkyfpkwpfq,fhig;ESifhESpfq,ftoif;awmfrsm;udk
 325
zGJU pnf;Edki fygonf/ xdktcguGefz&ih fonf c½d kifa'oygpwmrsm;udkcefY ay;Edkif onf/
ygpwmonf u G e f z &if h \ tao;pm; Ouú X tjzpf a qmif ½ G u f E d k i f o nf / ol o nf
þtoif;awmfrsm;udkBuD;Muyfjcif;? pJvftzGJUacgif;aqmifrsm;udk Munfh½Iapmifha½Smufjcif;?
ESifh vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfwGif {0Ha*vdowif;pum;udk a[majym&aomwm0ef½Sdygonf/
þykHpHrSm a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufykHESifh wpfax&meD;yg;wlnDrI½Sdygonf/
þtajctaersm;ü? a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;,kHMunfoluJhodkY? a'o½Sdtoif;awmfvlBuD;csKyfonf?
,cifygpwm\&mxl;wGif aqmif½GufoGm;rnf/ olYudka'otoif;awmfrS a½G;aumufoGm;rnfh
tpm; uGefz&ifhrS cefYtyfjcif;cH&rnf/ þodkYjyKjcif;onf toif ;*dkPf;*Ptay:rSm
opöm½SdoGm;rnf/
þomrmeftoif;om;ygpwmrsm;onf e,fpnf;ygpwm (trIaqmif clergy)\
wd k u f ½ d k u f B uD ; Muyf r I a tmuf r S m½S d & rnf / e,f p nf ; BuD ; Muyf o l \ t"d u wm0ef r S m
toif;awmfrsm;\ omrmeftoif;om;ygpwmrsm;udkBuD;Muyf&rnf/ olonf olwdkYESifhtwl
ykHrSeftm;jzifhawGUqkHrI½Sd&rnf/ omrmeftoif;om;ygpwmrsm;onfvnf; pJvftkyfpk
acgif;aqmifESifhao;i,faomtoif;awmfü awGUqkH&rnf/ tywfpOfwGifawGU&rnf/
tydkavhusifha&;rsm;onf þtoif;om;ygpwmrsm;udkay;&rnf/ txl;ojzifhw&m;a[mjcif;
trIü? w&m;a[mjcif;onf qufvufíykHrSeftm;jzifh½SdrnfqdkvQif toif;awmfwGif
j*dKvfwkrSwpfqifhzrf;,lEdkifaom w&m;a[mcsufrsm;udk zrf;,lEdkifaomtoif;awmfuav;rsm;
vnf;½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif? ykHrSeftm;jzifh ]]vlrIa&;tpnf;ta0;rsm;}} tywfpOfwGif
jyKvkyfjcif;rSm w&m;a[mjcif;xufydkaumif;ygrnf/
toif;awmfi,frsm;udkaygif;pnf;í ydkrdkBuD;aom? rdrdudk,fudk&yfwnfEdkifaom
e,fpnf;rsm;jzifh? pkaqmif;&rdaom aiGaMu;yrmPygpwmiSm;zdkYrvdkaomaiGwdkYonf
trIa qmif clergy wkd Y\ toif; awmf opfx la xmif jcif ;ü tok H; jyK&rnf/ þuJ ho kd Y
jyKvkyfjcif;onf toif;awmfopfxlaxmifjcif;udk w[kefxdk;wdk;wufvmrnfjzpfonf/
txl;ojzifh tcsuftcsmjrdKUBuD;rsm;ü pkpnf;aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh "r®opfusrf;uJhodkYaom
ykHpHjzihfaqmif½Gufjcif;½SdrnfqdkvQif atmifjrifrI½SdEkdifygonf/
usrf;pmausmif;atmifjrifcJhaom bGJU&ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf pdwfysufp&mtcsuf
wpfcsufrSm olwdkYudkygpwmtjzpfpwifcefYtyfjcif;cH&onfrSm ao;i,faomvIyf½Sm;rI
r½SdcJhonfhe,ftoif;awmf(0g)awmtoif;awmfrSm ygpwmtjzpfaqmif½GufcJh&onf/
326
yxrOD;qkH;ESpfrsm;wGif trIawmfaqmif½Gufjcif;onf tpysKd;jcif;jzpfí topfaom
trIawmfaqmif½Gufolonf pdwf"mwfa&;&mwdk;wufaom atmifjrifonfh ajrmfvifhjcif;
toif;awmf\pdwf"mwfa&;&mudk zrf;qkyfEdkifzdkYta&;BuD;ygonf/ odkYjzpfí? þykHpHwGif
usrf ;pmausmif;rS atmifjrifolwdkY tm; þok dYaomatmifjrif onfh toif;awmf wGif
tpOD;pGmcefYxm;oifhygonf/ aemufwGif us&mtoif;awmfrsm;wGif cGJxkwfEdkifygonf/
þenf ;jzifh trIa qmif i,frsm;tm; tokwf vd ku ftok wf vdk uf þ*d kP f;cGJ rsm;wG if
cGeftm;tiftm;jynhf0aom trIaqmifrsm;xGuf½Sdygrnf/
i,f½G,faomtrIawmfaqmifrsm;onf xdkif;rIdif;aoqkH;vsuf½Sdaom awmt&yf
toif;awmfrsm;wGifxm;½Sdjcif;rSm? olwdkYonf toif;awmfBuD;xGm;rIESifhywfoufNyD;
pdwf"mwfusqif;&ygonf/ olwdkYtawG;0ifoGm;onfrSm toif;awmfBuD;xGm;rIonf
,aeYwGifrjzpfEdkifyg/okdYjzpfí olwdkYonftoif;awmfrsm;BuD;xGm;zdkYtwGuf olwdkYrpGrf;aqmif
Ed k i f y g/ ol wd k Y ud k awmt&yf toif ; awmf u av;rsm;rS xk w f E k wf E d k i f a omf v nf ;
þtpGJtvrf;onf raysmuftysufoGm;yg/ odkYjzpfí þi,f½G,foltrIawmfaqmifrsm;tm;
jrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif vlrItzGJUtpnf; rsm;ü topfaomtoif ;awmfrsm;udkwnfaxmif&ef
ykdrdkoifhavsmfrnf/ þae&mwGif olwdkYtwGuf0dnmOfa&;tajrmftjrifawGUBuHK&í awme,f
toif;awmfi,frsm;üxuf tcGifhta&;&½Sdrnf/ e,fpnf;toD;oD;udkaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh
oufomrItwdkif;twmwGif toif;awmfrsm;xlaxmifonfhtzGJUudk axmufyHhonfjzpfí
&efykHaiGMuyfwnf;rIaMumifh BuD;rm;aomjrdKUBuD;wdkYwGif vuf½SdrSmvQifvspfvsLrIjyKcJh&onf/
þtjzpfonf uGefz&ifhwdkYtm;jyefvnfí or®usrf;pmESifhtnD trIawmfaqmifjcif;ykHpHudk
jyefo Gm;í&onf / þae&mwGif {0Ha*vdo wif;pum;jzefYa 0jcif ;ES ifh toif ;awmf
xlaxmifjcif;udk tzGJUom;rsm;\twlwuGBudK;pm;jcif;jzpfoGm;rnf? wpfOD;csif;trIawmf
aqmifjcif;r[kwfawmhyg/
ygpwmrsm;onf vGwfvyfcGifh&½SdaomtcgrSm olwdkYonfa½S;OD;ygpwmrsm; jyKouJhodkY
topfaomtoif;awmfrsm;udk xlaxmifoGm;rnfjzpfNyD; toif;om;rsm;rSm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
½Sd í bk &m;ocif\Edkifi Hawmfonf BuD; xGm;vsuf? a'otoif; awmf rsm;onf ydkí
usef;rmvmonf? ydkírdrdukd,fudkjyKpkapmifha½Smufí ydkí0rf;ajrmufaysmf½Tifvsuf½Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif þtjzpfonf jyKvkyfEdkifajcrSm toif;awmfuav;rsm;\toif;om;wdkYonf
jyefvnfíavhusifhynmay;jcif;cH&í or®musrf;pmESifhtnD Ellen White \tBuHjyKonfh
 327 328

twdkif; trIaqmifclergy wdkY\tcef;u@udk jyifqifoGm;&efjzpfonf/ þtopfaom toif ; om;rsm;\ jyKpk a pmif ha ½S muf jcif ;ud k ay;aqmif í? ygpwmrsm;\u@onf
ykHpHonf emcH&eftrdefYjyKvkyfoGm;&efcufcJvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;rSm vuf½Sdtoif;awmfrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifhtkyfpkwdkY\ acgif;aqmifrsm;udkavhusifhoifMum;ay;í tkyfpktcsif;csif;
rdrdwdkY\udk,fykdifygpwmrsm; vdktyfvsuf½Sdonfudk cHpm;csufjyif;jyrI½Sdonf/ okdY&mwGif vG,fulpGmqufqHEdkifa&;ukd jyKvkyfay;ygonf/ odkYjzpfí ygpwmwpfOD;onf t"dutm;jzifh
toif;om;rsm;onf jyefvnfynmay;jcif;cH&í uGefz&ifh\vIyf½Sm;rIonf bk&m;ocif\ toif ; awmf r sm;pd k u f x l j cif ; tzG J U 0if tjzpf yg0if v k y f a qmif & onf / topf a om
tBuHKjyKcsufESifhtnD o[ZmwjzpfaMumif;jrifMuaomtcg olwdkYonfyl;aygif;aqmif½Guf toif;awmfrsm;udk xlaxmifíwynfhawmfrsm;jzpfjcif;wGif trIaqmifclergy rsm;tay:ü
Murnf/ rSDcdktm;xm;jcif;r½Sdatmif oifMum;ay;rnf/ omoemjyKjcif;tawG;tc:rsm;½Sdjcif;udk
toif ;awmf BuD ;rsm;wG if ck cH jcif; ESi fh aiGaMu;tcuftcJr sm;aMumif h? ol wdk Yu dk toif;awmfrsm;tm;xdef;csKyfí? BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufonf rsm;rMumrDausyGefatmif
toGif ul;ajymif; jcif ;ud krd xdk ufwefyg/ tcsKdUaomtoif; awmf rsm;onf "avhx kH; pH aqmif½GufrINyD;pD;vdrfhrnf/
or½dk;ustoGifESifh qufvuf½SdNyD;? csKyfNidrf;rI½Sdonftxdusef½Sdrnf/ uGefz&ifhonf
þok d Y a omtoif ; awmf r sm;ud k quf v uf í ygpwmrsm;ud k ay;aqmif o G m;&rnf / _____
okdYaomfvnf; þae&mwGifynmay;í topfaomykHpHwGif ajcvSrf;jyK&mü ygpwmrsm;udk
tajccHMunfh½Iapmifha½Smufolr[kwfbJ? avhusifhay;ol? t&nftcsif;wyfqifay;oltjzpf
cGifhjyKoGm;zkdYjzpfonf/
toif;awmfykHpHopfrsm;wGifvnf; ydkíBuD;aomtoif;awmfrsm;onf trIaqmif
clergy rsm;vdk tyfygrnf/ tapmydk if;uaz:jycJhovdktzJGUi,frsm;ta&twGufrsm;Muonfh
twGufaMumifhjzpfonf? odkY&mwGif tvkyftudkifaz:jycsufrSm ]]{0Ha*vdw&m;awG\
BuD;Muyfol}} jzpfygonf/ ]] Munfh½Iapmifha½Smufjcif;odk;xdef; }} [lír[kwf&yg/ jrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif?
odkYr[kwf toif;awmfBuD;rsm;wGif rsm;jym;aomtzGJUi,fwdkYonf ESpfq,fhig;yg;aom
toif;awmfao;rsm;tzGJUi,fwGif½SdMurnf/ Carl George ajymaom a,oa,\ykHpHudk
tHudkufuGufwdjzpfrnf/

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toif ; awmf y k Hp H tm;jzifh ygpwmudk tm;ud k ; tm;xm;jcif ;rjyKyg/ toif ; awmf wG i f
toif ;om;rsm;u tjyeftvS efj yKpk apmifh a½Smuf Muí BuD ;rm;aomapcdk if ;csuftm;
aqmif½GufNyD;pD;rIudk c&D;oGm;vsuf½Sdonf/ þtcef;BuD;wGif az:jycJhaomykHpHerlemonf
toif;awmfudk wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;tay:ü xdk;xGif;odjrifonf/ pJvftkyfpkrsm;onf
 329
tcef ; BuD ; (11)
or® m usrf ; pm? ord k if ; aMumif ; yH k pH o d k Y
jyef v nf a &muf & S d E d k i f o nf h e nf ;
jzpfEdkifyghrvm;/ *dkPf;*PwpfckvkH;onf OD;vnfhíomoemûyjcif;wGef;tm;½Sdaom
toif;awmfwpfckjzpfEdkifrnfvm;? wnfaqmufrIykHpHonf trSefwu,fomoemûyjcif;udk
axmufcHEdkifrnfvm;/ trSefwu,fjzpfEdkifajc½Sdygovm;/ ygpwmwpfOD;\tvkyftudkif
az:jycsufudk ajymif;vJNyD;ygpwmonfjyefvnfíavhusihfay;ol/ t&nftcsif;wyfqifay;ol
tjzpf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkjzefYjzL;ol? ESifhtoif;awmfxlaxmifoljzpfEdkiftkH;rSmvm;/
toif;om;rsm;onf jyefvnfíor®musrf;pm\tcef;u@jyefvnf,lí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
tjyeftvSefMunhf½Iapmihfa½SmufoltjzpfvkyfudkifEdkifrnfvm;/
vG ef cJ ho nh ftcef; BuD; wG if az:jycJha om toif; awmf trsKd; tpm;onf vuf½ Sd
toif;awmfrsm;udkudkifwG,fykHESihf vkH;0uGmjcm;rI½Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif? avhvmjcif;t&
or®musrf;pm\ ykHpHtm;jzifhtoif;awmfonf vlrIa&;tzGJYtpnf;wpf&yfESifh {0Ha*vd
owif ; pum;ud k jzef Y a 0ay;onf h u d k , f p m;vS , f j zpf y gonf / "r® o pf u srf ; acwf
toif;awmfrsm;onf a½SYaevdkufay;í vufawGUrSmvnf; þvdktoif;awmfrsKd;udk
usifhokH;cJhonf/ ukodkvfuHtm;jzifh ajrmfvihfjcif;toif;awmf\ a½S;OD;toif;om;rsm;onf
þvd k rsKd ;yk Hp H jzifh v ufc H NyD ;? vuf awG U tm;jzifh v nf ; quf qH a &;wnf a qmuf aom
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfjzefYa0jcif;toif;awmfrsKd;udk usihfokH;cJhonf/ tcsdefumvonf
ESpfaygif;&mESpfcsDí ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf þtoif;awmf\ vIyf½Sm;½Sm;rIudk
jrifawGUcJh&ygonf/ tjcm;aom*dkPf;*PESifhrwlyg/ umvtm;jzifholwdkY&JUvmoma&;
ulajymif;vJrIrSm ordkif;wGifckESpfq,fig;ESpfrsm;omMumcJhygonf/ odkYjzpfí olwdkYtwGuf
jyefvnfNyD;or®musrf;pmESifhtnD½Sdaom toif;awmftjzpfodkY jyefvnfa&muf½Sdatmif
ydkrdkvG,fulvdrfhrnf/
tjzpfonfor®musrf;pmykHpHwGif qufqHa&;tjrifonf usrf;wGiftajctjrpfpkdufjcif;
rSmtm;BuD;í ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf\ordkif;wGifvnf; tjrpfwG,fjcif;½Sdí ,aeY
a,½I c &pf \toif ; awmf o nf vd k tyf o nf ha usmufwk H ; ausmuf c Jwk d Y u dk v S e f avmí
330
or®musrf;pmykHpHodkYjyefvm&efvdktyfayonf/ vrf;ponfvG,fuljcif;r½Sdyg/ cufcJrI
trsm;BuD;½SdEdkifonf/ ckcHtm;vnf;BuD;rm;rnf/ twm;tqD;rsm;vnf; vrf;rSmcif;xm;rnf/
toif;awmftm;vkH;onf or®musrf;pmykHpHodkYjyefoGm;&efjzpfEkdifajcr½Sdyg/ ckcHtm;onf
tvGefBuD;rm;vGef;í tcsKdUaomtoif;awmfrsm;twGufjzpfrnf/ tcsKdUaomtoif;awmf
rsm;onf tjcm;xufvsifjrefpGmvIyf½Sm;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGifvIyf½Sm;rIrsm;onf jyefvnfí
qufqHrI½Sdaomajrmfvihfjcif;toif;awmfodkY jyefvnfxlaxmif&rnf? ,ckyifpí ûyvkyf&rnf/
jyefv nf z ef wD; aom toif ; awmf r sKd ; ud k ajrmf v if hj cif ; toif ; om;rsm;onf
a½S;OD;toif;awmfrsm;ESifh a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;\ zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufykHudk
twdtusul;,l&rnfudkrqdkvkdyg/ xdkwnfaqmufykHrsm;onf olwdkY\tcsdeftcgrsm;ESifh
tHudkufjzpfatmifzefwD;cJhonf/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwdkYonf xkdtcsdeftcgoabmw&m;
wdkY udkpka qmifNyD; tajccHûyí toif;awmfrsKd ;udkjyefvnfz efwD;Ed kifrnf jzpfygonf/
xdkoabmw&m;tajccHrsm;rSm twdtusb,fvdk½Sdygoenf;/ ygpwmonf avhusihf
oifMum;ay;ol? en;fynmwyfqifay;ol? {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfjzefYa0olESifh toif;awmf
wnf a xmif o l r sm;vm;? omoemûyjcif ; ud k tav;xm;onf h t oif ; awmf v m;?
toif;om;rsm;onf trSefwu,fwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk ûyvkyfjcif;½Sdí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;udk½SdNyDvm;/ þoabmw&m;rsm;onf tajccHjzpfí,ciftcef;BuD;wGif
az:jycJhygonf/
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c&D;qufrnfenf;/ þtcef;BuD;wGif ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk toif;awmfwpfckvkH;twGuf
avhvmppfaq;oGm;rnf? xdkaemuftajctaetwdtus½Sdjcif;? Oyrmtm;jzifhtopfaom
toif;awmfrsm;udk topfaomykHpHerlemtm;jzifh zGJUpnf;jcif;? vuf½Sdtoif;awmfrsm;udk
toGiful;ajymif;jcif;ESifh ckcHaomtoif;awmfrsm;ESifh jyóemajz½Sif;jcif;wdkYudk pOf;pm;
oGm;rnf/ þwGif tBuHûycsufr sm;rSm a,bk,stm;jzif hjzpfygonf / aemufqkH ;rSm?
a'otvdkuftajctaersm;ESifh ywfoufí oD;jcm;pGmudkifwG,foGm;rnf/
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 331
trI a wmf aqmif j cif ;wnfa qmuf rI u dk a'otoif ; awmfr sm;wGi f ûyvk y fa y;&rnf /
þt&mrsm;udk ûyvkyfNyD;rSom toif;awmfonf "r®opfusrf;acwfykHpHudk jyefvnfí
&½S d E d k i f a omtajctaeud k az:xk w f E d k i f r nf / taumif t xnf a z:jcif ; onf
yxrOD;pGmtrIaqmif clergy ESifh toif;om;rsm;udkynmayjcif;r½SdbJ taumiftxnf
az:jcif;onf ckcHjcif;BuD; pGmjzif h &ifqd kifoGm;&rnf/ þtaumiftxnfaz:rIonf
b,ftoif;awmfy&dowfrsm;ü twif;tMuyftm;jzifh razmfxkwfay;zdkYawmif;qdk&rnf?
tMumif; rS m olwd kY onf ½Sif ;vif; pG maz:jyxm;aomor®musrf; pm\ trde fY awmfu dk
jrif&jcif;jzpfygonf/
ynmay;jcif ; onf trIa qmif clergy wd k Y E S i f h p wif & rnf/ ol wd k Y o nf v uf ½ S d
trIawmfaqmifjcif;ESifhywfoufí toif;awmf\wHcg;aygufudkapmifxdef;&oljzpfonf/
olwdkY\cGifhûycsufr½SdbJESifh toif;awmfwGifbmrQrjzpfEdkifyg/ odky&mwGif trIaqmif
clergy trsm;rS m tajctaexdk if ;rI d if;rI ½ Sd jcif;aMumif h pd wf ysuf ukef Muonf ? ol wd k Yonf
tajctaeajymif;vJzkdY apmifhqdkif;vsuf½SdMuygonf/ þtajctaersm;aMumifh olwdkYonf
or®musrf;pmtrdefYawmfudkvufcHzdkY jrefqefapvdrfhrnf/ ygpwmrsm;\ tpnf;ta0;
rsm;wGif uGefz&ifh\awGUqkHyGJü wifjyjcif;onftrIaqmif clergy rsm;ynmayjcif;udk
topf a omykH p H e rle mod k Yu l ; ajymif ; jcif ; onf pwif ûyvk y f &ef ½ S d ygonf / od k Y & mwG i f
taMumif;jzpfpOfrsm;ydkí jzpfvmzdkYvkdtyfygao;onf/ tjzpfrSm wm½SnfcHítusKd;ûy
oGm;Edkifonf/ uGefz&ifhwdkYonf trSefwu,ftopfaomOD;wnfcsufodkY ajymif;a½TUvdkpdwf
½SdvQif ygpwmrsm;rSoabmwlnDcsufudk&½SdzdkYvkdtyfygonf/ oabmwlMuaomolrsm;onf
wm0ef,laxmufcHrnfhtzGJUESifh jyóemajz½Sif;rnfhtzGJUudkzGJUpnf;&rnf/
tav;xm;&rnfrSm uGefz&ifhtqifhwGif cdkifrmaomaxmufcHcsufr½Sdygu? ygpwmrsm;
txD;usefí taumiftxnfaz:jcif;vkyfief;udk qufvufítaumiftxnfaz:jcif;udk
&yfwefYoGm;vdrfhrnf/ ygpwmrsm;onf uGefz&ifh\acgif;aqmifrIydkif;\ aemufrS½SdaMumif;?
þtopfaomtrI awmfaqmifjcif;udk taumif;txnfaz:aom tcguGefz&ifhonf
olwdkYtwGuf 'ku©cHp&m½Sdonfrsm;udkcH&ygrnf/
ygpwmrsm;udkom ynmayNyD; omreftoif;om;rsm;udk ynmray;vQif ckcHrIBuD;rm;
ayrnf/ ygpwmrsm;taumiftxnfaz:&efBudK;pm;onf h tcgrSm ygpwmrsm;onf
ynmay;jcif;rsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:aomtcgrSm a'otoif;awmfwGif ynmay;jcif;
rsm;ûyvkyfay;rnf/ aemufrSm'DudpöudkajymMutkH;rnf/ odkY&mwGif toif;awmf\pm½Gufpmwrf;
332
aMumfjimtp½SdonfwdkYrSm a,bk,stm;jzifhynmay;jcif;½Sd&rnf/ ta&;tom;rsm; Adventist-
Review, Ministry ES ih f ,leD ,H pmwrf ;rsm;onf þud pöES if hywf owf í jyif q if ayjcif ;rsm;
ûyvkyfay;oGm;rnf? pOf;pm;p&mtcsufrsm;udk trsm;twGuf pOf;pm;p&may;oGm;rnf/
pmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfaom Revolution in the Church pma&;olûypka&;om;cJhaom pmtkyfonf
trsm;twGuf ajrmuftar&duwGif trsm;tjym;jzefYjzL;jcif;rsm;onf ygpwmESifhomref
toif;rsm;\ajymif;vJvnfrnfh tcef;u@udk pdwf0ifpm;rIBuD;pGmjzpfapcJhygonf/
þpmtk y f u d k q uf v uf N yD ; jzef Y jzL;jcif ; onf aumif ; jrwf a omtoif ; awmf \
aumif;jrwfaomvkyfaqmifrIwpf&yfjzpfygonf/
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wnfaxmif&efjzpfonf/ 'Dae&mrSmvuf½Sdwnfaeaom"avhxkH;pHudk ausmfvTm;&efrvdkyg?
píwnfaxmifcgpwGif toif;om;rsm;onf or®musrf;pmESifhtnD pJvftoif;awmf
taMumif;udkynmay;Edkifonf/ þykHpHerlemopfudkBuD;xGm;vmonfESifhtrQ atmifjrifrI
rsm;onf oef Y ½S i f ; aom0d n mOf a wmf \ aumif ; csD ; r*F v matmuf w G i f ½ S d v mrnf /
(atmifjrifrIonfrkcs½Sdvmrnf? taMumif;rSm bk&m;ocifonf olY\toif;awmfonf
or®musrf;pmESifhtnD toif;awmfykHpHudkjyefoGm;&efBudK;pm;cJhonf)? vuf½Sdwnfaeaom
toif;awmfrsm;onf olwdkY\ykHpHudkul;,l&eftm;ay;jcif;ûyoGm;rnf/
uGefz&ifhwpfckonf pJvftajccHonfhtoif;awmfwpfckpDudk pwifíwnfaqmuf
Edkifonf/ þtopfaomtoif;awmfonf xdkuGefz&ifh\pHjytoif;awmf\topfaom
ykHpHerlemjzpfvmrnf/ odkYjzpfí þtoif;awmfonf tpOftvm"avhxkH;pHudkausmfvTm;zdkY
rvdkyg? ygpwmq&mtay:ü rSDcdktm;xm;rIrvdkyg/ vdktyfonfrSm þtoif;awmfopfrSm
pJvftajccHonfjzpf&rnf/ tpDtpOftajccHonfhtoif;awmfr[kwf&yg/ tzGJYi,frsm;
½Sd&rnf/
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topfaomykHpHokdY ul;ajymif;&efjyefvnfzGJUpnf;&efvIHYaqmfrIûyoGm;rnf/ þtopfaom
toif;awmfrsm;onf BuD;xGm;vnfítoif;om;rsm;jym;vmaomtcgrSm? ygpwm\t"du
 333
tvkyfrSm BudK;pm;NyD; tkyfpki,frsm;udk BuD;Muyfjcif;ESifh aysmufqkH;aeaomolrsm;udk
{0Ha*vdowif;rsm;jzifh pnf;½kH;oGm;&rnf/
þtopfaomtoif;awmfrsm;wGif pJvftkyfpkrsm;onf tkyfpkacgif;aqmifESifh
tvk y f o if a cgif ; aqmif r ½S d b J E S i f h pwif í rvnf y wf & ef j zpf y gonf / tvk y f o if
acgif;aqmifonf topfaomtkyfpkudkOD;aqmif&rnf? pJvftkyfpkrsm;onf ajcmufvrS
wpfESpftwGif;BuD;xGm;vmvdrfhrnf/ tkyfpkrsm;rBuD;xGm;vmrSD okH;vtvdkrSmtvkyfoif
acgif;aqmiftopfESpfO D;udk topfaomtky fpktwGuf a½G;cs,f &rnf/ þykHpHtm;jzifh
topfaomacgif;aqmifrsm;udk qufwkdufavhusihfoifMum;ay;&rnf/ þtvkyfwm0efrSm
trIaqmifclergy wdkYrStajccHwm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf/ tkyfpkrsm;onftvkyfoifacgif;aqmifrsm;
r½SdbJ pwifrI½SdvQif? ai;rIdifí½Sdvmrnf? BuD;xGm;rIESifh jyefvnfíwdk;wufrI½SdEdkifrnf
r[kwf y g/ þwnf a qmuf r Itaetxm;onf tcsif ;csif; rS Dc d k tm;xm;rI ½ Sd j cif ; ESi f h
{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfvufvSrf;rDjcif;tvkyfonf pepfwus½SdaomtcgrSm toif;awmfonf
BuD;xGm;vmí tydkaqmif;ygpwmrvdktyfbJ½Sdrnf/ þwnfaqmufrItaetxm;onf
½Sd&if;pGJtoif;awmfwGif taumiftxnfaz:&efcufcJvdrfhrnf? odkY&mwGiftopfxlaxmifaom
toif;awmfwGifvG,fulvdrfhrnf? topfaomtoif;om;rsm;onf csufcsif;topfaom
ykHpHerlemwGif ynmay;oifMum;&rnf/
tv,facwfordkif; ykH pHerlemr½SdbJ topfaomtoif ;awmfonf jrefqefpGm
topfaomykHpHwGif oifMum;rIûyEdkifonf/ odkYjzpfí topfaompJvftajccHonfh toif;awmf
tpûyjcif;onf tawmufyqkH;aomajrmfvifhjcif;wpf&yf? þykHpHerlemtaumiftxnf
az:jcif ; ud k a jrmf v if h j cif ; ½S d y gonf / topf a omtoif ; awmf o nf xd a &muf o nf h
toif;awmfopfrsm;xlaxmifjcif; vIyf½Sm;rIwpf&yfudkûyvkyfoGm;vQif? ajrmuftar&duwGif
toif;awmftrsm;pkonf þykHpHjzifhvnfywfrI½Sdí ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf t"du
rsm;jym;aom toif;awmfrsm;jzpfvmrnf/
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ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfrsm;\"avhxkH;pHtoif;awmfrsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf
wnfaxmifcJhaomtoif;awmftoufwmwGif wnf½SdcJhygonf/ olwdkYonf xkdykHpHwGifom
334
zGJUpnf;jcif;cH&onf/ olwdkYonfod½SdcJhaomb0wpf&yfjzpfygonf/ touf½Sifvsuf½Sdaom
,aeYtoif;om;rsm;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfudkqufqHa&;toif;awmftjzpf
wnf½SdcJhbl;onfudk rrSwfrdMuyg/ vuf½Sdtoif;awmfonf tpDtpOfwpf&yftajccHonfh
toif;awmfrsm;jzpfí Xmetm;jzifhwnfaqmufcJhonf? vli,frsm;tzGJU? Oykofpmajzausmif;?
Pathfinder tzGJU?Community Service ? 0wfûyudk;uG,fjcif;? ponfrsm;jzpfonf/ topfaomykHpH
erle monf toif; awmf rSm tzGJ Ui,f tm;jzifh zG JU pnf ;xm;aomoabmw&m;tm;jzifh
toif;awmfrSm½SdorQaom t&mtm;vkH;onf tajccH&jcif;jzpfygonf/
tpDtpOfwpf&yftjzpftajccHonf h toif;awmfrsm;tjzpfr S pJvftajccHonfh
toif;awmfrsm;odkY tb,faMumihftoGiful;ajymif;Edkifrnfenf;/ toif;awmfa[mif;udk
ûzdcsjcif;jzihfr[kwfyg/ toif;awmfa[mif;onf vltrsm;twGufvnf; t"dyÜm,f½Sdonf/
olwdkY\0dnmOfa&;toufwmwpfckvkH;wGif "avhxkH;pHtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftoif;awmfwGif
trIawmfaqmifjcif;cH&onf/ olwdkYonf topfaomt&mwdkYonf ydkíaumif;Edkifonfudk
rjrifEdkifMuao;yg/ odkYjzpfí? þolrsm;onf ½dS&if;pGJa'otoif;awmf\wnfaqmufykHudk
jzdKcsjcif;onf BuD;pGmaomckcHrIudkay;rnf/ a,½Ionf tvGefaumif;aom tBuHûycsufudk
ay;&müta[mif;rStopfodkYtoGiful;ajymif;jcif; taMumif;tm;topfaompyspf&nfudk
pyspf&nfAl;a[mif;ü rxnhf&efajymoGm;ygonf/
t0wf a [mif ; ud k t xnf o pf E S i f h z mavh r ½S d / xd k o d k Y zmvQif
txnfopfonf qGJqkwfwwf\/ zmaomtxnfopfonft0wfa[mif;ESifh
roifhrwifhwwf/ ¤if;enf;? a[mif;aomom;a&bl;ü topfaompyspf&nfudk
xnfhavhr½Sd/ xkdodkYxnfhvQif topfaompyspf&nfom;a&Al;udk qkwfcGJojzifh?
pyspf&nfonf,dkí om;a&bl;vnf;ysufpD;wwf\/ topfaompyspf&nfudk
topfaomom;a&Al;ü xnfh&onf/ (vkum 15;36-38)
a,½I\tBuHOmPfay;csufonf ,aeYrSmuREkfyfwdkYtwGuf avsmfuefygonf/
topf a ompyspf &nf E Si f h pyspf &nf ta[mif ; ES p f c kp vk H ;ud k zsuf qD ; &ma&muf onf /
vuf½Sdtoif;awmfrsm;udk toGiful;ajymif;jcif;umvwdkif ajz;ajz;csif;jzifhûyvkyf&rnf/
,ckwnf½Sdvsuf½Sdaomtoif;awmfrsm;onf or®musrf;pmESifhtnDykHpHodkYul;ajymif;jcif;rSm
 335
jynfhpkHrIr½SdEdkifyg/ olwdkYudkxm;vkdufyg/ MumvQifolwdkYaooGm;vdrfhrnf[lía,½Iuqdkonf/
þtpm;uREkfyfwdkYonftopfaompyspf&nfxnfhp&mom;a&Al;udk wnfaxmif&rnf/
wpfc gwpf &Hr Sm topf aomom;a&Al; ud k vuf ½S dtoif ;awmfr sm;üzef wD; ay;&rnf/
tjcm;enf;jzifhajym&vQif? vkyfenf;udkifenf;ta[mif;rsm;udkz,fxkwfrnfhtpm; tzGJUi,f\
wnf a qmuf y kH u d kv uf ½S d wnf a qmuf r IE S i fh twl ab;csif; ,S Of í aygif ;xnf ha y;yg/
MumaomtcgrS m ]]topf a ompyspf & nf } } tpG r f ; jyíwpf c k w nf ; omjzpf v mí
]]a[mif;aompyspf& nf}}onf ajz;ñSi f;pG maoqkH; oGm;rnf/ odk Y&mwGif ta[mif;udk
vkH;0zsufqD;vdkufygu topfodkYajymif;vdkufvQif ESpfckpvkH;udkysufpD;oGm;vdrfhrnf[k
a,½IuajymoGm;onf/
ygpwmtrsm;rSmtopfaomenf;vrf;jzifh oduRrf;vmaomtcg olwdkY\rSm;,Gif;rI
wpf &yfo nf td rf u dk ajy;NyD ; ol wdk Y\ toif; awmfwGi fû yvk yf aqmif ½G uf M uygonf /
olwdkYjrefqefpGmawGUvkduf&onfrSm toif;om;rsm;onf ygpwmuJhokdYpdwf0ifpm;rIr½SdMuyg?
twdkuftcHrsm;rSmBuD;xGm;vmygonf/ ygpwmrSm pdwf"mwfus&ygonf/ ykHpHajymif;jcif;udk
pGe f UypfN yD; toif ;awmf o nf yd k ípd wf " gwf u saomtaexm;rS m tzG J Utpnf ; wpf &yf
toif;awmfwGif wnf½Sdvmygonf/
tajctaeudktaESmifht,Sufay;jcif;onf wpfcgwpf&HrSm tusifhom;½SdNyD;om;
ûyvkyfenf;udkraESmifh,SufvQif ydkíaumif;ayrnf/ topfaomtBuHOmPfudkaz:xkwfvkdufyg?
ta[mif;ESifh'GefwGJí½Sdapyg/ vuf½Sdtoif;awmfudk toGiful;ajymif;jcif;enf;vrf;wpfckwnf;
om½Sdygonf/ þokdYûyjcif;rSm tcsKdUaomtoif;awmfrsm;wGif tvkyfrjzpfyg/ þodkYjzpfygu
xkdtoif;awmfudkqufvufíenf;vrf;a[mif;twdkif;xm;vdkufyg/ tcsdefudkpyspf&nf
topfxnhfaomom;a&Al;wdkYudk xkwfvkyf&efBudK;pm;yg/ tcsKdUaomtoif;awmfrsm;onf
wpf0ufwpfysufþenf;vrf;rsm;odkYoGm;vdrfhrnf/ aumif;ygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmf
onftcsdeftuefYtowfjzifhaqmif½Gufjcif;r½Sdyg/ olwdkYonfoefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmfudk
tcsdefrsm;rsm;ay;&rnf/ bk&m;ocifonf £oa&vwdkYudk tD*spfjynfrSxkwfEkwfaomtcgwGif
£oa&vwdkYtm; tD*spfwkdY\tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh uif;½Sif;atmifûyvkyfí or®musrf;pm
ykHpHxGufwnf½SdoGm;&eftwGuf toGiful;umvudk tESpfav;q,frQMumonf/ tD*spfwdkYonf
vlawGxGufzdkYydkíMumygonf/ toif;awmfonfarma½Sr[kwfyg? odkY&mwGif wpfqlwnf;aom
bk&m;udkarma½SuJhodkY0wfûyudk;uG,fMuygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYajrmfvifhcsufrSm tESpfav;q,f
336
Mumanmif;atmif þacwfvlom;rsm;twGuf rMumatmifarQmfvifh&ygonf/ uREkfyfwdkY\
arQmf v if h c suf r S m þol r sm;onf vG i f wD ; acgif r S m raoMuzd k Y a rQmf v if h & ygonf /
bk&m;ocifonf,aeYtcsdefrSm acgif;aqmifrsm;udk topfaomarma½Sjzpfí bk&m;ocif\
vlwdkYudktD*spfrS xGufcGmzdkYOD;aqmifí uwdûycJhaome,fajrodkYydkY aqmif&efvkdtyfygonf/
tu,f í omygpwmrsm;onf toif ; awmf r S m tvk y f v k y f o nf h t cgwG i f
toGiful;ajymif;jcif;umvudk wpfykdif;wpfpom ûyvkyfEdkifonf½Sdaomf bk&m;ocifudk
aus;Zl;wif&ygrnf? taMumif;rSm bk&m;ocifonf olwdkYtm;cGifhûycJhonfrSm OD;wnfcsuf
trSefbufodkY cGifhûyjcif;½Sdygonf/ ½Sd&if;pGJtoif;awmfrsm;onf ta&;tBuD;qkH; OD;pm;ay;rIrSm
qufqHa&;ûyaom tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk jyefvnfíaz:xkwfay;&rnf? pJvftoif;awmfyHkpHudk
jynf hp k H pG mraz:xk wfE d ki f onf h wd k if a tmif qufq H a&;tpnf ;ta0;rsm;udk jyef vnf
ûyvkyfay;oifhonf/ toif;awmftcsKdUwGif þqufqHa&;½Sdaomtpnf;ta0;rsm;onf
tzGJUi,fykHpHrsm;jzifhr½SdEkdifyg/ qufqHa&;½Sdonfhtcsdefrsm;onf us,fjyefYaomtkyfpk
jzpf&yfrsm;wGif rdwfzGJUaomtm;jzifh usif;yEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif qufqHa&;jyóemonf
r½S d v nf ; jzpf o nf [ l í r,l q &yg/ toif ; awmf o nf quf q H a &;enf ; vrf ; ud k
a½G;cs,fEdkifaomfvnf;? toif;awmfonf qufqHa&;½Sd&rnf? odkYwnf;r[kwfygu
a,½Ic&pf\ toif;awmfrjzpfEdkifawmhyg/
taMumif;wpf&yfwGif toif;awmftopfudkxlaxmifí ykHpHerlemtm;jzifh jynfhpkHonfh
vu©Pm½Sdjcif;udkydkívG,fulonf? ydkíoifhavsmfjcif;½Sdrnfudkem;vnfrI½Sdaomfvnf;?
wpfcsdefwpfcgrSm toif;awmfonf toGiful;umvudk vkH;0pJvfykHpHjzifh ul;ajymif;vdkonfh
tcgrS m toG i fu l ; umvud k rnf onf h e nf ; jzif h a qmif ½ Gu f & rnf e nf; / wajz;ajz;
ûyvkyfaqmif½Gufay;&rnf/ topfaompyspf&nfonf pyspf&nfa[mif;om;a&Al;xJodkY
csufcsif; ravmif; xnfh &yg/ yxrOD; pGmom;a&Al ;opf rsm;udk OD; pGmtoif ;awmfwG if
xkwfvkyf&ygrnf/
ygpwmjzpf ol o nf toif ; vl B uD ; rsm;ES i f h OD ; pG maqG ; aEG ;vd k r nf ? od k Y r[k wf
toif ; bk wf tzG J UES i fh aqG ; aEG ; íacgif; aqmif rI y d ki f ; wG i f ac:,l r I ½S d & rnf / a'o½S d
toif ; awmf r sm;\ acgif ; aqmif rsm;onf toGi f u l ;ajymif ; jcif ; vIy f ½ S m;rI twG u f
axmufcHrIr½Sdygu? toGiful;ajymif;jcif;udkor®musrf;pm ykHpHerlemodkYajymif;ír&Edkifyg?
rjzpfEdkifyg/ ygpwmonfrnfodkYuRrf;usifrI½Sdaomfvnf; rjzpfEkdifyg/ acgif;aqmifrIydkif;wGif
 337
yxrOD;pGm Revolution in the church pmtkyfudkpwifaqG;aEG;Muygrnf/ aqG;aEG;csufjzpfpOfü
olwd kYar;MurnfrSm toif;awmfü þtajymif;tvJrsm;ud k rnfodk Ytaumif txnf
azmf&rnf udkar;Muvdrfhr nf/ uRrf;usifN yD;ynm½SdaomygpwmwpfOD;onf rajymbJ?
olwdkYtBuHûycsufrsm;udkem;axmifNyD;? tBuHûycsuftrsm;tjym;udk vufcHívkyfaqmifoGm;rnf/
acgif ; aqmif r I y d k i f ; rS vI y f ½ S m;rI u d k a xmuf c H j cif ; ½S d í ? aemuf wpf q if h wG i f
toif;om;y&dwfowfrsm;udk tm;vkH;rStajymif;tvJûyvkyf&efvdktyfaMumif;tjrif½SdzdkY
ul n D & ygrnf / omref t oif ; om;rsm;\ tcef ; u@? ygpwm\tcef ; u@?
qufqHa&;½Sdonfhtoif;awmf? ponfh w&m;a[mcsufrsm;udkûyvkyf&rnf/ tcsdefrSefrSef
a[majym&rnf / cef ; raqmif t pnf ; ta0;wpf & yf w G i f toif ; om;rsm;onf
acgif;aqmifr sm;ES ifhwd kifyifNyD ; þajymif; vJcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnf azmf Edkif &ef
aqG ; aEG; Murnf/ þt&mrsm;tm;vk H; onf twif ; tMuyf v ky fí r&yg? ûyvky f &mü
or® musrf;pmESif hord kif; aMumif;t& tajctjrpf½ Sdonftwd kif; BuD ;rm;aomqE´jzifh
jyefvnfoGm;vdkjcif;jzpfygonf/
tcsd e f r sm;rsm;ü ygpwmrsm;onf pd w f t m;xuf o ef r I ½ S d í zG J U pnf ; yk H u d k
ajymif;vJjcif;twGuf taumiftxnfaz:aqmif½Guf&ef pdwfapmí xdktajymif;tvJrsm;udk
vlwpfOD;csif;pdwfwGif rdwfqufwifjy&efyxrOD;pGm ûyvkyf&rnfudkem;vnfrIr½SdcJhyg/
odkYjzpfí olwdkYonfckcHuefYuGuf jcif;ESifh rsm;pGm&ifqkdif&ygonf/ ,cktwd kcsKH;jzifh
az:jyxm;aomtqifhrsm;onf acgif;aqmifrIydkif;a&m? toif;om;rsm;tydkif;a&mvufcHEdkif&ef
txl;vkdtyfygonf/ txl;tav;xm;rIûy&ef wdkufwGef;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif? tcsufwpfcsuf
½SdonfrSm arhavsmhcJhygonf/ þzGJUpnf;ykHudkajymif;vJoGm;&mrSm? omoemûyjcif;tawG;rsm;
½Sd&efonf yxrOD;pGmwnfaqmuf&rnf/
a'otoif;awmfwpfckwGif trIaqmifclergy\ tcef;u@ajymif;vJrI½SdoGm;rnfudk
tBuHûyoGm;vQif? toif;om;rsm;u ygpwmr[kwfbJ tcsif;csif;toif;om;rsm;u
tjyeftvSefMunhf½Iapmifha½Smufjcif;ûyonfudk ygpwmu t"duMunfh½Iapmifha½Smufjcif;
r[kwfaMumif;ajymjyvQif? toif;awmfcyfrsm;rsm;ü wkefvIyfoGm;rnf/ ygpwmuom
yxrOD;pGmomoemûyjcif; tawG;tac:wdkYudk wnfaxmifNyD;rSom þodkYwkefvIyfjcif;rsKd;ukd
r½SdEdkifyg/ aumuf&dwfodrf;csdefOD;pm;ay;rIESifh aysmufqkH;aeaomolwdkYudk ½SmazGí c&pfawmfxHodkY
,laqmifvmjcif;onf toif;awmf\ toif;om;rsm;tm; tawG;tc:wGif zGJYpnf;ykH
338
rwdkifrD awGU½SdrSomvQif tajymif;tvJ½SdEkdifrnf/ BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;rIESihf wynfhawmfjzpfjcif;
tay:üw&m;awmf r sm;a[mMum;jcif ; wd k Y o nf þyk H p H u d k t aumif txnf a z:&mü
vdktyfaomtcsufjzpfonf/
þykHpHonf {0Ha*vdowif;pum;rsm;a[mMum;jcif;ESifh wynfhawmfjzpfûyaom
toif;awmftaetxm;üom t"dyÜm,fudkem;vnfEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí omoem
ûyjcif;tawG;tac:rsm;OD;pm;ay;rIonf a'otoif;awmfwGif þykHpHESifhywfoufí
aqG;aEG;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? tMurf;zsif;today;jcif;aomvnf;aumif;? rûyvkyfrD
toif;om;rsm;\omoemûyjcif; tawG;tac:rsm;onf pGJxifrSomûyvkyfoGm;Edkifygonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh t,ltqrSm tawG;tac:rsm;½Sdaeygonf/ þtaMumif;t&mwGif
t,tqES i f h r NyD ; ao;yg? taumif t xnf a z:Ed k i f r S o mjzpf E d k i f r nf / od k Y jzpf í
twnfwusjzpfrSom ygpwmonf omreftoif;om;wdkY\ tmPmûyaom toif;awmfudk
wnfaxmifEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
þwnfaxmifrINyD;ygu a'otoif;awmfwGif omoemûyjcif;tawG;tc:rsm;
½Sd onfhtcgwGif? yxrqk H;aomtaumif txnfaz:&rSmu jyef vnfxla xmif&rnfh
omref t oif ; om;wd k Y \ tcef ; u@jzpf y gonf ? omref t oif ; om;rsm;onf
trI a wmf a qmif & ol r sm;jzpf M uonf / trI a qmif c lergy rS m awmh avh u sih f a y;ol ?
t&nftcsif;wyfqifay;oljzpfygonf/ þae&ma'oonf Revolution in the church
pmtkyfonf az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þtcsufonf yxrajcvSrf;omjzpfygonf/
tNyD ; tjywf a z:xk wf j cif ; rS m yk H p H \ vk H ; vk H ; vsm;vsm;az:xk wf j cif ; jzpf y gonf /
toif;awmfonf &nf½G,fcsufyef;wdkifjzpfaom toif;om;tm;vkH;wdkY\ trIawmfaqmifjcif;
vk yf i ef ;rsm;ud k yg0if ywf o ufr I ½ S da omtcgrS m? 'k wd ,yk di f ; ykH p H ? pJ v ftk y f pk wk d Yu d k
rdwfqufjcif;ûy&rnf/
omreftoif;om;rsm;\ trIawmfaqmifjcif;rûyrD tkyfpki,frsm;wnfaxmifoGm;vQif?
tzGJUi,frsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf toif;awmfrsm;\ yl;wGJxm;aomtpdwftykdif;rQom
jzpfoGm;rnf/ olwdkYonf tm;tifaysmhNyD; ûypkjcif;cH&rnfh tydkif;tpomjzpfoGm;rnf/
toif;awmf\ zGJUpnf;rItiftm;wpf&yfrjzpfEdkifawmhyg/ þtpm;? olwdkYonf rMumrD
aooG m;NyD ; toif ;awmf \ toif ; om;rsm;onf ajymqd k o G m;onf r S m ol wd k Y o nf
tzGJYi,frsm;ESifh prf;oyfcJNyD;tvkyfrjzpfyg[lí ajymqdkoGm;rnf/ odkY&mwGif omreftoif;om;
 339
wd k Y r S trI a wmf a qmif j cif ; vk y f i ef ; ud k yxrOD ; pG m zG H U jzd K ;wd k ; wuf a tmif vk y f N yD ; rS
toif;om;wdkYonf ygpwm\tcef;u@rSm avhusihfay;ol? t&nftcsif;wyfqifay;ol
taejzihfjrifaomtcgwGif t"duûypkapmifha½Smufolr[kwfaMumif; jrifaomtcgrSm?
tzGJUi,frsm;onf toif;om;rsm;\Munfh½Iapmihfa½Smufjcif;udkay;aqmif&oljzpfNyD;
omref toif;om;rsm;\trIawmfaqmifjcif;onf jrifomoGm;vdr fhrnf/ þtjzpfü
tzG J U i,f r sm;onf r½S d r jzpf t aetxm;ü½S d a omtcgrS m pJ v f t k y f p k r sm;onf
ykHpHxJodkY0ifjcif;onf ydkrkdvG,fulrnfjzpfygonf/ pJvftkyfpkrsm;onf pnf;½kH;a&;oabmxm;
jzpfí toif;awmfonf tajcpdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
pJvftkyfpkwnfaqmufrIonf toif;awmfü zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufatmifûypkaomtcgwGif?
ygpwmrsm;onf ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;wm0efrSvGwfajrmufjcif;½Sdí olwdkY\tcsdefudk
topfaomtkyfpkrsm;udkwnfaxmifoGm;onf/ (toif;awmfpdkufxljcif;)ESifh vuf½SdtzGJUrsm;ESifh
trIa wmfa qmif jcif ;rsm;udk yH hy dk ;uln Dr Iû yoGm;Edk if onf/ xkd tcg,ciftcef; BuD; wG if
aqG;aEG;cJhaom ykHpHodkYwnfaxmifoGm;&efydkrdkvG,fulrnfjzpfonf/
txufygjrifuGif;onf toif;awmfBuD;a&m toif;awmfi,fudka&m toGifajymif;jcif;
enf ; vrf ; jzpf o nf / uREk f y f wd k Y a rQmf v if h o nf r S m toG i f u l ; ajymif ; jcif ; umvonf
toif;awmfi,frsm;wGif jrefqefvdrfhrnf? taMumif;rSm vlykdíenf;yg;pGmjzpfpOfwGif
yg0ifywfowfrnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif toif;awmfuav;rsm;wGif uefYuGufckcHtm;ydkí
toif;awmfBuD;rsm;ü½Sdygvdrfhrnf/ uGefz&ifhonf cufcJaomqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ûyvkyf&rnf?
aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpö ESi fhy wfo ufí qk H;jzpf csufr sm;ûyvkyf &rnf/ uGe fz&ihf taejzifh
toif;om;enf;yg;aomtoif;awmfi,frsm;udk ygpwmrsm;qufvufí ydkYay;Edkifrnfvm;/
þtpm;ol w d k Y onf toG i f ; ul ; jcif ; umvud k y d k í jref q ef a tmif û yvk y f & rnf ?
e,fpnf;a'orsm;udk ykdíBuD;rm;atmifûyvkyfrnf/ jzpfEdkifajcrSm e,fpnf;ESpfckudkaygif;í
toif;awmfaygif;av;ckrSig;ckjzpfatmif ûyvkyfonf/ qufvufNyD; toif;awmf½Spf
(od k Y ) wq,f ? quf í e,f p nf ; wd k Y c sJ U í toif ; awmf q ,f h i g;rS ES p f q ,f t xd
aygif;pyfxm;&rnf/ e,fpnf;wpfckwGif toif;awmf q,fhig;ck½SdvQif? toif;awmfokH;av;ck
½Sdaome,fpnf;udk BuD;Muyf&efydkrdkvG,fulvdrfhrnf/ ygpwmwpfOD;onf toif;awmf
okH;av;ck½SdvQif? toif;om;rsm;ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;udk ygpwmonf toif;awmfwpfcK?
340
ESp fck½S daomtcg xdkuJh odkY aomûypkapmifha½Smuf jcif; rsKd; udkv dkvm;ygrnf / od kY&mwGif
ygpwmwpfOD;onf toif;awmfq,fhig;ckudk tkyfcsKyf&aomtcgwGif udk,fxdvufa&muf
ûypkapmihfa½Smufjcif;rjzpfEdkifonfudk vlwdkif;odMuonf/ xdktajctaejzpfvmaomtcg
toif ;awmf rsm;onf wm0ef y dk ,l v m&rnf j zpfN yD; or® musrf ;pmyk Hp H rsm;uJ ho dk Y aom
wm0ef,loGm;Mu&rnf/ 'DvkdvkyfrSom olwdkYonfoifMum;rIudkcHvdk,lrIydk½Sdí tcsif;csif;
ûypkjcif;udk txdkifygpwmr½SdbJESifh toif;awmfudkvnfywfEdkifonf/
txufygtpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfaz:Ekdif&ef tEÅ&m,f½SdEdkifonf? taMumif;rSm
toif;awmfuav;rsm;onf uif;uGmtqufjzwf&jcif;½Sdovdk cHpm;&í EdkifiHa&;tmPmudk
tokH;ûyí þvIyf½Sm;rIudk twdkcsKyfjidrf;oGm;atmif ûyvkyfoGm;rnf/ odkY&mwGif uREkfyfwdkYonf
trSefwu,ftav;xm;NyD; or®musrf;pmykHpHodkYjyefapvdkvQif? pGef;pm;&ygrnf/ tcsKdUaom
uGefz&ifhOuúXrsm;onf tvkyfûywfoGm;Edkifonf? odkY&mwGifomoemûyjcif; wGef;tm;ay;onfh
toif;awmfudkjyefvnfzefwD;jcif;onf OD;pm;ay;&rnf/ þtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;umvonf
wajz;ajz;csif;vIyf½Sm;&rnf? pdwf½SnfzdkYvdktyfygonf/ oifhavsmfaomvkyfenf;udkifenf;onf
vdkufavQmuf&ef toif;awmftav;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY\wm0efrsm;udkvufcH í rdrdwdkYonf
Munfh½Iapmifha½Smufí ûyvkyf&rnf/ odkY&mwGif acgif;aqmifrIonf r,drf;r,dkifbJ
OD;wnfcsufwdkYudk wpfpdkufrwfrwf toif;awmfi,frsm;udk OD;aqmifrIûy&rnf/
e,fpnf;rsm;aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;jzihfxGufvmonfh vpmay;&jcif;oufomaomtcgrSm
toif;awmfrsm;udk ,cifra&mufEdkifcJhaom vlrsKd;pkwdkYwGif wnfaxmifoGm;&rnf/
aemuf w pf e nf ; e,f p nf ; ao;uav;toif ; awmf o k H ; av;ck w G i f ygpwmonf
tjcm;aomtoif;awmfrsm;udk pNyD;wnfaxmifoGm;&rnf/ olonfxdke,fonf;wGif
wdk;csJUoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tcsKdUaomtoif;awmfopfrsm;onf vlrItzGJUtpnf;uav;wGif
pJvfwpfckom½SdEdkifrnf? odkY&mwGif toif;om;rsm;\ûypkapmifha½SmufrIykHpHjzifh½Sd&rnf/
xdke,fpnf;wGif þygpwmomtokH;ûyjcif;½Sdí uGefz&ifhonf vpmwdk;csJUjcif;r½Sdyg?
toif;awmfOD;a&udkxkde,fpnf;wGif toif;awmfOD;a&udkwdk;csJUjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpfí
q,fzdkYwpfzdkYESifh toif;om;rsm;tajcpdkufjcif;wdkYudk wdk;csJUcJhonfrSm p&wfpuwdk;csJUjcif;
r½Sdyg/ vuf½Sdtoif;awmfrsm;\toif;om;rsm;onf wm0efwdk;csJUjcif;rsm;udkvufcHoGm;rnf?
,ckwGif olwdkY\ygpwmonf toif;awmfrsm;rsm;udk trIaqmifcJhonfudkodoGm;onf/
 341 342

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rn D nw T fyg?b k&m ;o ci f\ t B uH ûycsu fESihfq efYu sifí ½Sd
o n f/ b k&m ;o ci fo n f þpOf;pm;csufrSm toif;awmftcsKdUonf þrQavmufvIyf½Sm;rIrsm; rûyvkyfcsifyg/
Ellen White rS w qif h a jrmf v if h j cif ; toif ; awmf u d k a&;om;tBuH û yoG m ;onf r S m þodkYjzpfygu ygpwmonf þckcHtm;udk tcsdefrsm;rsm;tukefcHNyD; ckcHtm;udkwdkufzsuf&ef
oefY½Sif;aom0dnmOfawmf\ aphaqmfrIrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xdktoif;awmfrsm;onf us,fjyefYpGm BudK;pm;&efrûyoifhyg/ þtpm;ygpwmonf vlrItzGJUtpnf;odkY0ifa&mufNyD; toif;awmf
 343
topfrsm;wnfaxmifjcif;udk topfaomykHpHerlemESifhtnD wnfaqmuf&rnf/ ygpwmonf
tenf;qkH; aomtrIawmfaqmifjcif;udk vuf½Sdtoif;awmfwGifûyvkyfí toif;om;
tm;vkH;onfaysmfEdkifrnf/ odkY&mwGifxdktcsdefwGif topfaomvlrItzGJUtpnf;udk xdkûrdUü
zefwD;í vifawGUtm;jzifh or®musrf;pmESifhtnDzefwD;jcif;½Sdvmrnf/ toif;awmfwpfckonf
tajymif;tvJrûyvdkygu? xm;vdkufyg/ ygpwm\tiftm;udkrjzKef;wD;vdkufygESifh/
topfaomt&mrsm;udkzefwD;vdkufyg/ rnfonfht&mrSygpwm\ BudK;pm;rIudkwm;qD;jcif;
rûyxm;yg/
t ES
pfcsK
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tBuHûyygonf? odkY&mwGif xdxda&mufa&mufom taumiftxnfaz:jcif;ûy&rnf/
tvG,fulqkH;enf;vrf;rSm vkH;0opfvGifaom toif;awmfrsm;udk zefwD;oGm;&efjzpfonf?
topf a omyk H p H e rl e mod k Y wnf a xmif o G m;&ef j zpf o nf / vuf ½ S d toif ; awmf r sm;ud k
toGiful;ajymif;jcif;qE´½Sdonftwdkif; toGiful;ajymif;ay;jcif;? vuf½Sdtoif;awmfrsm;wGif
toGiful;ajymif;jcif;qE´r½Sdonfrsm;udk qufvufí½Sd&if;pGJykHpHjzifh cGifhûyoGm;&efjzpfygonf/
pma&;ol\tBuHûycsufrSm ynmay;jcif;trIü acgif;aqmifrIydkif;a&m? toif;om;awGyg
vufcHoGm;&ef toGiful;ajymif;jcif;trIü ynmay;jcif;ûy&eftBuHay;ygonf/
toGiful;jcif;umvnonf qE´½Sdovdk jrefqefjcif;½Sdrnfr[kwfyg? okdY&mwGif
ygpwmrsm;onf þokdYaomvIyf½Sm;rIrSm topfaomOD;wnfcsufjzifh vIyf½Sm;rIwdk;wufvsuf
½S do nf ud k 0rf; omrI ½S d& rnf/ toif; awmf onf BuD; rm;aomoabF mESi fh wl ygonf?
BuD r m;oxuf B uD ; rm;vQif OD ; vS n f ha y;zd k Y y d k r dk c uf c J y grnf ? tcsd e f o nf v nf ; yd k í
Mumanmif;ygrnf/ onf;cHjcif;cHEkdif&nf½SdrIvdktyfygonf/ odkY&mwGif c&pfawmfonf
toif ; awmf \ OD ; acgif ; jzpf o nf h t avsmuf OD ; aqmif a y;aeygonf ? ol \
aemufv dkufrsm;onf emcHrIûy&rnf/ qufqHa &;íomreftoif;om;rsm;tPm½Sdí?
ygpwmrsm;udkrSDcdktm;xm;jcif;½Sdaom ,kHMunfolrsm;vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfonf?
tac:ta0:tm;jzifh toif;awmfudk jyefvnfarG;zGm;ay;&rnf/
344
wrefawmf½Sifa,m[efonf yxr&mpkESpftukefrSm ½Sif;vif;pGmajymMum;cJhonfrSm?
uREkf yfwdkY onf todw&m;trSef udk a[mMum;aomtcgwGif vl rsm;uuREkf yfwdkY ESi fh
rdwfo[m,&½SdzdkY&ef zcrnf;awmfESifhol\om;awmf½SdzdkY&efjzpfygonf/ vlom;rsm;\
tajccHvdktyfcsufrSm ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifrQMumanmif;onfhtcgwGif ajymif;vJrIr½Sdyg/
bk &m;ocif o nf vl o m;rsm;ud k ac:xk wf í ppf r S e fa omvl Y tzGJ U tpnf ; wpf & yf wG i f
touf½SifaexdkifoGm;&ef ac:qdkvsuf½Sdonf/ urÇmajrBuD;tm;jyo&ef ûyjyifajymif;vJEdkifonfh
vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfukd ac:qdkvsuf½Sdonf/ c&pf,mefrsm;onf wpfoD;yk*¾vtm;jzifh
aeír&awmhyg/ olwdkYtm;vlrItzGJUtonf;wpf&yfwGif aexdkifoGm;zdkYac:qdkjcif;ûyoGm;onf/
olrsm;udk,kHMunf&ef oifMum;&rnf? ,kHMunfxdkufaomoljzpf&rnf/
cspfjrwfEdk;&efoifMum;í? cspfjrwfEdk;p&mjzpf&rnf/ uREkfyfwdkYonfolrsm;\
toufwmwGif euf½Idif;pGmyg0ifywfouf&rnf? þodkYtm;jzifh uREkfyfwdkYonf
c&pf a wmf tm;tyf E S H r I ½ S d & rnf / þod k Y a omquf q H a &;½S d z d k Y q d k o nf r S m
uREkfyfwdkYonf tjcm;olrsm;ESifhrQa0cHpm;rIvdktyfygonf/ olwdkYonfvnf;
uREkfyfwdkYESifhrQa0cHpm;&rnf/ t&mtm;vkH;wkdYonf tcsdefvdktyfvsuf½Sdonf/
þonf o mrubJ ? rsuf E S m jcif ; qd k i f q uf q H a &;ud k v d k t yf o nf /
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toif;awmfonf tkyfpki,fwnfaqmufrIudka½GUoGm;&efzdtm;ay;cH&onf/
uREkfyfwdkY\c&pf,meftoufwmudkvlrIa&;wpf&yfwGif aexkdifoGm;&efac:qdkrIcH&onf/
þac:qdkrIonfbk&m;ocifu ESpfq,f&mpktukefwGif ac:qdkjcif;ûycJhonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf
uGe f pwifwd ki f ; OD; aqmif rI û ycJ ha omtzGJ U tpnf; wpf & yf u dk vdk u fa vQmufc H onf rS m
MumjrifhcJhygonf? pwkw¬&mpkESpfrSmjzpfcJhygonf/ tcsdeftcgonf wefNyDjzpfí or®musrf;pmESifh
nDnTwfaom toif;awmfudkwnfaqmuf&efvkdtyfygonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfonf
wnf aqmuf rI wpf& yfu dk or®musrf ; pm\trS e fw&m;ES if hn D aom pif jrif hwpf& yf ud k
wnfaqmufcJhonfudk ,kHMunfygonf/ ,ckwGif or®musrf;pmESifhtnD usihfpOfrsm;udk
wnfaqmuf&rnf/ or®musrf;pm\trSefw&m;udk ,kHMunfjcif;onfrvkHavmufao;yg?
xkdtrSefw&m;udk ½Sifoefjcif;jyzdkYvdktyfygonf[lí ,kHMunfolrsm;twGufjzpfygonf/
 345 346

þtrSefw&m;rsm;udk vlrsm;\toufwmwGif ½Sifoef&efomru bk&m;ocifonf tcef ; BuD ; (12)

toif ; awmf u d k r d r d \touf wmud k vl r I tzG J U tpnf; wpf & yf wG i f tjcm;ol r sm;ES i f h tES p f c sKyf E S i f h e d * k H ; csKyf j cif ;
aexkdifoGm;zdkYac:qdkygonf/ 0rf;enf;p&maumif;onfrSm uREkfyfwdkY\toif;awmfudk
tar&d uef wd k Y \wpfo D ; yk * ¾ vtay:ü wnf aqmufc J ho nf ? or® musrf ; pmESi f h tnD
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vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfwGifr[kwfyg/ tcsdefrSm tar&duefwdkY\wpfoD;yk*¾vudk pGefYcGmNyD;
toif ; awmf y k H P h u d k wnf a xmif & ef ½ S mazG c J h y gonf / ajrmf v if h j zif ; toif ; awmf \
or®musrf;pmESifhtnD vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfudkwnfaqmuf&ef tcsdefwufNyD/ xdktcg
or®musrf;pmESifh ordkif;0iftarGtESpfwdkY\ em;rIudk½SmazGcJhygonf/ or®musrf;pmESifh
vlrsm;tm;vkH;udk trSefwu,fwynfhawmfjzpfjcif;udk ûyvkyfoGm;í BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufudk
ordkif;0iftaxmuftxm;t& pma&;olonf tqdkwifoGif;wpf&yfrSm toif;awmfykHpHwGif
taumiftxnfaz:aqmifoGm;Edkifrnf/
trIaqmif clergy rsm;ud k tm;ud k ; txm;rI r ½S d b J ? omref toif ; om;ud k t ajccH í ?
pJ v f t k y f p k t ajccH j cif ; ES i f h omoemûyjcif ; wG e f ; tm;½S d a om toif ; awmf y k H p H u d k
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tqdkwifoGif;cJhonf/ ed*kH;csKyftaejzifh tydkif;av;ydkif;udkcsOf;uyfcJhonf/
yxrtykdif;onf ajrmfvifhjcif;\omoemûyjcif;\ tajccHudk ppfaq;cJhonf?
okawoepmwrf;rSm toif;awmfonf omoemûyjcif; todw&m;jyefvnf&½SdrSom
usefonfhykHpHtydkif;udk Oya'xkwfjyefEdkifonf/ xdkomoemûyjcif;tvkyfonf tajctjrpf
pk d u f j cif ; ES i f h tajccH w d k Y rS m BuD ; rm;onf h a pcd k i f ; csuf t ay:ü wnf a eygonf /
BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csufonf c&pfawmfay;jcif;rSm ol\toif;awmfay:xGef;jcif;ukd
jzpfapygonf/ xdkapcdkif;csuf\&v'frSm wynfhawmfrsm;ay:xGef;&jcif;jzpfygonf?
wynfhawmfrsm;[lonfrSm vlrsm;uvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;c&pfawmfudk olwdkY\ toufwmü
ocif bk&m;tjzpfvufcHaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ol wdkYonf olY\bk&m;jzpfjcif ;udk
tm;vkH;aomt&m;rsm;ü vufcHjcif;jzpfygonf/ olwdkY\udk,fum,? pdwfykdif;qdkif&m?
ESifh0dnmOfoabmxm;wdkYjzifhvufcHcJhonf/
tjzpfuaz:jycJhonfrSm BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf\ todw&m;onf "r®opfusrf;acwf
ausm½dk;ozG,fzGJUpnf;jcif;jzpfygonf/ tzGJUtpnf;\vu©PmoGifjyiftm;vkH;wkdYonf
jyifqifrIwpf&yfonf c&pfawmf\omoemûyjcif;twGufjzpfygonf/ vlrsKd;pktm;vkH;wkdYudk
wynfhawmftjzpfûyvkyfjcif;jzpfygonf/ omoemûyjcif;tjrifudk tm½kHpdkufjcif;ûyonfh
twGuf? wnfaqmufyKhonf toif;awmf\ omoemûyjcif;tvkyfudkaz:xkwfjcif;
ûyygonf/ tzGJUtpnf;\ o,HZmwrsm;onf &if;ESD;jcif;ûyí topfaomvlrsm;udk
c&pfawmftwGuf ,laqmifvmjcif;jzpfygonf/ toif;awmfopfrsm;xlaxmifjcif;onf
 347
a'ocH r sm;jzpf í rd r d b mom&yf w nf E d k i f y gonf / a½S ; OD ; toif ; awmf r sm;onf
aysmufqkH;aeaomoludk½SmazG&ef OD;pm;ay;aomaMumifh toif;awmfonf vdktyfonfh
jyifqifajymif;vJrIrsm;udk olwdkY\,kHMunfcsufrsm;ESifhqefYusifbufrjzpfvQif ûyvkyfí
vl r sm;xH o d k Y a&muf a tmif oG m ;Muygonf / ol w d k Y onf ocif b k & m;\yk H p H u d k
vdkufavQmufcJhonf/ ocifbk&m;onf olYudk,fukd,k'vlwdkY\ ,Ofaus;rIwGif vljzpfcHcJhonf/
ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;\ omoemûyjcif;em;vnfrIonf BuD;rm;aomapcdkif;csuf
jzifh jrihfwifjcif;cH&í aumif;uifwrefokH;yg;owif;pum;rsm;onf Asm'dwf 14;6-
12 wGif awGU½Sdonftwdkif; em;vnfrI½SdcJhonf/ ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;om;rsm;onf
þtxl;owif;pum;rsm;udk urÇmodkYjzefYa0&rnf/ aemufqkH;&v'fonf þowif;rsm;udk
jzefYa0jcif;tm;jzifh vlrsm;uocifbk&m;<uvmjcif;udk jyifqifoGm;Edkifygonf/ jyefvnfí
udk,fum,aomfvnf;aumif;? pdwfydkif;qdkif&maomfvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfa&;t&aomf
vnf;aumif; c&pfawmf\ykHo@mefESifhwlí ol\rSDwG,fjcif;ü wefcdk;awmfESifh rSDwG,fjcif;
tm;tif½Sdygonf/ {0Ha*vdowif;pum;aumif;onf tjrpfwG,fí ajrBuD;wGif tcrJh
aus;Zl;awmfü rSDwG,f&ygonf/ emcHjcif;ü c&pfawmf\ocifjzpfjcif;udk toufwmwGif
taxmuftxm;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
tydkif;(2)onf "r®opfusrf;ü or®musrf;pmem;vnfrIudk ygpwm\tcef;u@ESifh
toif;om;wdkY\ ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;taMumif;udk ½SmazGcJhygonf/ "r®opfusrf;\
trIaqmif Clergy a0g[m&t"dyÜm,fudkppfaq;rIrsm;ûyvkyfí usrf;ykd'frsm;wGif ygpwm\
tcef;u@onf tajccHtm;jzihfûypkapmifha½Smufoltjzpf tBuHûyjcif;½Sdr½Sdppfaq;cJhygonf/
þodkYtBuHûycsufwdkYudkrawGU&yg/ þtpm;trIaqmif Clergy rsm;wdkY\ tcef;u@rSm
"r®opfusrf;wGif tajccHtm;jzifh wrefawmfrsm;ESifh{0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudk jzefYjzL;olrsm;tjzpfudk
awGU½Sd&ygonf/ trIaqmif Clergy rsm;onf tkyfcsKyfaponf? {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfjzefYjzL;ol
jzpfí okdYr[kwfvQiftopfaom toif;awmfrsm;udkxlaxmifolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ trIaqmif
Clergy rsm;ud k vuf ½ S dc&pf ,mef rsm;twGuf ac:cd k if ;jcif ;rûyyg/
toif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif;ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;udk a'otrIaqmif Clergy r½dSaom
tcgwGif "r®opfusrf;rSor®musrf;pmonf ykHpHerlemudk tjyeftvSeftoif;om;rsm;\
ûypkapmifa½Smufjcif;udkawGU&ygonf/ "r®opfusrf;ydk'fwdkYonf toif;om;rsm;tcsif;csif;
ûypkapmifha ½Smufjcif;ES ifh ywfo ufítNrJwrf;,kHMnfoltm;vk H;ud k ajymqd kcJh ygonf/
348
iS m;&rf ; cJ h o l u k d rajymcJ h y g/ tjyef tvS e f û ypk a pmif h a ½S muf j cif ; ud k bk & m;ocif \
vlom;rsm;twGuf rlvtpDtpOfrSm {'ifO,smOfüawGU&yg? bk&m;ocifonf vlom;rsm;udk
zefqif;&mü twlwuGaezdkYjzpfygonf/ oD;oefYtxD;usefjcif;rûy&yg/ tusOf;csKH;tm;jzifh
vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfudk "r®a[mif;ESifh"r®opfusrf;wGif az:jycsufrSm bk&m;ocifonf
tvkyfudkvkyfaom tcgwGif vlrItzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfESifh udk,fpm;ûyjcif;ü tvkyfvkyfygonf/
bk &m;ocifo nf ol\ toif; awmfud kv nf; vl UtzGJ Utpnf; wpf &yfwG if wnf ½S dNyD;
tcsif;csif;ESifhqufqH&efjzpfonf/ {0Ha*vdw&m;awmfudkvnf; tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfwGif
ûyvk y f & ef j zpf y gonf / a,½I o nf toif ; awmf u d k tzG J U i,f t jzpf p wif c J h o nf /
"r® o pf u srf ; acwf t oif ; awmf o nf yif a wuk a wüoef Y ½ S i f ; aom0d n mOf a wmf \
nTefMum;csuft&? tzGJUtpnf;wdkY\ toif;awmfwpf&yfudkwnfaxmifrIr½SdbJ? tzGJUi,f?
tdrftajccHaomtoif;awmfudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf "r®opfusrf;csuf
trsm;udkppfaq;MunfhaomtcgwGif vlUtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yfESifhywfoufí? taumif;qkH;aom
ûypk a pmif h a ½S m uf j cif ; onf toif ; om;rsm;tcsif ; csif ; ûypk a pmif h a ½S muf j cif ; onf
taumif;qkH;jzpfaMumif;awGU&ygonf/ tcsif;csif;ûypkapmifha½Smufjcif;udk z,fxkwfvdkufvQif
toif;om;rsm;twGuf bk&m;ocifay;cJhaom 0dnmOfa&;usef;rmrIESifh tiftm;wdkYudk
"g;jywdkufoGm;&musrnfjzpfonf/
tykdif;(3)onf ygpwmESifhtoif;om;ûypkjcif;udk a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;awmfwGif
½Sdaom tajctaeudk ppfaq;cJhygonf/ uGefpwifwdkif;onf tjynfht0½SdaomtzGJUtpnf;
wpf&yfudk av;&mpkwGifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ rufo'pftoif;awmfonf q,fh½Spf&mpkwGif
vl rI tzG JU tpnf; wpf &yf ud k jyefvnfa wGU ½S daom tajctaewGif ? toif; awmfo nf
vl r I t zG J U tpnf ; wpf & yf t ajccH o nf h toif ; awmf \ zG J U pnf ; yk H u d k p G e f Y c G m cJ h o nf /
ygpwmtcef ;u@ESi fh toif ;om;rsm;\tjyeftvSef ûypkapmifh a½S muf jcif;ud kvnf;
pGefYcGmcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí toif;awmf\zGJUpnf;ykHonf "r®opfusrf;\oabmw&m;ESifh
ywfo ufaom tjyeftvS efûypka pmifha ½Smufjcif;ESif h trIaqmif clergywdk Y\{0Ha *vd
w&m;awmfudkjzefYa0jcif;ESifhywfoufaom tajctaersm;ESifh qefYusifhbufjzpfcJhonf/
þtajctaewGif trIaqmifclergy udk tm;udk;tm;xm;aom toif;awmfESifhygpwmrsm;\
uav;xdef;jcif;tvkyfonf wnfaxmifjcif;jzpfí toif;awmfrsm;rsm;rSm vdkufavQmuf
wkef;jzpfygonf/
 349
Ellen White \vIHYaqmfcsuf½Sdaomvrf;ñTefrIatmufrSm ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;omonf
olwdkYtrsm;xJwGif rufo 'pftoif;awmfrS xGuf vmaomoltxJwGif jyefvnfN yD;
"r® o pf usrf; \ ygpwmrS Dc d ktm;xm;rIr ½Sd a om toif ; awmfu dk wnf a xmifc Jh o nf /
a½S;OD;ajrmfvifhjcif;toif;wdkY\a&;om;csufrsm;? txl;ojzifhEllen White ta&;tom;udk
ppfaq;Munhfaomtcg? toif;awmfudkygpwmudk tm;udk;tm;xm;rûyaom toif;awmfudk
wrifwnfaxmif&efBudK;pm;cJhonf/ toif;awmfwpfckvkH;\wnfaqmufykHrSm? aiGa&;aMu;a&;
tajctaetygt0if wd k Y o nf toif ; awmf u d k wnf a xmif & ef twG u f j zpf y gonf /
a'otoif ; awm\y&d w f o wf r sm;rS m ygpwmiS g ;ívpmay;jcif ; rûyvk y f c J h y g/
a'otoif ; awmf r sm;onf rd r d u d k , f u d k x ef ; od r f ; &ef avh u sif h y nmay;cJ h o nf ?
q,f zd kY wpf zd kY ay;í trIa qmif clergy rsm;udk axmuf yJ hc Jh o nf / olwdk Yo nfq uf í
toif;awmfopfrsm; topfaomtkyfpkrsm;wGif wnfaxmifcJHonf/ toif;om;rsm;onf
trI a qmif clergy tay:ü ol wd kY \ 0d n mOfa &;twG uf tm;udk ; tm;xm;ûyjcif ;wG i f
qef;jym;aomtaetxm;½Sdygonf/ Ellen White ajymoGm;onfrSm xkdtoif;awmf\
toif;om;wdkYonf jyefvnfarG;zGm;jcif;ESihf jyefvnfAwådZHcH,lzdkYvdkygonf/
txd k i f y gpwmrsm;r½S d a om zG J U pnf ; yk H wnf a qmuf r I wG i f ? twnf ½ S d N yD ; om;
toif;awmfrsm;wGif rdrdukd,fudkMunhf½Iapmihfa½Smufjcif;udk oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ topfaom
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oifMum;ay;cJhygonf/ olwdkYonf a,½ItrdefYawmf½Sdonftwdkif; wynfhawmfrsm;jzpfcJhonf/
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350
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 351 352

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