CONSTRUCTION PLANNING

& MANAGEMENT

2
vPlanning
Laws
4
Regulation and Bye
14
Fire Protection
18
Construction Plants & Equipment
Constructions Projects 30
Planning & Scheduling of
66
ManagementT s bys opihee ndge
Departmental Procedures
73
 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

PLANNING 20
Multiple Choice Type Questions
1. The factors affecting Roominess are [MODEL QUESTION]
a) Size of the room b) position of doors and window
c) both a and b d) None of these
Answer: (c)

2 equirement of space for good ventilation for an adult is [MODEL QUESTION]

a) 2.5 m b) 3.5 m c) 6.5 m d) 8.5 m
Answer: (d) w
3 Aspect of bed room of residential building is
a
a) NW-W-SE b) SE-S-SW
[IMODEL QUESTION]
c) NW-N-NE d) None of these
Answer: (a)

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Write
briefly on
necessity of proper ventilation and
place. lavatory block in public
Answer: WBUT 2014]
1 Part:
Ventilation is the change of air in a
less room. For
living healthy in a room, more
overcrowding and fresh air are
factor for comfort in a necessary. Hence good sunlight,
building. ventilation is an
important
Requirement of space and air required
SPACE m
Adult Air m
8.50
Child 20-30
5.67
20-30
The main functions of
ventilation are
(i) To maintain the quality of
(ii) To provide the thermal air inside
the building at certain
level.
balance of the body. envjronment which will aspect in maintaining the heat
(iii) To maintain cool environment
temperature.
when the inside room temperature is above outside
(iv) To remove toxic gases, body odour, bacteria smoke from the
room.
Two types of ventilation
(i) Natural ventilation through doors and windows
ii) Mechanical ventilation- Air condition, Far

CP&M-2
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING &MANAGEMENT

2nd Part:
Lavatory block in public places should be ventilated to
i) remove toxic gases, body odour, bacteria from the lavatory.
ii) provide healthy environment in and around the lavatory.
iii) prevent spreading of various diseases around the areas.
It should be provided with a window or ventílator opening to shaft or open space of area
not less than 0.3 m with side not less than 0.3 m.

2. What are the aspects of different rooms of a residential building?

[MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:

Aspects of different rooms of Residential Building are shown below:-

Room Recommended aspect Influence factor
Bed NW-W-SE |To induce plentiful of breeze in summer
Kitchen E and rarely NE To receive morning sun
Dinning SE-S-SWV Proximity of kitchen andit should be cool
Drawing SE-S-SW-W Adequate natural lighting during winter and obviate the
sun during summer
Reading N-NW Lights from north being diffused and evenly distributed
and cool
Store NW-N-NE | Dark and cool

3. What are the factors effecting Roominess in context with planning?

[MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:
Roominess refers to the effect produced by deriving maximum benefit from the minimum
dimension of a room. Giving due importance to the furniture placement in the rooms.
Factors affecting roominess are
(i) Size of room
(il) Shape
(ii) Furniture used
(iv) Position of doors and windows.
Every unit in a building is matter of cost, so we must take maximum advantage of its
every part and corner

4. Why good lighting is required in a building? [MODEL QUESTION]

Answer:
For all types of building good lights are required because
(1) It helps in promoting different activities in the building safely, creating pleasing
atmosphere in different parts in building.
(i1) When lighting is sufficient, there is less tension in brain, heart rate is normal, visual
sense is great.
(1i) If lighting is not sufficient, there is strain in eyes and it effects eye sight and causes
headache.

CP&M-3
 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

REGULATION AND BYE LAWS

Multiple Choice Type Questions

The distance of building line for a building facing a NH is from the centre line of
the highway [WBUT 2008]
a) 15 m b) 30 m c) 45 m d) 60 m
Answer: (c)

2 If the covered area of all floors of a building fronting a street of width of 10 m is

1000 sq.m having a plot area of 500 sq.m and ground coverage of 400 sq.m,
FARis [WBUT 2008]
a)3 b) 2.5 c) 2 d) none of these
Answer: (C)

3. An independent bathroom may have a minimum floor area

d Square
metres.
a) 2.0 b) 1.9
WBUT 2012]
c) 1.45 d) 1.5
Answer: (c)
4. For a building with a maximum
height of 8.0 m, the minimum rear space is
a) 2.5 m b) 3.0 mn c) 2.0 m d) 1.2 m [WBUT 2012]
Answer: (6)
5. If the width of means of access of a
plot is above 7.0m to 10.0m, the maximum
permissible height of building is
a) 12.0 mn b) 11.0 m WBUT 2012]
c) 14.5 m d) 18.0 m
Answer: (d)
6 Front open space for residential
building up to 15.5 m height as per municipal
building rule, is
a) 1.5 m b) 1.2 m WBUT 2013]
c) 2.0 m d) 1.8 m
Answer: (C)
7. For any residential
mt. Maximum
building if floor area ratio is 2, and plot size is up to 500 sq.
permissible ground coverage WBUT 2013]
a)60% b) 50% c) 65%
Answer: (b) d) 55%

8. Minimum width of stair in your

a) 1 m college should be [WBUT 2013]
b) 1.2 mn c) 1.5 m d) 2 m
Answer: (C)
9. For a residential house minimum
a) 2.75 m
room height should be [WBUT 2013]
b) 2.4 m c) 3 m d) none of these
Answer: (a)

CP&M-4
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING& MANAGEMENT
10. The minimum floor area of a habitable room is WBUT 2016]
a) 9.3 sq.m b) 9.5 sq.m c) 10.0 sq.m d) 10.5 sq.m
Answer: (a)

11. The minimum rear open space of a building of height above 50m is
[WBUT 2016]
a) 7.0 m b) 10.0 m c) 12.0 m d) none of these
Answer: (c)

12. If the width of means of access of a plot is above 7.0 m to 10.0 m, the maximum
permissible height of building is [WBUT 2017]
a) 12.0 m b) 11.0 m c) 14.5 m d) 18.0 m
Answer: (d)

13. An independent bathroom may have a minimum floor area o f .

square-meters. [WBUT 2017]
a) 2.0 b) 1.9 c) 1.45 i s r d ) 1.5
Answer: (C)
ihirs.
Short Answer Type Questions

1. a) What are building bye-laws? WBUT 2008]

b) What are the various aspects governed by building bye-laws?
Answer:
a) Building bye-laws: The construction of any building, certain restrictions are laid down,
by Municipal bodies, urban development authorities and other govt. departments as town
planningtrusts to clear open spaces to be left round the building.

b) Aspects governed by building bye-laws:

i) Allows disciplined and systematic growth, of buildings and towns and prevent
haphazard development
ii) Protect safety of public against fire, noise, health hazards and structural failures.
iii) Provide proper utilization of space Hence, maximum efficiency in planning can be
derived from these bye-laws,
iv) They give guidelines to the architect or an engineer in effective planning and useful
in preplanning the building activates.
v) They provide health, safety and comfort to the people who, live in buildings
vi) Due to these by-laws, each building will have proper approaches, light, air and
ventilation which are essential for health, safety and comfort.

2. Give the rules regarding provision of side and rear open spaces around building
as per the National Building Code of India or any other metropolitan authority
governing building rules. WBUT 2008]
OR,
Kolkata Building Rule provisions for side and rear open spaces for dwelling units.
[WBUT 2015]

CP&M-5
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

Answer
the buildings:
Open space around time be erected on any open space prescrIbed
under these
i) No building shall at any such open space
and forming part of the site thereot, nor shall
rules for a building under these
area of any open space required
between account in determining the
into
rules for any other building. to be that face of
back of a building shall be deemed
ii) For the purpose of this rule, the to the site.
means of access
the building which is furthest from any front open space, rear
open spaces comprising
Every building shall have exterior mentioned
iii) in rule 62 to rule 69. The minimum
open space and side open space
as
and side open spaces shall be
width prescribed for front open space, rear open space
front, rear and side faces of the building respectively.
provided along the entire
under these rules shall be kept open to sky
iv) Every open space required to be provided in width shall over hang or
and no roof, weather shed or cornice more than 0.6m
project over the said open space.

Minimum open spaces for Residential building

Height of building Open space on side-1 Open space onside-2 Rear open space
Upto 7.Om |1.2 m 1.2m 2.0 m
|Above 7.0 m upto 1.2m 1.2m 3.0 m
10.0 m
Above 60.0m upto 15% of the height of|15% of the height of| 12.0 m

80.0m building building

Above 80.0m 15% ofthe height of the 15% of the height of|14.0m
building building
3. What are the requirements for lavatory block for dwelling units? WBUT 2008]
Answer
Requirements of lavatory for dwelling units:
i) Height: The height of a bathroom or water closed measured from the surface of the
floor to the bottom of the ceiling slab shall not be less than 2.0 m.
ii) Size: The size of a bath room shall not be less than 1.5x1.2 m or 1.8 ms. The floor
area of water closet shall be 1.10m with a minimum width of 0.9 m. lf bath and
water closet are combined, its floor area shall not be less than 2.8 m with a minimum
width of 1.2m.
iii) Every bath room or water closet shall:
a) be so situated that at least one of its wall shall open to external air
b) not be directly over or under any room other than another water closet, washing
places, bath or terrace, unless it has water tight floor
c) be provided with an impervious floor covering sloping towards the drain with a
suitable grade and not towards verandah or any other room.
d) have a window or ventilator opening to a shaft or open space, of area not less
e than 0.3 m' with side not less than 0.3m.
iv) No room containing water-closets shall be used for
any purpose except as a lavatory
and no such room shall
open directly into any kitchen or cooking space by a door,

CP&M-6
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & MANAGEMENT

closet shall have a door

window or other opening. Every room containing water

completely closing the entrance to it.

4. Give the requirements of fitments for office building. WBUT 2008]

Answer:
1. Accommodate both interaction and individual concentrated work
i) Need of privacy
iil) Dealing with noise and distraction
2. High levels ofcollaborative work
i) More meeting spaces
ii) More varied settings for meetings.
3. Provide more opportunity for team work/ collegiality
Improve flexibility in space use
Allocate office space in a rationalized, simplified and streamlined way
Use of day light and views.

5. Determine the following:

a) Carpet area WBUT 2013, 2016]
[WBUT 2013, 2015, 2016]
b) Floor area ratio WBUT 2013, 2016]
c) Means of access WBUT 2013, 2016]
d) Ground coverage
Answer:
a) Carpet Area: Carpet area is the floor area less area of the following portions:
) Verandah
(ii) corridor and passage
(ii) entrance hall and porch
iv) staircase and stair-cover (mumty)
(v) bathroom and lavatory, and unusable areas for living
(vi) kitchen and pantry
(vii) store
(viii) canteen
(x) shaft and machine room for lift
(xi) air-conditioning duct and plant room and f,
o(xii) shaft for sanitary piping.

b) Floor Area Ratio:

Floor Area Ratio or the letters "F.A.R." mean the quotient obtained by dividing the total
floor area on all floors of a building by the area of the plot including the area of water
bodies, if any within the plot
Total floor area on all floors
F.A.R =
Area of the plot
The maximum floor area ratio for building in Government approved schemes shall be
Government shall be
1.75 and for small scale industries in industrial estates approved by
1.5.

CP&M-7
 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

c) Means of access:
The way by which a land can be accessed is called Means of Access. Land may have
access by other means, i.e. navigable harbours, rivers, canals, rail way stations etc. This
factor also affects land values. An easy access would normally tend to increase the unit
value of land.
(1) No building shall be constructed on a plot if the width of the means of access to the
site is less than 1.2m
(2) No building exceeding 8.0 m in height shall be allowed on a plot if the width of the
means of access to the size is less than 3.5m.

d) Ground Coverage:
Ground coverage area is the ground area covered by the building immediately above the
plinth level. The area covered by the following in the open spaces is excluded from
covered area:
i) Watch men's booth, pump house, garbage shaft, electric cabin
(ii) Uncovered staircase, ramps, area covered by chajja and the like, compound wall,
gate, un-storied porch and portico, slide, swing.
(ii) Garden, rocking, well and well structures, plant nursery, water pool, sWimming pool
erif uncovered), platform round a tree, tank, fountain, bench and the like
(iv) Drainage culvert, conduit, catch-pit, gully pit, chamber, gutter and the like. Any such
other utility structures meant for the services of the
building under consideration.

Long Answer Type Questions

1. a) Discuss the requirements of staircase for different
b) Give the general rules for bathroom and water closet.
types of buildings.
[WBUT 2008]
Answer:
a) Requirements regarding staircases:
All buildings shall be
provided with such number of staircase as the Municipal
Commissioner may require. Under no circumstances, the number of staircases shall be
less than two in the case of a
building of more than 20 m in height and one of them being
on the external face of the
building and shall be enclosed type as per requirement of West
Bengal Fire Services Act, 1950. In case the staircase or staircases are not facing external
surface of the building or not
having ventilation shaft, mechanical ventilation shall be
provided, if required
Category of building Height of the building Width of the stairway
(m) (m)
Residential Above 7.00 1.00
40.00 and above
1.50
However, for residential building not having more than three tenements or 500
floor (whichever is less) one staircase of 1.50 m Sq. m. per
of width may be permitted up to a
building height of 20 m.If in any case, the floor area or the number of
tenements exceed
the above value the number of
staircases should be increased as above table.
per

CP&M-8
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING&MANAGEMENT
Category of building Area per floor Width of the stairway
(m)
Educational Upto 500 Sq. m 1.35
Above 500 Sq. m 2.00
5 b cabAssemblyue du Upto 500 Sq. m 1.50
Above500 Sq.m 2.00
Institutional Upto 500 Sq. m 1.50
Above 500 Sq. m 2.00
Business Upto 500 Sq. m 1.50
Above 500 Sq. m 1.50
Mercantile (Retail) Upto 500 Sq. m 1.80
Above 500 Sq.m 2.00
However, buildings for marriage halls, banquet halls, multipurpose hall etc. shall have at
least two staircases for any height and floor area.

b) General rules for bathroom and water closet

a width less than 1.2mn
i) No bathroom shall have a floor area of less than 1.8 sq. m., lowest point of
and height less than 2.1m measured from the surface of a floor to the
the ceiling or the underside of any slab.
floor area shall not
Provided that it is a combined bathroom and a water closet, such
be less than 2.6 sq. m.
m. and a width less than
1) No water closet shall have a floor area of less than 1.2 sq.
1.0 m.
sub-rule (ii), in the case of any
i11) Notwithstanding the provisions of sub rule (1) or

building referred to in rule 4.

bathroom shall floor area of1.45 sq m.
have a
(a) an independent with
floor area of 2.4 sq. m. a
(b) a combined bathroom and water closet shall have a
minimum width of 1.I m
bathroom or water closet shall:
1V Every an interior open space or
(a) be sosituated that at least one of its walls shall face
in the form of a window or
exterior open space or shaft and shall have an opening
ventilator or louver not less than 0.40 sq. m.
in area.
or washing
than a latrine or water closet
(b) not be directly over any room other
o r a bathroom or a terrace
unless it has a water tight floor.
place materials.
water tight non-absorbent
(c) have the platform of seat made of
walls or partitions and the
surface of every such wall or partition
(d) Be enclosed by material to a height of not less
than
shall be finished with a smooth impervious
Im. above the floor of such a
room

Be provided with a door completely

closing the entrance to it suitable
(e) towards any drain with a
with an impervious floor sloping
() Be provided
gradient. for any purpose except as a
water closet shall be used
No room containing any or
V into any kitchen or cooking space
such room shall open directly
lavatory and no
window or other opening.
pantry by a door,

CP&M-9
 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
area of a building? How dnce
does FAR
covered
understand by [WBUT 2008, 2012, 2017]
2. a) What do you of a building?
control the built-up
area and height
a plot area or
sq.m. The site ahud
1050
Wo
c o n s t r u c t e d on
is to be of 10 m, FAR is 2.0.
b) A building m width
and the other
o n e of 20 the built-up area of the buildina nd its a.

streets, flats, determine

contains 3
If each storey
Ground coverage is m a x i m u m
50%. WBUT 2008]
height.
Answer:
a) 1 Part:
Covered area of a building
Covered area is the ground area covered by the building immediately above the plinth
covered by the folloWing in thne open spaces is excluded from covered
level. The area
area:
electric cabin
() Watch men's booth, pump house, garbage shaft,
(ii) Uncovered staircase, ramps, area cOvered by chajja and the like, compound wal1.

gate, un-storied porch and portico, slide, swing.

(ii) Garden, rocking, well and well structures, plant nursery, water pool, swimming
pool (if uncovered), platform round a tree, tank, fountain, bench and the like
(iv) Drainage culvert, conduit, catch-pit, gully pit, chamber, gutter and the like. Any
such other utility structures meant for the services of the building under
consideration.

2nd Part:
FAR: Floor Area Ratio is the ratio of the total building floor area to the area of plot.
Thus, ifthe FAR changes, the total built up area changes.
Ifplot size is 10,000 sq ft., FAR permissible is 2.0, Ground coverage is 50%
The maximum of 10000x2.0 =20000 Sq. ft in total will be permitted to be construct in
all floors of building putting together.
Then ground coverage permissible =
50 x10,000 = 5000 sq. ft.
100
20000
No. of floor which can be constructed with SO00 sq. ft. area is = 4 Nos.
5000
4 10= 40 ft.
Assuming the floor height 10 ft then the total height of building
= x

Thus FAR control height of building.

b) Given, FAR =2.0

Maximum ground coverage 50%
Plot size = 1050 Sq. m
Maximum of 1050 x 2.0= 2100 sq. m. in total will be permitted to be constructed in all
floor of the building putting together ground coverage permissible = 50%

50
-x 1050=525 sq. m
100
2100
No. of floor which can be constructed with 525 sq. m. each=- = 4 nos.
525

CP&M-10
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING&MANAGEMENT
Assuming height of each floor 3m
Then total height of building = 3x4 =12 m
Road
3. Find out the maximum ground coverage area of the
plot as given below for a building of (G + 3).
20m
WBUT 2010]
Residential building as per municipal law.
25m
Answer: 20m

Area of plot =(17x20) +|x5x17=382.5 m?

17n

Ground coverage for residential building

Maximum Percentage of Ground Coverage
Occupancy Lot size upto 200 Sq. m. Plot size uipto 500 Sq. m. or more
Residential 60% 50%
For any other size of the plot in between plot size of 200 Sq. m and 500 Sq. m the
percentage coverage shall be calculated by direct interpolation.
For area 382. 5 mi, the required maximum % of ground coverage is -
60-50
x (382.5 -200) = 6.083%
500-2000
Hence ground coverage is =(60-6.083)% = 53.9% 54%

4. a) What do you understand by Covered area of a building?. How does FAR

control the built-up area and height of building?
b) A residential building is to be constructed on a plot area shown in figure.
F.A.R. in 2
Maximum Ground Coverage is 50%
Determine the built-up area of the building. WBUT 2012, 2017
OR, 17 1
A residential building is to be constructed on a plot area
shown in figure F.A.R. in 2. Maximum Ground Coverage is 201
50%. Determine the built-up area of the building in a municipal
25 m
area for planning a construction of a (G+2) residential
building as per Municipality regulations and bye laws. 8.0 n
WBUT 2016] Wide
Road
Answer:
a) Refer to Question No. 2(a) of Long Answer Type Questions.

CP&M-11
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

plot area shown in Fig.

b) A residential building is to be constructed on a

17n

20 m

8.0 m
Wide
Road
Given,
FAR=2.0
Maximum Ground Coverage= 50%

Area of plot =
(20x17) +x (25-20)x 17=382.50 sq.mn
Total Built up area
FAR
Area of plot
Total Built of area permissible =382.50x 2.0 =765 sq. m.

Max. Ground coverage :50%= 50 x 382.50=191.25 sq. m

100

No. 765
of floor to be constructed with 191.25 sq. m each = = 4
br191.25 o ob tery e &
5. a) What do you understand
by built up area of building? How does F.A.R. control
the built up area and height of a
building? WBUT 2014]
Answer:
Refer to Questions No. 2(a) of Long Answer Type Questions. f ort na

b) The plot area of a building is 1200 sqm. The front width of the road is 10 m.
F.A.R=2. Ground coverage of the building is 50%. Determine the built up area and
height of the building. WBUT 2014]
Answer: epotauiteno enien
Given F.A.R. = 2.0 vel ovd, bs noifotugo7 yiilsg sina gnlhue
Ground coverage of the building = 50%
Plot Area of building =1200 sqm.
Maximum of 1200x 2.0= 2400 sq.m. in total will be permitted to be constructed in all
floor of the building putting together ground coverage permissible = 50%
50
x1200 = 600 sq.m.
100
No. of floor which can be constructed with 600 sq.m. each.

CP&M-12
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING &MANAGEMENT
2400
600
4nos. 0964p
Assuming height of each floor 3m.
Then total height of building-3x4=12 m.

6. Find out the maximum ground coverage and floor area ratio of a plot in a
Municipal area as shown in figure below for planning construction of a (G+2)
residential building using front, side and rear margins as per Municipality
regulations and byelaws.
Plot boundary [WBUT 2015]
15m

20m 25m
PLOT

22m 8m wide road

Answer:

Area of plot =(15+22) 20-370 Sq.m ore

2

Ground coveragefor residential building

Maximum percentage of ground coverage
Occupancy Plot size upto 200 Sq.m. Plot size upto 500 sq.m. or more
Residential 60% 50%

For any plot size of 200 Sq m. and 500 Sq.

other size of plot
shall be calculated
between
direct
m the percentage
coverage by interpolation.
For area 370 Sq.m, the required maximum % of ground coverage is-
60-50
on(370-200) = 5.67%
500-200
Hence ground coverage is = (60-5.67)% = 54.33% 54%

F.A.R1Otalfloor area on all floors

Area of plot
3x370x 54%
[:(G+2) building, so there is 3 floors]
370
3x370x0.54162
370
The maximum permissible floor area ratio for building is 2. Hence it is within the limit.

CP&M-13
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

FIRE PROTECTION
Multiple Choice Type Questions
1. The content of oxygen is normally ---- m percent in air. [MODEL QUESTION]
a) 17 b) 21 c) 35 d) 41
Answer: (6)

2. The type of fire extinguisher used in class A fire is [MODEL QUESTION]

a) Dry chemical powder b) Halon
c) Soda acid type d) Chemical foam
Answer: (C)

3. A fire fighting system in which water is allowed to flow on a fire as a shower and
fire is put out is called---
[MODEL QUESTION]
a) Automatic sprinkler system b) carbon dioxide system
c) Dry chemical system d) None of these
Answer: (a)

Short Answer Type Questions

1. Write a brief detail on fire
precautions at- ads [WBUT 2014]
a) High rise building
b) In industries
Answer:
a) High rise building
i) All materials of constructions in load bearing elements, stairways and corridors
and facades shall be non-combustible.
ii) The interior finish materials shall not have a flame spreadability rating exceeding
class-1.
ii) The internal walls or staircase shall be of brick or reinforced concrete
minimum of 2h fire rating.
iv) The staircase shall be ventilated to the atmosphere at each landing and a vent at
the top Glazing or glass bricks shall not be used in the staircase.

b) In industries
i) All Industrial buildings shall satisfy certain requirements, which contribute
individually and collectively, to the safety of life from fire, smoke, fumes and
panic arising from similar causes.
ii) Every Industrial building meant for human occupancy shall be provided with
exits sufficient to permit safe escape of occupants, in case of fire or other
emergency.

CP&M-14
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING &MANAGEMENT
iii) Minimum width of Industrial staircase is 1.5 m. At least two staircases should be
provided on two side of Industrial building.
iv) Rooms containing high-pressure boilers, refrigerating machines transformers, or
other service equipments subjected to possible explosion shall not be located
directly under or adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively cut off
from other parts of buildings.

2. Fire protection provisions in tall buildings. WBUT 2015]

Answer:
Every building for residential uses of fifteen and half metres and above in height,
i)
and buildings with basement shall be provided with adequate means of exit and all
arrangement for protection in case of fire.
ii) Exit may be both horizontal and vertical and shall be free from any obstruction.
iii) All exists shall be properly illuminated
iv)
iv) Fire fighting equipments shall, where provided along exists.
v) Alarm devices shall be installed to ensure prompt evacuation
vi) Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exists.
vii) All basements shall have a minimum of two exists.
vii) Floors have sprinklers and fire hydrants at suitable place.
ix) Under no circumstances, the number of staircases shall be less than two in case of
building of more than 20m in height and one of them being on the external face of
the building and shall be enclosed by type as per requirement of West Bengal Fire
Services Act, 1950.
For residential bulding not having more than three tenements or 500 sq.m. per
floor(whichever is less) one staircase of 1.5m of width may be permitted up to a
building height of 20m.

3. Define the following term in context to fire protection (i) Travel distance
(i) Venting Fire. [MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:
) Travel distance: The distance to be travelled from a point in a building to a protected
escape route, external escape route or final exit is called travel distance.

i) Venting Fire: The process of inducing heat and smoke to leave a building as quickly
as possible by such a path that lateral spread of fire and heat is checked, fire fighting
operations are facilitated and minimum fire damage is caused.

4. What are the factors on which the numbers and designation of fire zones
depends? [MODEL QUESTION]
Answer:
The number of fire zones in a city or area under the jurisdiction of the authority depends
upon
) the existing layout
(i) types of building construction

CP&M-15
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
iii) classification of existing building based on occupancy
(iv) the expected future development of the or area.
In large cities or area three fire zones are necessary while in smaller ones one or two mav
be adequate.
nay

5. What are the characteristics of fire resisting materials?

Answer:
[MODELQUESTION
Following are the characteristics of fire resisting materials:
i) The composition of the material should be such that it does not become disintegrated
under the effect of heat.
i ) The expansion of the material due to heat should not be such that it leads to instability
ofthe structure of which it forms the part.
(iii) The contraction of the material due to sudden cooling with water after it has been
heated to high temperature should not be high

Long Answer Type Questions

1. What are the general requirements for fire protection of a mercantile building?
WBUT 2010, 2016]
OR,
Write short note on Fire Protection as per National Building Code.
WBUT 2012, 2017]
Answer:
Every building for residential uses of 15.5 m and above in height, and buildings of other
uses and buildings with basement shall be provided with adequate means of exit and all
arrangement for protection in case of fire.
Fire protection in a building is a system that includes:
or automatic fire detection and tire
i) Active fire protection, which can include manual
suppression
overall building
11) Pasive fire protection, which includes compartmentalization of the
into smaller
through the use of fire-resistance rated walls and floors. Organization
or slows the
Iire compartments, consisting of one or more rooms or floors, prevents
other building spaces, limiting building
spread of fire from the room of fire origin to evacuation
for emergency
damage and providing more time to the building occupants
or to reach on area of refuge.
ignition sources, as well as educating the
F i r e prevention includes minimizing
the facility or structure concerning
operation and
Occupants and operators of
for correet function, and emergency procedures
maintenance of fire related systems evacuation.
service response and emergency
including notification for fire, tenders or fire
fire hazard at any built up space can either be fought by fire
iv) Any that is built in within the
engines from the outside, or by a fire fighting system
building or both.

CP&M-16
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING &MANAGEMENT
Classify building based on fire
2.
protection. 01Toun wBUT 2015]
Classify buildings based on fire fighting.OR,
Discuss in brief on general [WBUT 2017]
m height. requirements for fire protection of buildings upto 14.5
Answer: [WBUT 2015]
1s part:
Classification of Building based on fire
The building whether protection
existing or hereafter erected shall be classified
or the character of
occupancy in one of the following groups: according to the use

GROUPA-RESIDENTIAL GROUP B-EDEUCATIONALremiy

GROUP C-INSTITUTIONAL GROUP D-ASSEMBLY
GROUP E- BUSNESS egp
GROUP G- INDUSTRIAL GROUPF-MERCHANTILE diy iretn
GROUP H- STORAGE
GROUPJ-HAZARDAOUS
2 part
General requirements for fire protection of buildings upto 14.5 m height:
a) All
building shall satisfy certain requirements which contribute
collectively to the safety of life form fire, smoke, fumes etc. individually and
b) A high rise building may be
occupied during construction, repairs only if all
means of exist and fire the
protection measures, which shall be maintained in good
working conditiopn.
c) Every building shall be restricted in its height above the
ground level and number of
storeys depending upon the width of street fronting of the building or floor area
ratios. e
d) Each portion of a building, which is
separated by one or more continuous fire
resisting walls having a fire resistance of not less than 2h, extending from the
foundation to Im above the
roof at all points.
e) Openings in walls or floors which are necessary be provided to allow passages of all
building services like cables, electrical wirings, etc. shall be protected by enclosure in
the form of ducts/shafts having a fire resistance not less than 2h.
f Every vertical opening between the floors of a building shall be suitably enclosed or
protected as necessary.
woldoin cboppeiteei

CP&M-17
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

CONSTRUCTION PLANTS & EQUIPMENT

Multiple Choice Type Questions

1. A scraper is WBUT 2008]

b) best hauling machine
a) best Ioading machine machine
c) best loading and hauling machine d) only scraping
Answer: (c)

2. A vibrator that is used for concreting columns or their walls is

WBUT 2008, 2016]
a) internal vibrator b) external vibrator
c) surface vibrator d) platform vibrator
Answer: (b)

3. It is of paramount importance that concrete should be given [WBUT 2008]

a) 70% compaction b) 80% compaction
c) 90% compaction d) 100% compaction
Answer: (c)

4. An embankment constructed of granular soils has Relative Density (%)

between 65 to 85. The compaction is WBUT 2008, 2013]
a) very loose b) loose c) medium d) dense
Answer: (d)
5. Concrete cubes made of gravels instead of stonechips will fail in crushing
through WBUT 2008]
a) gravels b) mortar joints
c) both gravels and mortar joints d) none of these
Answer: (b)

6. Which of the following types of pumps can be used for concreting?

Piston operated [WBUT 2010
Il. Pneumatically operated
1l. Centrifugally operated, with straight blades
IV. Screw type
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Codes:
a) l and I b) I and I c) 1, ll and IV d) Il and IV
Answer: (b)

7. Grader is used mainly for [WBUT 2010, 2014]

a) trimming and finishing b) shaping and trimming
c) finishing and shaping d) finishing, shaping and trimming
Answer: (d)

CP&M-18
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & MANAGEMENT
8. Which one of the following is not an excavating and moving type of
equipment?
a) Bulldozer
[WBUT 2010]
b) Clam shell c) Scraper d ) Dump truck
Answer: (d)

9 The most suitable type of equipment for compaction of cohesive soils is

[WBUT 2010, 2013, 2015, 2016]
a) smooth-wheeled rollers b) tampers
c) sheep foot rollers d) vibratory rollers
Answer: (c)
10. Which compactor compacts soil by the action of kneading?
[WBUT 2014]
a) vibratory b) tamping foot c) sheepsfoot d) pneumatic
Answer: (c)

11. Which equipment is the most suitable for

a) back hoe
excavating hard rock? [WBUT 2014]
b) power shovel c) drag line d) clamshell
Answer: (a)

12. Which roller is the most suitable for

compacting hard rock? WBUT 2014]
a) Sheep's foot roller b) vibratory roller
c) Pneumatic tired roller d) tamping roller
Answer: (6)
13. Which equipment is the most suitable for excavating hard rock? [WBUT 20171
a) Backhoe b) Power shovel
c) Dragline d) Clamshell
Answer: (a)

Short Answeer Type Questions

1.
Briefly describe the equipment's used in bituminous pavement construction.
[WBUT 2010, 2014]
OR,
Describe the equipment generally used in bituminous
pavement construction.
Answer: [WBUT 2012]
Equipment Used for Bituminous Pavements Construction
ne various items of equipment used in bituminous pavements construction are described
below:
Hot mix plant:
complete mechanical equipment used for preparing well
Crete mix in hot state is called hot miX plant. proportioned bituminous
a

nere are two types of hot mix plants. One is continuous type and the other is batch
Ontinuous type hot mix used type.
plants are bigger jobs.
on Hot mix plant is installed at
Suitable plact
ace near to the site of construction.
a

CP&M-19
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
A modern hot mix plant for preparing bituminous mixes consists of the followina
essential units:
unit: It stores the cold aggregates and feds to the drier
(a) Aggregate storage and feed
unit through a belt conveyor.
which aggregates are heated and dried
(b) Drier unit: It is a resolving cylindrical drum in
to the desired temperature by hot gases

(c) Dusr collector: It collects the dust from the drier unit formed by heating the
aggregates. This dust is used as filter or fines in the mix, if required
(d) Gradation control unit: It separates the hot aggregates in different fractions and
remixes them in suitable proportions to get the specified gradation.
(e) Mixer: It is usually a twin shaft pug-mill type mixer. t is used for mixing aggregates
and the binder at specified temperatures and in specified quantities. The mixer
discharges the mix into dump trucks for transporting the same to the construction
site. Jtpe oir
Bitumen storage: It consists of insulated tanks with heating arrangement and is
provided for strong bitumen.

Mobile heating and mixing unit: omos so eitote om s 2

mixes is
The small mobile unit used for preparing less rigidity controlled bituminous
known as mobile heating and mixing unit (See figure 1).
In this unit, there is arrangement for heating of materials and mixing them. But generally.
unit.
there is gradation control unit provided in this type of mixing
no
tractor or a road roller
It is commonly used for small and repair work. It is drawn by a

and stationed at a suitable place near to the site of work.

Smoke and
Dust Fuel Tank
Hoist Rope

Dust
ps hayiiona
CollectorT
Bitumen
Engine
Buner\
MIxer Aggregate

Gate
Surfaces
Road
7 77

Fig: 1 A Mobile heating and mixing unit

Bitumen distributor:
A self propelled or a tractor drawn vehicle used for spraying bitumen on pavement
surfaces is called bitumen distributor or pressure distributor (See figure 2).

CP&M-20
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING&MANAGEMENT
A pressure distributor has an insulated tank with heating unit and a pumping set. It is
made in various capacities. At the rear end, a spray bar, with properly spaced nozzles, is
fitted for spraying bitumen. There is arrangement for stopping circulation of bitumen
through spray bar when spraying is not being done.

Pumping
unit
Bitumen Tank

Bitumen

Tachometer
771m
O O
7T7TNTI77NiiTNTTTITyiiiimMNM7
Layer

Nozzles

Fig: 2 Bitumen Distributor

The rate of spraying bitumen is controlled by speed of vehicles, which is indicated by

techometer reading. A bitumen distributor sprays bitumen efificiently and quickly.

Tar boiler with spraying device:

The tank mounted on wheels in which bitumen is heated by burning coal underneath and
the same is by means of spraying device is called tar boiler with spraying device
sprayed
(See figure 3).
Bitumen Dram
Chimney

Head pump

PumpingMandel 2on o a

Spraying
Device

Buming 7
Chamber Flexible Pipe

3 Tar Blower with Spraying Device

Fig:
hand pump shown in figure 3. Tar boilers of 300
spraying device is worked by a as
The
litres capacity are commonly used.

Paver finisher:
and uniform layer of desired
A machine which can lay the bituminous mix to a compact
finisher (See figure 4).
thickness and profile is known as paver

CP&M-21
 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS

Engine

Thickness Mix
Control Device

KO
Finished
Layer
Crawler
IIiiIIIIIIIITIIIIIIIUTIEITLEITEIS
Screed
Tamper
Fig: 4 Paver Finisher
A paver finisher lay bituminous mix in
can a layer of 1.25 cm to 15 cm thickness and
upto 4.25 m width at a time.

Rollers:
These are used for compacting bituminous layers. For bituminous
construction, 6 to 12 tonne pavements
capacity smooth wheeled rollers of the
following types are
generally used:
(a) Tandem roller: It is used for final compaction of high cost bituminous road
pavements.
(b) Tree-wheeled type roller: It is a general
purpose roller used for compaction of
ordinary bituminous road pavements. In high cost bituminous
initial compaction only. surfaces, it is used for

Long Answer Type Questions

1. Write short notes on Dozer, Scraper, Sheep Foot roller.
Answer: WBUT 2010]
Dozer:
Dozers are attachment of a tractor. They are
very versatile machines used for various
operations in road
construction viz. to clean site,
clean the floors of borrow moving earth leveling earth fills and to
Dozers are of three
pits.
types: (i) Bull dozer (ii) Angle dozer
Out of above three
dozers, Bull dozer is mostly used. It(iii) Tree dozer
blade of steel attached to the consists of a straight and wide
front side of a tractor which is
direction of movement of
machine. The blade can be raised kept at right angles to the
Uses: It is or lower as desired.
commonly
forward direction.
used for
excavating the material and for
material.
It is
mainly used for pushing and leveling apushing the same in
of heap excavated

CP&M-22
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING &MANAGEMENT
Engine
Crawler
Tractor ,

Endless
chain of
plates Blade

Fig: Bull Dozer

Scraper:
Scraper is a machine which can serape the ground and load it simultaneously, transport it
over the required distance, dump at the desired place and then spread the dumped
material over the required area in required level and return to the pit for the next cycle.
So, the scraper is self-sutificient and self operating construction equipment designed to
dig, load dump and spread and sometimes called a carry all. But it is not suited for (i)
hard rock (ii) certain sands which will not pit up into a scraper (iii) and wet or muddy
material which make discharging of a seraper difficult.
King Pin
Apron (Slightly Raised)
Controls
Bowl
Tail Gate Retracted
Host
Engine line Pusher Plate

Drive wheel
Cutting Edge
Fig: Scraper

Sheep foot roller: each

hollow steel cylinder with raised projection
This type of roller consist of a
the drum with wet soils.
can be increased by filling
resembling sheep's foot. Its weight
a tractor.
This type of roller is pulled by of passes of sheep foot
about 24 or more number
In order to obtain adequate
compactor, action and the
there is a considerable kneading
Under this roller, finish to
roller should be given. these rollers do not provide
Since,
SOil near the projecting
feet gets compacted. the top layer of
to compact the lower layers except
recommended
the surface, their use is
wheeled roller is used.
for which a smooth
most suitable for compacting
clayey soils. The
earth work be
of projection on the
considered to
Sheep foot roller is layer is kept 5 cm more than the length
thickness of each compacting
roller.

CP&M-23
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
Foot of Roller

Sheep Foot
Fee
Tamper Roller

Clayey Soil

Compacted
Later

(b) Compaction Action by Sheep

(a) Constructional Details of a
sheep Foot Roller Foot Roller

Fig: Sheep Foot Roller

2. a) A dozer with a blade capacity of 3m has to strip soil that has a swelling factor
of 25% in thin horizontal layers for a distance of 50m. The dozer's fonward speed is
2km/hr and return speed is 5km/hr. In each cycle it consumes a fixed time of 0.4
mins. for shifting gears, adjusting blade, etc. Compute the output ofthe dozer.
WBUT 2014, 2016]
Answer
Given Dozer blade capacity=3m
Swelling factor = 25%
Distance =50 m
Dozer forward speed=2 km/hr.
Dozers return speed =5 km/hr.
Shifting and adjusting blade time = 0.4 min.
3
Net mould capacity= =2.4m
Time taken for forward
movement =1.5 min.
Time taken for return movement 0.6 min. =

Shifting and adjusting blade time = 0.6 min.

Round trip time= 2.5 min.
Assuming, operating factor = 50 min./hr.
Trips per hour = -50 20
2.5
Output of dozer per hour = 20x 2.4= 48 m.

CP&M-24
 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING &MANAGEMENT

b) Differentiate between a shovel and a Backhoe. [WBUT 2014]

Answer:
Power Shovel Backhoe
i) Power shovel is the excavating equipment i) Backhoe is the excavating equipment
mostly suitable for elose range work. mostly suitable for digging below the
machine level such as trenches, footing and
basement
il) The power shovel makes the outward ii) Backhoe makes, the digging acting by
stokes away from the machine while digging. pulling the bucket towards the machine
It can be efficiently used to dress trim
iil) It is capable of digging very hard material iii) or
use of
and can remove big sized boulders. the excavated surface avoiding the
manual effort.

3. What is a grader? WBUT 2016]

Answer:
Refer to Question No. 5(c) of Long Answer Type Questions.

4. Explain the following in a project

a) Dry riser and wet riser WBUT 2016]
Answer:
means of vertical
Dry Riser: An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by
valves on each
rising mains not less than 100 mm internal diameter with landing
floor/landing which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water usually by
pumping from fire service appliancees.
Wet Riser: An arrangement for firefighting within the building by means of vertical
diameter with landing valves on each
rising mains not less than 100 mm nominal with water from a
floor/landing for firefighting purposes and permanently charged
pressurized supply.
b) Emergency lighting and Escape lighting. [WBUT 2016]
Answer:
discrete emergency lighting installation from the
Emergency Lighting: A complete but
for example, self-contained
standby power source to the emergency lighting lamp(s), connected through wiring
emergency luminaire or a circuit from central battery generator
to several escape luminaries.
which is provided to ensure that the
Escape Lighting: That part of emergency lighting
for example, at all times when persons
Cscape route is illuminated at all material times, either for the whole
the main lighting is not available,
are on the premises, or at times
building or for the escape routes.
5. Write short notes on the following:
[WBUT 2012]
a) Dumper [WBUT 2012]
b) Power Shovel WBUT 2012, 2013]
c) Grader
CP&M-25