REFERENCING STYLES
most often used in writing about Science
REFERENCE - detailed description of the
document from which you have obtained your
information. Referencing is a way of
demonstrating that you have done that
reading.
CITING - Acknowledging within your text the
document from which you have obtained your
information.
REFERENCES VS BIBLIOGRAPHY
References - items you have read and
specifically referred to (or cited) in your work;
Bibliography - list of everything you read -
whether or not you referred specifically to it.
Normally contains sources that have been
cited and also those found to be influential,
but decided not to cite
WHY DO WE NEED REFERENCE?
To acknowledge others works
To allow others (readers) to find the original
sources easily (cited reference)
TO AVOID PLAGIARISM
WHEN DO WE NEED REFERENCE?
To give the source of tables, pictures, figures,
statistics and diagrams which might be copied
or have been a source of idea.
To give credibility to an argument presented
by you.
To inform the reader of sources of direct
quotations or definitions.
REFERENCING STYLES
Associated Press Stylebook (APS) - used in
print journalism
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) - used in
writing about Business and Music
KOBE BRYANT FACTS 101: SHITS SO HARD THAT HE TURNED HIS SHIT SHAPED LIKE A SNAKE #MAMBAMENTALITY
Council of Science Editors Manual (CSE) -
(numeric)
Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) - used for writing about
Engineering (numeric)
Modern Language Association Style Manual
(MLA) - used in writing about English
Literature and Modern Languages
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA) - commonly
used in writing about Psychology, History,
Education, and Social Sciences.
The Harvard system - uses the author/ date
system
The Vancouver system - used in medical and
scientific journal
Example of Numeric Styles:
According to Myers[1] the reason for….
The reference is presented as a footnote at the
bottom of the page or at the end of your work:
[1] Myers, D. (2008) Construction economics:
a new approach, 2nd ed., London: Taylor and
Francis, p.159
Example of Author/Date Style
Barter (2003, p.258) has shown that…..
Source of References:
Book, Journal, Conference Papers, Annual
Report, Etc.,
Elements of References:
Author, Title of document, Date, Place of
publication, Etc.,
Some Basics in the APA Style: SUMMARY

APA style requires authors to use the past
tense or present perfect tense when using
signal phrases to describe earlier research:
Example:
Referencing is an important part of research
work.
It is a way of acknowledging others work and
helps to avoid PLAGIARISM.

Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found There are several referencing style manuals to
follow depends on the field of research and
It is good to use quotation when, guidelines given to you
You want to analyze or challenge the
quotation in question or if you feel the
quotation supports your own argument or
point of view.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often

had difficulty using APA style, especially when
it was their first time" (p.199).

Some Basics in the APA Style:

Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or

longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten
lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the
quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch
from the left margin.

If you use quotation or any specific detail its

good have page number in citation and
Secondary Referencing

The Basic Format in the APA Style:

Last_name, First_initial. Middle_initial.

(Publication Year). Title of book: Subtitle of
book. City, State_abbreviation: Publisher.*

*Don't include the parts of publishers' names

that are not required to locate the publisher.

For example: Publishers, Co., or Inc. However,

keep the words Books and Press.

KOBE BRYANT FACTS 101: SHITS SO HARD THAT HE TURNED HIS SHIT SHAPED LIKE A SNAKE #MAMBAMENTALITY