Summary of the lessons

 Importance of Thermodynamics
 One way of understanding the environment is to understand the way matter and energy flow
through the natural world. For example, it helps to know that a fundamental law of nature is that
matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
 They control interactions of everything in the universe - regardless of scale.
 Curiosity is a natural human instinct. We tend to think about how a certain thing work, some
believed in mystery but if you have knowledge in thermodynamics, you will understand that things
are not unusually happening, but it is due to heat, temperature and other forms of energy.

 What is thermodynamics
 branch of physics that deals with heat, work and temperature and their relation to energy, entropy,
and physical properties of matter and radiation.
 Developed out of desire to increase efficiency of engine that could win France the Napoleonic
wars.

 Nicolas Leonard Said Carnot - develop thermodynamics

 William Thomson or Lord Kelvin - first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics.
 Rudolf – restated Carnot’s principle known as Carnot cycle

 Overview of Nicolas Leonard Said Carnot Biography 1796-1832

 Son of Lazare Carnot
 Learned mathematics, science, language, and music
 At 16 entered the Ecole Polytechnique
 Took 2 years in military engineer in Metz
 Germany – discussion of steam engine took place
 French designed engines not efficient as the British
 He and his peers subscribed Caloric theory – assuming heat was weightless, invisible fluid that
flowed when not equilibrium
 1823 – attempt to find mathematical expression (not discovered until 1966)
 1824 – published Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire

 Overview of Germain Henri Hess Biography

Date Significant event

August 7,1802 Born in Geneva, Switzerland

November 30, 1850 Died in St. Petersburg, Russia
 1830 Became professor in chemistry (Technological Institute, University of St.
Petersburg) after practicing medicine for several years (Irkutsk, Russia)
1834 Published a work in chemistry. (Become standard text in Russia)
1840 Announce the law of constant heat summation.

 Hess’s Law of Thermodynamics (of constant heat summation ) 1840

 Consequence of 1st law
 Bases of calculating heat of reactions
 States that the overall change in enthalpy for a chemical reaction is equal to the sum of the
enthalpy changes for each step.
 Thermochemical equation is significant to predict how much energy will be absorbed or release by
a reaction to avoid unexpected explosion.
 Can be written as
 Heat of reaction also called standard heat formation, enthalpy of formation, or standard od enthalpy
formation – amount of heat that must be added or removed in a chemical reaction to keep all
substance as th4e same temperature
 Enthalpy - measured heat reaction/ represent the change in the thermodynamic quantity
 Entropy – disorder of molecules

 Adiabatic – no heat flow

 Diathermal wall – allow heat to flow

 First Law of thermodynamics ( Energy conservation)

 Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transferred
 2 ways heat can flow in/out – heat and work

 INTRNAL ENERGY SYSTEM

 if heat flows the system and gains energy
 to increase internal energy, the surrounding perform work on the system
 3 types of system
 Open system
 Close system
 Isolated system

 Endothermic process – absorbed

 Exothermic – release

 2ND LAW
 Clausius Statement
-it impossible to convert heat completely into work.
 -heat cannot spontaneously flow from a material at lower temperature toa material at higher
temperature
 Kelvin Planck statement
-it is impossible for any system to operate Thermodynamic cycle and deliver net amount of
energy by work to its surroundings while receiving energy by heat transfer from a single
reservoir.

 Entropy statement
it is impossible for any system to operate in a way that entropy is destroyed.
for any process a natural flow will always from higher energy value to lower energy value.

 3rd LAW (HEAT/NERNST THEOREM)

 Developed by Walther Nernst 1906-1912
 The entropy of all homogenous crystalline solid substance is zero at absolute zero
temperature
 Zeroth law
 If A is equilibrium to B and B is equilibrium to C then Cis equilibrium to A
 Equilibrium - balance