Time & Tense Translation PDF

RULES REGARDING ALPHABET,
1 PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS AND

CONSONANTS
ALPHABET (o.kZekyk)
o. kksZ(letters) d sl ew
g d kso. kZ
ekykd grsgS
aA
(The set of 26 letters in English is called Alphabet)
Capital Letters (cM+s v{kj) Small Letters (NksVs v{kj)

NikbZ ds cM+sAv{kj
B C ...........Z NikbZ ds NksVsa v{kj
b c ... .....Z
fy[kkbZ ds cM+s A
v{kj
B C D E fy[kkbZ ds Nk+sVs
a v{kj
b c d e
F G H I J K L M N O P f g h i j k l m n o p q r
Q R S T U V W X Y Z s t u v w x y z
TIPS
1. Capital Letters pkgs NikbZ ds gks ;k fy[kkbZ ds gks ges'kk mQij dh rhu ykbuksa esa fy[ks tkrs
2. vaxzsthCapital
esa vkSjSmall nks rjg ds v{kj gksrs gSaA
3. Small Letters esa lsf pkj ykbZuksa
b desa
h k l t mQij dh rhu ykbuksa
g i esa
p q y uhps ds
rhu ykbuksa esa rFkk 'ks"k
a c ev{kj
i m n o r s u v w x z chp dh nks ykbuksa esa fy[ks tkrs gSaA
4. Small letter zlz ds nks rjhdksa ls fy[kk tkrk gSA
LETTERS
Vowel (Loj) Consonant (O;atu)

og v{kj ftldk mPpkj.k og v{kj ftldk mPpkj.k Loj
fcuk nwljs v{kj dh lgk;rk dh lgk;rk ls gks O;atu dgykrk gSA
ds Lo;a gks Loj dgykrk gS (The letter which pronounces
(The letter which pronounces with the help of vowel is
without the help of any letter called consonant)
is called vowel) eg. b,c,d,f,g........z.
eg. a,e,i,o and u.
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Pronunciation of Letters Equivalents of Hindi Vowels
A/a , N/n ,u v = a(e.g. v'kksd= Ashok, dey = Kamal)
B/b ch O/o vks vk = a/aa(e.g. vkye = Aalam, fodkl = Vikas)
C/c lh P/p ih b(f) = e/i(e.g. bafnjk
= Indira)
D/d Mh Q/q D;w bZ(h)= ee(e.g. jghe = Raheem)
E/e bZ R/r vkj m(q) = u(e.g. rsyqxq
= Telugu)
F/f ,iQ S/s ,l mQ(w)
= oo/u(e.g. iwtk= Pooja/Puja)
G/g th T/t Vh ,(s) = e(e.g. ,glku = Ehsaan, esyk= Mela)
H/h ,p U/u ;w ,s(S) = ai(e.g. ,sud = Ainak, iSlk= Paisa)
I/i vkbZ V/v oh vks(ks)
= o(e.g. vks[kyk
= Okhla, dksfgek
= Kohima)
J/j ts W/w MCY;w vkS(kS)
= au(e.g. vkSjr= Aurat, DUukSt
= Kannauj)
K/k ds X/x ,Dl va = an/am(e.g. jaxwu
= Rangoon)
L/l ,y Y/y okbZ v% = ah(e.g. varr%= Anttah)
M/m ,e Z/z tsM
Equivalents of Hindi Consonants
d~ K >~ Jh u~ N y~ L
-D~Q Qu/Que V~ T i~ P o~ W/V
[k~@-[k~
Kh B~ Th iQ~ Ph 'k~ Sh
x~ G M~ D -iQ~ F 'k Sh
-x~ Gh <~ Rh/Dh c~ B l~ S
?k~ Gh .k~ N Hk~ Bh g H
p~ Ch r~ T e~ M {k~ Ksh
N~ Chh Fk~ Th ;~ Y =k~ Tr
t~ J n D j R K~ Gy/Jn
-t~ Z /~ Dh M+ D J~ Shr
fganh v{kj ds ckjg [kM+h rFkk buds vaxzsth esa mPpkj.k
d dk fd dh dq dw ds dS dks dkS da d%
Ka Ka/Kaa Ki Ke e Ku Koo Ke Kai Ko Kau Kan Kah
NOTE: fdlh Hkh fganh v{kj ds ckjg [kM+h rFkk buds vaxzsth esa mPpkj.k mQij ds fu;e ds vuqlkj
gh fy[kk tk,xkA
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Pronunciation (mPpkj.k
)
VOWELS (Loj)
v =a vk = a b = i bZ= ee m= u mQ = oo
, =e ,s = ai vks = o vkS= au va= am/an v : = ah
vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k ^ve~* vFkok ^vu~* dqN Hkh gks ldrk gSA ml mPpkj.k ds amvuqlkj ge vaxzsth e
vFkokan dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k ^ve~*
am vkSj
gks^vu~*
rksan vk,xk
CONSONANTS (O;atu)
d~= k [k~= kh x~= g ?k~
= gh p~= ch N~= chh
t~ = j >~= jh V~= t B~= th M~
=d <~
= dh
.k~= n r~= t Fk~
= th n~= d /~ = dh u= n
i =p iQ~
= ph/f c~= b Hk= bh e~= m ;~ = y
j~= r y~= l o~= w/v 'k~= sh "k~
= sh l~= s
g~= h {k~
= ksh K~= gy
mQij lHkh v{kjksa esa gyar yxk;k x;k gSA ;s vk/s v{kj gSaA bUgsa iw.kZ djus ds fy;s tSls fganh es
dh t:jr gS] oSls gh vaxzsth esa Hkh gSA
tSls fgUnh esa vk/k ^d~* esa ^v* feykus ij iw.kZ ^d* rS;kj gksrk gSA oSls gh vaxszth esa Hkh ^d* d
k ugha vk,xkA D;ksafd mQij geus
k ;kuh
ns[kk
vk/k d~- fiQj iw.kZ ^d* ds fy, vk/s
(k) esa
d~ v(a) feykuk
iM+sxkA ;kuh= ^d*
kaA tSls&(k)
d~+ v (a) = d (ka).
uksV%
^d* ds fy, lkekU;ka gh vkrk gS] ysfdu dHkh dHkh
k Hkh
fliQZvk ldrk gSA blds ckjs esa vkxs
tkudkjh nh tk,xhA
mDr rkfydk dh tkudkjh ds vk/kj ij vc ge ^d] dk] fd] dh dq] dw] ds ---------- oxSjg* dk vaxzsth
Lisfyax fy[k ldrs gSaA ns[ksa
d = ka, dk = ka, fd = ki, dh = kee, dq= ku, dw= koo, ds = ke, dS= kai, dks = ko,
dkS= kau, da kam/kan, d : = kah.
vkSj ftls ^d] dk] fd] dh-----* vaxzsth esa fy[kuk vk x;k mls ^[k] [kk] f[k] [kh---* Hkh vaxzsth esa f
vkuk gh gSA fiQj Hkh dqN ikBdksa dh lqfo/k ds fy, vkxs ,d rkfydk cukdj mlesa d] dk] fd] dh ---ls K]
Kk] fK] Kh ---- rd lcdh vaxzsth Lisfyax Nkih xbZ gSaA
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d dk fd dh dq dw ds dS dks dkS da d:
ka ka ki kee ku koo ke kai ko kau kam/kan kah.
[k [kk f[k [kh [kq [kw [ks [kS [kks [kkS [ka [k:
kha kha khi khee khu khoo khe khai kho khau kham/khan khah.
x xk fx xh xq xw xs xS xks xkS xa x:
ga ga gi gee gu goo ge gai go gau gam/gan gah.
?k ?kk f?k ?kh ?kq ?kw ?ks ?kS ?kks ?kkS ?ka ?k:
gha gha ghi ghee ghu ghoo ghe ghai gho ghau gham/ghan ghah.
p pk fp ph pq pw ps pS pks pkS pa p:
cha cha chi chee chu choo che chai cho chau cham/chan chah.
N Nk fN Nh Nq Nw Ns NS Nks NkS Na N:
chha chha chhi chhee chhu chhoo chhe chhai chho chhau chham/chhan chhah.
t tk ft th tq tw ts tS tks tkS ta t:
ja ja ji jee ju joo je jai jo jau jam/jan jah.
> >k f> >h >q >w >s >S >ks >kS >a >:
jha jha jhi jhee jhu jhoo jhe jhai jho jhau jham/jhan jhah.
V Vk fV Vh Vq Vw Vs VS Vks VkS Va V:
ta ta ti tee tu too te tai to tau tam/tan tah.
B Bk fB Bh Bq Bw Bs BS Bks BkS Ba B:
tha tha thi thee thu thoo the thai tho thau tham/than thah.
M Mk fM Mh Mq Mw Ms MS Mks MkS Ma M:
da da di dee du doo de dai do dau dam/dan dah.
< <k f< <h <q <w <s <S <ks <kS <a <:
dha dha dhi dhee dhu dhoo dhe dhai dho dhau dham/dhan dhah.
.k .kk f.k .kh .kq .kw .ks .kS .kks .kkS .ka .k:
na na ni nee nu noo ne nai no nau nam/nan nah.
r rk fr rh rq rw rs rS rks rkS ra r:
ta ta ti tee tu too te tai to tau tam/tan tah.
Fk Fkk fFk Fkh Fkq Fkw Fks FkS Fkks FkkS Fka Fk
:
tha tha thi thee thu thoo the thai tho thau tham/than thah.
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n nk fn nh nq nw ns nS nks nkS na n:
da da di dee du doo de dai do dau dam/dan dah.
èk èkk fèk èkh èkq èkw èks èkS èkks èkkS èka èk:
dha dha dhi dhee dhu dhoo dhe dhai dho dhau dham/dhan dhah.
u uk fu uh uq uw us uS uks ukS ua u:
na na ni nee nu noo ne nai no nau nam/nan nah.
i ik fi ih iq iw is iS iks ikS ia i:
pa pa pi pee pu poo pe pai po pau pam/pan pah.
iQ iQk fiQ iQh iQq iQw iQs iQS iQks iQkS iQa iQ:
pha pha phi phee phu phoo phe phai pho phau pham/phan phah.
c ck fc ch cq cw cs cS cks ckS ca c:
ba ba bi bee bu boo be bai bo bau bam/ban bah.
Hk Hkk fHk Hkh Hkq Hkw Hks HkS Hkks HkkS Hka Hk
:
bha bha bhi bhee bhu bhoo bhe bhai bho bhau bham/bhan bhah.
e ek fe eh eq ew es eS eks ekS ea e:
ma ma mi me e mu moo me mai mo mau mam/man mah.
; ;k f; ;h ;q ;w ;s ;S ;ks ;kS ;a ;:
ya ya yi yee yu yoo ye yai yo yau yam/yan yah.
j jk fj jh jq jw js jS jks jkS ja j:
ra ra ri ree ru roo re rai ro rau ram/ran rah.
y yk fy yh yq yw ys yS yks ykS ya y:
la la li lee lu loo le lai lo lau lam/lan lah.
o ok fo oh oq ow os oS oks okS oa o:
wa wa wi wee wu woo we wai wo wau wam/wan wah.
'k 'kk f'k 'kh 'kq 'kw 'ks 'kS 'kks 'kkS 'ka 'k:
sha sha shi shee shu shoo she shai sho shau sham/shan shah.
"k "kk f"k "kh "kq "kw "ks "kS "kks "kkS "ka "k:
sha sha shi shee shu shoo she shai sho shau sham/shan shah.
l lk fl lh lq lw ls lS lks lkS la l:
sa sa si see su soo se sai so sau sam/san sah.
g gk fg gh gq gw gs gS gks gkS ga g:
ha ha hi hee hu hoo he hai ho hau ham/han hah.
{k {kk f{k {kh {kq {kw {ks {kS {kks {kkS {ka {k:
ksha ksha kshi kshee kshu kshoo kshe kshai ksho kshau ksham/kshan kshah.
K Kk fK Kh Kq Kw Ks KS Kks KkS Ka K:
gya gya gyi gyee gyu gyoo gye gyai gyo gyau gyam/gyan gyah.
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fuEu dqN 'kCnksa dh Lisfyax dh rqyuk djsaA
jeu Raman euksgj Manohar
lqjs'k Suresh egs'k Mahesh
vfHk"ksd
Abhishek vkdk'k Aakash
ujs'k Naresh ';ke Shyam
fodkl Vikas lfpu Sachin
lqeu Suman vkuan Anand
lehj Sameer 'kjn Sharad
mQij vkius ns[kk fd ^jeu* ds ^j* ds
rafy,
vk;k] ysfdu euksgj ds ^j* ds fy;s rfliQZ
vk;kA ^'kjn*
ds ^'k* ds fy,sha vkSj êgs'k* ds ^'k* ds fy;ssh
fliQZ
A ^lfpu* ds ^l* ds fy;s
sa vkSj ^fodkl* ds
^l* ds fy;s fliQZ
sA
blls irk yxrk gS fd 'kCn ds izkjaHk esa ^d] [k] x] ?k -----* gks rks vaxzsth
ka,kha, esa
ga, gha......
vk,xkA ysfdu ^d] [k] x]......’
?k 'kCn ds var esa gks rks rc vaxzsth esa lk/kj.kr% fliQZ
k, kh, g, gh .....
vk,xkA tSls iqu%—ns[ksa
?ku';ke= Ghanshyam. ;gka ^?k* ds fy;s
gha vk;kA ysfdu veks?k
= Amogh. ;gka ^?k* ds fy;s
gh vk;kA
;gka ^?ku';ke* 'kCn ls gesa ,d vkSj ckr le> esa vkrh gS fd tSls ûjs'k] ueZnk] udqy ----* fy[krs le;
û* ds fy;sna fy[krs gSa] oSls geus ^?ku';ke* fy[krs le; û* ds fy;s lk/kj.kr%
n vk,xkA
fliQZ
ysfdu izlaxkuqlkj ,sls û* ds
nafy;s
Hkh vk ldrk gSaA ;fn bl û* dk mPpkj.k yackna
gks
vk,xkA
jgk rks
nsf[k;s%
— ?ku';ke = Ghanashyam.
vc vxys mnkgj.kksa dk vè;;u dj muds Lisfyax iqu% Lo;a fy[kdj tkapsA
'kcue Shabnam fjef>e Rimjhim
dVdV Katkat dVkdVk katakata
Kkus'oj Gyaneshwar egkcys'oj Mahabaleshwar
egkjk"Vª Maharashtra eè; izns'k Madhya Pradesh
eUekM Manmad rSoku Taiwan
Hkkjr Bharat ;oreky Yavatmal
Jko.k Shravan Js;l Shreyas
izdk'k Prakash lsokxzke Sevagram
>kalh Jhansi fgekpy Himachal
czãpkjh Brahmachari iaiqlsB Pampuseth
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iap'khy Panchasheel xaHkhj Gambheer
xaxk/j Gangadhar ukjk;.kjko Narayanrao
eaqcbZ Mumbai dU;kdqekjhKanyakumari
uksV%geus lh[kh gqbZ tkudkjh ds vuqlkj ûkjk;.kjko] jkejko] olarjko* ds Rav
^jko*
Hkh
dksfy[kk
Lisfyax
tk ldrk gS—vkSj ns[kk tk, rks ^jko* dksRav
Lisfyax
fy[kus esa dqN xyr ugha gSA D;ksafd
Rav dk mPpkj.k
Hkh ^jko* gh gksxkA ysfdu ^jko*Rao dk Lisfyax
blh rjg fy[kk tkrk gSA blfy;s D;k izpfyr gS] bl vksj Hkh
è;ku j[kuk pkfg,A
SOME TIPS FOR TRANSLATING HINDI
WORDS INTO ENGLISH
1. tc fdlh O;atu esa (Ñ] cz) bl rjg ds fpUg dk iz;ksx gks rks ,sls v{kj‘a’dsdk
lkFk
iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
tSls
Ñ".kk= Krishna, czkmu
= Brown
2. tc fdlh fgUnh 'kCn ds 'kq: ;k chp esa O;atu gks vkSj mlds lkFk Loj‘a’ugha
dk iz;ksx
gks rks
lk/kj.k% fd;k tkrk gSA tSls
peu = p + e + u = Chaman, liuk = l + i + uk = Sapana
fcfeyk= fc+ fe + yk = Bimila
mQij ds nks 'kCnksal]liuki vkSj
esa peu esa
p] e ls dksbZ Loj tqM+k ugha gS vFkkZr
‘a’ dk
blds lkFk
iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS tcfd rhljk 'kCn
fcfeykesa lHkh v{kjksa ds lkFk Loj tqM+k gS vFkkZr] Loj ds vuqlkj
Loj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
3. tc fdlh fgUnh 'kCn ds vUr esa =k] Vª] nz tSls v{kj dk iz;ksx gks vkSj blls dksbZ Loj ugha tqM+k
‘a’ dk iz;ksx vo'; fd;k tk,xkA tSls&
czãiq=k
= Brahamputra, egkjk"Vª
= Maharashtra, xtsanz
= Gajendra
4. nks v{kj ls cus O;atu ds chp esa
‘a’ dk
Hkhiz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
/ = Dh, 'k = Sh, iQ = Ph, ?k= gh
5. tc fdlh fgUnh 'kCn ds 'kq: ;k chp esa O;atu vk/s v{kj ds gks rks ,sls O;atu ds lkFk dksbZ Hkh Loj
dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA tSls&
vkuUn = vk + u + U+ n = Anand
Ñ".kk = Ñ + " + .kk = Krishna
LowQy= L + owQ
+y = School
uksV% mQij ds fu;eksa esa tks dqN crk;k x;k gS mldk iz;ksx fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku ¼ bR;kfn dk uke 'k
:i ls fy[kus esa fd;k tk,xk tcfd vaxzsth ds 'kCnksa dks i<+us ;k fy[kus esa vkxs ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk
gksxkA
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TEST YOURSELF
(i) fuEufyf[kr fgUnh v{kjksa dks vaxzsth esa fy[ksaA
d] ?k] N] /] <] t] >] 'k] {k] K
(ii) [k] i] t vkSj j v{kjksa ds ckjg [kM+h rFkk buds vaxzth esa mPpkj.k fy[ksaA
(iii) fuEufyf[kr O;fDr;ksa ds ukeksa dks vaxzsth esa fy[ksaA
fou;] ehuk{kh] jkts'k] js[kk] eukst] ikjl] fot;] jhek] xksfoUn] blku] jgeku] jghe] y{e.k flag] ih;w"k]
nhfidk] vCckl] vafdr] csut+hj] lkfo=kh] lksgu] ftrsanz] pk¡nuh] fryd nslkbZ] Lo.kZ flag] ekSykuk
izrhd] 'kkyw] vk;ZuA
(iv) fuEufyf[kr 'kgjksa] jkT;ksa] ns'kksa] ufn;ksa bR;kfn ds ukeksa dks vaxzsth esa fy[ksaA
jkeiqj] nsgjknwu] iVuk] eè; izns'k] iatkc] jktLFkku] rfeyukMq] ikfdLrku] >sye] lryt] lkcjerh]
nkeksnj] okjaxy] rqrhdksfju] te'ksniqj] eaxksfy;k] tkiku] bjkdA
PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS
Rule of ‘A’
a dk mPpkj.k v] vW] vk] vkW] ,] ,v bR;kfn gksrk gSA
(i) tc fdlh ik¡p letters ls vf/d word ds var esa -an, al, - ar, ant, -ance vk, rks blds
a dk mPpkj.k v gksxkAtSls%&American (vesfjdu)] Principal (fizafliy)]Beggar(csXxj)]
Assistant (vflLVUV)] Instance (bUlVUl)
(ii) tc fdlh word ds 'kq: esa ae gks rks
ae dk mPpkj.k bZ gksrk gSA ysfdu ae ls rtctqM+k gksae rks
dk mPpkj.k ,v gksxkAtSls%& Aegis (bZftl)] Aerify (,vfjiQkb)
(iii) tc fdlh word ds 'kq: esa a gks rks bldk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% , ;k v gksrk tSls%&
gSA
Abide
(,ckbM)]Abet (vcsV)
(iv) tc fdlh word esaa ds ckn-l, -r, -s, -t, bR;kfn gks rks blds igys vkus a dkokys
mPpkj.k vk
gksxkAtSls%&
Balm (cke)] Bar (ckj)] Past (ikFk)
(v) tc nks O;atuksa(consonants) ds chp esa a gks vkSj nwljs O;atu edsugha
ckn gks rksa ,sls
dk mPpkj.k
vW@,s gksxkA
TkSls%&
Mad(eWM@eSM)] Man(eWu@EkSu)] Rattle(jWVVy@jSVVy)
(vi) tc fdlh word esaa ls u ;k w tqM+k gks rks dk mPpkj.k vkW tSls%&
au/aw gksxkA Haul (gkWy)]
Hawk(gkWd)] Prawn(izkWu)
(vii) tc fdlh word esa ai ls r tqM+k gksa ds
;k cknre gks rks
ai/a dk mPpkj.k ,v gksxkA tSls%&
Fair
(iQsvj)]Hair (gsvj)] Bare (csvj)] Rare (jsvj)
(viii) tc fdlh word esaai/ay gks ;ka ds ckn fdlh O;atu lse tqM+k gks rks ;k a dk mPpkj.k
ai/ay
, gksxkAtSls%&Fail (iQsy)]Wait (osV)]Bay (cs)] Pay (is)] Bale (csy)] Trade (VªsM)
TEST YOURSELF
fuEufyf[kr vaxzsth 'kCnksa dks fgUnh esa fy[ksaA
pare, lash, crack, servant, mar, marsh, maide, pause, launch, sprawl, pawn,
spawn, play, slay,blame, shade, space, scare, flap, urban, cask, braid, spraide,
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Rule of ‘E’
e dk mPpkj.k b] bZ] bv] v] vk] , bR;kfn gksrk gSA
(i) tc fdlh word esae ds cknre gks rks
e dk mPpkj.k bv gksxkA tSls%&
Here (fgvj) Mere (fevj)
(ii) tc fdlh word ds chp esa
e gks vkSj
e ds cknr ls dksbZ O;atu tqM+k
e dk
gksmPpkj.k
rks v (vkèkk
v) gksxkA tSls%&
Herb (gcZ) Perk (idZ)
(iii) tc fdlh word ds var esa
-el, -en, -ent, -er gks vkSj mlds igys nks ls vf/d
letter gks rks
e dk mPpkj.k v gksxkA TkSls&
Tunnel (Vuy)] Spoken (Liksdu) Muster (eLVj)
(iv) tc fdlh word ds 'kq: ;k chp esa
e dk iz;ksx gks rks bldk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% , gksrk gSA tSls%&
Ecstacy (,DLVWfl)] Ebon (,cu)] Red (jsM)
EXCEPTION (Were)
(v) tc fdlh word esae ds lkFka tqM+k gks
earks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% bZ gksrk gSA tSls&
Peak (ihd) Sheaf ('khiQ-) Tea (Vh)
(vi) tc fdlh word ds var esa
e gks rks
e dk mPpkj.k ugha gksrk gSA ysfdu
word dqN
,sls gSa ftuesa
e
dk mPpkj.k b ;k bZ gksrk gSA tSls&
Coupe (dqfi) Dele (Mhyh) Finale (fiQukfy)
Facsimile (iQdflfefy) Posse (ifl) Recipe (fjflfi)
Simile (flfefy) Stele (LVhfy)
(vii) tc fdlh word dss chp esa
e gks vkSj
e ds ckn fdlh O;atu(r dks NksM+dj)
e tqM+k
ls gks
e dk
rks
mPpkj.k bZ gksxkA tSls&
Complete (dEiyhV) Impede (bEihM) Stampede (LVWEihM)
(viii) tc fdlh word esaea ds cknd, th, lth, sa, ven bR;kfn gksea
;k ds igys br vkSj blds ckn
k, st gks rks
ea dk mPpkj.k , gksxkA tSls&
Bread (czsM) Feather (iQsnj) Health (gsYFk)
Peasant (istUV) Heaven (gsou) Break (Ckzsd)
Breast (CkzsLV)
dqN vkSj
words esa mi;qZDr
letters u jgus ds ckotwn ea
Hkhdk mPpkj.k , gksxkA tSls
Deaf (MsiQ) Jealous (tsyl) Steak (LVsd)
Weapon (osiu) Yea (;s)
15
(ix) tc fdlh word esaear ds cknch, l, n, th gks rks
ea dk mPpkj.k v gksxkA tSls&
Search (lpZ) Pearl (iyZ) Learn (yuZ)
Earth (vFkZ)
(x) tc fdlh word esae ls i tqM+k gks
ei rks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% bZ gksxkA tSls&
Deceive (fMlho) Protein (izksVhu)
(xi) tc fdlh word esaee gks rks
ee dk mPpkj.k bZ gksxkA tSls&
Preen (izhu) Reef (jhiQ) Sleet (LyhV)
(xii) tc fdlh word esaea ls r tqM+k gks
earks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% bv gksxkA tSls&
Ear (b;j) Beard (fcvMZ)
ysfdu dqNwords esaea ls r tqM+us ds ckotqn
ea dk mPpkj.k ,v gksrk gSA
Bear (csvj) Wear (osvj)
(xiii) tc fdlh word esaee ds cknr gks rks
ee dk mPpkj.k bv gksxkA tSls&
Jeer (ftvj) Sneer (fLuvj) Steer (fLVvj)
(xiv) tc fdlh word esae ls u tqM+k gks
eurks
dk mPpkj.k ;w gksrk gSA tSls&
Eunuch (;wud) Eulogy (;wwwwyksth)
(xv) tc fdlh word esaei ds ckngh ;k gn gks rks mPpkj.k , gksxkA tSls&
Weight (osV) Deign (Msu)
dqN vU;words ftuesaei ds ckngh/gn u gksrs gq, Hkh bldk mPpkj.k , gksrk gS tSls&
Feint (iQsUV) Heifer (gsiQj) Rein (jsu)
Leisure (ystj@yhtj) Veil (osy) Vein (osu)
Surveillance (ljosyUl)
dqN vU;words ftlesaei dk mPpkj.k b] bZ] v] ,v vR;kfn gksrk gSA tSls&
Forjeit (iQtsZV) Surfeit (lfiQZV) Weir (ohvj)
Weird (ohvMZ)
(xvi) tc fdlh word esaew ls igys ch, l, r, sh bR;kfn gksew
rksdk mPpkj.k mQ gksxkA tSls&
Chew (pw) Blew (Cyw) Drew (Mw)
Cashewnut (ds'kwuV)
(xvii) tc fdlh word esae ls w tqM+k gks
ewrks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% ;w gksrk gSA tSls&
New (U;w) Dew (M;w)
16
(xviii) ey dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% b gksrk gS ysfdu
ey dstcigysv ;k th gks rks
ey dk mPpkj.k , gksxkA
tSls&
Donkey (MkWfd) Survey (losZ) They (ns)
(xix) tc ey fdlh word ds 'kq: esa gkseyrks
dk mPpkj.k & vk ;k , gksrk gSA tSls&
Eye (vkbZ) Eyas (vkbvl) Eyrie (vkbjh)
Eyot (,WV) Eyre (,W;j)
Rule of ‘I’
I dk mPpkj.k b] bZ vkbZ] vkbv, v%] bv bR;kfn gksrk
i dkgSA
izeq[k
ysfdu
mPpkj.k b ;k vkbZ gksrk gSA
(i) tc dksbZword i ls 'kq: gks rks
i dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% b gksrk gSA ysfdu
i ls -co,
tc -de, -dl,
-do, -ro, -sl, - so bR;kfn tqM+k igks
dk rks
mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% vkb gksrk gSA tSls&
Idiot(bfM;V) Imitate (bfeVsV) Icon(vkbdu) Isolation(vkblksys'ku)
(ii) tc fdlh word ds chp esai gks vkSj
i ds nksuks vksj (consonant)
O;atu gks rks
i dk mPpkj.k
lkèkkj.kr% b gksrk gSA tSls&
Fill(fiQy) Kill(fdy) Pinch(fiUp)
(iii) tc fdlh word esai ds ckn fdlh O;atu
(consonant) ls a,e,o,us bR;kfn tqM+k igks
ds ckn
;k
-br, -cr, -gr, -tr, -gh, -nd, bR;kfn tqM+k igks
ds ckn
;k gn ij gh og word lekIr gks rks
i
dk mPpkj.k lkèkkj.kr% vkb gksrk gSA tSls&
Tidal (VkbMy) Fine (iQkbu) Fibre (iQkbcj)
Microscope (ekbDzQWLdksi)
Kind (dkbUM) Sign (lkbu)
Exceptions:-
(a) dqN ,slswords gS ftlesa
i ds ckn fdlh O;atu(consonant) ls e tqM+us ds ckotqn
i dk mPpkj.k
b ;k bZ gksrk gSA tSls&
Avarice (vofjl) Coppice (dkWifil) Crevice (DzQsfol)
Definite (MsfiQfuV) Determine (fMVjfeu) Engine (,uftu)
Exquisite (,DlfDoftV) Famine (iQWfeu) Fissile (fiQlfly)
Hospice (gkWlfil) Hypocrite (fgikWfDzQV) Justice (tfLVl)
Lattice (yWfVl) Infinite (bufiQfuV) Notice (uksfVl)
Prejudice (izstqfMl) Promise (izkWfel) Chemise (f'keht)
Cuisine (fDothu) Elite (,yhV) Jasmine (tlehu)
Latrine (yWVªhu) Medicine (esfMlhu) Marine (ejhu)
Machine (e'khu) Regime (jsthe) Routine (:Vhu)
17
(b) dqN vkSj
words gS ftlesa
i dk mPpkj.k vkb gksrk gSA tSls&
Bifid (ckbfiQM) Bilateral (ckbySVjy) Crinite (DzQkbukbV)
Diglote (MkbXykWV) Dilute (MkbY;wV) Finis (iQkbful)
Title (VkbVy)
(iv) tc fdlh word ds chp esa
ia gks rks
ia dk mPpkj.k Hkh lk/kj.kr% vkbv gksrk gSA tSls&
Liar (ykbvj@yk;j) Riant (jkbvUV@jk;UV)
Exceptions:-
Facial (iQs'ky) Fiasco (fiQ;kLdks)
(v) tc fdlh word esai ls -re tqM+k gks rks dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% =vkbv
;) gksrk
(bv gSA tSls&
Fire (iQk;j) Tire (Vk;j)
(vi) tc fdlh word esai ds cknr dksbZ O;atu
(consonant) ls tqM+k gks
i dk
rksmPpkj.k v (vk/
k v) gksrk gSA tSls&
Gird (xMZ) Girl (xyZ)
(vii) tc fdlh word ds var esa i ds lkFk-ve(ive) tqM+k gks
i dk
rksmPpkj.k b gksrk gSA tSls&
Active (vWfDVo) Motive (eksfVo)
(viii) tc fdlh word ds chp esa ie dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% bZ gksrk gSA tSls&
Belief (fcyhiQ) Field (iQhYM)
Exceptions:-
- dqNwords esaie dk mPpkj.k bZ u gksdj dqN vkSj gksrk gSA tSls&
Allies (,ykbt) Alien (,fy;u) Fierce (fiQ;lZ)
Fiery (iQkbfj) Inconvenient (buduohfu,UV) kier (fdvj)
Lieutenant (ysiQVhUksUV)
(ix) tc fdlh word ds var esaie gks vkSj blds igys ,d ls vf/dletter gks rks
ie dk mPpkj.k
lkèkkj.kr b gksxkA tSls&
Coolie (dwfy) Movie (ewfo)
(x) tc fdlh word ds var esa
ie gks vkSj blds igys ,d gh
letter gks rks
ie dk mPpkj.k vkb gksrk
gSA tSls&
Die (MkbZ) Lie (ykb)
(xi) tc fdlh word ds chp esa
io gks rks bldk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% vkbv@vk; gksrk gSA io ysfdu tc
ls n tqM+k gks
io dk
rksmPpkj.k v gksxk vkSjiovxj
ls lo tqM+k gksio dk
rksmPpkj.k vkbvks@vk;ks
gksxkA tSls&
Prior (izkbvj@izk;j) Education (,M;qds'ku) Biology (ck;ksykWft)
18
Rule of ‘O’
O dk mPpkj.k vks] vkW] v] mQ] bR;kfn gksrk gSA
(i) tc fdlh word ds chp esa o gks vkSj blds nksuksa vksj O;atu
(consonant) gks rks
o dk mPpkj.k
lk/kj.kr%
‘vkW
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Loss (ykWl) Dog (MkWx)
(ii) tc fdlh word esao ds ckn O;atu
(consonant) ls e tqM+k gks
o dk
rksmPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%
‘vks
’
gksrk gSA tSls&
Rope (jksi) Hope (gksi)
Exceptions:-
Come (de)] Some (le) Done (Mu) None (uu)
(iii) tc fdlh word esao ls -ve tqM+k gkso dk
rksmPpkj.k
‘mQ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Approve (vWizwo) Move (ewo)
(iv) tc fdlh word ds var esao gks rks bldk mPpkj.k
‘vks
Hkh
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Gusto (xLVks) Bro (czks)
(v) Tkc fdlhword ds var esa o ls -n ;k -r tqM+k gks o dk
rksmPpkj.k ‘v ’ gksxkA tSls&
Lesson (yslu) Traitor (VªsVj)
(vi) tc fdlh word esao ds lkFk-a tqM+k gks oarks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% ‘vks
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Coal (dksy) Toad (VksM)
(vii) tc fdlh word esao ls -e tqM+k gks oe rks
dk mPpkj.k ‘vks
’ vFkok‘mQ ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Hone (gks) Toe (Vks) Woe (oks)
Shoe ('kq) Canoe (duq)
(viii) tc fdlh word esao ls -i tqM+k gks oi rks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% ‘vkb’ gksxkA tSls&
Boil (ckWby) Hoist (gkWbLV)
(ix) Tkc fdlhword esaoi ls -r tqM+k gks rks lk/kj.kr%
oi dk mPpkj.k ‘ok’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Abattoir (,WcWVokj) Memoirs (esEoktZ)
(x) Tkc fdlhword esaio ls -nt tqM+k gks oi rks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.rk%‘vkbv@vk; ’ gksxkA tSls&
Appoint (,ikWbUV) Point (ikWbUV)
(xi) tc fdlh word esaoo gks rks bldk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% ‘m@mQ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Boon (cwu) Book (cqd)
Exceptions:-
dqN ,slwords gSa ftlesa
oo dk mPpkj.k m@mQ u gksdj dqN vksj gksrk gSA tSls&
Blood (CyM) Boor (cqvj) Poor (iwvj) Door (Mksj)
19
(xii) tc fdlh word esao ls -u tqM+k gksourks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%
‘vkm
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
About (,ckmV)House (gkml)Count (dkmUV)
(xiii) tc fdlh word esaou ls -r ;k s tqM+k gks
ourks
‘v ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Amour (vkej) Courtesy (dVZfl) Famous (iQsel)
Exceptions:-
dqN ,slswords gSa ftlesaou dqN ,slswords gSa ftlesa dqN words esa ou dk mPpkj.k ds ckn
r ;k s u gksus ij Hkh
ou ds cknr gksrs Hkh
ou ‘m@mQ’ gksrk gSA outSls&
dk mPpkj.k ‘v ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
dk mPpkj.k ‘v ’ ugha gksrk gSA tSls
Country (dfUVª) Our (vkoj) Could (dqM)
Couple (diy) Devour (fMokoj) Coupe (dqfi)
Enough (buiQ) Flour (Iykoj) Should ('kqM)
Double (Mcy) Hour (vkoj) Would (oqM)
Rough (jiQ) Sour (lkoj) Couth(dwFk)
Touch (Vp) Paramour (iSjkej) Group(xzwi)
Tough (ViQ) Outpour (vkmViksj)Recoup(fjdwi)
Young (;ax) Course (dkslZ) Routine (:fVu)
Court (dksVZ) Source (lkslZ) Mourn (ekWuZ)
(xiv) tc fdlh word esao ls -w tqM+k gks owrks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.k%‘vks
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Below (fcyks) Glow (Xyks) Slow (Lyks)
(xv) tc fdlh word esaow ds ckn-l ;k -n gks ;kow ds igys r gks rks ow dk mPpkj.k lk/
kj.kr%‘vkm’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Clown (Dykmu) Prowl (izkmy)
dqN vkSj words esaow dk mPpkj.k ‘vkm’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Allow (vykm) How (gkm) Now (ukm) Powder (ikmMj)
(xvi) tc fdlh word esao ls -y tqM+k gks oy rks
dk mPpkj.k‘vkb’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Boy (ckWb) Toy (VkWb)
Rule of ‘U’
U dk mPpkj.k
‘v] m] mQ]’ bR;kfn
;w gksrk gSA‘vysfdu
’ u dk izeq[k mPpkj.k gSA
(i) tc fdlh word esa 'kq: esa
u gks rks bldk mPpkj.k
Ultimate (vfYVesV) Unacquainted (vuvWDosUVsM)
(ii) tc fdlh word ds 'kq: esa
u gks vkSj mlds ckn fdlh O;atu(consonant) ls Loj
(vowel) tqM+k gks
u dk
rksmPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%
‘;w
’ gksrk gS tSls&
Uniform (;wfuiQkeZ) Usurp (;wtiZ)
20
(iii) tc fdlh word ds chp esa u gks vkSj
u ds nksuksa vksj(consonant)
O;atu gks rks
u dk mPpkj.k
lk/kj.kr%‘v ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Bus (cl) Run (ju)
Exceptions:-
Bul (cqy) Bury (cjh) Bush (cq'k) Busy (fcft)
Business (fctful) Butcher (cwpj) Full (iQqy) Push (iq'k)
Put (iqV) Pussy (iqfl)
(iv) Tkc fdlhword ds chp esa
u gks vkSj mlds ckn fdlh O;atu ls dksbZ(vowel)
Hkh LojtqM+k gks rks
u dk mPpkj.k
‘;w
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Bucolic (C;wdkWfyd) Numerous (U;wejl)
(v) tc fdlh word ds chp esau gks vkSj
u ds Bhd igysr gks rks
u dk mPpkj.k ‘mQ
’ gksxk tSls&
Crude (DzQwM) Brumal (czwey)
(vi) Tkc fdlhword ds var esa
-ure gks rks
u dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%
Fracture (izQWDpj) Nature (uspj)
Exceptions:-
dqNwords esau dk mPpkj.k mQv@bvks(;ks)
Assure (,';ksj) Sure (';ksj) Cure (D;ksj)
Lure(Y;ksj) Manure (eWU;ksj) Pure (I;ksj)
(v) tc fdlh word ds var esa ue gks vkSj mlls igys
l, r, ;k s gks rks
ue dk mPpkj.k ‘mQ
’ gksrk gS
ysfdu tc ue ls igys l, r ;k s u gks rks
ue dk mPpkj.k ‘;w
’ gksxkA tSls&
blue (Cyw) Construe (dkWULVzw) Sue (lw)
Cue (D;w) Hue (g;w) Venue (osU;w)
(vi) tc fdlh word ds chp esa ue dk iz;ksx gksue
rksdk mPpkj.k ‘,@v@b
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Guess (xsl) Guerdon (xMZu) Guebre (xhcj)
(vii) tc fdlh word esaui ls ld ;k It tqM+k gks ui rks
dk mPpkj.k ‘b’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Build (fcYM) Guilt (fxYV)
(viii) tc fdlh word esa-ui ds Bhd igysr tqM+k gks ui rks
dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%‘mQ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Bruise (czwt) Fruit (izQwV)
Exceptions:-
dqNwords esaui dk mPpkj.k fHkUu&fHkUu gksrk gSA
Bluish (Cyqb'k) Circuit (ljfdV) Cuisine (Dohthu)
Druid (MzwbM) Fluid (IYkwbM) Fruition (izQwb'ku)
Guide (xkbM) Juice (twl) Nuisance (U;wlUl)
21
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS
B
- tc fdlh word esab gks rks
b dk mPpkj.k‘c’ gksrk gSA ysfdu
b tc
ds igys -m ;k b ds ckn-
t gks rks
b dk mPpkj.k ugha
(Silent) gksrk gS tSls&
Banana (cukuk) Job (tkWc) Comb (dkWe)
Dumb (Me) Debt (MsV) Doubt (MkmV)
C
C dk mPpkj.k
‘l ] 'k] d ’ gksrk gSA
- tc fdlh word esac ds ckn-e, -i ;k -y gks rks
c dk mPpkj.k
‘l ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Century (lsUpqfj) Pice (ikbl) Citizen (flfVtu) Icy (vkbfl)
- tc fdlh word esac ds ckn-a, -o, -u ;k dksbZ O;tau
(h dks NksM+dj) gks
c dkrks
mPpkj.k
‘d ’
gksrk gSA tSls&
Cap (dWi@dSi) Cock (dkWd) Culprit (dyfizV) Dock (MkWd)
Clear (Dyh;j) Cremate (fDzQesV)Collect (dysDV)
- tc fdlh word esac ls -ial, -ian, -ienc, -ient ;k -ious tqM+k gks
c dk
rksmPpkj.k
‘'k’ gksxkA
tSls&
Special (Lis'ky) Magician (EkWftf'k;u)
Deficiency (fMfiQ'kfUl) Sufficient (lfiQ'ksUV)
Conscious (dkuf'k;l)
Ch
Ch dk mPpkj.k
‘p] d ;k 'k ’ gksrk gSA
- tc fdlh word ds 'kq: esa
ch gks vkSj mlds ckn dksbZ Loj gks ;k fdlhword ds var
(vowel)
esach gks rks
ch dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%
‘p ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Chaplet (pWifyV) Cheapen (phisu) Child (pkbYM)
Chopper (pkWiij) Chubby (pcfc) Stench (LVsUp)
Exceptions:-
- Chameleon (dWehfy;u)] Chaos (dsvkl) Character (dWjsDVj)
- Charismatic (dWfjteWfVd)Charisma (dWfjtek) Chasm (dWte)
- Chemical (dsfedy) Chemistry (dsfefLVª) Chemist (dsfeLV)
- Chimera (fdehjk) Chiromancy (dkbjksekfUl)Choir (dokW;j)
- Cholera (dkWyjk) Choleric (dkWyfjd) Chord (dkWMZ)
22
- Choreograph (dkWfj;ksxzkiQ)
Chorus (dksjl) Epoch (bZikWd)
- Monarch (ekWudZ) Stomach (LVed) Eunuch (;wud)
ch gks vkSj mlds ckn dksbZ O;atu
(consonant) gks ;k fiQj fdlh
word ds chp esa
ch gks rks
ch dk mPpkj.k
‘d ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Chrism (fDzQ"e) Ache (,d) Technical (VsfDudy)
- dqN 'kCnksa
ch esa
dk mPpkj.k
‘'k’ gksrk gSA
Shagrin ('kWfXkzu) Chaise ('kst) Champagne ('kWeisu)
Chandelier ('kWufMfy;j) Charlatan ('kkjyVu) Chef ('ksiQ)
Chemise (f'keht) Chik (f'kd) Chiffon (f'kiQWu)
Chivalry (f'koWyfj) Chute ('kqV) Avalanche (vWoykU'k)
Brochure (czks'kj) Cache (dk'k) Cliche (fDy'ks)
Creche (DzQs'k) Gauche (xks'k) Machine (e'khu)
Niche (fu'k) Sache (l'ks) Clench (DysU'k)
Crunch (DzQU'k) Munch (eU'k) Mulch (eY'k)
Lynch (fyU'k) Pinch (fiU'k) Winch (foU'k)
D
fdlh Hkhword esaD(Mh) dk mPpkj.k
‘M] n] ;k M+
’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Bad (cWM) Dog (MkWx)
Salad (lykn) Sadak (lM+d)
- tc fdlh word esad ds igys ,d ls vf/d letters gks vkSj
d ds ckn-eur, -ier, -ua, -
ure gks rks
d dk mPpkj.k
‘t ’ gksxkA tSls
Grandeur (xzWUtj) Soldier (lksYtj)
Gradual (xzWtqvy) Procedure (izkslhtj)
- tc fdlh word ds var esa
d, t/te gks rks mlds ckn vkuspast
okykmarket d/ed dk mPpkj.k
‘bM’ gksxkA tSls&
Raid + ed = Raided (jsfMM)
Wait + ed = Waited (osfVM)
Waste + d = Wasted (oslfVM)
gh(iQ)] f, k, p, s, sh, ;k x gks rks mlds ckn vkus Past
okyk
marker d/ed dk mPpkj.k ‘V’ gksxkA tSls&
Laugh + ed = Laughed(ykWIV)
23
Buff + ed = Buffed (cIV)
Backed + ed = Backed (cSDV)
Dress + ed = Dressed (MªsLV)
Finish + ed = Finished (fiQfu'V)
Stop + ed = Stopped (LVkWIV)
Vex + ed = Vexed (osDlV)
- tc fdlh word esad ds ckng gks rks
d dk mPpkj.k ugha
(silent) gksrk gSA tSls&
Bridge (fCkzt) Lodge (ykWt)
G
G dk mPpkj.k
‘t ;k x ’ gksrk gSA
- tc fdlh word esag ds ckn-e, -i ;k -y gks rks
g dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%
‘t ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Gender (tsUMj) Digit (fMftV) Gybe (tkbc)
Exceptions:-
- Begin (fcfxu) Begird (fcxMZ) Finger (fiQaxj)
- Gear (fx;j) Gecko (xsdks) Geese (xht)
- Gelding (xsfYMax) Get (xsV) Gibbon (fxcu)
- Gibbous (fxccl) Giddy (fxMfM) Gift (fxIV)
- Giggle (fxxxy) Gild (fxYM) Gill (fxy)
- Gilt (fxYV) Gimp/Gymp (fxEi) Gird (xMZ)
- Girdle (xMZy) Girl (xyZ) Girt (xVZ)
- Girth (xFkZ) Give (fxo) Gizzard (fxtMZ)
- Gynaeceum (xkbuhlhve) Gynarchy (xkbukfdZ) Gynaecology (xkbudkWyksft)
- Hunger (gaxj) Linger (fyaxj) Target (VkxsZV)
- tc fdlh word esag ds ckn-a, -o, -u ;k dksbZ O;atu
(consonant) gks rks
g dk mPpkj.k
‘x’ gksrk
gSA tSls&
Gaze (xst) Good (xqM)
Gun (xu) Tingle (fVUxy)
- tc fdlh word ds chp esa gg gks ;k fdlhword ds var esa
g gks rks Hkh
g dk mPpkj.k
‘x’ gksrk
gSA tSls&
Trigger (fVªxj) Pig (fix)
- tc fdlh word ds 'kq: ;k var esa
gn gks rks
g dk mPpkj.k ugha
Gnome (ukse) Resign (fjtkbu)
24
gm gks rks ,sls 'kCn esa
g dk
Hkh
mPpkj.k ugha
(silent) gksrk gSA
tSls&
Paradigm (iWjWMkbe) Phlegm (Iyse)
Gh
- fdlh O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku bR;kfn dk uke gh
fy[kus
dk iz;ksx
esa x ;k ?k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
tSls&
xkftc &Ghalib ?ku';ke &Ghanshyam
- tc fdlh English word esagh gks vkSj mlds fBd igys (Vowel)
Loj gks ;kgh ds ckn
-t gks rks
gh dk mPpkj.k ugha
Plough (Iykm) Night (ukbV) Neighbour (uscj)
- dqNwords esagh dk mPpkj.k
‘iQ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Cough (dkWiQ) Enough (buiQ) Laugh (ykWiQ)
Laughter (ykWiQVj)
Rough (jiQ) Tough (ViQ)
H
- H dk mPpkj.k
‘g’ gksrk gS ysfdu tc fdlh
word ds 'kq: esa
Rh gks rks
h dk mPpkj.k ugha
(silent)
gksrk gSA tSls&
Rhapsode (jWilksM) Rhythm (fjne)
- dqNwords esah dk mPpkj.k
‘g’ u gksdj dqN vkSj gksrk gSA tSls&
Heir (,vj) Honest (vkWusLV) Honorary (vkWujfj)
Honour (vkWuj) Honourable (vkWujscy) Hour(vkoj)
K
- K dk mPpkj.k
‘d ’ gksrk gS ysfdu tc fdlh
word ds 'kq: esa
kn gks rks
k dk mPpkj.k ugha
(silent)
gksrk gSA tSls&
Know (uks) Knit (fuV)
- tc fdlh word esa-ck gks rks
k dk mPpkj.k u gksdj
c dk mPpkj.k
‘d ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Neck (usd) Rack (jWd)
L
- L dk mPpkj.k
‘y ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Bold (cksYM) Belt (csYV)
- dqNwords esal dk mPpkj.k ugha
Balm (cke) Calf (dkiQ) Calm (dke) Could (dqM)
25
Chalk (pkWd) Folk (iQkWd) Half (gkWiQ) Palm (ike)
Should ('kqM) Talk (VkWd) Walk (okWd) Would (oqM)
N
- N dk mPpkj.k
‘u’ gksrk gS ysfdu tc fdlh
word esa
m ds cknn dk mPpkj.k ugha
(silent) gksrk
gSA tSls&
Run (ju) Column (dkWye) Hymn (fge)
P
- P dk mPpkj.k
‘i ’ gksrk gS ysfdu tc fdlh
word ds 'kq: esa
Pn/Ps gks rks
p dk mPpkj.k ugha
Cup (di) Pneumonia (U;weksfu;k) Psychology (lkbdkWyksth)
Qu/Que
- tc fdlh word esaqu gks rks bldk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr%
‘Do’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Quarrel (DokWjy)Quest (DosLV)
que gks rks bldk mPpkj.k
‘d ’ gksrk gS tSls&
Mosque (ekWLd) Physique (fiQftd)
S
S dk mPpkj.k
‘l] t vkSj 'k’ gksrk gSA
- Tkc fdlhword esaf/fe, k/ke, p/pe ;k t/te gks rks mlds vUr esa vkus okys
plural
marker s dk mPpkj.k ‘l ’ gksxkA tSls&
Roof + s = Roofs(:iQl)
Book + S = Books (cqDl)
Pot + S = Pots(ikWVl)
Safe + S = Safes (lsIl)
Lip + s = Lips (fyIl)
- tc fdlh word ds vUr esa
-ce, -ch (p)] -ge, -s, -sh, -x, -z bR;kfn gks rks mlds ckn vkus
okykPlural Marker s/es dk mPpkj.k bt gksxkA tSls&
Face + S = Faces (iQsflt)
Watch + S = Watches (okWfpt)
Wage + S = Wages (osftt)
Bus + S = Buses (cflt)
Brush + S = Brushes (czf'kt)
26
Fox + S = Foxes (iQkWfDlt)
Gage + S = Gages (xsftt)
mQij ds fu;eksa ds vykok fdlhPlural
Hkh marker s/es dk mPpkj.k
‘t ’ gksxkA tSls&
Cave + S = Caves (dsot)
Table + S = Tables (VscYt)
S gks ;k vUr esa
se gks vkSj mlds igys
-ea, -n, -p ;k -r gks rks
s/es dk mPpkj.k
‘l ’ gksxkA tSls&
Sun (lu) Smart (LekVZ) Grease (Xkzhl)
Glimpse (fXyEil) Expense (,DlisUl) Curse (dlZ)
Exceptions:-
- Abusive (vC;wflo) Paradise (iWjkMkbl)
- tc fdlh word esasc ds ckn-e, -i ;k -y gks rks
sc dk mPpkj.k‘l ’ gksxkA tSls&
Scene (lhu) Science (lkbUl) Scythe (lkbn)
Exception:-
- Sceptic (fLdsfIVd)
- tc fdlh word esasc ds ckn-a, -o, -u ;k O;atu(consonant) gks rks
sc dk mPpkj.k ‘Ld’
gksxkA tSls
Scar (Ldkj) Score (Ldksj) Scum (Lde) S c re e c h
(LDzQhp)
mQij ds rhuksa fu;eksa ds vykokwordfdlh Hkh
esas dk mPpkj.k
‘t ’ gksxkA tSls
Advise (vMokbt) Erase (bjst) Prism (fizTe) Busy (fcft)
- tc fdlh word esas ds ckn-ia, ion, sion bR;kfn gkssrks
dk mPpkj.k ‘'k’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Asia (,f'k;k) Persia (if'kZ;k) Pension (isU'ku)
Expansion (,DlisU'ku)Admission (vWMfe'ku) Concession(dUls'ku)
Exceptions:-
- Illusion (bywtu) Vision (fotu)
- tc fdlh word ds chp esa sc ds ckn-ien ;k -ious gks rks Hkh
sc dk mPpkj.k‘'k’ gksxkA
tSls&
Conscience (dkWU'kUl) Conscious (dkWU'kl)
- tc fdlh word esai vkSjl ds chp s gks rks lk/kj.kr%
s dk mPpkj.k ugha
(silent) gksrk gSA
tSls&
Island (vk;yWUM) Islet (vkbyV)
27
T
T dk mPpkj.k
‘V] Fk] n] p ;k ’'kgksrk gS ysfdu bldk izeq[k mPpkj.k
‘V’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Test (VsLV) But (cV) Trunk (VªUd)
- tc fdlh word esat ds ckn-ure gks rks t dk mPpkj.k lk/kj.kr% ‘p ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Feature (iQhpj) Gesture (tsLpj) Nature (uspj)
dqN vkSjwords esat dk mPpkj.k p gksrk gSA tSls&
Actual (vWDpqvy) Mutual (E;wP;qvy) Century (lsUpfj)
Combustion (dEcLpu) Congestion (dUtsLpu) Digestion (MkbtsLpu)
Exhaustion(bXtkWLpu) Question (Doslpu)
- tc fdlh word esath dk iz;ksx chp esa gks vkSj blls dksbZ (e NksM+dj)
Hkh Loj tqM+kthgks ;k
dk iz;ksx var esa gks rks bldk mPpkj.k ‘Fk
’lk/kj.k
gksrk gSA tSls&
Lethal (ysFky) Thin (fFku) Author (vkWFkj)
Thunder (FkUMj) Health (gsYFk)
- tc fdlh word esath ds ckn-e gks rks th dk mPpkj.k ‘n’ gksrk gSA TkSls&
Brother (cznj) Further (iQnZj)
dqN vkSjwords esath dk mPpkj.k ‘n’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Fathom (iQWne) Thine (nkbu)
This (fnl) Worthy (ofnZ)
- tc fdlh word esat ds ckn-ia, -ie, -io, -ion bR;kfn gkst rks dk mPpkj.k ‘'k’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Partial (ik'kZy) Patient (is'ksUV)
Cautious (dkW'kl) Nation (us'ku)
- tc fdlh word esat ds ckn-ch gks rks t dk mPpkj.k ugha (silent) gksrk gSA tSls&
Fetch (iQsp) Match (eSp)
- tc fdlh word esa var esa
-ten gks vkSj blds igys f ;k s gks rkst dk mPpkj.k ugha (silent) gksrk
gSA tSls&
Often (vkWiQu) Listen (fyLVu)
W
- W dk mPpkj.k o gksrk gS ysfdu tc fdlh
word esaw ds cknr gks ;kw ds igys s gks rks
w
dk mPpkj.k ugha
Wring (fjax) Wrong (jk¡x)
Answer (vkUlj) Sword (lksMZ)
X
- X dk mPpkj.k
‘Dl@D'k] t ;k Xt
’ bR;kfn gksrk gS ysfdu bldk izeq[k‘Dl
mPpkj.k
’ gSaA tSls&
Expensive (,DliSfUlo) Exclaim (,DlDyse)
28
- tc fdlh word esax ds cknio gks rks
x dk mPpkj.k ‘D'k
’ gksxkA tSls&
Noxious(ukWD'kl) Complexion(dEiysD'ku)
- tc fdlh word ds 'kq: esax gks vkSj mlds ckn
-a, -e, -i ;k -y gks rks
x dk mPpkj.k
‘t ’
gksxkA tSls&
Xantippe (tWfVifi) Xenodochy (tsuWMkWfd)Xiphoid (ftiQvkWbM)
Xylography (tkbykWxzkfiQ)
Ex gks vkSj mlds -a,
ckn-e, -i, -o ;k h gks rks
x dk mPpkj.k
‘Xt@Xkt
’
gksxkA tSls&
Examine (,XtkWfeu) Execute (,WfXtD;wV)Exist (,xftLV)
Exonerate (bXtkWujsV) Exhaust (,WxtkWLV)
Exceptions:-
- Execrable (,WfDlDzQscy)Execrate(,fDlDzQsV) Exequies (,WfDloht)
- Exercise (,Dljlkbt) Exhume (,WDlgw;we)Exigence (,WfDltsUl)
- Exility (,fDlfyfV) Exit (,fDlV) Exodus (,WDlWMl)
- Exogamy (,WDlkWxWfe) Exorcist(,WDlkWflZLV)
Exoteric (,WDlkWVsfjd)
Y
Y dk mPpkj.k
‘;] b] bZ] vkbZ ;k ’vk;
bR;kfn gksrk gSA
- tc fdlh word esay 'kq: esa gksyrks
‘; ’ gksrk gSA tSls&
Yard (;kMZ) Yeild (;hYM) Yet (;sV)
Exceptions:-
- Year (bZ;j) Yearn (b;uZ)
- tc fdlh word ds chp esay gks vkSj
y ds ckn fdlh O;atu(consonant) ls e tqM+k gks rks
y dk mPpkj.k‘vkbZ
’ gksxkA tSls&
Type (Vkbi) Byke (ckbd)
- tc fdlh word ds chp y gks vkSj
y ds cknre gks rks
y dk mPpkj.k ‘vkbv@vk;’ gksxkA tSls&
Tyre (Vk;j) Tyro (Vk;jks)
- tc fdlh word ds var esay gks vkSj
y ds igys ,d gh letter O;atu(consonant) ds :i
esa gks ;k nks O;atu
(consonant) ,d lkFk gks rks
y dk mPpkj.k‘vkbZ
’ gksxkA tSls&
My (ekbZ) Dry (MªkbZ) Ply (IykbZ)
Exceptions:-
- Hearty (gkVhZ) Party (ikVhZ) Dynasty (MkbusLVh)
y gks vkSj
y ds igys ,d gh O;atu(consonant) gks ;k ,d gh O;atu
(consonant) Mcy gks rksy dk mPpkj.k‘b’ gksxkA tSls&
Baby (csfc) Carry (dkWfj) Greedy (xzhfM)
29
Words Used In Both English And Hindi / Urdu
Bench csap Banian cfu;ku
Brush czq'k Chemise f'keht
Bazaar cktkj Dhoti /ksrh
Pencil isfUly Cooli dqyh
Rubber jcj Collor dkWyj
Slate LysV Frock DzQkWd
Charpoy pkjikbZ Jumper taij
Chapati pikfr Tie VkbZ
Cream DzQhe Fakir iQdhj
Chutney pVuh Ghee ?kh
Loot yqV Sari/Saree lkM+h
Biscuit fcfLdV Guru xq:
Gherao ?ksjko Jungle taxy
Samosa lekslk Pandit iafMr
Cheetah phrk Lathi ykBh
Some words have two Pronunciations

Abuse (vc;wl) N 1. unfair, cruel or violent treatment (xkyh)
2. the use of something in a way that is wrong (nq:i;ksx)
(vc;wt) V to use unfair words (xkyh nsuk)
Bow (cks) N a weapon used for shooting arrows (/uq”k)
(ckm) V to bend knees and incline head in salutation (>qDdj
ueLdkj djuk] pj.kksa ij fxjuk)
Desert (MstVZ) N alarge area of land that has very little and very few
plants growing on it. (jsfxLrku)
(fMtVZ) V to leave somebody without help or support (foifRr esa NksM+uk)
Live (fyo) V to have your home in a place (jguk)
(ykbo) Adj. living, not dead (thfor)
30
Minute(fefuV) N each of the 60 parts (feuV)
(ekU;wV)V to write down something that is said at a meeting in
the official record (Lej.kkFkZ fy[kuk)
Adj. 1. extremely small, tiny (lw{e)
2. very detailed (O;ksjsnkj)
a minute inspection
Progress(izksxzsl)
N the process of improving or developing (mUufr)
(izWxzsl) V to move forword, to develop (mUufr djuk)
Project(izkWtsDV)
N plan, scheme (;kstuk] mik;)
(izWtsDV)V to plan an activity etc. ;kstuk cukuk
Prospect (izkWLisDV)
N the possibility that something will happen (vk'kk)
(izWLisDV)
V to search an area for gold, minerals, oil etc. (vUos"k.k djuk]
[kkstuk)
Protest(izksVsLV)
N the expression of strong disagreement with or opposition
to something (n`<+ mfDr] fo:} okD;)
(izWVsLV)
V to affirm solemnly (fojks/ djuk)
Supplement N a thing that is added to something else to improve or
(lfIyeUV) complete it (ifjf'k"V) (Vitamin or dietary supplements)
(lfIyesaUV)
V to add something to something in order to improve it
or make it more complete (tksM+uk)
Tear (fVvj) N a drop of liquid that comes out of your eye (vk¡lw)
(Vsvj) V to damage something by putting it apart or into pieces
or by cutting it (fpjuk] iQkM+uk)
Wind (foUM) N air that moves quickly as a result of natural forces
(gok)
(okbUM) V to turn, to entwist (cnyuk] ,saBuk)
Woman (oweu) S efgyk
Women (oqesu) P efgyk,a
Use (;wl) N iz;ksx
(;wt) V iz;ksx djuk
31
Mathematical Expressions
Decimals
0.9 zero point nine
3.6 three point six
5.23 five point two three
Numbers
120 a / one hundred and twenty
1,063 a / one thousand and sixty three
13,123 thirteen thousand, one hundred and twenty three
262,538 two hundred and sixty two thousand, five hundred and thirty
eight / two lakh sixty two thousand five hundred and thirty
eight
120,425,300 one hundred and twenty million, four hundred and twenty five
thousand, three hundred / twelve crore four lakhs twenty five
thousand and three hundred
Fractions
1/2 a half : I had to stay there for half an hour or I had to stay there
a half hour
1/4 a quarter : I had to stay there for a quarter of an hour.
1/10 a / one tenth : a tenth of the population
3/4 three quarters or three fourths : three quarters of an hour
1/2
1 one and a half : one a half hours, an hour and a half
32/5 three and two fifths : three and two fifths inches
3
/568 three over five six eight (in mathematics)
Superscripts
102 ten squared
3
10 ten cubed
104 ten to the power of four
10
10 ten to the power of ten
Arithmetic
6+6 = 12 six plus six equals twelve or six and six makes / is twelve
3×4 = 12 three multiplied by four equals twelve or Three times four makes
twelve
12÷3 = 4 twelve divided by three equals / makes / is four.
32
Temperatures
-150C fifteen (degrees) below (zero) or minus fifteen (degrees Celsius)
950C ninety - five (degrees Fahrenheit)
Sport Scores
3-1 three to one or three one
3-0 three to nil or three nil or three to nothing (in BrE) of three (to)
zero or three blank (in AmE)
2-2 two all or two two
33
THE USE OF
2 CAPITAL LETTERS
Capital Letter ds iz;ksx bl izdkj gSa&

1. izR;sd okD; dk igyk v{kj
Capital Letter ls fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls&
She is my Sister.
Where are you going?
Take your medicine in time.
2. Poem dh izR;sd iafDr dk igyk v{kj
Capital Letter ls fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls&
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
Beside the Springs of Dove;
A maid whom there was non to praise
And very few to love.
3. Inverted Commas ds vanj 'kq: gksusokys izR;sd okD; dk igyk v{kjLetter ls fy[kk
Capital
tkrk gSA tSls&
She said to me, "What do you want?"
"He is ill," said his mother to the doctor.
vxj Direct Speech / Quotation esa iz;qDr ,d gh okD; nks ;k nks ls vf/d Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gks]
rks dsoy igys Hkkx dk igyk v{kj
Capital Letter ls fy[kk tk,xkA tSls&
"Call no man happy," said the philosopher, "until he has ended his life in a
fitting manner."
4. fdlh O;fDr ds uke esa iz;qDr izR;sd 'kCn dk igyk v{kj gksrk gSA
Capital
Shyam kumar Singh, Gopi Mehta, Asha Kumari, Lucy, John
5. fdlh O;fDr ds uke ds igys vkusokys
title dk igyk v{kj Capital gksrk gSA tSls&
Mr Sir Dr Lt.
Mrs Miss Prof Col.
6. xk¡o] 'kgj] jkT;] ns'k] egkns'k bR;kfn ds uke dk igyk v{kjgksrk gSA tSls&
Capital
Rampur Delhi Bihar India Asia
Sheohar Ranchi Punjab Nepal Africa
34
7. igkM+] unh] Vªsu] tgkt vkfn ds uke dk igyk v{kj gksrk gSA tSls&
Capital
The Toofan Express The Vikrant The Himalayas

The Taj Express The Ganges The Sagar Samrat
8. iqLrd] ukVd] lekpkji=k] if=kdk vkfn ds ukeksa esa iz;qqqDr lHkh Capital
'kCnksagksrk
dk igyk
gSAv{kj
fliQZArticle, Conjunction ;k Preposition chp esa vk,¡] rkssmall
os letters ls fy[ks
tk,¡xsA tSls&
The Ramayana, A Tale of Two Cities, The Times of India, etc.
9. story, poem, report, article ;k chapter of a book ds title esa iz;qDr lHkh 'kCnksa dk igyk
v{kj Capital gksrk gSA fliQZ
Article, Conjunction ;k Preposition chp esa vk,¡] rks os
small etters ls fy[ks tk,¡xsA tSls&
Ode on Solitude, Gandhiji as World Citizen,
etc.
10. fnu] eghuk] Hkk"kk] leqnk;] /eZ] R;ksgkj vkfn ds uke Capital
dk igyk gksrk
v{kj gSA tSls&
Sunday, Monday, March, May, December, etc.
Holi, Diwali, Easter, Eid, New year, etc.
Hindi, Urdu, French, English, Sanskrit, etc.
Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Islam, Buddhist, etc.
11. Political Parties ds uke dk izR;sd 'kCn
Capital ls 'kq: gksrk gSA tSls&
The Congress Party The Socialist Party The B.J.P.

The Janata Party The Muslim League The C.P.I.
12. ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa esa vk, izR;sd 'kCn dk Capital
igyk v{kj
gksrk gSA tSls&
Independence Day French Revolution World War I
Republic Day The Middle Ages The Battle of Panipat
13. dqN cM+s inoh
(title) vkSj vksgnk
(designation) gSa ftuesa iz;qDr izR;sd 'kCn dk igyk v{kj
Capital gksrk gSA tSls&
President Prime Minister Chief Justice

Governor Chief Minister Governor General
14. Proper Noun ls cus 'kCnksa dk igyk Capital
v{kj gksrk gSA tSls&
Indian American Bihari British
Russian Japanese Punjabi Greek
35
15. Proper Noun ;k Proper Noun ls cusAdjectives ds igys Prefix vk,] rks vHkh"V
Prefix
dk igyk v{kjSmall Letter ls rFkk ewy 'kCn dk igyk v{kj
Capital Letter ls fy[kk tk,xkA
tSls&
un-English anti-American mid-July
non-Indian pro-French non-Christian
16. vf/dka'kAbbreviations esa iz;qDr izR;sd
letter dksCapital ls fy[kk tkrk gSA tSls&
B.D.O. B.A. M.L.A. U.N.O.
I.A.S. M.A. M.P. U.S.A.
17. Pronoun 'I', Interjection 'O' rFkkPersonified word dk igyk letter Capital ls fy[kk
tkrk gSA tSls&
He knew that I was not there.
O that she were alive!
O Death! Come soon.
18. vxj God dk iz;ksx loZ'kfDreku bZ'oj ds fy, gks]
God rks
vkSj muds fy, iz;qDr
Pronoun (He/
Him/His) ,oa vU; 'kCnksa dk igyk v{kj
Capital Letter ls fy[kk tk,xkA tSls&
God is Almighty. None can challenge God.
God is the Father of fathers. God is kind to His creatures.
19. tc Father / Mother / Uncle / Aunt ls oDrk ds viusFather / Mother / Uncle
/ Aunt dk cks/ gks vkSj buds igysDeterminer
dksbZ (the, your, my, his, etc) iz;qDr u
gks] ;kuh budk iz;ksx
Proper Noun dh rjg gks] rc budk igyk v{kj
Capital Letter ls fy[kk
tk,xkA tSls&
My father is very poor. When is your uncle coming?
When is your mother coming? When is your father coming?
I dare not face Father. Father agreed but Mother didn't.
I am waiting for Uncle and Aunt.
36
3 TIME AND TENSE
Time (le;) vkSj Tense (dky) nksuksa ,sls 'kCn gSa] ftuesa lEca/ gksrs gq, Hkh varj gSA
Time Tense
Time ,d Grammatical term ugha gSA Tense ,d Grammatical term gSA
;g ,d universal concept gSA ;g universal concept ugha gSA
;g Hkk"kk ls Lora=k ;k eqDr gSA ;g Hkk"kk ls Lora=k ;k eqDr ugha gSA
Time ls fnuksa] eghuksa o"kksZa vkfn dk tcfd
cks/ gksrk
TensegSA
ls fnuksa] eghuksa] o"kksZa vkfn dk cks/
ugha gksrk gSA
Tense: Tense changes the form of the verb to express the time of an action.
dk;Z ds le; ds eqrkfcdverb ds :i esa tks ifjorZu gksrk gS] mls dgrs gSaA
Tense
TIME AND TENSE
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE FUTURE TENSE

I. Simple Present I. Simple Past I. Simple Future
II. Present Continuous II. Past Continuous II. Future Continuous
III. Present Perfect III. Past Perfect III. Future Perfect
IV. Present Perfect
IV. Past Perfect IV. Future Perfect
Continuous
Continuous Continuous
PRESENT TENSE
I. SIMPLE PRESENT
Uses:
1. bl Tense dk iz;ksx eq[;r% vknr ;k LoHkkotfur dk;Z&O;kikj
(habitual actions) dk cks/
djkus esa gksrk gSA tSls&
I walk in the morning. (eSa lqcg Vgyrk gw¡A)
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The sun rises in the east. (lw;Z iwjc esa mxrk gSA)
2- bl Tense dk iz;ksx LFkk;h ;k lkekU; dk;Z&O;kikj] laca/] vf/dkj] fufgr xq.k bR;kfn dk cks/ djkus
ds fy, Hkh gksrk gSA tSls&
She is my mother. (og esjh ek¡ gSA)
The rose is beautiful. (xqykc lqanj gksrk gSA)
PRESENT TENSE
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S+V1/5 +OW
 Negative : S + do/does + not + V1 + OW. or
S + don’t/doesn't + V1 + OW
 Interrogative : Do/does + S + V1 + OW. ?
 Interrogative + Negative : Don't/doesn't + S + V1+ OW?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + do/does + S+V1 + OW.?
 WH family + Negative : WH + don't/doesn't + S + V1 + OW.?
SPECIAL RULE
1. S + know + how to + V1 + OW
2. S + do/does + V1 + OW.
3. S + do/does + nothing + but + V1 + OW
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S+V1/5 +OW
eSa ,d vke [kkrk gw¡µ

I eat a mango.
rqe nw/ ihrs gksµ
You drink milk.
 Negative : S + do/does + not + V1 + OW. or
S + don’t/doesn't + V1 + OW
eSa ugha [kkrkI do
gw¡µ
not eat.
rqe Ldwy ugha tkrsYou
gks&
do not go to school.
 Interrogative : Do/does + S + V1 + OW. ?
D;k og Ldwy tkrk gS\

Does he go to school?
D;k jke lp cksyrk gS\
Does Ram speak the truth?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + do/does + S+V1 + OW.?
D;k og ugha i<+rkDoes
gS\ he not read? or Doesn't he read?
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 WH family + Negative : WH + don't/doesn't + S + V1 + OW.?
vki dgk¡ jgrs gSa\
Where do you live?
og dc vkrk gS\When does he come?
SPECIAL RULE
1. S + know + how to + V1 + OW
og rSjuk tkurk gS&
He knows how to swim.
2. S + do/does + V1 + OW.
og dke djrk rks gS&
He does work.
3. S + do/does + nothing + but + V1 + OW
og i<+rk gh jgrk gS&
He does nothing but read.
PRACTICE
yrk i<+rh gSA Lata reads.
yrk dgk¡ i<+rh gSa\ Where does Lata read?
rqe D;ksa ugha i<+rs gks\ Why do you not read?
rqe dSls i<+rs gks\ How do you read?
rqe ogk¡ dc tkrs gks\ When do you go there?
eSa mls ugha tkurk gw¡A I don’t know him?
D;k rqe crk ldrs gks fd og dgka jgrk gS\Can you tell me where he lives?
D;k rqe crk ldrs gks dh mldk uke D;k gS\
Can you tell me what his mother name is?
D;k rqe fiz;adk dk ?kj crk ldrs gks\ Can you tell me Priyanka’s house?
rqe vktdy fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs gksA You don’t appear now a days.
rqe vaxzsth dg¡k i<+rs gks\ Where do you read English?
rqEgkjs firkth dgka jgrs gSa\ Where does your father live?
mls FkksMs+ gh irk gS dh og jkst dgka He
tkrkdoesn't
gSA know where he goes daily?
eS pk; cukuk tkurk gw¡A I know how to make tea.
esjh iRuh dkj pykuk tkurh gSA My wife knows how to drive a car.
vesjhdk 'kklu djuk tkurk gSA America knows how to rule.
og rSjuk tkurk gSA He knows how to swim.
D;k rqe vaxzsth cksyuk tkurs gks\ Do you know how to speak English?
;fn rqe dfBu ifjJe djksxs rks liQy gkssxsA
If you work hard you will get success.
og [ksyrk gh jgrk gSA He does nothing but play.
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og i<+rk gh jgrk gSA He does nothing but read.
og lksrk gh jgrk gSA He does nothing but sleep.
xkM+h nl cts pysxhA The train starts at 10 O’clock.
iz/kuea=kh dy fnYyh tk;saxsA PM goes to Delhi tomorrow.
;g gokbZ tgkt 8 cts pysxkA This aeroplane takes off at 8 O’clock.
VsLV eSp dy ls 'kq: gksxkA Test match Starts tomorrow.
eSa rqels jkst feyuk pkgrk gw¡A I want to meet you daily.
D;k rqe ;g cqjk dke /u ds fy, djrs gks\ Do you do this bad work for money?
D;k vki tkurs gS fd og ,d MkWDVj cusxk\
Do you know that he will be a doctor?
eSa tkurk gw¡ ijUrq eq>s 'kd gSA I know but I have doubt.
rqe esjs fy, D;k djrs gks\ What do you do for me?
yksx dSls vius vknfe;ksa dks Bxrs gS\ How do people cheat their own relatives?
D;k vki viuh vk¡[ksa can dj ysrs gSa\ Do you close your eyes?
eq>s vkidh enn dh t:jr ugha gSA I don’t need your help.
D;ksafd esjsa ikl dksbZ leL;k ugha gSABecause I have no any problem.
vr% og enn ugha djrk gSA So he doesn’t help.
essjk LoHkko ,slk ugha gSA My nature is not so.
eSa lHkh dks I;kj djrk gw¡A I love to all.
eq>s lHkh ds izfr I;kj vkSj lgkuqHkwfrIgSA
have love and sympathy for all.
eSa eglwl djrk gw¡ tks vki djrs gSA I feel what you feel.
f'k{kkea=kh dy ugha vk;saxsA Education minister doesn’t come tomorrow.
D;k ernku dy 'kq: gksxk\ Does the poll start tomorrow?
D;k iz/kuea=kh dy vk;saxs\ Does the P.M. come tomorrow?
VsLV eSp dc 'kq: gksxk\ When does the test match start?
ijh{kk dc 'kq: gksxk\ When does the examination start?
vki dc fnYyh ds fy, izLFkku djsaxs\ When do you depart for Delhi?
ijh{kk,a lkseokj dks 'kq: gksxhA The exams start on Monday.
iz/kuea=kh ;gka dy vk;saxsA The P.M. comes here tomorrow.
os yksx vxys o"kZ 'kknh djsaxsA They will marry next year.
VsLV eSp dy 'kq: gksxkA Test match starts tomorrow.
lhrk dy ,d xkM+h [kjhnsxhA Sita will buy a car tomorrow.
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og fnYyh ds fy, dy jokuk gksxkA He will depart for Delhi tomorrow .
esjs firkth dy vk;saxsA My father will come tomorrow.
D;k vki ?kksM+k ij p<+uk tkurs gS\ Do you know how to ride on horse?
rqe bls D;ksa j[krs gks\ Why do you keep it?
D;k vki bl dke dks djuk ugha tkurs gSa\Don’t you know how to do this work?
D;k lhrk ukpuk ugha tkurh gS\ Doesn’t Sita know how to dance?
og bl dke dks djuk tkurk gSA He Knows how to do this work.
D;k rqe cPps dks i<+kuk tkurs gks\ Do you know how to teach children?
D;k rqe liQy gksuk tkurs gks\ Do you know how to be success?
D;k vki jsfM;ks can djuk tkurs gSa\ Do you know how to switch off the Radio?
D;k vki bl xkM+h dks pkyw djuk ugha tkursa gSa\ know how to start this Car?
Don’t you
PRACTICE YOURSELF
og xjhc gS] blfy, mls dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
D;k vki ugha tkurs gS fd eq>s ;g dke iSlksa ds fy, djuk iM+rk gS\
D;k vki lekt dh cqjkbZ dk uaxk n`'; ns[krs gSa\
D;k vki ugha tkurs gS fd vkidk yM+dk le; ij Ldwy ugha tkrk gS\
vki dqN djuk pkgrs gS] ijUrq ugha djrs gSa] D;ksafd vki lfØ; ugha gSA
gekjs ikl ykyp gS vkSj ;g cqjs dkeksa ds fy, ncko Mkyrh gSA
gesa vius cqjs fopkjksa ij fu;a=k.k ugha gSA
pwafd vki n;kyq vkSj /uh gS] eSa vkidh enn pkgrk gq¡A
esjh iRuh pk; cukuk ugha tkurh gS D;ksafd og pk; ugha ihrh gSA
lHkh yksx dgrs gS fd bZekunkjh lcls vPNh uhfr gSA
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd og 'kknh ds fy, rS;kj gS\
vki ,slk dguk D;ksa pkgrs gS fd vkidks esjh t:jr ugha gS\
D;k ;g lgh gS fd vki esjh enn djuk ugha pkgrs gS\
D;k vki tkurs gS fd vkidh xk; nw/ ugha nsrh gSa\
eSa rqEgkjs fy, cgqr lkjh phtsa djrk gw¡A
D;k vkidk HkkbZ vkidh enn djuk ugha pkgrk gS\
vxj vki esgur djrs gS rks vki egku O;fDr cusaxsA
esjk dqÙkk ikxy gS] mls jkr esa HkkSaduk pkfg,] ijUrq fnu esa HkkSdrk gS
D;ksa ugha rqe bls ckgj fudky nsrs gks\
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eq>s mlds izfr lgkuqHkwfr gS] blfy, ,slk ugha djrk gw¡A
eSaus rqEgkjs fy, ,d ?kM+h j[kh Fkh] ijUrq eSa le>rk gw¡ fd rqedks bldh t:jr ugha gSA
D;k rqe fdlh ls ugha >xM+rs gks\
D;k vki lksprs gSa fd eSa ,slk djrk gw¡\
ANSWERS
He is poor, so he has to face Problems.
Don’t you know that I have to do this work for money?
Do you see the naked scene of the evil of the society?
Don’t you know that your son doesn’t go to school in time?
You want to do something, but don’t do because you are not active.
We have greed and it forces to do for bad works.
We have no control of our bad thought.
Since you are kind and rich, I need your help.
My wife does not know how to make tea, because she doesn’t take tea.
All people say that honesty is the best policy.
Do you know that he is ready for marry?
Why do you want to say that you don’t need me?
Is it right that you don’t want to help me?
Do you know that your cow doesn’t give milk?
I do lots of things for you.
Does your brother not want to help you?
If you work hard, you will be great man.
My dog is mad, he should bark at night but he barks at day.
Why don’t you keep out it?
I have sympathy for him, so, don’t do so.
I had a watch for you, but I understand that you don’t need it.
Don’t you quarrel anyone?
Do you think that I do so?
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Uses:
1. bl Tense dk iz;ksx rkRdkfyd orZeku
(immediate present/now) dk cks/ djkus ds fy,
gksrk gSA tSls&
I am reading. (i<+us dk dke pkyw gSA)
He is sleeping. (lksuk tkjh gSA)
2. bl Tensedk iz;ksx ,sls dke ds gksus ;k pkyw jgus dk Hkh cks/ djkus esa gksrk gS tks vHkh rRdky
gks jgk gS] ijarq vHkh"V le; ds vkl&ikl ;k bu fnuksa gks jgk gSA tSls&
He is reading mathematics these days. (og vktdy xf.kr i<+ jgk gSA)
3. bl Tense dk iz;ksx Hkfo"; esa gksus okys dk;ZØe@fu.kZ;@iwoZfu/kZfjr ;kstuk rFkk dk;Z djus
laHkkouk dks Hkh O;Dr djus esa gksrk gSA tSls&
She is coming tomorrow. (og dy vk jgh gS)
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + is/am/are + V4 + OW
 Negative : S + isn't/Aren't + V4 + OW
 Interrogative : is/am/are + S + V4 + OW.?
 Interrogative + Negative : isn't / Aren't + S + V4 + OW
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + is/am/are + V4 + OW.?
SPECIAL RULE
1. S + is/am/are + to + V1 + OW. 2. S + is/am/are + (Art) + N
3. S + is/am/are + about + to + V1 +OW
STRUCTURE
Examples:
II. Present Continuous
 Positive : S + is/am/are + V4 + OW
eSa [kk jgk Igw¡&

am eating.
 Negative : S + isn't/Aren't + V4 + OW
xk;sa ugha pj jghThe
gS&cows are not grazing.
 Interrogative : is/am/are + S + V4 + OW.?
D;k vki tk jgs gSa\&
Are you going?
 Interrogative + Negative : isn't / Aren't + S + V4 + OW
D;k osCGO complex ugha tk jgs gSa\&
Are they not going to CGO complex?
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 Interrogative with WH family : WH + is/am/are + V4 + OW.?
rqe D;k dj jgs gks\&
What are you doing?
SPECIAL RULE
Examples:
1. S + is/am/are + to + V1 + OW.
lhrk MkUl djus tk jgh gS&
Sita is going to dance.
2. S + is/am/are + (Art) + N
jke fdrkc i<+ jgk gS&
Ram is reading a book.
3. S + is/am/are + about + to + V1 +OW
og i<+us gh okyk He
gS&is about to read.
PRACTICE
jke fdrkc i<+ jgk gSaA Ram is reading a book.
eSa mllss feyus tk jgk gw¡A I am going to meet him.
rqe mlds ikl D;ksa ugha tk jgs gks\ Why aren’t you going to him?
eSa rqEgsa ns[k jgk gw¡A I see you.
eSa rqels I;kj dj jgk gw¡A I love you.
rqe dgka tk jgs gks\ Where are you going?
eSa vxys eghus 'kknh djus tk jgk gw¡A
I am going to marry next month.
D;k og rqels ckr djus tk jgk gS\ Is he going to talk with you?
D;k rqe esjs ikl vk jgs gks\ Are you coming to me?
rqEgsa D;k irk eSa dgka tk jgk gw¡\ Do you know, where am I going?
esjs firkth lsk;s gSA My father is sleeping.
esjh ekrk [kM+h gSA My mother is standing.
eSa diM+k iguk gw¡A I am wearing the cloth.
os yksx tqrs igus gSA They are wearing the shoes.
os yksx rqels feyus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs They
gSA are trying to meet you.
eSa vaxzsth fl[kus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gw¡A
I am trying to learn English.
yrk i<+us dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA Lata is trying to read.
og ogka [ksy jgk gSA He is playing there.
rqe ogka cSBs gksA You are sitting there.
D;k rqe lks jgs gks\ Are you sleeping?
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vktdy rqe D;k dj jgs gks\ What are you doing now a days?
eSa vkt dy viuh fdrkc fy[k jgk gw¡A I am writing my book now a days.
eSa dy iVuk tk jgk gw¡A I am going to Patna tomorrow.
og dy ;gka vkus okyh gSA She is about to come here tomorrow.
D;k rqe ogka tk jgs gks\ Are you going there?
og i<+us gh okyk gSA He is about to read.
og lksus gh okyk gSA He is about to sleep.
eaS ,d fo/kFkhZ gw¡A I am a student.
rqe ,d odhy gksA You are an advocate.
og ,d ulZ ugha gSA She is not a nurse.
D;k rqe MkWDVj gks\ Are you a doctor?
rqe MkDWVj ugh gksA You are not a doctor.
og dSls [ksy jgh gS\ How is she Playing?
rqe dSls tk jgs gks\ How are you going?
rqe D;ksa ugha i<+us dh dksf'k'k dj jgs
Whygks\
aren’t you trying to read?
';ke fnYyh ls dc vk jgk gS\ When is Shyam coming from Delhi?
jke bl iqLrd dks D;ksa [kjhn jgk gS\ Why is Ram buying this book?
xjhc yksx D;ksa viuk Je csp jgs gSa\ Why are the Poor Selling their labour?
eSa D;k ugha dj jgk gw¡\ What am I not doing?
eSa ns'k ds fy, dM+h esgur dj jgk gw¡A
I am doing hard labour for country.
rqe dSls bls djrs gks\ How do you do this?
jke dc i<+rk gS\ When does Ram read?
D;k rqe i<+uk ugha pkgrs gks\ Don’t you want to read?
cPps nkSM+rs gSA Children run.
eS pk; cukuk tkurk gw¡A I know how to prepare tea.
os yksx D;k lksprs gS\ What do they think?
rqe bls dSls djuk pkgrs gaS\ How do you want to do this?
vkidk HkkbZ dc vkuk pkgrk gS\ When does your brother want to come?
D;k og rSjuk tkurk gS\ Does he know how to swim?
D;k os dy dkBek.Mw tk jgs gS\ Are they going to kathmandu tomorrow?
os ogk¡ D;ksa tk jgs gS\ Why are they going there?
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os yksx dSls ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgs gS\
How are they preparing for the examination?
rqe viuk LokLF; D;ksa ugha lq/kj jgsWhy
gks\ aren’t you improving your health?
esjh ek¡ [kkuk ugha cuk jgh gSA My mother is not cooking food.
fo|kFkhZx.k viuk thou cckZn dj jgs gSaA
Students are spoiling their life.
jke vkSj ';ke D;k ugha dj jgs gSa\ What aren’t Ram & Shyam doing?
jke ns'k ds fy, yM+ jgk gSaA Ram is fighting for the nation.
eSa vkidh lsok dj jgk gw¡A I am serving you.
rqe viuk dke D;ksa ugha dj jgs gks\ Why aren’t you doing your work?
og dc ,d fdrkc [kjhnus tk jgk gS\ When is she going to buy a book?
lhrk MkUl djus tk jgh gSA Sita is going to dance.
D;k jke i<+us ughsa tk jgk gS\ Is Ram not going to read?
os yksx D;k djus tk jgs gS\ What are they going to do?
geyksx dc iVuk tk jgs gS\ When are we going to Patna?
rqe dgk¡ jg jgs gks\ Where are you staying?
Hkkjr ds fdlku dM+h esgur dj jgs gSaThe farmers of India are doing hard labour.
rqe dqN ugha dj jgs gksA You are doing nothing
eSa vkidk bartkj dj jgk gw¡A I am waiting for you.
rqe esjk bUrtkj D;ksa dj jgs gks\ Why are you waiting for me?
vkiyksx vktdy D;k dj jgs gSa\ What are you doing now a days?
geyksx dqN ugha dj jgs gSaA We are doing nothing
gekjs ikl dksbZ dke ugha gSA We have no any work.
blfy, ge dqN ugha dj jgs gSaA So we are doing nothing.
blfy, geyksx dke djus fnYyh tk jgs gSA
So we are going to Delhi for doing work.
ge yksxksa dk Hkfo"; ogk¡ vPNk jgsxkA
Our future will be good there.
vki dc fnYyh tk jgs gS\ When are you going to Delhi?
eSa vkidks ;g ckr dguk ugha pkgrk gw¡A
I don’t want to say this matter.
D;k ns'k mUufr dj jgk gS\ Is the country Progressing?
D;k ;g vkidh viuh gS\ Is it yours?
ugha ;g esjh ugha gSA No it is not mine.
;g vkidh viuh ugha gSA It is not yours.
vkSj bls vki cspus tk jgs gSA And you are going to sell it.
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;g ,d cqjh ckr gSA This is a bad news.
vkidks tqekZuk nsuk gksxkA You will have to pay fine.
rqEgkjs ikl ,d xk; gSA You have a cow.
rqe bls dc ykus tk jgs gks\ When are you going to bring it?
eq>s mls ykus ds fy, le; ugha gSA I have no time to bring that.
vki D;k djus tk jgs gSa\ What are you going to do?
eSa vius thou ls yM+ jgk gw¡A I am fighting with my life.
vc eSa Fkd x;k gw¡A Now I am tired.
eSa yM+us dh fLFkfr esa ugha gw¡AI am not in a Position to fight.
vc eSa 'kkafr dh [kkst esa tk jgk gw¡ANow I am going to search for Peace.
eq>s 'kkafr gksxh fliQZ tc eSa ej tkÅ¡xkA
I have Peace when I will die.
vki xyr dne mBkus tk jgs gSaA You are going to raise wrong step.
vkids ikl /S;Z rFkk fgEer ugha gSA You don’t have courage and patience.
vki fdlh cM+s lar ls D;ksa ugha feyrsWhy
gSa\don’t you meet a great saint?
cPpk D;ksa jks jgk gSa\ Why is the child crying?
os nw/ ykus tk jgs gSaA They are going to bring milk.
eq>s dgha tkus dh t:jr ugha gSA I don’t need to go anywhere.
vki yksx D;k djus dks rS;kj gSa\ What are you ready to do?
PRACTICE YOURSELF
eq>s vk'kk gS dqN fnuksa esa bldk lalkj esa ,d vPNk LFkku jgsxkA
eSa vius nksLr ls feyus tk jgk gw¡] og vkusokyk gSA
og i<+us esa bruk rst gS fd og vo'; ,d MkWDVj cusxkA
og dSls ,d MkWDVj cuus tk jgk gS\
eSa le>rk gw¡ fd og viuk drZO; vkSj Hkfo"; vPNh rjg le>rk gSA
eSa bl iqLrd dks [kjhnus tk jgk gw¡A
vki bl iqLrd dks dc cspus tk jgs gSa\
eSa dguk ugha pkgrk gw¡ tks eSa djus tk jgk gw¡A
D;k vki tkurs gSa fd og dy vk jgh gS\
vki bu uV[kV cPpksa dks feBkbZ nsus D;ksa tk jgs gSa\
cPps uV[kV gksrs gS_ ijUrq cqjs ugha gksrs gSaA
eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vki dqN ugha djusokys gSaA
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vc geyksxksa dks dksbZ fnDdr ugha gksxh] D;ksafd geyksx /uh cuus tk jgs gSaA
eSa le>rk gw¡ fd vki dqN ugha dj jgs gSaA
os vkidh iz'kalk djrs gS] ijUrq okLro eSa os vkidksa csodwiQ cuk jgs gSaA
og lkspus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA
vkiyksx vius ns'k ds fy, ejus dks rS;kj gSaA
geyksx dy ,d eSp [ksyus tk jgs gSaA
D;k rqEgkjs lc nksLr rS;kj gSa\
dksbZ fdlh dh enn djus ugha tk jgk gSA
dqN u;s psgjs vc vk jgs gSA
vki tkurs gSa fd bl le; o"kkZ gks jgh gS] fiQj Hkh vki tkus dks rS;kj gSaA
eq>s ,d vjtsUV dke gS] blfy, eq>s tkuk iM+sxkA
vkidk thou lq[kn ugha gS vkSj le>rs gS fd esjk thou lq[kksa ls Hkjk gS] ijUrq okLrfodrk Bhd mYVk g
ge yksx dke djuk pkgrs gS_ ijUrq dksbZ dke nsuk ugha pkgrk gSA
ANSWERS
I hope that it will take a good Position in the world after few days.
I am going to meet my friends, he is about to come.
He is so intelligent to read that he will must be a doctor.
How is he going to be a doctor?
I understand that he knows his duty and future well.
I am going to buy this book.
When are you going to sell this book?
I don’t want to say what I am going to do.
Do you know that she is coming tomorrow?
Why are you going to distribute sweets for these naughty children?
Children are naughty, but not bad.
I know that you aren’t to do anything./are doing nothing
Now we won’t have any Problem, because we are going to be rich.
I understand that you are doing nothing.
They Praise you, but in fact they are making you fool.
They are trying to think.
You are ready to die for your nation.
We are going to play a match tomorrow.
Are your all friends ready?
48
No one is going to help Anyone.
Some new faces are coming now.
You know that it is raining right now, yet/still You are ready to go.
I have an urgent work, So I will have to go.
Your life is not pleasant and understand that my life is full of Pleasure but
reality is just opposite.
We want to do work but no one wants to offer work.
PRESENT PERFECT
Uses:
1. bl Tense dk iz;ksx eq[;r% ,sls dk;Z O;kikj dk cks/ djkus ds fy, gksrk gS tks Hkwrdky esa lekIr
gks x;k] ijarq mldk izHkko ;k laca/ orZeku le; ls gSA tSls&
I have eaten. (eSaus [kk fy;k gSA)
He has broken his leg. (mlus viuh Vk¡x rksM+ yh gSA)
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + has/have + V3 + OW
 Negative : S + hasn't/haven't + V3 + OW.
 Interrogative : Has/have + S+V3 + OW.?
 Interrogative + Negative : Hasn't/haven't + S + V3+ OW.?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + has/have + S + V3 + OW.?
 WH + Negative : WH + hasn't/haven't + S + V3 + OW.?
SPECIAL RULE
1. S + has/have + N
2. S + has/have + to + V1 + OW.
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + has/have + V3 + OW
jke lks pqdk gSµ
Ram has slept.
 Negative : S + hasn't/haven't + V3 + OW.
lw;Z vLr ugha gqvkThe
gSµsun has not set.
 Interrogative : Has/have + S+V3 + OW.?
D;k vkidk HkkbZ vk;kHas
gS\&
your brother come?
 Interrogative + Negative : Hasn't/haven't + S + V3+ OW.?
D;k os ugha vk;s gS\µ
What have they not come?
49
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + has/have + S + V3 + OW.?
rqeus D;k lkspk gS\µ
What have you thought?
 WH + Negative : WH + hasn't/haven't + S + V3 + OW.?
rqeus D;k ugha fd;k What
gS\µ haven't you done?
PRACTICE
eSa i<+ pwdk gw¡aA I have read.
rqe ;g fdrkc i<+ pqds gksA You have read this book.
og vHkh rd ugha vk;k gSA He hasn’t come yet.
og bl dke dks dj pqdk gSA He has done this work.
rqEgsa dgka tkuk gSA Where have you to go?
esjs ikl ,d dye gSA I have a pen.
rqEgkjsa ikl ,d fdrkc gSA You have a book.
rqEgsa i<+uk iM+rk gSA You have to read.
eq>s [kkuk cukuk iM+rk gSA I have to cook food.
mls ogka tkuk iM+rk gSA He has to go there.
rqEgsa dy ogka tkuk gSA You have to go there tomorrow.
yrk vHkh rd ugha vk;h gSA Lata hasn’t come yet.
eSa mls i<+k pwdk gw¡A I have taught him.
og ogka tk pwdh gSA She has gone there.
D;k rqe ogka dHkh x;s gks\ Have you ever gone there?
D;k rqe ogka dHkh ugha x;s gks\ Have you never gone there?
D;k og ;gka dHkh ugha vk;h gS\ Has she never come here?
D;k og ;gka dHkh vk;h gS\ Has she ever come here?
eq>s cgqr T;knk dke djuk iM+rk gSA I have to do lots of work.
og 10 o"kksZa ls fnYyh esa jgrk vk jgk He
gSAhas lived in Delhi for 10 years.
og nks ls vf/d o"kksZa ls fØdsV ugha [ksy
He jgk gSA played cricket for more than
hasn’t
two years.
og ikap o"kksZa ls iVuk esa ugh jg jgk gSA
He hasn’t lived in Patna for five years.
mlus eq>s xkyh nh gSA He has abused me.
50
og rqEgs xkyh D;ksa nh gS\ Why has he abused you?
lw;Z vLr gks pwdk gSA The Sun has set.
ek¡ Hkkstu cuk pqdh gSA Mother has cooked.
;g fdrkc eSaus i<+h gSA I have read this book.
mlus esjh enn dh gSaA He has helped me.
esjh ogu Ldwy x;h gSA My sister has gone to school.
eS pk; ih pwdk gw¡A I have had/taken tea.
eSaus mls ns[kk gSA I have seen him.
mlus ijh{kk ikl dh gSA He has passed the examination.
f'k{kd us dgk gS eSausa vkidks lc dqN nsus dh
The teacher has told, I have tried to give
dksf'k'k dh gSA you all things.
rqeus eq>ls feyus dh dksf'k'k ugha dh gSA
You haven’t tried to meet me.
rqe mlds ikl tkus dh fgEer D;ksa ugha dh gS\haven’t you dared to go to him?
Why
rqeus viuk dke dj fy;k gSaA You have done your work.
jke us dqN ugha fd;k gSA Ram has done nothing.
os dgka x;s gS\ Where have they gone?
vkius D;k i<+k;k gS\ What have you taught?
D;k ';ke us pksjh djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS\Has Shyam tried to steal?
os yksx gekjs fo#¼ dHkh ugha x;s gSaAThey have never gone against us.
mlus ges'kk xjhcksa dh enn dh gSA They have always helped the poor.
og nl fnuksa ls vuqifLFkfr gSA He has been absenting for ten days.
';ke us lqcg ls D;k fd;k gSA What has shyam done since morning?
geus lkseokj ls dke ugha fd;k gSA We haven’t done work since Monday.
og cpiu ls uV[kV gSA He has been naughty since childhood.
rqe O;Lr dSls jgs gks\ How have you been busy?
D;k vkius ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k dh gS\ Have you tried to know this?
og D;k djus x;k gS\ What has he gone to do?
D;k vkius dHkh bl dke dks djuk pkgk gS\
Have you ever wanted to do this work?
vkius ;g dke D;ksa ugha fd;k gS\ Why haven’t you done this work?
51
rqEgkjsa firk us rqedks D;ksa ihVk gS\ Why has your father beaten you?
vkius ';ke dks ekjus dh dksf'k'k D;ksa dhWhy
gS\ have you tried to beat shyam?
og nl o"kksZa ls izfl¼ xk;d gSA He has been famous singer for ten years.
eSaus mls cgqr fnukasa ls ugha ns[kk gSA
I haven’t seen him for many days.
D;k vkius dHkh /weziku djuk pkgk gS\ Have you ever wanted to smoke?
eSaus pkj fnuksa ls dqN ugha fd;k gSA I have done nothing for four days.
D;k vkius rktegy ns[kk gS\ Have you seen the Tajmahal?
gk¡ eSaus ns[kk gSA Yes I have seen.
vki dHkh liQy ugha jgs gSaA You have never been success.
eSa cpiu ls ,d vPNk xk;d gw¡aA I have been a good singer since childhood.
vkius lqcg ls dksbZ dke D;ksa ugha fd;kWhy
gS\ haven’t you done any work since
morning?
esjs ikl le; ugha Fkk blfy, eSaus dqN ughaIfd;k
hadgSA
no time, So I have done nothing.
vki xyriQgeh esas jgs gSaA You have been in doubt.
eq>s fdlh us uqdlku ugha igq¡pk;k gSA No one has hurted me.
pwafd mlus eq>s Bxk gSA Since he has cheated me.
eaS mls ilUn ugha djrk gw¡A I don’t like him.
vki eq>ls D;ksa Øksf/r gSa\ Why are you angry with me?
eSaus dqN ugha fd;k gSA I have done nothing.
pwafd vki cpiu ls cnek'k gSA Since you have been naughty since
childhood.
eSaus dM+h esgur dh gSA I have worked hard.
eSaus lkjh nqfu;k ns[kh gSA I have seen the whole world.
D;k rqeus /qeziku djuk NksM+ fn;k gS\Have you quited smoke?
eSa bldk f'kdkj gks x;k gw¡A I am addicted it.
esjs lHkh iz;kl osdkj jgs gSaA My all efforts are useless.
vkids ikl xk;sa gSaA You have cows.
os dgka ls vk x;s gSa\ Where have they come from?
52
PRACTICE YOURSELF
eSaus dHkh ugha lkspk gS ;g esjk gS vkSj og rsjkA
D;k vki ugha tkurs gSa fd mlus vusd ckj vkils feyuk pkgk gSa\
eSa le>rk gw¡ fd rktegy vusd o"kksZa ls vkd"kZ.k dk dsUnz jgk gSA
mlus vkidks cnuke djus dk lkgl dSls fd;k gSs\
mlus ;g Lohdkj fd;k gSa fd mlus ';ke dh iqLrd pqjkbZ gSA
mlds lkFk esjk lEcU/ o"kksZa ls vPNk ugha jgk gSA
vkius dSls dqN ugha fd;k gS\
eSa lkseokj ls vuqifLFkr gw¡A
eSa lksprk gw¡ fd fdlh nwljs us bls ugha fd;k gSA
eSaus dbZ ckj vkils feyuk pkgk gSA
eSaus ;g tkuk gS fd vkius dke djus ls badkj fd;k gSA
eq>s vc dksbZ leL;k ugha gS] D;ksafd eSaus nqfu;k ds rjhdksa dks lh[k fy;k gSA
rqeus esjh enn esjs fy, ugha] oju~ vius ds fy, dh gSA
ljdkj us xjhcksa ds fy, vusd Ldhe iznku dh gSA
vc xjhcksa dks dksbZ leL;k ugha gksxhA
muds cqjs fnu vc lekIr gks x;s gSaA
ljdkj us ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd Hkz"Vkpkj dks Hkkjr esa dksbZ LFkku ugha feysxkA
os dqN u;s fu;e cukus ds fy, lfØ; jgs gSaA
eSaus vusd O;fDr;ksa ls lykg fy;k gSA
ljdkj dh ;g ?kks"k.kk okLro esa dksbZ LFkku ugha j[krh gSA
os ek=k gesa Bxus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA
ugha eSaus ,slk ugha fd;k gS] D;ksafd ;g esjh vknr cu pqdh gSA
ANSWERS
I have never thought that this is mine and that is yours.
Don’t you know that he has wanted to meet you several times.
I feel that Tajmahal has been the Centre of attraction for many years.
How has he dared to Insult you?
He has accepted that he has stolen Shyam’s book.
I have no good relation with him for years.
How haven’t you done anything?
53
I have been absent since Monday.
I think that no one has done this.
I have wanted to meet you several times.
I have known this that you have denied to do work.
Now I have no any Problem, because I have learned the manner of the world.
You haven’t helped for me but yourself.
Government has provided many schemes for the poor.
Now the poor will have no any Problems.
Now their bad days have finished.
Government has announced that the corruption won’t take any place in India.
They have been active for making some new rule.
I have consulted many people.
This announcement of the government in fact there isn’t take any position.
They tries to cheat us only.
No I haven’t do so, because it has been my habit.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Uses:
1. bl Tense dk iz;ksx eq[;r% ml dk;Z&O;kikj dks O;Dr djus ds fy, gksrk gS tks Hkwrdky esa izkj
gqvk vkSj vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA tSls&
He has been living in this town for ten years. (og nl o"kksZa ls bl 'kgj esa jg jgk gSA)
STRUCTURE
Positive : S + has/have + been + V4 + OW
Negative : S + hasn't / haven't + been + V4 + OW
Interrogative : Has/have + S + been + V4 + OW
Interrogative + Negative : Has/ have + S + not + been + V4 + OW
Interrogative with WH family : WH + has/have + S + been + V4 + OW
Examples:
 Positive : S + has/have + been + V4 + OW
og 2006 bZ- ls bl Ldwy esa i<+ jgk
He gSµ
has been reading in this school since 2006.
 Negative : S + hasn't / haven't + been + V4 + OW
og 2004 bZ- ls bl 'kgj esa ugha jg jgk
HegSµ
has not been living in this town since 2004.
 Interrogative : Has/have + S + been + V4 + OW
D;k og lqcg ls nkSM+ jgkHas
gS\µhe been running since morning?
54
 Interrogative + Negative : Has/have+ S + been + V4 + OW
D;k eSa 2005 bZ- ls rqEgsa ugha Have
i<+k jgk gw¡µ
I not been teaching you since 2005?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + has/have + S + been + V4 + OW
lhrk ,d ?kaVs ls D;k i<+ jgh What
gSa\µ has sita been reading for an hour.
EXTRA IMPORTANT
Personal Pronoun Adjective vki gh@vius Object
Pronoun (viuk) (viuk) vki dks [kqn dks
I mine my myself me
We ours our ourselves us
You yours your yourself/youselves you
He his his himself him
She hers her herself her
It its itself -
one one's oneself -
they theirs their themelves them
PRACTICE
og ikap fnuksa ls vuqifLFkr gSA
He has been absent for five days.
og cgqr fnuksa ls chekj gSA
He has been ill for many days.
eSa dqN fnuksa ls O;Lr gw¡A
I have been busy for some days.
os xr lkseokj ls ;gh gSA
They have been here since past Monday.
og nl cts ls ;gh gSA
He has been here since 10 O’clock.
os pkj o"kksZa ls vaxzsth ugha i<+ jgs gSaA
They haven’t been reading English for 4 years.
eSa 1982 ls bl Ldwy esa ugha vk jgha gw¡aA
I haven’t been coming in this school since 1982.
lhek xr lskeokj ls dke ugha dj jgh gSA
Sima hasn’t been working since last Monday.
55
fo/kFkhZ yksx nks ?kaVksa ls gYyk ugha dj jgs gSaA
Students haven’t been making a noise for two hours.
D;k rqe 10 cts ls i<+ jgs gks\
Have you been reading since 10 O’ clock?
D;k lksgu lqcg ls lks jgk gS\
Has Sohan been sleeping since morning.
D;k lhrk 1989 ls bl dke dks dj jgh gS\
Has Sita been doing this work since 1989?
D;k eSa cpiu ls laxhr ugha lh[k jgk gw¡A
Haven’t I been learning music since childhood?
D;k os pkj fnuksa ls cq[kkj ls ihfM+r jgs gSa\
Have they been suffering from fever for four days.
D;k lqcg ls o"kkZ ugha gks jgh gS\
Hasn’t it been raining since morning?
lhrk o"kksZ ls xk; dk nq/ ih jgh gSA
Sita has been drinking milk of cow for years.
D;k rqe blds fy, o"kksZ ls rS;kjh dj jgs gks\
Have you been preparing for it for Years?
og lqcg ls D;ksa nkSM+ jgk gS\
Why has he been running since morning?
vkidh ljdkj o"kksZ ls D;k dj jgh gS\
What have been doing your govt. for years.
eSa tuojh ls ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgk gw¡A
I have been preparing for the examination since january.
rqe nks fnuksa ls dke ugha dj jgs gksA
You have not been working for two days.
og 2005 bZ- ls bl lgj esa jg jgk gSA
He has been living in this town since 2005.
D;k os yksx 9 cts ls O;k;ke ugh dj jgs gSa\
Have they not been taking exercise since 9 O' clock?
56
djhe nks fnuksa ls bartkj ugha dj jgk gSA
Karim has not been waiting for two days.
vki dc ls bl daiuh esa dke dj jgs gSa\
Since when have you been working in this company?
og ykijokgh ls iSls [kpZ djrk jgk gSA
He has been wasting money carelessly.
og dc ls bl edku esa jg jgk gS\
Since when has he been living in this apartment ?
og jkr ls [kkuk D;kas ugh [kk jgh gS\
Why has she not been taking food since night?
og nl fnuksa ls dgka jg jgh gS\
Where has she been living for ten days?
vkids ikl ,d ukSdj gS tks o"kksaZ ls vkidh lsok dj jgk gSA
You have a servant who has been serving you for years.
vkidks vkjke pkfg, D;ksafd vki pkj ?kaVs ls nkSM+ jgas gks
You need rest because you have been running for four hours.
rqe lqcg ls jsfM;ks Bhd djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gks vkSj vHkh rd Bhd ugh dj ik, gks
You have been trying to mend the radio since morning and you haven’t mend it yet.
geyksx vius ns'k ds fodkl ds fy, o"kksZ ls D;k dj\ jgs gSas
What have we been doing for the development of our country for years?
PRACTICE YOURSELF
tokgj yky usg: cpiu ls vPNs oDrk gSA
D;k vki xr lky ls ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgs gSa\
os nl cts ls nkSM+ jgs gS blfy, Fkd x, gSA
rqEgkjsa ikl dqN ugha jgsxk] D;kafd rqe o"kksZ ls /u cckZn djrs jgs gksA
vki bl ukSdjh ds fy, dc ls dksf'k'k dj jgs gSa\
og dSls fiNys rhu o"kksZa ls liQyrk ikus ds fy, dksf'k'k dj jgk gS\
vki o"kksZ ls dksf'k'k dj jgs gS_ ijUrq vkius liQyrk ugha ik;h gSA
og lqcg ls rqEgkjk bUrtkj dj jgh gS vkSj rqe mlls feyuk ugha pkgrs gksA
D;k os ns'k dh lsok vius fo|kFkhZ&thou ls ugha dj jgs gSa\
57
ANSWERS
Jawahar lal Nahru has been a good orator since his childhood.
Have you been preparing for examination for last Years?
They have been running since 10 O’ clock so they are tired.
You won’t have been anything because you have expended your money for years.
Since when have you been trying for this job?
How has he been trying to get success for last three years?
You have been trying for years. But you haven’t got success.
She has been Waiting for you since morning and you don’t want to meet her.
Have they not been serving the country since their student life?
58
PAST TENSE
I. SIMPLE PAST Uses:
1. bl Tense dk iz;ksx eq[;r% ,sls dk;Z&O;kikj ds fy, gksrk gS] tks Hkwrdky esa lekIr gks x;kA tSl
I met him yesterday. (eSa mlls dy feyk FkkA)
He died in 1980. (os 1980 bZ- esa ejsA)
2. bl Tense dk iz;ksx
Past Tense ls lacaf/r ?kVukvksa ;k fLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu djus esa Hkh gksrk gSA t
It was 1957. (lu~ 1957 FkkA)
We were happy. (ge yksx [kq'k FksA)
3. bl Tense dk iz;ksx Hkwrdky esa dksbZ dke djus dh vknr dk cks/ djkus esa Hkh gksrk gSA tSls
I used to smoke. (eSa /weziku fd;k djrk FkkA)
He always helped me. (os ges'kk esjh enn djrs FksA)
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + V2 + OW
 Negative : S + didn't + V1 + OW
 Interrogative : Did + S + V1 + OW?
 Interrogative + Negative : Didn't + S + V1+ OW?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + did + S + V1 + OW?
 WH + Negative : WH + didn't + S + V1 + OW?
SPECIAL RULE
1. S + did + V1 + OW
2. S + did + nothing + but + V1 + OW
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + V2 + OW
mlus eq>s ,d dgkuh lquk;hAµ
He told me a story.
eSaus viuh xkM+h csp nhµmy car.
I sold
 Negative : S + didn't + V1 + OW
mlus iqLrd ugha [kjhnhµ
He did not buy the book.
geyksx ogk¡ ugha We
x,µ did not go there.
 Interrogative : Did + S + V1 + OW?
D;k vkius dksf'k'k dh\µ
Did you try?
59
 Interrogative + Negative : Didn't + S + V1+ OW?
D;k rqeus jke dks ugha ns[kk Fkk\µyou see Ram?
Didn't
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + did + S + V1 + OW?
eSaus rqEgsa dc xkyh nh\µdid I abuse you?
When
 WH + Negative : WH + didn't + S + V1 + OW?
mu yksxksa us D;k ughaWhat
dgk\µdid they not say?
PRACTICE
esjk HkkbZ dy fnYyh x;kA My brother went to delhi yesterday.
eS i<+rk rks FkkA I did study.
rqe xkrs rks FksA You did sing.
og i<+ pqdk FkkA He had studied.
esjk HkkbZ dy vk;kA My brother came yesterday.
rqe dy dgka x;s Fks\ Where did you go yesterday?
D;k rqe mlls feyuk pkgrs Fks\ Did you want to meet him?
rqe dgka jguk pkgrs Fks\ Where did you want to live?
rqe D;ksa ogka tkuk pkgrs Fks\ Why did you want to go there?
og esjh enn djrk FkkA He helped me.
og esjh enn fd;k djrk FkkA He used to help me.
og flxjsV fi;k djrk FkkA He used to smoke.
eSa mlls vDlj feyk djrk FkkA I usually met him.
Hkkjr usiky dks enn fd;k djrk FkkA India used to help Nepal.
D;k rqe ogka mlls feyus tkrs FksA Did you go there to meet him.
D;k rqe ogka dHkh ugha x;s FksA Did you never go there.
esjh nhnh iVuk esa jgrh FkhA My sister lived in Patna.
rqe ogka tkus dh dksf'k'k D;ksa ugha djrs
Why Fks\
did you not try to go there?
rqe esjs ikl vkus dk iz;kl D;ksa ugha djrs
Why Fks\
did you not try to come to me?
jke iVuk esa jgrk FkkA Ram lived in Patna.
og ';ke ls feykA He met to Shyam.
mlus ';ke dks ilUn ugha fd;kA He did not like Shyam.
';ke vaxzsth ugha tkurk FkkA Shyam did not know English.
';ke vaxzsth D;ksa ugha tkurk Fkk\ Why did Shyam not know English?
60
D;k ';ke vaxzsth ugha i<+k Fkk\ Did Shyam not read English?
D;k ';ke us vaxzsth i<+uk ugha pkgk\ Did shyam not want to read English?
jke us D;k fd;k\ What did Ram do?
D;k mlus ';ke dks i<+k;k\ Did he teach to Shyam?
D;k ';ke us vaxzsth i<+uk pkgk\ Did shyam want to read English?
vaxzst Hkkjr vk;sA The British came India?
os 'kklu djuk pkgrs FksA They wanted to rule/Govern.
mUgksusa gesa NksVs&NksVs [kaMksa
Theyesadivided
ck¡V fn;kA
us in small parts.
iQyLo:i ge detksj gks x;sA Therefore we became weak.
ge xqyke gks x;sA We became slave.
gesa dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kAWe had to face difficulties.
geus viuk vf/dkj vkSj 'kkafr [kks fn;kAWe lost our Right and Peace.
vusd yksxksa us blds fo:¼ vkokt mBk;hA
Many people raised voice against it.
ge ,dtqV gq,A We got unite.
egkRek xk¡/h gekjh enn ds fy, vk;sA Mahtma Gandhi came to help us.
mUgksaus gesa ,d jks'kuh nhA He gave us a direction.
geus lgh jkLrk tkukA We knew the right way.
15 vxLr 1947 dks Hkkjr vktkn gks x;kA
India got freedom on the 15 of August 1947.
D;k rqe jksus okys Fks\ Were you about to weep?
D;k lhrk g¡lus&g¡lus dks ugha Fkh \ Was Seeta not about to laugh?
og lksus gh okyk FkkA He was about to sleep.
rqe D;ksa tkus&tkus dks Fks\ Why were you about to go?
o"kkZ gksus gh okyh FkhA It was about to rain.
eSa cksyus okyk FkkA I was to speak.
D;k vki tkus okys ugha Fks\ Were you not to go?
D;k vki tkus okys gh Fks\ Were you about to go?
jksxh ejus gh okyk FkkA The patient was about to die.
D;k jksxh ejus gh okyk ugh Fkk\ Was the patient not about to die?
xkM+h [kqyus gh okyh FkhA The train was about to start.
D;k xkM+h [kqyus gh okyh Fkh\ Was the train about to start?
vki dgk¡ tkus okys Fks\ Where were you to go?
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rqe dc tkus okys Fks\ When were you to go?
eSa mldh enn djus gh okyk FkkA I was about to help him.
vki dgk¡ tkus okys Fks\ Where were you to go?
rqe dc tkus okys Fks\ When were you to go?
esjk csVk jksrk jgrk FkkA My son used to weep.
vki i<+rs gh jgrs Fks0A You did nothing but study.
og ogk¡ izfrfnu tk;k djrk FkkA He used to go there everyday.
D;k os jkst vk;k djrs Fks\ Did they use to come daily?
og lksrk jgkA He kept on sleeping.
og lksrk jgrk FkkA He kept on sleeping.
og lksrk gh jgrk FkkA He did nothing but sleep.
vki D;ksa lUnsg djus yxrs Fks\ Why did you begin to doubt?
o"kkZ gksus yxhA It began to rain.
eSa [kkrk rks FkkA I did eat.
jke i<+rk gh rks FkkA Ram did nothing but study.
os [ksyrs gh rks FksA They did nothing but play.
D;k jksxh ejus&ejus dks ugha Fkk \ Was patient not about to die\
D;k vki ogk¡ jkst tk;k djrs Fks\ Did you use to go there daily?
,slh ckr ugha FkhA It was not so.
eSa ogk¡ dHkh&dHkh tkrk Fkk A I went there sometimes.
D;k vki /qeziku djrs Fks\ Did you smoke\
ugha] eSusa dHkh /qeziku ugha fd;kANo I never smoked.
D;k vki ml jksxh dks tkurs Fks\ Did you know that patient?
og ejus&ejus ij Fkk A He was about to die.
rqe D;ksa [ksyrs jgrs Fks\ Why did you keep on playing?
D;k rqEgsa dksbZ dke ugha Fkk \ Did you not have any work?
vkidk yM+dk [ksyrk gh jgrk FkkA Your son did nothing but play.
vki mls D;ksa ugha ihVrs Fks\ Why did you not beat him?
62
PRACTICE YOURSELF
tc eSa fnYyh esa Fkk rks pk; ds lkFk uk'rk fy;k djrk FkkA
tc eS iVuk esa Fkk rks iwjk fnu i<+k;k djrk FkkA
og vDlj esjs ikl vkrk Fkk vkSj i<+k djrk FkkA
mu yksxksa us Hkkjr dks ns[kk vkSj bldh fLFkfr dks le>kA
mu yksxksa us ;gka ,d dEiuh [kksyhA
mu yksxksa us Hkkjr dh ,drk dks rksM+kA
ns'k ds fy, gtkjksa us viuh tku dh dqcZkfu;k¡ nhA
eSa mldh enn djus gh okyk FkkA
D;k rqe jkst efUnj tk;k djrs Fks\
D;k vki /qeziku fd;k djrs Fks\
tc eSa mls ekjus x;k] og jksus yxhA
tc eSusa mls xkyh nh] og eq>s ekjus yxkA
tc og vius ifr dks ;kn djrh gS] rc og jksus yxrh FkhA
tc eSa mlls ckr djuk pkgrk Fkk] og eq>s ekjus yxrk FkkA
eSa fdlh ls ugha feyrh] esjs ifr eq> ij 'kd djus yxrs FksA
tc rqEgkjs firk rqEgkjs :e esa vkrs Fksa] rc rqe D;ksa i<+us yxrs Fks\
tc og vius chrs fnuksa dks ;kn djrh Fkh] og vk¡lw cgkus yxrh FkhA
eSa ?k.Vksa rqEgkjk bUrtkj
ijUrq
djrkrqe
jgk]
ugha vk;sA
eSa nks fnu dke djrk jgkA
jke i<+uk ugha pkgrk
Fkk
] og [ksyrk gh jgrk
Fkk
A
ANSWERS
When I was in Delhi , I used to have breakfast with tea?
When I was in Patna, I used to teach the whole day.
He usually came to me and used to read.
They saw India and understood its situation.

They established a company here.
They broke the unity of India.
Thousands of people sacrificed their lives for the country.
I was about to help him.
Did you use to go to temple daily?
63
Did you use to smoke?
When I went to beat him , she started weeping/began to weep.
When I abused him, he started beating me.
When she remembered her husband ,she started weeping/began to weep.
when I wanted to talk to him, he started beating me.
I didn’t meet anyone, my husband began to doubt on me.
When your father came to your room then why did you start reading.
When she remembered her past day, She started weeping/watering.
I had been waiting for you for hours but you did not come.
I had been working for two days.
Ram didn’t want to study, he did nothing but play.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Uses:
1. bl Tense dk iz;ksx eq[;r% Hkwrdky esa fdlh dk;Z&O;kikj ds tkjh jgus dk cks/ djkus ds fy, gksrk
gSA tSls&
He was sleeping. (og lks jgk FkkA)
They were talking. (os ckrsa dj jgs FksA)
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + was/were + V4 + OW, + S + V2 + OW
 Negative : S + wasn't/weren't + V4 + OW
 Interrogative : was/were + S + V4 +OW +?
 Interrogative + Negative : wasn't/weren't + S + V4 + OW +?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + was/were + S + V4 + OW+?
 WH + Negative : WH + wasn't/weren't + S + V4 + OW+?
SPECIAL RULE
1. S + was/were + to + V1 + OW
2. S+was/were+about+to+V1+OW
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + was/were + V4 + OW, + S + V2 + OW
eSa [kk jgk FkkAµ
I was eating.
 Negative : S + wasn't/weren't + V4 + OW
eSa ugha g¡l jgk FkkAµ
I was not laughing.
64
 Interrogative : was/were + S + V4 +OW +?
D;k og jks jgh Fkh\µ
Was she weeping?
 Interrogative + Negative : wasn't/weren't + S + V4 + OW +?
D;k ge yksx dke ugha dj jgs Fks\&
Were we not working?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + was/were + S + V4 + OW +?
og dSls jg jgk Fkk\µ
How was he living?
 WH + Negative : WH + wasn't/weren't + S + V4 + OW
vki dksfpax D;ksa ugha tk jgs
WhyFks\µ
were you not going to coaching?
PRACTICE
tc og ;gk¡ vk;k rks eSa i<+ jg FkkA
When he came here then I was reading.
tc fnik ogk¡ xbZ rks rqe D;k dj jgs FksA
When Deepa went there then what were you doing?
tc esjs firkth vk, rks eSa fiQYe ns[k jgk FkkA
When my father came then I was watching movie.
yrk [kkuk cuk jgh Fkh tc mldh eEeh vkbZA
Lata was cooking when her mother came.
rqe dgk¡ tk jgs Fks tc rqEgkjs nksLr vk, FksA
Where were you going when your friends came?
og iVuk tkus okyk FkkA
He was to go to patna.
rqe ?kj tkus okys FksA
You were to go home.
nhik esjs ikl vkus okyh FkhA
Deepa was to come to me.
og dgk¡ tkus okyh ?Fkh
Where was she to go?
eSa vius nksLr ds ikl tk jgk Fkk] tc rqe vk, FksA
I was going to my friend when you came.
rqe dy dgk¡ tk jgs Fks
?
Where were you going yesterday ?
65
eSa rqEgkjk bUrtkj dj jgk FkkA
I was waiting for you.
og viuk dke dj jgk FkkA
He was doing his work.
D;k lksgu ugha g¡l jgk Fkk\
Was Sohan not laughing?
vki viuk ikB ;kn ugha dj jgs FksA
You were not learning your lesson?
lhrk D;ksa jks jgh Fkh\
Why was Sita Weeping?
vki jsfM;ks D;ksa ugha lqu jgs Fks\
Why weren’t you listening to the Radio.
[ksrksaa es vusd vkneh dke dj jgs FksA
Many people were working in the field.
D;k og rqEgkjh izrh{kk ugha dj jgh Fkh\
Was she not waiting for you?
os rqe ij D;ksa g¡l jgs FksA
Why were they laughing at you?
D;k vki fnYyh ls cEcbZ tk jgs Fks\
Were you going to Bombay from Delhi?
D;k vki ns'k ds fy, dqN dj jgs Fks\
Were you doing something for the country?
lksgu D;ksa iVuk tk jgk Fkk\
Why was Sohan going to patna?
xhrk lhrk dks D;ksa xkyh ns jgh Fkh\
Why was Geeta abusing to Seeta?
og D;k djus tk jgk Fkk\
What was he going to do?
cPps dgk¡ tk jgs Fks\
Where were Children going?
66
os vius Ldwy tk jgs FksA
They were going to their School.
,d yM+dh lM+d ij nkSM+ jgh FkhA
A girl was running on the road.
og ,d xkuk Hkh xk jgh FkhA
She was singing a song too.
eSa nkSM+k vkSj mls cpk fy;kA
I ran and saved her.
,d fnu eSa jke ds ?kj x;kA
One day I went to Ram’s Home.
og jsfM;ks lqu jgk FkkA
He was listening to the radio.
og i<+ ugha jgk FkkA
He was not reading.
eSuas mls M¡kVk og i<+us ij è;ku ugha nsrk FkkA
I scolded him. He did not pay attention to study.
,d fnu 'kke esa eSa Vgy jgk FkkA
One day I was walking in the evening.
B.Mh gok cg jgh FkhA eSa izlUu FkkA
Cool breez/wind was blowing. I was happy.
eSuas ,d ?kM+h ns[khA
I saw a watch.
eSa iNrkus yxkA
I begin to repented.
lksgu % dy vki nÝrj esa D;k jgs Fks\
Sohan: What were you doing in office yesterday?
lqjs'k % eSa ogk¡ dqN ugha dj jgk FkkA eSa fliZQ [kM+k FkkA
Suresh: I was doing nothing I was only standing.
lksgu % D;k rqe v[kckj ugha i<+ jgs Fks\
Sohan: Were you not reading the newspaper?
67
lqjs'k % vksg! gk¡ eSa mlesa fjfDr;k¡ [kkst jgk FkkA
Suresh: Oh, yes, I was searching the employment.
lksgu % dqN feykA lqjs'k % gk¡ ,d rks feykA
Sohan: Got something, Suresh – Yes got one.
tc eSa jke ls feykA og i<+ jgk FkkA
When I met Ram he was reading.
og D;k i<+ jgk Fkk\
What was he reading?
';ke dks ;g dke D;ksa djuk iM+k\
Why had Shyam to do this work?
Hkkjroklh vktknh ikus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs FksA
Indians were trying to get freedom.
D;k os ge yksxksa ls feyus ;gk¡ vk jgs Fks\
Were they coming here to meet us?
D;k dqN yM+ds iRFkj ugha isQad jgs Fks\
Were some boys not throwing stone?
D;k rqe fnu esa LoIu ns[k jgs Fks\
Were you dreaming at the day?
D;k dqN yM+ds iRFkj ugha isaQd jgs Fks\
Were some boys not throwing stone?
vxj rqe ogk¡ Fks] rks ;gk¡ dkSu lks jgk Fkk\
If you were there then who was sleeping here?
,d fnu eSa vius nksLr ls feyus tk jgk FkkA
One day I was going to meet my friend.
jkf=k dk le; FkkA
It was night.
o"kkZ tksjksa ls gks jgh FkhA
It was raining heavily.
Budk Bud jgk FkkA
It was thundering.
68
eSa ykSVuk pkgk] ijUrq ugha ykSVkA
I wanted to come back but did not return.
eSusa fgEer ugha gkjhA
I did not loss my courage.
eSaus Hkxoku dks ;kn fd;kA
I remembered the God.
eSa lqjf{kr vius nksLr ds ?kj igq¡p x;kA
I reached to my friend’s home safely.
vkius D;k fd;k\
What did you do?
D;k vkius og dke iwjk fd;k\
Did you complete that work?
vki ml fnu dgk¡ tk jgs Fks\
Where were you going that day?
og tkurk gS fd og ugha vk jgh FkhA
He knows that she was not coming.
PRACTICE YOURSELF
vki og dke dc djus tk jgs Fks\
rqeus D;k djuk pkgk\
D;k vki ml yM+ds dks tkurs Fks\
eSusa mls ,d ckj ns[kk FkkA
';ke dk HkkbZ nks o"kksZa ls D;k dj jgk gS\
rqeus lqcg ls D;ksa dqN ugha fd;k gS\
mlus D;k pkgk gS\
jke vius HkkbZ ds lkFk dy fnYyh tk jgk gSA
D;k lhrk fnYyh tkuk ugha pkgrh gS\
eSa tkurk gw¡ fd rqeus dqN ugha fd;k gSA
vxj og dke dj jgk Fkk rks eq>ls D;ksa ugha dgk\
yksx viuh fgEer [kks jgs Fks] tc muds ikl dksbZ nwljk jkLrk ugha FkkA
tc esjs firkth rqels feyus x, Fks rks rqe D;k jgs Fks\
lc eq> ij g¡l ij jgs Fks] ijUrq eSa mu yksxksa dks xkyh ugha ns jgk FkkA
69
,d dkj mldh rjiQ vk jgh Fkh ijUrq yM+dh us è;ku ugha fn;kA
eSaus bls ysuk pkgk] ijUrq ,d cPpk vk;k vkSj mls ys fy;kA
eSa ugha tkurk gw¡] eq>s ;g tkuus dh t:jr ugha FkhA
eSa tkurk gw¡ fd og i<+ ugha jgk Fkk] oju~ i<+us dk cgkuk dj jgk FkkA
D;k os bl ckr dks tkuus dh dksf'k'k ugha dj jgs Fks\
eSa le>rk g¡w fd vki lks jgs Fks] blfy, vkius ijh{kk ugha nhA
dqN yM+ds ?kj esa [ksy jgs Fks] ijUrq dqN yM+ds i<+ jgs FksA
os yksx dke dks iwjk djus dh dksf'k'k D;ksa ugha dj jgs Fks\
ANSWERS
When were you going to do that work?
What did you want to do?
Did you know that boy?
I saw him once.
What has Shyam’s brother been doing for two years?
Why have you not done since morning?
What has he wanted?
Ram along with his brother is going to Delhi tomorrow.
Does Sita not want to go to Delhi?
I know that you have done nothing.
If he was working then why did not tell me?
people were losing their courage., when they did not have any second option.
When my father went to meet you then what were you doing?
All were laughing at me but I was not abusing them.
A car was coming towards her but the girl did not pay attention.
I wanted to take this but a child came and took that.
I didn’t know, I did not need to know this.
I know that he was not reading but making pretence to read.
Were they not trying to Know this thing/matter?
I understand that you were sleeping so you did not appear at the examination.
Some boys were playing at home but some boys were reading.
Why were they not trying to complete their work?
70
PAST PERFECT
Uses:
1. ;fn Hkwrdky esa nks dk;Z gq, gksa vkSj ,d dk;Z nwljs dk;Z ds igys iw.kZ:is.k lekIr gks x;k gks] rk
lekIr gksus okys dk;Z dsPast
fy, Perfect Tense dh fØ;k dk iz;ksx gksxk vkSj ckn esa lekIr
gksus okys dk;Z dsSimple
fy, Past Tense dh fØ;k dk iz;ksx gksxkA tSls&
The patient had died before the doctor came. (MkWDVj ds vkus ds igys jksxh ej
pqdk FkkA)
2. vkiusPast Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx ,sls okD;ksa esa ns[kk gS ftuds nks Hkkx gSaA dHkh&dH
okD;ksa ds nks Hkkx ugha gksrs] ijarq izlax ls Li"V jgrk gS fd vHkh"V dk;Z nwljs dk;Z ds cgqr ig
gks pqdk FkkA ,sls okD;ksa esa nwljk dk;Z
(silent) ;k understood
yqIr jgrk gSA ,sls okD;ksa esa Hkh
Past Perfect Tense dh fØ;k dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
I had already completed my work. (eSaus igys gh viuk dke iwjk dj fy;k FkkA)
3. Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx vusd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Perfect Tense ds Past
Present
Equivalent ds :i esa Hkh gksrk gSA tSls&
I have been ill for ten days. (Present Perfect Tense)
I had been ill for ten days. (Past Perfect Tense)
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + had + V3 + OW + S + V2 + OW
 Negative : S + hadn't+ V3 + OW + ....................
 Interrogative : Had + S + V3 +OW + ......................?
 Interrogative + Negative : Hadn't + S + V3 + OW + .................?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + had + S + V3 + OW + ..................?
 WH + Negative : WH + hadn't + S + V3 + OW +..............?
SPECIAL RULE
1. S + had + N
2. S + had + to + V1 + OW
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + had + V3 + OW + S + V2 + OW
[kkus ds igys mlus eq¡g /ks;kA
He had washed his face before ate.
 Negative : S + hadn't+ V3 + OW + .............
mlds vkus ls igys eSaus viuk dke lekIr ugha fd;k FkkA
I had not finished my work before he came.
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 Interrogative : had + S + V3 +OW + ......................?
D;k rqe cgqr igys ig¡qp pqds FksA
Had you reached very earlier?
 Interrogative + Negative : hadn't + S + V3 + OW + .................?
D;k Vsªu cgqr igys ugha py pqdh Fkh\
Had the train not started so before.
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + had + S + V3 + OW + ....................?
o"kkZ 'kq: gksus ds igys vki dgk¡ tk pqds Fks\
Where had you gone before the rain started.
 WH + Negative : WH + hadn't + S + V3 + OW +...................?
rqe [kkuk D;ksa ugha cuk;k\
Why didn't you cook food?
PRACTICE
iqfyl ds vkus ds igys pksj Hkkx pqdk FkkA
The thief had run away before the police came.
rqEgkjs iQksu djus ls igys eSaus iQksu fd;k FkkA
I had called before you called.
esjs vkus ls igys jke lks pqdk FkkA
Ram had slept before I came.
esjs Ldwy igq¡pus ls igys ?kaVh ct pqdh FkhA
The bell had rung before I reached school.
jksxh ds ejus ds ckn MkWDVj igq¡pkA
The doctor came After the Patient had died.
eSa Ldwy igq¡pk ijUrq ?kaVh ct pqdh FkhA
I reached school but the bell had rung.
rqEgkjs vkus ds ckn eSa x;kA
I went after you had come.
lw;Z fudyus ds ckn eSa jokuk gqvkA
I departed after the sun had risen.
[kkus ds igys mlus eq¡g /ks;kA
He had washed his face before ate.
72
tkus ls igys mlus vius cPpksa dks pqekA
He had kissed his children before went.
xkuk xkus ls igys mlus viuk xyk lkiQ fd;kA
He had cleaned his throat before sang a song.
esjs cksyus ls igys mlus eq>s psrkouh nhA
He had warned me before I spoke.
eSa nks o"kksZa rd rdyhiQ esa FkkA
I had been in pain for two years.
MkWDVj ds vkus ds igys jksxh ej pqdk FkkA
The patient had died before the doctor came.
og nl fnuksa rd vuqifLFkr ugha FkkA
He had not been absent till ten days.
D;k rqe cgqr igys igq¡p pqds Fks\
Had you reached very earlier?
D;k os iVuk vusd ckj tk pqds Fks\
Had they gone to Patna many times?
dHkh blls igys D;k rqeus mtYkk gkFkh ugha ns[kk Fkk\
Hadn’t you ever seen the white elephant before it.
vki bl fnu ls D;ksa mnkl Fks\
Why had you sad from this day?
o"kkZ 'kq: gksus ds igys vki dgk¡ tk pqds Fks\
Where had you gone before the rain came?
eSa vk;k] ijUrq og tk pqdh FkhA
I came but she had gone.
eSa nok yk;k] ijUrq og igys gh ej pqdh FkhA
I took medicine but she had already died.
D;k Vªsu cgqr igys ugha [kqy pqdh Fkh\
Had the train not started so before?
jke dgk¡ x;k Fkk\
Where had Ram gone?
73
eksgu us D;k djuk pkgk Fkk\
What had Mohan wanted to do?
rqeus ,slk D;ksa fd;k Fkk\
Why had you done this?
og igys gh fgEer gkj pqdh FkhA
She had already lost his courage.
mlus esjk bUrtkj ugha fd;kA
She didn’t wait for me.
esjs vkus ds igys og tk pqdh FkhA
She had gone before I came?
eSa eghuksa ls vuqifLFkr FkkA
I had been absent for months.
tc eSa x;k rc mlsConvince djuk pkgkA
When I went I had wanted to convince him.
o"kkZ 'kq: gksus ds igys iQlysa dV pqdh FkhA
The crops had cut before the rain started.
vki D;k djus tk jgs Fks\
What were you going to do?
D;k og dqN djus tk jgh Fkh\
Was She going to do something?
eSa ugha tkurk FkkA
I didn’t know.
D;k ;g vkidh tokcnsgh Fkh\
Was it your responsibility?
tc eSa vk;k cPps lks pqds FksA
The children had slept when I came.
lhrk dgk¡ jguk pkgrh Fkh\
Where did Sita want to live?
D;k ;s iqLrdsa rqEgkjh ugha Fkh\
Weren’t these books yours?
74
PRACTICE YOURSELF
mlds vkus ls igys eSaus viuk dke lekIr dj fy;k FkkA
og vk;k] ijUrq mldh iRuh igys gh pyh x;hA
;q¼ lekIr gqvk] ijUrq nksuksa ns'k vius vkidks cckZn dj pqds FksA
iqfyl vk;h ijUrq pksj rks igys gh Hkkx pqds FksA
mlds vkus ls igys eSaus viuk dke lekIr dj fy;k FkkA
MkWDVj ds vkus ls igys jksxh ej pqdk FkkA
iqfyl ds vkus ds igys pksj Hkkx pqdk FkkA
vaxzstksa ds vkus ls igys Hkkjr ij eqlyeku 'kklu djrs FksA
Vªsu vkus ds igys eSa LVs'ku igq¡p pqdk FkkA
rqeus blds iwoZ dHkh rktegy ugha ns[kk FkkA
egkRek xk¡/h cpiu ls usd FksA
?kVuk LFky ij ,l- ih- ds igq¡pus ds igys yksxksa us pksj dks idM+ fy;kA
mls thou dh dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djus dh fgEer ugha FkhA
dqN lky igys og yM+us dh dksf'k'k dj jgh Fkh] ysfdu gj pht dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA
esjs fy, ,slk djuk cgqr eqf'dy Fkk] D;ksafd mlus viuk fopkj gh cny fn;k FkkA
tc vki [kkuk cukuk tkurh Fkh rks [kkuk D;ksa ugha cuk;k\
eSa [kkuk cukuk tkurh Fkh] ijUrq cukuk ugha pkgrh FkhA
ANSWERS
I had finished my work before he came.
He came but his wife had already gone.
The war finished but both country had destroyed themselves.
Police came but the thieves had already run away.
I had finished my work before he came.
The patient had died before the Doctor came.
The thief had run away before the police came.
The muslim had ruled over the India before the English came.
I had reached the station before the train came.
You had not seen the Taj Mahal before this.
Mahatma Gandhi had been gentle since childhood.
75
People had caught the thief before the S.P. reached on the spot.
He had no any courage to face the difficulties of life.
She was trying to fight some years before but everything has limitation.
It was very difficulty for me to do so, because he has changed his opinion.
When you knew how to cook food then why didn’t you cook?
I knew how to cook food but I did not want to cook.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Uses:
bl Tense dk iz;ksx eq[;r% ,sls dk;Z&O;kikj dk cks/ djkus ds fy, gksrk gS] tks Hkwrdky esa dqN le; ;k
cgqr le; rd tkjh FkkA tSls&
They had been fighting for ten years. (os yksx nl o"kksZa ls yM+
jgs FksA)
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + had + been + V4 + OW
 Negative : S + hadn't + been + V4 + OW
 Interrogative : Had + S + been + V4 + OW +?
 Interrogative + Negative : Hadn't + S + been + V4 + OW+?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + had + S + been + V4 + OW+?
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + had + been + V4 + OW
og nks o"kksZa ls ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgh FkhA
She had been preparing for the examination for two years.
 Negative : S + hadn't + been + V4 + OW
rqe lqcg ls ugha [ksy jgs FksA
You had not been playing since morning.
 Interrogative : had + S + been + V4 + OW +?
D;k vki 2004 bZ- ls i<+k jgs Fks\
Had you been teaching since 2004?
 Interrogative + Negative : hadn't + S + been + V4 + OW +?
D;k lqcg ls o"kkZ ugha gks jgh Fkh\
Had it not been raining since morning?
76
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + had + S + been + V4 + OW +?
og lqcg ls D;k fy[k jgh Fkh\
What had she been writing since morning?
PRACTICE
ehjk ,d ?kaVs ls jks jgh FkhA
Meera had been weeping for an hour.
cPps lqcg ls [ksy jgs FksA
Children had been playing since morning.
eSa nkSM+rk jgk FkkA
I had been running.
os lksrs jgs FksA
They had been sleeping.
eS nks o"kksZa ls i<+ jgk FkkA
I had been reading for two years.
esjh ek¡ ,d ?k.Vs ls [kkuk idk jgh FkhA
My mother had been cooking food for an hour.
os 1985 ls ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgs FksA
They had been preparing for examination since 1985
og lqcg ls eq>s xkyh ns jgh FkhA
She had been abusing me since morning.
rqe esjs fy, dqN ugha djrs jgs FksA
You had been doing nothing for me.
eSa nks cts ls bl dke dks dj jgk FkkA
I had been doing this work since two O’clock.
lhrk nks o"kksZa ls Ldwy esa i<+ jgh FkhA
Sita had been reading in school for two years.
eSa rqEgsa lqcg ls ns[k jgk FkkA
I had been watching you since morning.
rqEgkjk csVk nl fnuksa ls Ldwy ugha tk jgk FkkA
Your son hadn’t been going to school for ten days.
eSa ,d ?kaVk ls i<+ jgk FkkA
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I had been reading for an hour.
og lqcg ls rSj jgs FksA
They had been swimming since morning.
cPps cgqr nsj ls [ksy jgs FksA
Children had been playing for so long.
dbZ ?kaVksa ls o"kkZ gks jgh FkhA
It had been raining for many hours.
vki yksx 1947 ls dksf'k'k dj jgs FksA
You had been trying since 1947.
eSa xr ik¡p fnuksa ls cq[kkj ls ihfM+r FkkA
I had been suffering from fever for last five days.
og dM+h esgur djrk jgk FkkA
He had been working hard.
rqe esjs fy, dqN ugha djrs jgs FksA
You had been doing nothing for me.
PRACTICE YOURSELF
og eq>s lqcg ls fp<+k jgh FkhA
vkids nksLr vusd fnuksa ls vkids ikl ugha vk jgs FksA
rqEgkjs nksLr lc lqqcg ls viuk dke dj jgs FksA
cPps lkseokj ls feBkbZ dh ek¡x dj jgs FksA
ANSWERS
She had been teasing me since morning.
Your all friends had not been coming to you for many days.
Your friends had been doing their work since morning.
Children had been demanding the sweets since Monday.
78
FUTURE TENSE
I. SIMPLE FUTURE
Uses:
1. Simple Future Tense dk iz;ksx ,sls dk;Z&O;kikj ds fy, gksrk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa lkekU; :i
ls gksxkA tSls&
I shall appear at the examination next year. (eSa vxys lky ijh{kk nw¡xkA)
2. bl Tense dk iz;ksx bPNk
(will), ladYi (determination), psrkouh
(threat/command),
bjknk(intention) bR;kfn dk cks/ djkus ds fy, Hkh gksrk gSA tSls&
I will never tell a lie. (eSa dHkh >wB ugha cksyw¡xkA)
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + will/shall + V1 + OW
 Negative : S + won't/shan't + V1 + OW
 Interrogative : will/shall + S + V1 +OW ?
 Interrogative + Negative : won't/shan't + S + V1 + OW ?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + will/shall + S + V1 + OW ?
 WH + Negative : WH + won't/shan't + S + V1 + OW?
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + will/shall + V1 + OW
ge yksx dke djsaxsAµ

We shall work.
 Negative : S + won't/shan't + V1 + OW
vki viuk dke ugha djsaxsAµ

You will not do your work.
 Interrogative : will/shall + S + V1 +OW ?
D;k lhrk fp=k cuk,xh\µ

Will Sita draw a picture?
 Interrogative + Negative : won't/shan't + S + V1 + OW ?
D;k rqe ,d ubZ xkM+h ugha [kjhnksxs\µ

Won't you buy a new car?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + will/shall + S + V1 + OW ?
os yksx dgk¡ tk,¡xs\µ

Where will they go?
 WH + Negative : WH + won't/shan't + S + V1 + OW?
rqe esjs ;gk¡ D;ksa ugha vkvksxs\µ

Why will you not come to me?
79
PRACTICE
rqe dy iVuk tkvksxsA You will go to Patna tomorrow.
rqe dqN ugha djksxsA You will do nothing.
eSa dy fnYyh tkmQ¡xkA I will go to Delhi tomorrow.
rqe vkt viuk dke iwjk djksxsA You will finish your work today.
og viuh xkM+h cspsxkA He will sell his car.
rqe jke ds ?kj ugha tkvksxsA You will not go to Ram’s home.
vc eSa vkidks rax ugha d:axkA Now I will not tease you.
rqEgkjs cPps Ldwy ugha tk;saxsAYour son will not go to school.
D;k rqe vaxzsth i<+ksxs\ Will you read English?
D;k f'k{kd vkt i<+k;saxs\ Will teacher teach today?
D;k rqe dksfpax tkvksxs\ Will you go to Coaching?
D;k os yksx xjhcksa dh lgk;rk ugha djsaxs\
Will they not help the poor?
D;k rqe [ksyus ugha tkvksxs\ Will you not go to play?
D;k og ugha vk;sxh\ Will she not come?
D;k yrk fiz;k ls feysxh\ Will Lata meet Priya?
D;k vki esjh ckr lqusaxs\ Will you listen to me?
D;k rqe ijh{kk ugha nksxs\ Will you not appear at the examination.
D;k rqe mls rax ugha djksxs\ Will you not tease him?
rqe D;k djksxs\ What will you do?
os yksx dgk¡ tk;saxs\ Where will they go?
rqe fnYyh D;ksa ugha tkvksxs\ Why will you not go to Delhi?
ljdkj xjhcksa ds fy, D;k djsxh\ What will the Government do for the poor?
D;k vki esjs ;gk¡ ugha vk;saxs\ Will you not come to me?
rqe esjs ;gk¡ D;ksa ugha vkvkssxs\Why will you not come to me?
eS D;ksa i'pkrki d:axk\ Why will I repent?
vki dy D;k i<+k;saxs\ What will you teach tomorrow?
og D;ksa rqEgkjs ikl vk;sxh\ Why will she come to you?
og eSp thrus dh dksf'k'k djsxkA He will try to win the match.
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rqe D;k djuk pkgksxs\ What would you to do?
eSa ;g dke djus dh dksf'k'k d:axkAI will try to do this work.

D;k rqe mls i<+kus tkvksxs\ Will you go to teach him?
og ;g dke djuk ugha pkgsxhA She will not want to do this work.
eSa ,d vPNk vkneh cuw¡xkA I will be a good man.
og n;kyq gksxkA He will be kind.
eSa ,d vkbZ,,l cuw¡xkA I will be an I.A.S.
xjhc yksx lnk xjhc ugha jgsaxsA The Poor will not be remain poor forever.
eSa dy ogk¡ jgw¡xkA I will be there tomorrow.
;fn og vk;sxk] rks eSa mldh enn d:axkA

If he comes then I will help him.
;fn rqe i<+ksxs] rks ikl djksxsA If you study then you will pass.
vxj vki nok ysaxs] rks vPNs gks tk;saxsA
If you take medicine then you will be recover.
PRACTICE YOURSELF
vxj vki ns'k dh lsok djsaxs rks ns'k vkidks ;kn j[ksxkA
;fn rqe eq>s xkyh nksxs] rks eSa rqEgsa ek:axkA
;fn o"kkZ gksxh rks fdlku lq[kh gksaxsA
vxj cl ls tk;saxs] rks vki 'kh?kz igq¡p tk;saxsA
tkWdh % rqe fnYyh dc tkvksxs\
jkWdh eSa% fnYyh dy tkmQaxkA
tkWdh eq>s
% Hkh fnYyh tkuk gSA
eSa fnYyh dHkh ugha x;k gw¡A
eSa vkids lkFk fnYyh tkuk pkgrk gw¡A
vki fnYyh ls dc ykSVsaxs\
jkWdheq>s
% fnYyh esa nl fnu Bgjuk gSA
eSa
nl fnuksa ds ckn ykSVw¡xkA
eSa ,d xkM+h [kjhnus tk jgk gw¡A
tkWdh D;k
% vkidk nksLr fnYyh esa jgrk gS\
D;k vki vius nksLr ls feysaxs\
81
jkWdh % eSa vius nksLr ls feyw¡xkA
D;k rqe esjs nksLr ls feyuk pkgksxs\
tkWdh gk¡]
% eSa feyuk pkgw¡xkA
rqe esjs fy, D;k ykvksxsA
eSa rqEgkjs fy, <+sj lkjh [kqf'k;k¡ ykmQ¡xkA
ANSWERS
If you serve the country then country will remember you.
If you abuse me then I will beat you.
If it rains then farmer will be happy.
If you go by bus then you will reach soon.
Jocky – When will you go to Delhi?
Rocky – I will go to Delhi tomorrow.
Jocky – I have also go to Delhi.
I have never gone to Delhi.
I want to go to Delhi with you.
When will you return from Delhi?
Rocky – I have to stay in Delhi for ten days.
I will return after ten days.
I am going to buy a car.
Jocky – Does your friend live in Delhi?
Will you meet your friend?
Rocky – I will meet my friend.
Would you like to meet my friend?
Jocky – Yes I would like to meet.
What will you bring for me?
I will bring a lot of happiness for you.
82
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Uses:
bl Tense dk iz;ksx ,sls dk;Z&O;kikj dk cks/ djkus ds fy, gksrk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa fdlh [kkl oDr
ij gksrk jgsxkA tSls&
He will be sleeping there. (og ogha lks jgk gksxkA)
I shall be staying there. (eSa ogk¡ jgw¡xkA)

STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + will/shall + be + V4 + OW
 Negative : S + won't/shan't + be + V4 + OW
 Interrogative : will/shall + S + be + V4 +OW+ ............?
 Interrogative + Negative : won't/shan't + S +be+ V4 + OW + .........?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + shall/will + S + be + V4 + OW +...?
 WH + Negative : WH + shan't/won't + S + be + V4 + Ow + ..?
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + will/shall + be + V4 + OW
eSa cSBk jgw¡xkAµ
I shall be sitting.
 Negative : S + won't/shan't + be + V4 + OW
yM+ds oxZ esa 'kksjxqy ugha djrs
The jgsaxsAµ
boys will not be making a noise in the class.
 Interrogative : will/shall + S + be + V4 +OW+ ..................?
D;k vki [ksyrs jgsaxs\µ
Will you be playing?
 Interrogative + Negative : won't/shan't + S +be+ V4 + OW + ..............?
D;k og ugha rSjuk jgsxk\µ
Will he not be swimming?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH + shall/will + S + be + V4 + OW + .....?
lhrk bl oDr vxys jfookj dks D;k djrh jgsxh\µ
What will Sita be doing at this time on
next Sunday?
 WH + Negative : WH + shan't/won't + S + be + V4 + Ow + ..?
vki mldh izrh{kk D;ksa ugha djrsWhy

jgsaxs\µ
will you not be waiting for him?
PRACTICE
eSa [kkrk jgw¡xkA I shall be eating.
ge yksx nkSM+rs jgsaxsA We shall be running.
rqe i<+rs jgksxsA You will be reading.
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og [ksyrk jgsxkA He will be playing.
os yksx Vsyhfotu ns[krs jgsaxsA They will be watching television.
eksgu rSjrk jgsxkA Mohan will be swimming.
og ugha [ksyrk jgsxkA He will not be playing.
eSa bartkj ugha djrk jgw¡xkA I shall not be waiting.
os yksx dke ugha djrs jgsaxsA They will not be working.
eSa ugha lksrk jgw¡xkA I shall not be sleeping.
D;k vki nkSM+rs jgsaxs\ Will you be running?
D;k eSa [ksyrk jgw¡xk\ Shall I be playing?
D;k vki lksrs jgsaxs\ Will you be sleeping?
D;k os yksx [kM+s ugha jgsaxs\ Will they not be standing?
D;k os yksx bartkj ugha djrs jgsaxs\ Will they not be waiting?
og D;k djrk jgsxk\ What will he be doing?
vki D;ksa rSjrs jgsaxs\ Why will you be swimming?
og dgk¡ i<+rk jgsxk\ Where will he be reading?
vki D;ksa izrh{kk djrs jgsaxs\ Why will you be waiting?
os yksx dke D;ksa ugha djrs jgsaxs\ Why will they not be working?
rqe tc mlls feyksxs rks og [ksyrk jgsxkA
When you meet him, he will be playing.
og tc ;gk¡ vk;sxh rks eSa i<+rk jgw¡xkA
When she comes here, I will be reading.
tc eSaa vkmQ¡xk rks vki ogk¡ [ksyrs jgsaxsA
When I come then you will be playing there.
D;k vki bl oDr fiQYe ns[krs jgsaxs\ Will you be watching movie at this time?
cPps jfookj dks eSp [ksyrs jgsaxsA Children will be playing match on Sunday.
PRACTICE YOURSELF
og bl le; iz'u ;kn dj jgh gksxhA
ogk¡ ckfj'k ugha gks jgh gksxhA
D;k os uhacw&ikuh ih jgs gksaxs\
og >wB D;ksa cksy jgk gksxk\
lhrk bl oDr vxys jfookj dks D;k djrh jgsxh\
D;k vki dy nkSM+rs jgsaxs\
84
D;k lhrk vius Ldwy esa xkrh jgsxh\
eSa vkmQ¡xk rks vki lksrs jgsaxsA
D;k vki bUrtkj ugha djrs jgsaxs tc eSa vkmQ¡xk\
D;k rqe i<+rs ugha jgksxs tc eSa i<+kmQ¡xk\
ANSWERS
She will be memorizing the questions this time.
It will not be raining there.
Will they be taking lemonade?
Why will be he telling a lie?
What will Sita be doing at this time on next Sunday.
Will you be running tomorrow.
Will Sita be singing in her school.
I come then you will be sleeping.
Will you not be waiting when I come?
Will you not be reading when I teach?
FUTURE PERFECT
Uses:
1. bl Tense dk iz;ksx ,sls dk;Z&O;kikj ds fy, gksrk gS] tks Hkfo"; esa fdlh fu/kZfjr le; rd lekIr
gks pqdk jgsxkA tSls&
I shall have finished the job by that time.
eSa ml le; rd dke dks lekIr dj pqdw¡xkA

He will have come by ten o'clock.
og nl cts rd vk pqdsxkA
STRUCTURE
 Positive : S + will/shall + have + V3 + OW +
 Negative : S + won't/shan't + have + V3 + OW
 Interrogative : will/shall + S + have + V3 +OW+.........?
 Interrogative + Negative : won't/shan't + S + have + V3 + OW +....?
 Interrogative with WH family : WH+will/shall + S + have + V3 + OW +..?
 WH + Negative : WH+will/shall + S + have + V3 + OW +..?
85
STRUCTURE
Examples:
 Positive : S + will/shall + have + V3 + OW +
vxys lkseokj rd eSa bl dke dks dj pqdk jgw¡xkA

I shall have finished the work by next Monday.
 Negative : S + won't/shan't + have + V3 + OW + ....................
os yksx bls ugha dj pqdsaxsA

They will not have done it.
 Interrogative : will/shall + S + have + V3 +OW+ ......................?
D;k og tk pqdsxk\
Will he have gone?
 Interrogative + Negative : won't/shan't + S + have + V3 + OW + .................?
D;k rqe ugha i<+ pqdksxs\

Will you not have read?
 Interrogative with WH family: WH+will/shall + S + have + V3 + OW + ....?
vkids csVs D;ksa lks pqdsaxs\

Why will your sons have slept?
 WH + Negative : WH + will/shall + S +not + have + V3 + OW + ..............?
og bl dke dks iwjk D;ksa ugha dj pqdsxk\

Why will he not have completed this work?
PRACTICE YOURSELF
og fcLrj yxk pqdsxhA
mUgksaus dfork ugha fy[k pqdsxsaA
vfer mls /ks[k D;ksa ns pqdsxk\
D;k og rqEgsa igpku ysxk\
tc eSa rqels feyw¡xk rqe viuk ikB lh[k pqdksxsA
vxys lkseokj rd eSa bl dke dks dj pqdk jgw¡xkA
esjs vkus ls igys og lks pqdk jgsxkA
86
MkWDVj ds vkus ds igys jksxh ej pqdk jgsxkA
ijh{kk 'kq: gksus ds igys og vo'; vk pqdsxkA
ANSWERS
She will have made the bed.
They will not have written a poem.
Why will Amit have deceived him?
Will he have recognized you?
When I meet you, you will have learned your lesson.
I will have done this work by the next Monday.
He will have slept before I come.
The patient will have died before the doctor comes.
He shall have come before the examination starts.
87
4 TRANSLATE THE PASSAGE
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PASSAGE-1
We the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to Secure to all its
citizens: Justice, Social,‘ Economic and political liberty of thought, expression,
belief, faith and worship, equality of status and of opportunity; and to promote
among them all fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the
Unity and integrity of the nation. In our Constitute Assembly. This Twenty
Sixth day of November, 1949 do here by adopt, enact and give to ourselves
this constitution.
ge] Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d lEiw.kZ izHkqRo lEiUu lkekftd fujis{k yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT; cukus
rFkk mlds lHkh ukxfjdksa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;] fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /eZ vk
mikluk dh Lora=krk] izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk izkIr djkus ds fy, rFkk mu lc esa O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj
jk"Vª dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk] lqfuf'pr djkus okyh ca/qrk c<+kus ds fy,] n`<+ ladYi gksdj viuh lafo/ku lHkk
esa 26 uoEcj] 1949 ds bl fnu ,rn~ }kjk bl lafo/ku dks vaxhÑr] vf/fu;fer vkSj vkRelefiZr djrs gSaA
PASSAGE-2
It shall be the duty of the Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language
to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the
elements of the composite culture of India and to Secure its enrichment by
assimilating without interfering with its genius, the forms, style and
expression used 1n Hindustani and other languages of India specified in the
Eighth Schedule, and by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its
vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and Secondarily on other languages.
la?k dk ;g drZO; gksxk fd og fgUnh&Hkk"kk dk izlkj c<+k,] mldk fodkl djsa] rkfd og Hkkjr dh lkekftd
laLÑfr ds lHkh rRoksa dh vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e cu lds vkSj mldh izo`fÙk esa gLr{ksi fd, fcuk fgUnqLrk
vkSj vkBoha vuqlwph esa fofufnZ"V Hkkjr dh vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds iz;qDr :i] 'kSyh vkSj inksa dks vkRelk
tgk¡ vko';d ;k okaNuh; gks] ogk¡ mlds 'kCn Hk.Mkj ds fy, eq[;r% laLÑr ls vkSj xkS.kr% vU; Hkk"kkv
'kCn xzg.k djrs gq, mldh le`f¼ lqfuf'pr djsaA
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PASSAGE-3
Everything almost depends upon first impressions; and these depend (besides
person, which is not in our power) upon two things, dress and address, which
everyone may command with proper attention. An attention to our own person
implies a disrespect to others, and may often be traced no less to a want of
good nature than good sense. The old maxim desire to please and you will
infallibly please-explains the whole matter. I would not have you, from not
knowing how to enter a room properly, stumble at the very threshold m the
good graces of those on whom it is possible the fate of your future life may
depend. Nothing creates a greater prejudice against anyone than
awkwardness. A person, who is confused in manner and gesture, seems to
have done something wrong, or as if he was conscious of no one qualification
to build a confidence in himself upon. On the other hand; openness freedom,
self-possession, set others at ease with you by showing that you are on good
terms with yourself. Grace in women gains the affections sooner, and secures
them longer, than anything else it is an outward and visible sign of an inward
harmony of soul as the want of it in men, is the greatest impediment in the
career of gallantry and road to the female heart.
izR;sd dk;Z izFke izHkkoksa ij yxHkx fuHkZj gksrk gS vkSj ;s izHkko (gekjh 'kfDr ls ijs O;fDrRo d
nks ckrksa ij fuHkZj gSA os'kHkw"kk] ifj/ku vkSj Hkk"kk (izopu) ftudk izR;sd O;fDr mfpr è;ku ls dkcw
gSA vius O;fDrRo ds izfr csijokgh nwljksa dk vuknj djuk gS vkSj ;g ykijokgh vPNh lw>&cw> dh vis{kk
LoHkko dh deh ls fdlh izdkj de ugha le>h tkrh gSA ^rqe izlUu djus dh bPNk djks vkSj rqe fuf'pr :i
ls izlUu jgksxs* ;g izkphu dgkor iwjs fo"k; dh O;k[;k dj nsrh gSA dejs esa mfpr :i ls izos'k djuk u tkuus
ds dkj.k vkidks eSa mu O;fDr;ksa dh n`f"V esa yM+[kM+kus ugha nw¡xk ftl ij vkidk Hkkoh thou fuHkZ
dh vis{kk fdlh vU; ds fo#¼ dksbZ egku~ i{kikr ugha djrk gSA
pky vkSj ps"Vk esa fof{kIr O;fDr dqN xyrh fd;k gqvk izrhr gksrk gS vFkok vius esa fo'okl tekus ds fy
mls xq.k dh ij[k ugha gSA nwljh vksj mnkjrk] Lora=krk vkSj ftrsfUnz;rk nwljksa dks rqEgkjs vuqdwy c
iznf'kZr djrh gS fd rqe Lo;a Hkys gksA efgykvksa dh lH;rk 'kh?kz gh izse izkIr djrh gS vkSj fdlh vU; oL
vis{kk vf/d le; rd mudh j{kk djrh gSA ;g vkRek dk vkUrfjd lg;ksx cká vkSj n`'; fpÉ gSA ekuoksa esa
bldh deh cgknqjh ds thou esa lcls cM+h #dkoV gS rFkk efgykvksa ds ân; rd igq¡pus ds fy, ekxZ gSA
PASSAGE-4
Tagore is not only a poet and an artist, but also a prophet of humanity. His
love of humanity is as great as his versatility or his fecundity; love of man is
the very cornerstone of his religion. This mother Earth of ours is dearer to
his heart than any fabled heaven. His philosophy is frankly geocentric, and
man the divine is for him the measure of all things. In a conversation with
Einstein he is reported to have said that, “If there be any truth absolutely
unrelated to humanity, then for us it is absolutely non existing.” It was his
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intense, love for man that made him undertake, in the latter part of his
career those famous world tours in which he fiercely denounced the aggressive,
nationalism of the West as a” crime against humanity. He thought that it was
a world tragedy that Western civilization, with all its splendid achievements
to science, social service and organization,‘ should lose its way and dig its
own grave by robbing and exploiting the weaker nations of the earth. He,
therefore, denounced the robber nations of Europe, uttered a solemn warning
to Japan against following their example and exharted the United States of
America to fulfil the promises of Western Civilization. It was his intense love
of humanity that made him pour vials of prophetic wrath on ~ ii those nations
in the West or the East who have made a Moloch of the political state and
offered it bloody sacrifices in the ‘shape of the maimed soul of men, whom
they had enslaved in their own countries or in the countries they conquered.
The future historian of the world will record how the grave warnings of this
prophet of humanity, hailing from India, fell on deaf ears and how Japan and
some of the nations of Europe paid for their pride and inhumanity in .blood
and tears and destruction on a vast scale, before the air which they had
fouled with their misdeeds was purged and cleansed. It is sad to contemplate
how the prophet saw the end of all his popes, when, amidst a second great
World War, he lay on his death-bed. In the famous address on ‘The Crisis of
Civilization’ given on his eightienth birthday, a few months before his death,
he said, “‘I had at one time believed that the springs of Civilization would
issue out of the heart of Europe. But today, when I am about to quit the world
that faith has gone bankrupt altogether. As I look around; I see the crumbling
ruins of a proud civilization strewn like a vast heap of futility. And yet I shall
not commit the grievous sin of losing faith in Man. I would rather look forward
to the opening of a new Chapter in history after catalysm, is over and
atmosphere rendered clean, with spirit of service, and sacrifice. Perhaps,
that dawn will come from horizon from the East where the sun rises.”
VSxksj dsoy ,d dfo vkSj dykdkj gh u Fks fdUrq ekuork ds iSxEcj (HkkohoDrk) Hkh FksA ekuork l
mudk izse uohu fo"k; dh iQy mRiUu djus dh 'kfDr ds leku xgu mPp vkSj egku~ FkkA ekuo izse mlds èk
dk izeq[k Hkkx FkkA gekjh ;g ekr`Hkwfe fdlh dkYifud oxZ dh vis{kk mlds ân; dks vf/d fiz; FkhA mld
n'kZu&'kkL=k Li"Vr% ikfFkZo FkkA ikou ekuo mlds fy, lc oLrqvksa dk uki (iSekuk) FkkA ml (VSxksj
ls okrkZyki esa ;g dgk FkkA ekuork ls iw.kZr% vlacaf/r ;fn dksbZ lR; gS rks gekjs fy, vfLrRoghu gSA e
fy, ;g izpqj isze Fkk fd mls vius thou ds vfUre le; esa lalkj dh izfl¼ ;k=kk,¡ dh ftuesa ik'pkR; vkØked
jk"Vªh;rk dks ekuork ds fo#¼ vijk/h ?kksf"kr fd;kA
foKku] lekt&lsok vkSj laxBu esa xkSjoe; liQyrk if'peh lH;rk dks og lalkj dk nq[kkUr o`ÙkkUr le>krk
Fkk vkSj lg lH;rk i`Foh ds fucZy jk"Vªksa dks ywV&[klksV djds iFkHkz"V gksdj viuh dcz [kqn [kksn
mlus ;wjksi ds yqVsjs jk"Vªksa dh iQVdkj rFkk mudk vuqdj.k djus okys tkiku dks xEHkhj psrkouh nh v
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dks if'peh lH;rk dk opu iwjk djus okys tkiku dks xEHkhj psrkokuh nh vkSj vesfjdk dks if'peh lH;rk dk
opu iwjk djus ds fy, mRlkfgr fd;kA ;g ekuork ds fy, izsekf/D; gh Fkk ftlds dkj.k iwoZ vkSj if'peh esa
mu jk"Vªksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh oeu fd;k] ftUgksaus foftr ns'kksa ;k vius ns'kksa esa gh ekuoksa dks cfynk
nsork ds fy, budk jDr nku fd;kA lalkj ds Hkkoh bfrgkldkj ;g mYys[k djsaxs fd Hkkjr ls vkus okys ekuork
ds bl iSxEcj ;k uch dh Hkkoh psrkouh cgjs dkuksa esa iM+h vFkkZr~ psrkokuh ij è;ku ugha fn;kA tkiku
ds dqN jk"Vªksa dks vius dk;ksZa }kjk nwf"kr fd;s x;s ok;qe.My ds ifo=k ls ifo=k vkSj fueZy gksus ls
vgadkj vkSj vekuork ds fy, vJq (nq%[k) jDr vkSj uk'k ds :i esa fo'kky ifjek.k esa pqdkuk iM+kA ;g lkspu
nq%[knkbZ gS fd ml iSxEcj (Hkfo"; oDrk) us viuh lc vk'kkvksa ij rq"kkjkikr gksrk gqvk ns[kk tcfd og f
egk fo'o;q¼ ds le; dh vof/ esa e`R;q&'kÕ;k ij iM+k FkkA vius 'kjhjkUr ls dqN eghus ifg;s viuh vLlhoha
o"kZ xkaB (tUe&fnol) ds le; (lH;rk&ladV ij vius izfl¼ izopu esa mlus dgk Fkk eSa ,d le; ;g fo'okl
djrk Fkk fd ;ksjksi dsUnz ls lH;rk ds >jus) (iqQgkjsa) izdV gksaxs] ijUrq bl lalkj esa R;kx djus ds le; m
fo'okl dk iwjk fnokyk fudy x;k vFkkZr~ fo'okl iw.kZr% u"V gks x;kA pkjksa vksj viuh n`f"V Mkyus
dwM+&ddZV ds Hkkjh <sj ds leku fo Ü[kfyr mPp 'kkunkj lH;rk ds uk'k ds va'kksa dks eSa ns[krk gw¡ rk
ds fgyrs gq, fo'okl vkSj /eZ ds fo"k; esa nq[knk;h iki dh ckr ugha d:¡xkA ty dh ck<+ lekIr gksus ij vkSj
ok;qe.My ds 'kq¼ gksus ij R;kx vkSj lsok dh Hkkouk ls iw.kZ ,d uohu ,sfrgkfld ;qx ds vkxeu dh izrh{kk
djrk gw¡A lEHkor% og m"kk iwoZ fn'kk ds f{kfrt ls izdV gksxhA
PASSAGE-5
It is true that Pandit Nehru was a universal man and the cause of all
mankind was most dear to him but I think it would not be undertaking his
greatness when we look upon him as the builder of Modern India. While
under the long years of his Prime-Ministership he tried to put our country on
a progressive, scientific, dynamic and secular bars, the image of Modern
India as a progressive country was always present in his mind and he gave a
beautiful picture of what India has to be in future in his very well known look,
Discovery of India.
When Pandit Nehru became the Prime Minister of the country, he had to
face many pressing domestic problems. His powerful mind was soon engaged
in the mightly task of the economic development and all round progress of
the country. All that we hear of planning in our country is largely Nehruji’s
creation and in all the varied-schemes of progress and development, the
intellectual lead, has invariably come from him. As the chairman of the
Planning Commission, which started functioning after the country became
free from foreign domination, it was he who gave dynamism and power to the
various plans which are now being implemented. As the real leader of the
people it was Pandit Nehru’s very remarkable achievement that he created
and moulded the public opinion in the country and made ‘his countrymen
plan conscious. By his series of public speeches which he made in a most
sweet and intelligible language and in any charmingly persuasive style. Pandit
Nehru succeded in educating his countrymen to an appreciation of the values
91
he has cherished. An educated average citizen of India talks freely about
democratic socialism, not alignment, secular policy, communal harmony and
national unity on the basis of what he heard from his beloved leader from
time to time.
Pandit Nehru’ s message to his countrymen has been very inspiring, that
while we should cherish and preserve the noble values of our past culture,
we have to be young in spirit and true with modern times with the noble
vision of the future always before us; we must march ahead with the
progressive nations of the world. With the passing of Pandit Nehru, a glorious
epoch had come to a close but the effulgence of that era will continue to
irradiate our path and will be a source of never failing guidance and inspiration
to us. Every patriotic Indian sincerely feels that Pandit Nehru’s unfinished
work has to be completed without any considerable loss of time.
;g lR; gS fd if.Mr us:j ,d lkoZHkkSfed O;fDr Fks vkSj lEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr dk fgr mUgsa lcls vf/d
fiz; FkkA tc ge mUgsa orZeku Hkkjr dk fuekZrk ds :i esa le>rs gSa rc esjs fopkj ls ge mudh egÙkk dk è;
ugha j[krs gSaA vius iz/ku&eaf=kRodky dh nh?kZ vof/ esa mUgksaus mUur'khy] oSKkfud xfrfof/
vlkEiznkf;d vk/kj ij vius ns'k Hkkjr dks j[kus dk iz;Ru fd;kA mUur'khy ns'k ds :i esa orZeku Hkkjr dk fp=
muds efLr"d eas lnk fo|eku jgrk FkkA Hkkjr dh [kkst uked viuh fo'o&fo[;kr iqLrd esa mUgksaus Hkkoh
dk ,d lqUnj fp=k mifLFkr fd;k gSA
tc if.Mr usg: Hkkjr ds iz/kuea=kh cus rc mUgsa vusdksa vko';d ?kjsyw leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+kA
'kfDr'kkyh efLr"d ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj loZizdkj dh mUufr ds Hkkjh dk;Z esa 'kh?kz gh tqV x;kA v
dh ;kstuk ds fo"k; esa ge tks dqN lqurs gSa og usg:th dh vf/dka'k esa jpuk gS vkSj mUufr rFkk fodkl dh
fHkUu&fHkUu lc ;kstukvksa ds fo"k; esa ckSf¼d usr`Ro mUgha ls vusd :i es izkIr gqvk gSA fons'kh vf
Lora=k gksus ds ckn dk;Z djus okys Iykfuax deh'ku ds vè;{k ds :i esa ;g usg: gh Fks] ftlus bl le; iwjh
gksus okyh fHkUu&fHkUu ;kstukvksa dks xfr vkSj 'kfDr nhA turk ds lPps usrk ds :i esa ;g usg: dh o.k
liQyrk Fkh fd mlus ns'k dh turk dh jk; dks cuk;k rFkk lq/kjk] vius ns'kokfl;ksa dks ;kstuk dk tkudkj cuk;kA
turk esa viuh O;k[;ku&ekyk ds }kjk mUgksaus lcls fiz; vkSj ckSf¼d Hkk"kk esa rFkk vkd"kZd vkSj yq
Hkk"k.k fn;sA iafMr usg: vius ns'kokfl;ksa dks mudk ewY; le>kus vkSj fl[kkus esa liQy gks x;sA Hkkjr
lk/kj.k ukxfjd iztkra=kkRed lektokn] rVLFkrk] vlkEiznkf;drk uhfr] lkEiznkf;d esy vkSj jk"Vªh; laxBu
fo"k; esa vius fiz; usrk ds le;≤ ij lqus gq, vk/kj ij Lora=krkiwoZd okrkZyki djrk gSA
vius Lons'kokfl;ksa ds fy, iafMr usg: dk lans'k vR;f/d mRlkgizn jgk gS tcfd gesa viuh vrhr dh
laLÑfr dk ewY; rFkk eku lqjf{kr j[kuk pkfg,A gesa orZeku le; ds lkFk lR; vkSj mRlkgh gksuk pkfg, vkSj b
lkFk gekjs le{k Hkfo"; dk vPNk fp=k Hkh lnk gksuk pkfg,A gesa lalkj ds mUufr'khy jk"Vªksa ds lkFk v
pkfg,] iafMr usg: ds fnoaxr gks tkus ds lkFk gh ,d 'kkunkj ;qx lekIr gks x;k] ijUrq ml ;qx dh >yd gekjs
ekxZ dks pedrh jgsxh vkSj gekjs fy, izsj.kk vkSj vpwd izn'kZu dk fudkl (mn~xe) gksxhA izR;sd ns'kh&izs
fu"diV :i ls vuqHko djrk gS fd if.Mr usg: dk viw.kZ dk;Z i;kZIr le; fcrk;sa ([kks;) fcuk 'kh?kz gh iwjk
djuk gSA
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PASSAGE-6
Independence of thinking is another rare but thoroughly important mode
of activity. Many people are so unused to thinking for themselves that they
would be frightened at the appearance in consciousness of a thought really
their own. It has been said that “Animals think not at all and some men a
little.” Most of the thinking of the world is carried on by a few individuals.
The rest of the world is mere echoists. This is a terribly wasteful process If
more people were independent thinkers there would not be a yearly output of
millions of barrels of patent medicines, the main ingredients of which are
alcoholic preservatives. Soothing syrups with Opiates are fed to children
because they are said to cry for them. The children are quietened, often
times so effectively as to be stupid through life. “Harmless vegetable remedies”
is a magical phrase. Perhaps this is why so many take extract of hops and
barley, spirits of corn, nicotine and Opium.
Because of lack of independence of thought superstitions have always
hindrerd the world’s progress. Even today the number 13 is so ominous that
you cannot get a room number 13 at hotel, and you can scarcely have thirteen
at a table. Friday is considered so unlucky that some steamship companies
hesitate to make sailing dates on that day of the week Farmers still plant
their potatoes in the moon and old women carry potatoes in their pockets to
cure rheumatism. Only a few days ago I saw a man who had a rattle-snakes
tail in his hatband toward off rheumatism. Clairvoyants and fortune tellers
apparently find plenty of dupes, if we are to judge by the welt of their advertising.
Thus, an every hand we find ample evidence that people are sinning and are
being sinned against simply because of their own unwillingness or inability
to think. Adapted from “Ethical aspects of mental Economy.”
fopkj Lora=krk ,d vuwBh fdUrq iw.kZr;k izeq[k xfrfof/ gSA cgqr ls yksx vius fy, fopkj djus esa b
vuH;Lr gksrs gSa fd os vius futh ;FkkFkZ fopkj dh psruk izdV gksus ds le; Hk;Hkhr gks tkrs gSaA ;g d
pqdk gS fd tkuoj ukeek=k dks ugha lksprs gSa vkSj ekuo dqN lksprs gSaA lalkj dk fopkj dk;Z lhfer O;
ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ lalkj ds dqN gh O;fDr fopkj djrs gSaA lalkj ds 'ks"k O;fDr dsoy vuqdj.k dj
okys gksrs gSaA ;g vR;Ur gkfudkjd O;ogkj gSA ;fn Lora=k fopkj djus okys dqN vf/d izrhr gksrs gSa rk
vkS"kf/;ksa ds yk[kksa ihiksa dk fuekZ.k u gksrk ftuds eq[; va'k e|lkj lEca/h eqjCcs gksrs gSaA uhan yku
vkS"kf/;ksa ls la;qDr vklo 'kcZr cPpksa dks fiyk;k tkrk gS D;ksafd cPps mlds fy, tksj&tksj ls fpYykdj ek
gq, dgs tkrs gSaA blls cPps ekSu (pqi) dj fn;s tkrs gSaA ;g vklo cgq/k bruk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gS fd cPps t
Hkj ds fy, eUncqf¼ okys gks tkrs gSaA gkfujfgr 'kkdkgkjh bykt uke ls iqdkjuk tknw ls Hkjk okD;ka'k g
lEHkor% ;gh dkj.k gS fd gkWi vkSj tkS dk vklo vUu dh 'kjkc rEckdw dk nzo vkSj viQhe dks iz;ksx brus v
d O;fDr djrs gSaA
93
fopkj Lora=krk dh deh ds dkj.k vU/fo'okl us lalkj dh mUufr esa lnSo jksM+k vVdk;k gSA vkt Hkh r
dh la[;k bruh vi'kdqu le>h tkrh gS fd gksVy esa 13 la[;k dk dejk rqEgsa ugha fey ldrk gS vkSj fdlh
est ij 13 dh la[;k dks eqf'dy ls gh ik ldrs gksA 'kqØokj dk fnu bruk eugwl le>k tkrk gS fd dqN tgkt
dEifu;k¡ lIrkg ds ml fnu vFkkZr~ 'kqØokj dks tgkt pykus ds vkjfEHkd fnu cukus esa vkukdkuh djrs gSaA
Hkh vius vkyqvksa dks pkanuh esa gh yxkrs gSa vkSj cqf<+;k,¡ xfB;kck; dks Bhd djus ds fy, vkyqvks
j[krh gSaA dsoy dqN fnu igys eSaus ,d vkneh dks ns[kk tks xfB;k dks nwj djus ds fy, vius Vksi ds rEesa
iV~Vh esa [kM+&[kM+ djus okys lkai dh iw¡N j[krk FkkA T;ksfr"kh yksxksa dks vusd Hkksys&Hkky
ge foKkiu dh iw¡th ls fu.kZ; djsaA bl izdkj izR;sd LFkku ij gesa izpqj lkf{k;k¡ izkIr gks tkrh gS fd yksx
lkspus ds bPNqd u gksus ds dkj.k iki djrs gSa vkSj djokrs gSaA
PASSAGE-7
Our civilisation is unique in in this matter that offers us the basis of a
world wide social order. This unification of the world is without parallel the
past. So meet the challenge of the new situation, we have to devise new
means and not perpetuate inherited patterns of social and international
behaviour. We are bewildered that our efforts to establish a world order on
principles of equity and freedom through international organization have been
successful. Though we know that the world is one whether we like it or not,
that inspite of political, national and racial divisions, the fortunes of every
gone of us are linked to those of others even though we know it we do not feet
it in our bones. When we find that great nations are not ready to change
their ways of dealing with others and persist in ways which are outmoded
and dangerous, we are not only bewildered but alarmed the world has been
brought together too suddenly and this enforced intimacy has intensified the
differences and increased the possibilities of friction. We are baffled by the
problems which our age has thrown up, for advanced nations from whom we
see leadership are failing us. They wrecked the league of nations and if we
are not vigilant and if the pressure of public opinion does not restrain them,
they are likely to wreck the United Nations.
gekjh lH;rk bl ckr esa vuwBh gS fd ;g lEiw.kZ lalkj lEca/h lkekftd O;oLFkk dk vk/kj gedks nsrh gSA
lalkj dh ;g ,drk Hkwrdky esa vleku gSA uohu ifjfLFkfr dks pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus ds fy, gesa u;s lk/u
tqVkus gSa vkSj lkekftd rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;ogkj dks] iSr`d lkaps dks fLFkj ugha djuk gSA ge ijs'kku gSa
laxBu (laLFkk) ds }kjk lekurk vkSj Lora=krk ds fl¼kUrksa ds vk/kj ij lEiw.kZ lalkj dh O;oLFkk dks fLF
ds fy, gekjs iz;Ru liQy ugha gq, gSaA ;|fi ge tkurs gSa fd lEiw.kZ fo'o ,d gS ge pkgsa ;k u pkgsaA jktuSfrd
jk"Vªh; vkSj tkrh; Hksnksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh geesa ls gj ,d dk HkkX; nwljksa ds HkkX; ls tM+k gqvk gSA
gq, Hkh gesa ul&ul esa bldh vuqHkwfr ugha gksrh gSA tc gesa ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd cM+s&cM+s jk"V
O;ogkj djus <ax cnyus ds fy, m|r ugha gS vkSj mu <axksa ij tksj nsrs gSa tks Hk;adj vkSj le;kuqlkj ugha g
ijs'kku gh ugha cfYd lpsr Hkh gSaA lalkj 'kh?kz gh ,d lkFk gks x;k vkSj foo'k dh tku&ifgpku us Hksnks
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iwQV dh lEHkkoukvksa dks vf/d c<+k fn;k gSA ge mu leL;kvksa ls ijs'kku gSa ftudks gekjs ;qx us c<+
gS] D;ksafd cM+s&cM+s jk"Vª ftudks ge usr`Ro ds ;ksX; le>rs gSa gedks vliQy dj jgs gSa vkSj mUgk
us'ku dks fou"V dj fn;kA
;fn ge tkx:d vkSj psru ugha jgrs gSa rFkk turk dh jk; dk ncko mudks ugha jksdrk gS rks os ;wukbV
us'kUl dk Hkh lEHkor% uk'k dj nsaxsA
PASSAGE-8
Curiosity is the natural tendency of man and the enjoyment of pleasure of
his instinctive desire. Both these tendencies are innate and inborn even in a
diehard materialist. If they are not sublimated satisfactory, they become a
cause of disbelief in the man on the one hand and produce in him sense of
fear, disappointment and depression on the other. This may be called an
aberrant state of man generally speaking, the man of today is more unsatisfied,
more excited and more distressed. This aberration causes many mental and
organic diseases. If it is minutely observed, this aberration appears to be the
root cause of nervous disorder of today. Both the diagnosis and treatment of
this aberration are difficult. It is because of this that man’s humanity has
been over shadowed by the devilism in him and the irony of it is that the
man, for his outward gratification, is engaged to change the very definition of
moral and human values.
ftKklk euq"; dh LokHkkfod izo`fÙk gS vkSj vkuUn izkfIr mldh LokHkkfod dkeukA ?kksj ls ?kksj
euq"; esa Hkh ;s nksuksa izo`fÙk;k¡ LokHkkfod vkSj tUe&tkr gSaA mudk lUrks"ktud 'keu u gksus ij eu
rks vukLFkk mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj nwljh vkSj Hk;] fujk'kk vkSj volknA ;g ekuo dh foÑr voLFkk dgh tk
gSA lkekU; :i ls] vkt dk ekuo] vf/d vrÌr] vf/d mf}Xu vkSj vf/d nq[kh gSA bl foÑfr ls vusd
ekufld vkSj 'kkjhfjd jksx mRiUu gksrs gSaA lw{e n`f"V ls ns[kk tk; rks vkt ds Luk;qO;frØe dk ewy dk
foÑfr gh izrhr gksrh gSA bl foÑfr dk funku vkSj mipkj nksuksa gh dfBu gSA bl izdkj ekuo dk ekuoRo m
nkuoRo ls vkPNfnr gks x;k gS vkSj foMEcuk rks ;g gS fd ekuo vius cká ifjrks"k ds fy, uSfrd vkSj ekuoh
ewY;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk dks gh cnyus esa tqVk gqvk gSA
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PASSAGE-1
^czãp;Z dk vFkZ gS eu] opu vkSj dk;k ls leLr bfUnz;ksa dk la;eA tSlk fd Åij of.kZr gSA bl la;e ds
fy, R;kxksa dh vko';drk gS] ;g ckr eq>s fnu&fnu fn[kkbZ nsus yxhA R;kx ds {ks=k dh lhek gh ughaA ,slk
vYi iz;Ru ls lkè; ugha gksrkA djksM+ksa ds fy, rks ges'kk ,d vkn'kZ ds :i esa gh jgsxkA ij ,d iz;Ru'khy czãp
rks fuR; viuh =kqfV;ksa ds n'kZu djsxk] vius ân; ds dksus ds dpjs esa fNis fodkjksa dks igpku ysxk vkSj mU
ckgj djus dk lrr m|ksx djrk jgsxkA tc rd vius fopkjksa ij bruk fu;a=k.k u gks tk, fd viuh bPNk ds fcuk
,d Hkh fopkj u vkus ikos] rc rd og iw.kZ czãp;Z ughaA fdrus gh vuSfPNd fopkj gS os lc ,d izdkj ds
95
fodkj gSaA mudks o'k esa djus ds ekuh gS eu dks o'k esa djuk vkSj eu dks o'k esa djuk] ok;q dks o'k esa
ls Hkh dfBu gSA bruk gksrs gq, Hkh vius vUnj bZ'oj dh fo|ekurk eu dks Hkh o'k esa djk nsrh gSA jkLrs esa
gSaA blls ;g eku ysuk pkfg, fd og vlkè; gSA og rks ije vFkZ vkSj ije vFkZ ds fy, ije iz;Ru dh vko';drk
gks rks blesa dkSulh vk'p;Z dh ckr gS\
Brahmacharya means the control of all the senses in thought, word and
deed. As it has been said above, there is the necessity of restraints for this
control. I have been realising this day by day. As there is no limit in
Brahmacharya, so there is no limit in the scope of renunciation, such
Brahmacharya is not attained by limited effort. For millions of people, it will
ever be an ideal. But an aspiring Brahmachari will always look to his
shortcomings, will know his passions lying dormant in the inner mostrecesses
on his heart and will incessantly-strive to take them out. So long as his
thoughts are not controlled to the extent that not a single thoughteners
without his will, he is not a true Brahmachari.
All the involuntary thoughts are a sort of disease. To control them means
to control the mind, which is even more difficult than to control the wind.
Nevertheless, the existence of god within makes even the control of the mind
possible. Let it not be understood then that it is difficult of attainment, because
the way is beset with difficulties. It is the highest goal and its no wonder that
the highest effort 1s needed to attain it.
PASSAGE-2
;fn lkjs fo'o ds ns'k feydj lEiw.kZ lalkj esa ,d ljdkj LFkkfir dj ysa rks fo'o dk fp=k cny tk;sxkA
fo'o esa ls ,slh dqN dY;k.kdkjh oLrq,a iSnk gksaxhA thou dh izxfr iz[kj gks tk;sxhA 'kjhj vkSj eu esa tks
phtsa gSa] og nwj gks tkosaxhA euq"; dks viuh jksth ds fy, vf/d ifjJe ugha djuk iM+sxkA FkksM+s ls le
lalkj ds NksVs&NksVs 'kgj Hkh ,sFksUl dh rjg gks tk;saxsA tc lalkj esa fo'o ,drk LFkkfir gks tk;sxh] r
esa uhjl ifjJe ugha jgsxkA euq"; dk dfBu ifjJe u"V gks tkosxkA e'khuksa ds }kjk gekjk dfBu ifjJe de gks
tk;sxkA euq"; gy vkSj dqnky ls eqfDr ik tk;sxkA lalkj esa ;q¼ ds fy, euq"; jg tk;saxs ;k dksbZ Hkh ugha
iqfyl ds LFkku ij f'k{kd gks tkosaxsA fo'oO;kih liQkbZ vfHk;ku ls vLirky de gks tk;saxsA vkfFkZd U;kl
Bx] MdSr lekIr gks tkosaxsA vkneh ds dke djus dk le; Hkh de gks tk;sxkA
fo'o ,drk gks tkus ij jksekap ;k lkgfld dk;ksZa dh deh gks tkosxh] ysfdu ;g fopkj Hkzked gSA lkgfld
dk;ksZa dh deh ugha gksxhA euq"; viuk vf/dkj leqnz] vkdk'k] ikrky o varfj{k ij tek ysxkA euq"; fiQj tkuoj
ds ikyu dh rjiQ c<+sxkA rkacs ds ;qx ds i'pkr~ tkuojksa ds ykyu&ikyu dh fn'kk esa cgqr de dke fd;k tkrk
gSA cM+s&cM+s ioZr unh vkSj taxy cus jgsaxsA euq"; esa ?k`.kk de gks tk;sxh] Hk; de gks tkosxk] o
fnekx dks LoPN j[k ldsaxsA
If the world achieves unity and all the Governments are combined, the
picture of the world will entirely change. Life will certainly go with a stronger
pulse, it will breathe, because by them we will be able to remove a hundred
96
infections of body and mind. At present life is dirty and badman will not have
to work hard for his livelihood. In the course of a few generations every little
country down could become an Athens. When the new order based on the
unity of the world comes, there will be no drudgery for man. Much of our hard
labour will be abolished. Machines will do our arduous work. Man will bid
good bye to pick and plough. There will be few lighting or none at all. Teachers
will take the place of police man. A world-wide sanitation will diminish the
number of hospitals, doctors and nurses. With economic justice ushered 1n,
there will be few cheats, shopers , gamblers or speculators Man will get his
hours of Work much reduced.
Some people thinks that there will be no romance or adventure 1n life of
an individual When the social unity of the words is achieved. But they are
wrong. There will be no diminution in romance or adventure. Man will aspire
to control the Sea, sky and space. The high air will clamour for man hood the
deep and dangerous secret places of nature. Man will turn again with renewed
interest to the animal world. Little has been done “since the bronze age in
taming, using animals life around us. There will still be mountains and the
sea there will be jungles and great forests. But man will not hate so much,
fear so much nor cheat so desperately by and they will keep their minds and
bodies cleaner.
PASSAGE-3
,d ckj fdlh us dgk fd tc yksx flusek ns[kus tkrs gSa rks og viuh cqf¼ fVfdV dh f[kM+dh ij NksM+
tkrs gSaA ;fn ge ,slk djrs gSa rks vk/s vkuUn dks [kks nsrs gSa vkSj fiQYe ds mís'; dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA
fopkjksa dks ftl ij fiQYe vk/kfjr gS vkSj ml dky dks] tks rduhf'k;uksa }kjk fopkjksa esa O;Dr dh xbZ gS
tkrs gSa] rks iwjk euksjatu dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd fiQYe ns[kdj ge mls jpukRed cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa]
miyfC/;ksa rFkk vliQyrkvksa dh leh{kk Hkh dj ldrs gSa] rHkh ge vkykspuk djus ds ;ksX; cu tkrs gSaA
izR;sd fp=k dk dksbZ dsUnzh; Hkko rFkk eq[; fo"k; gksrk gSA izR;sd fo"k; fdlh mís'; izkfIr dh ps"Vk
fczfV'k usoh] yqVsjkiu] efnjk] fL=k;k¡ vkSj laxhr ds fy, izksisxsUMk gksA vesfjdk dh ,s'o;Z izo`fÙk]
vFkok O;FkZ dh xjhch dk mUewyu gks] izksisxsUMk dk dqN mís'; gh egRo j[krk gSA ,d fiQYe tks yqV
dks iznf'kZr djrh gS] ekuoh; fodkl vkSj lq[k esa FkksM+h ls gh lgk;rk djrh gS vkSj mls iz'kaluh; Hkh cM+
ls dgh tk ldrh gSA blds foijhr vU; ckrsa leku gksrs gq, Hkh og fiQYe] tks ekuoh; lkgl ij fufeZr gS] dqN
vf/d ljkguh; gksxhA
Someone once said that when people go to cinema they leave their critical
senses at the box office. If we do that-we are missing half of the fun and most
of the point of a film. If we understand the ideas upon which ‘a film is built
and the-art of the technicians by which those ideas are put across, we can
have a full enjoyment, for we can help to create the film as we watch it, we
can appreciate the triumphs or failures of art. We then become qualified to
Criticise.
97
Every film has a basic idea or theme behind it. And every theme is
propaganda for something. Perhaps it is propaganda for the British Navy, for
gangsterism, for wine, women and song, for America prosperity, for Soviet
courage, or for the abolition of unnecessary poverty. What matters is the
worth whileness of true propaganda. A film which merely glorifies gangsterism
adds little to human progress and happiness and can hardly be considered
very worthwhile. A film, on the other hand, that glorifies some aspect of
human courage Will, other things equal, prove much more worthwhile.
PASSAGE-4
eSa (egkRek xka/h) fgUnqLrku dk lsod gw¡ vkSj fgUnqLrku dh lsok djus dk iz;Ru dj jgk gw¡A eSa l
tkfr dh lsok djrk gw¡A eSaus vius izkjfEHkd thou esa lkspk Fkk fd fgUnqLrku dh lsok ekuo lsok ds fo#
gSA T;ksa&T;ksa esjh mez c<+rh xbZ vkSj vk'kk gS] esjh cqf¼ Hkh fodflr gksrh xbZ gS] eSaus vuqHk
kj.kk Bhd FkhA djhc 50 o"kksZa dh tulsok ds ckn] vkt eSa dg ldrk gwa fd ,d jk"Vª lsok fo'o&lsok ls de
ugha gSA esjh ;g /kj.kk vkSj Hkh etcwr gks xbZ gSA ;g fl¼kar cgqr vPNk gSA dsoy bl fl¼kar dks eku
gh lalkj dh fLFkfr lq/j ldrh gS vkSj nqfu;k ds fofHkUu jk"Vªksa dh ikjLifjd bZ";kZ
vLi`';rk
dk vUr gks ldrk gSA
ds fo#¼ vkUnksyu NsM+rs gq, eSaus vius dks fgUnqRo esa lhfer ugha j[kk gSA ;fn fgUnqvksa ds ân; esa
esa nwj dj nh tk, rks ge 'kh?kz gh ;g vuqHko djsaxs fd ge lc ,d gSa] vyx&vyx ughaA
I (Mahatma Gandhi) am a servant of India and I am trying to serve India. I
serve the whole of mankind. I had thought in my early life that the service of
India was not against the service of mankind. As I advance in years and it is
hoped my intellect has also developed. I have realised that my thinking was
right. After about fifty years of public service I can say today that the service
of a country is no less than the service of the world. This thinking of mine
has made this way of thinking stronger. By mere acceptance of this principle
the condition of the world can improve and the mutual jealousy among the
different nations of the world can be ended. While launching a movement
against untouchability I have not confined myself to Hinduism alone If the
sense of untouchability is really removed from the hearts of the Hindus, we
shall Soon realise that we are all one and not different from one another.
PASSAGE-5
^lR;* 'kCn dh mRifÙk ^lr* ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFk gS ^vfLrRo*A lR; ds vfrfjDr okLro esa u dqN vkS
u mldk dksbZ vfLrRo gSA blh dkj.k lEHkor% ^lr* vFkok ^lR;* bZ'oj dk lcls egRoiw.kZ uke gSA okLr
;g dguk vf/d lgh gS fd ^lR;* gh bZ'oj gS ctk; blds fd bZ'oj lR; gSA fdUrq ftl izdkj ge fdlh 'kkld
;k vf/uk;d (tujy) ds fcuk ugha jg ldrs mlh izdkj bZ'oj dks lezkV ;k loZ'kfDreku dgk tkrk gS vkSj
lkekU;r;k ge ,slk dgrs jgsaxsA xgu fopkjksijkUr ;g vuqHko gksxk fd dsoy lr ;k vlR; gh bZ'oj dk uke gSA
The word “Satya (Truth) is derived from Sat, which means ‘being’, Nothing
is or exists in reality except truth. That is why sat or truth is perhaps. the
98
most Important name of God. In fact, it is more correct to say that Truth is
God than to say that God is Truth. But as we cannot do without a ruler or a
General, such names of God as king of kings or the Almighty are and will
remain generally current. On deeper thinking, it will be realised that Sat or
Satya is the only name of God.
PASSAGE-6
euq"; izÑfr ij fot; izkIr dj jgk gSA fdl izdkj\ D;k vius 'kkjhfjd cy ij\ th gk¡] fdUrq ,d ,slh
'kfDr }kjk tks mlls Hkh vf/d cyorh gSA D;k viuh viwoZ lgu 'kfDr }kjk\ th gk¡] fdUrq ,d ,slh 'kfDr }kjk
tks mlls Hkh vf/d 'kfDroku gSA ;g gS mldh fopkj&'kfDr tks bZ'oj&iznÙk gSA fopkjd vc Hkh loksZifj g
fd mls cukus dk bZ'oj dk vfHkizk; FkkA gks ldrk gS fd mls vius fopkj vkSj ladYi dk iwjk iQy ugha fey
ikrk] fdUrq og viuh fopkj&'kfDr ds cy ij ftu mPp yksxksa dk Hkze.k djrk gS] ogk¡ dksbZ /uh euq"; dso
/u&cy ij igqapus dh vkdka{kk ugha dj ldrkA
Man Is mastering Nature. How? By his muscle? Yes, but by something
Stronger than they. By his phenomenal endurance? Yes, but by something
which is mighter than this. By the power to think with which God endowed
him the thinker is still king, as God intended him to be. It may be that he
does not reap the richest harvest, but he travels in those lofty regions to
which the merely moneyed man not aspires.
PASSAGE-7
izR;sd foVkfeu ds ckjs esa jklk;fud rFkk HkkSfrd vk¡dM+ksa ds lexz ;ksx dks dqN ekud vkdkj esa laf{
x;k gS ftlds }kjk fo'kq¼rk rFkk ek=kk crkbZ tk ldrh gSA ;fn fo'kq¼ josankj inkFkZ miyC/ gS rks fo'kq
ds otu ds :i esa ekud vPNh rjg cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn ,slk ugha gS rks vkerkSj ls 'kfDr dk Li"Vhdj.k]
tho oSKkfud bdkb;ksa rFkk bl mís'; ds fy, j[ks x, fo'ks"k uewuksa lfgr ifjHkkf"kr iz.kkfy;ksa }kjk dh xb
esa fd;k tkrk gSA fczfV'k vkS"k/&dks'k 1948] esa fn, x, dbZ foVkfeuksa ds fofucU/ksa ls ekudksa dk C
gSA bu inkFkksZa esa ls dbZ ,sls gSa ftuds fy, ;g crk;k x;k fd mudh ,d vUrjkZ"Vªh; ek=kk fdruh gksuh
The sum total of chemical and physical data regarding each vitamin is
summarized in, some form of standard by which purity and dosage can be
expressed. If a pure crystalline substance is available the standard is best
expressed as a weight of the pure substance. If not, the potency is usually;
expressed in biological units And comparison made by defined methods With
a special sample kept for the purpose. Monographs on several of the, vitamins
included in the British Pharmacopoeia, 1948,give details of standards. For
many of these substances an international unit has been defined.
99
BASIC TEST : Time & Tense
1. When you will find out (A)/ any solution to this problem (B)/ you will
become able (C)/ to finalise the project (D)/ No Error (E).
2. Whenever (A)/ you are coming here (B)/ you bring a lot of (C)/sweets for
me (D)/ No Error (E).
3. Galileo said (A)/ that the earth (B)/went round the sun (C)/No Error (D).
4. I have come (A)/ to know that your (B)/ father has died (C)/ last week
(D)/ No Error (D).
5. Many of my friends (A)/ wished to come here (B)/ today but (C)/ none of
them arrived yet (D)/ No Error (E).
6. If I was you (A)/ I would have told (B)/ the chairman to keep (C)/ his
mouth shut (D)/ No Error (E).
7. Monu have (A)/ been sleeping (B)/ for four hours (C)/ No Error (D).
8. As soon as (A)/ you will come here (B)/ I will give you money (C)/ No
Error (D).
9. The old man who is sitting in that room (A)/ lived here for more than (B)/
a month but he has never created (C) / any problem (D)/ No Error (E).
10. The thief was caught (A)/ after he has disposed of (B)/ the stolen goods
(C)/ No Error (D).
Fill in the Blanks with appropriate forms of the Verbs given in brackets :
1. I reached home after the sun. (set)
2. When she came into the house, her dress (be) dirty.
3. If he had come on time, I would (help) him.
4. She (go) to Delhi last night.
5. If I (be) a bird, I would fly.
Translate Into English:

1- og lqcg ls rqEgkjk bUrtkj dj jgh gS vkSj rqe mlls feyuk ugha pkgrs gksA
2- rqEgsa vaxzsth cksyuk pkfg, Fkk D;ksafd rqe fnYyh esa jgrs gksA
3- eSa rqEgsa tku jgk gw¡ fd rqe bZekunkj gksA
4- esjk nksLr dy ckEcs x;k gSA
5- VsLV eSp dy 'kq: gksxkA
100
5 TIME & TENSE ADVANCE
TEST 1 TO 10
Test - 1: Time & Tense Advance

1. Her mother told him that the sun 5. She talks as if she ...........
...................... in the east. ............. mad.
(a) rose (a) is
(b) is rising (b) was
(c) will rise (c) were
(d) rises (d) had
(e) have risen (e) has been
2. I asked Babita if Savitri ....... 6. I order her about as if she
already been married. .................. my wife.
(a) has (a) is
(b) have (b) was
(c) had (c) had
(d) would have (d) were
(e) will have (e) will be
3. If they ................. early. they 7. I ..................... many countries
would have caught the train. before I returned from England.
(a) left (a) saw
(b) have left (b) have seen
(c) had left (c) had seen
(d) would have left (d) has been seeing
(e) leave (e) would have seen
4. She...................in Calcutta for 8. I ...........the newspaper when
three years before the year 1992. Satish came.
(a) was living (a) is reading
(b) has been living (b) read
(c) would have been living (c) has read
(d) had been (d) was reading
(e) is living (e) has been reading
101
9. Mr. Sinha helped us more than 19. Foolishly Dhananjay threw (1) /
he ................. his own students. some water on the electric heater
(a) helped (2) / when it catches fire (3) / and
he got a shock. (4) / No error (5)
(b) has helped
20. What does a person do (1) / as a
(c) helps
social worker should (2) / be the
(d) is helping same as what (3) / he does as an
(e) had helped individual. (4) / No error (5)
10. They worked hard lest they (Answer with Explanation)
................... in the examination. 1. (d) rises
(a) will fail 2. (c) had
(b) failed 3. (c) had left
(c) should fail 4. (d) had been
(d) fail 5. (c) were
(e) must have failed 6. (d) were
11. If Manish comes here. (1) / I 7. (c) had seen
would help him (2) / to the best of 8. (d) was reading
my knowledge. (3) / No error (4) 9. (a) helped
12. The Film started (1) / before we 10. (c) should fail
reached (2) / because we were 11. (1) if Manish comes here dh txg If
late. (3) / No error (4) Manish came here
13. I am a bit worried (1) / because
12. (1) The film started dh txg The film
(2) / I didn't see him yet (3) / No
had started
error (4)
13. (3) I did not see him yet dh txg I have
14. Ravi told me (1) / that this was
not seen him yet
his ideal (2) / for a long time (3) /
No error (4) 14. (2) was dh txg had been gksxkA
15. I will not go (1) / until (2) / I 15. (3) I finished my work dh txg I finish
finished my work. (3)/ No error (4) my work
16. Sanjay is writing (1) / at the time 16. (1) Sanjay is writing dh txg Sanjay
(2) / I visited him. (3)/No error (4) was writing
17. Prashant opened the box (1) / and 17. (2) had taken out dh txg took out
had taken out the gun (2) / in a gksxkA
rage. (3) / No error (4)
18. (3) take place dh txg took place
18. If it were possible (1) / to get near
when (2) / one of the volcanic 19. (3) when it catches fire dh txg when
eruptions take place (3) / we it caught fire
should see a grand sight. (4) / No 20. (1) What does a person do dh txg what
error (5) a person does
102
1. When Bankesh went out (1) / 10. Md. Rashid asked the dealer (1)
he left the radio on (2) / so that / what was the price (2) / of that
his parents shall think (3) / bicycle and whether (3) / it is
that he was still in the house. really made in Japan. (4) / No
(4) / No error (5) error (5)
2. The father told his son (1) / that Directions :- Fill in the blanks with
he was a lazy boy (2) / and that the correct forms of verbs from the
he has done (3) / his work very word given in bracket.
badly. (4) / No error (5) 11. The film .....................before we
3. He confidently asked the reached. (start)
crowd (1) / if they thought that 12. They ....................their work by
(2) / he was right (3) / and 2 pm. (finish)
the crowd shouted that they 13. He ..................... for magazines
do. (4) / No error (5) and earns. (Write)
4. If I would have realized (1) / what 14. I wish I ........... a minister. (be)
a bad driver you were (2) / I
15. Water ............ into ice. (change)
would not have (3) / come with
you. (4) / No error (5) 16. I .................her since she went
from here. (not see)
5. He could succeed (1) / in
catching the ball (2) / before it 17. We shall not go if it .................
reaches (3) / the boundary line. (rain)
(4) / No error (5) 18. The first world war .............. in
6. I alongwith my friend (1) / have 1914. (begin)
been doing (2) it five times (3) / 19. She / He ................... busy in
since yesterday. (4)/No error (5) work at that moment. (be)
7. If he spoke clearly, (1) / I would 20. I ................... a book, when she
understand (2) / the problems came. (read)
and (3) / helped him. (4) / No (Answer with Explanation)
error (5) 1. (3) ‘Shall think’ dh txg ‘Should
8. She spends money (1) / as think’ gksxk] D;ksafd Past
okD;Tense
though she (2) / would be (3) /
dk Structure ij vk/kfjr gSA vr%
Shall
very rich woman.(4)/No error(5)
dh txg should gksxkA
9. I am trying to finish (1) / this
letter for the last one hour (2) / 2. (3) ‘that he has done’ dh txg ‘that
I wish you would (3) / go away he had done’ gksxk] D;ksafd fn;k x;k okD;
or stop disturbing me. (4) / No Past Tense ds Structure ij vk/kfjr
error (5)
gSA
103
3. (4) ‘they do dh txg ‘they did’ gksxkA8. (3) 'would be' dh txg 'were' gksxk]
4. (1) ‘If I would have realized’ dh D;ksafd'If only / I wish / Although'
txg ‘If I had realized’ gksxk] D;ksafd okD; ds cknSimple Past Tense dk iz;ksx
Unreal Past Conditional fd;k tkrk gSA
Structure ij vk/kfjr gSA 9. (1) 'I am trying to finish' dh txg 'I
5. (3) ‘It reaches’ dh txg ‘it reached’ have been trying to finish' gksxkA
gksxkA 10. (4) 'It is really made in Japan' dh
6. (2) ‘have been doing’ dh txg ‘have txg it was really made in Japan
done’ gksxk] D;ksafd orZeku ds
Repeated gksxkA
Action ds fy, Present Perfect 11. Had started
Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 12. Will finish
7. (4) ‘helped him’ dh txg ‘help him’ 13. Writes
gksxk] D;ksafd
would (Modal verb) ds ckn 14. Were
nksverbs (understand rFkkhelped) 15. Changes
dksconjunction ls tksM+k x;k gSA vr%16.
nksuksa
Have not seen
Main verbs dksV1 Form esa gksuk pkfg,]
17. Rains
D;ksafd
Modal verb ds ckn ges'kk
V1 Form 18. Began
dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 19. Was
20. Was reading
104
1. Sainky was seeing (1) / the boy 12. Payal told me that she ................
who (2) / was playing in the out for a walk every morning.
ground. (3) / No error (4) (a) went (b) goes
2. Alok carried her (1) / about for a (c) had gone (d) has gone
year before she died, (2)/when he
(e) will go
was a small boy. (3) / No error (4)
13. She told her mother that Sonam
3. If Deepak had been with us (1) /
................ her there the previous
from the beginning (2) / we would
day.
be much happier. (3)/No error (4)
(a) met (b) meets
4. Anshu speaks (1) / as if he knows
(2) / all about the incident (3) / (c) had met (d) would meet
No error (4) (e) have had met
5. The teacher told the class (1) / 14. The Principal .....................the
that the earth is moving (2) / peon to let the girl come in.
round the sun. (3) / No error (4) (a) said to (b) has said
6. As soon as sujeet saw the tiger, (c) ordered to (d) ordered
(1) / he run (2) / and climbed up
(e) says
the tree. (3) / No error (4)
15. Sushma said that she .................
7. The teacher said to me, (1) /
finished her work by 10 a.m.
"Does he writes everyday (2) / and
memories the notes?"(3) / No (a) will have (b) has
error (4) (c) had (d) would has
8. Payal will write to me (1) / as soon (e) would have
as (2) / she will arrive home. (3) 16. Sarita said that she would go
/ No error (4) home...........
9. Rakesh has already gone (1) / (a) tomorrow
before the (2) / roof fell down to
(b) yesterday
the earth. (3) / No error (4)
(c) the previous day
10. Prabhakar told me (1) / that he is
a man (2) / of high thoughts. (3) / (d) the next day
No error (4) (e) today
Fill in the Blank:- 17. They told us that man ...............a
11. I shall tell you when she............. social animal.
(a) will come (b) come (a) is (b) was
(c) comes (d) is coming (c) had been (d) will be
(e) came (e) has
105
18. The little girl confessed that she 3. (3) 'would be' dh txg 'would have
.......... the glass. been' gksxkA
(a) broke (b) had broken
4. (2) 'as if he knows' dh txg 'as if he
(c) breaks (d) will break
knew' gksxkA
(e) will have broken
5. (2) 'is moving' dh txg 'moves' gksxkA
19. When I............my bath, I went to
have a sleep. 6. (2) 'he run' dh txg 'he ran' gksxkA
(a) had taken (b) took 7. (2) does he writes dh txg does he
(c) have taken (d) take write gksxkA
(e) shall take 8. (3) she will arrive home dh txg she
20. The child ........................any food arrives home gksxkA
until he has remembered his
9. (1) Rakesh has already gone dh txg
lesson.
Rakesh had already gone gksxkA
(a) would not get
(b) will not get 10. (2) is dh txg was
(c) gets 11.(c) comes
(d) had got 12.(a) went
(e) got 13.(c) had met
(Answer with Explanation) 14.(d) ordered
1. (1) 'Sainky was seeing' dh txg 15.(e) would have
'Sainky saw' gksxkA 16.(d) the next day
17.(a) is
2. (1) 'Alok carried her' dh txg 'Alok
18.(b) had broken
had carried her' gksxkA
19.(a) had taken
20.(b) will not get
106
1. He ought (1) / no have (2) / done Directions :- Fill in the blanks with
such a (3) / filthy thing (4) / No the correct forms of verbs from the
error (5) word given in bracket.
2. She said that (1) / she did not 11. My brother .................home just
went (2) / to her husband (3) / at now. (come)
the cost of her prestige. (4) / No 12. Yesterday my brother ..................
error (5) till 10. P.M. (not come)
3. We could not know (1) / why was 13. I ...................... my house before
she (2) / so gloomy and angry (3) you come to see me. (leave)
/ with herself. (4) / No error (5)
14. This teacher ..............in this
4. The criminal dares not (1) / go school since 1985. (teach)
out (2) / because he is afraid of
15. He ...................in Patna before
(3) / being recognised by police.
coming here. (live)
(4) / No error (5)
16. Anant ...............to school by bus
5. Had you have helped (1) / me in
everyday. (come)
time (2) / I would have (3) / got
success. (4) / No error (5) 17. Her husband..................home
yet. (not reach)
6. The question is (1) / so
complicated that (2) / it could not 18. You.........my younger brother
be (3) / solved immediately. (4) / yesterday. (meet)
No error (5) 19. The train ................. ten minutes
7. The cricketers admitted (1) / that before I reached the station.
they were practising (2) / hard (leave)
for the (3) / last six months. (4) / 20. We soon .......... that we ........ our
No error (5) way (find, lose)
8. The chief idea of (1) / very (Answer with Explanation)
common type traveller (2) / is to 1. (2) 'not have' dh txg 'not to have'
see as many objects (3) / of
gksxk] D;ksafd
ought ds lkFk ges'kk
to dk
interest as he possibly could. (4)/
No error (5) iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
9. Rajesh finished his work (1) / just 2. (2) 'she did not went' dh txg 'she
before (2) / you came to see him did not go' gksxk] D;ksafd
verb to 'do' ds
(3) / at his residence. (4) / No ckn ges'kk
V1 Form dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
error (5)
3. (2) 'why was she' dh txg 'why she
10. Rakesh asked me (1) / Why was I
angry (2) / at his remarks (3) / was' gksxk] D;ksafd
Indirect speech esa
which he had not made clause dk Pattern Affirmative
deliberately. (4) / No error (5) (S+V) gksrk gS] u Interrogative.
fd
107
4. (1) The criminal dares not dh txg gksxk
'The criminal dare not' gksxkA 10. (2) 'Why was I angry' dh txg 'Why
5. (1) 'Had you have helped dh txg I was angry' gksxkA
Had you helped ;k If you had 11. Came
helped gksxkA 12 Did not come
6. (3) it could not be dh txg it cannot 13. Will not leave/will leave
be gksxkA 14. Has been teaching
7. (2) that they were practising dh 15. Was living
txg that they had been practising 16. Comes
gksxkA 17. Has not reached

18. Met
8. (4) could dh txg can gksxkA
19. Had left
9. (1) 'Rajesh finished his work dh
20. Found, have lost
txg Rajesh had finished his work
108
Practice Set 1 [Time & Tense]
1. Three kilometres beyond (a)/ 11. We shall wait (a)/ until he
that pasture was seen (b)/ writes (b)/ his next book. (c)/
thousands of cattle and some No error (d)
horses. (c) / No error (d) 12. They will not plant (a)/ the
2. Behaving in a calm and serious cotton until the rain (b)/ will
way, (a) / even in a difficult fall. (c)/ No error (d)
situation, (b)/ make people 13. Please excuse / me coming /
respect you. (c) / No error (d) late. / No error
3. This change of time table (a) / 14. Much to our regret the train left
will mean us to leave (b)/ much / before we reached / the
earlier every day. (c)/ No error (d) station last night. / No error
4. Let us go to the cafe (a)/ when 15. I would like him to go / to a
the movie (b)/ will be over. (c)/ university but I can't / make
him to go. / No error
No error (a)
16. The unscrupulous nature / of
5. He insisted (a)/ on (b)/ to go
Mr. Bajaj was / upset everybody
there. (c)/ No error (a)
/ No error
6. I will not move (a) / from here
17. School offers many opportunities
(b)/ until you will get back. (c)/
of meeting helpful people, /
No error (d)
reading helpful books and /
7. By the next August (a)/ he will obtain information about
write his (b)/ second book on careers. / No error
Thermodynamics. (c)/ No error (d) 18. Students who / waste their
8. The request of the workers' time / fails in exams. / No error
union (a)/ that their wages 19. If I would be a millionaire /I
should be increased (b)/ were would not be wasting my time
supported by a vast majority. / waiting for a bus. / No error
(c)/ No error (d) 20. Indigenous medicines, which
9. The government has failed (a)/ have little side-effects, / are
to provide financial aid to (b)/ cheaper and distinctly superior
those affected by the floods. (c)/ than / modern allopathic drugs
No error (d) in certain respects /No error (d)
10. An airplane with several 21. There is no denying/that he
passengers on board (a)/ made enjoys/to listen to the radio./No
unscheduled landings as the error
airport to which it was heading 22. Unless you do not take / care
(b)/ was covered with thick fog. of your health/you will continue
(c/ No error (d) to suffer. / No error
109
23. In a bid to making a complete 8. (c) Replace 'were' with 'was'
overhaul / of the school 9. (d) No error
education, the government is 10. (b) Replace 'unscheduled
working / towards setting up a landings' with 'an unscheduled
state education board. / No landing'
error
11. (d) No error
24. The bill was drafted / by the
12. (c) Replace 'will fall' with 'falls'
International Labour
Organisation and submit / to 13. (b) Replace 'me' by 'my'
the government a few months 14. (a) Change 'left' to 'had left'
ago. / No error (d) 15. (c) Delete 'to' before 'go'
25. We are working closely with 16. (b) Remove 'was'
India / to find ways to / 17. (c) Replace 'obtain' with
promoting the transition to a 'obtaining'
low carbon, clean energy 18. (c) Replace 'fails' with 'fail'
future. / No error (d)
19. (a) Replace 'would be' by 'were'
(Answer with Explanation)
20. (b) The correct form is '...cheaper
1. (b) Replace 'was' with 'were' than and distinctly superior to...'
2. (c) Replace 'make' with 'makes' 21. (c) 'To listen' should be 'listening'.
3. (b) 'to leave' should be 'leaving' The verb 'enjoy' is followed by
4. (c) Replace 'will be over' with 'is gerund.
over'/ends' 22. (a) Remove 'do not'
5. (c) Replace 'to go' by 'going' 23. (a) Replace 'making' with 'make'
6. (c) 'you will get back' should be 24. (b) Replace 'submit' with
'you get back' 'submitted'
7. (b) Replace 'will write' with 'will 25. (c) Replace 'promoting' with
have written' 'promote'
110
1. Whether you should get married should be introduced. (c)/ No
now (a)/ or whether you should error (d)
remain single all (b)/ your life 11. He always (a)/ likes seeing
are your personal problem. (c)/ them (b)/ to play together and
No error (d) running about. (c)/ No error (d)
2. It is newspapers (a)/ that gives 12. I learnt from my father (a)/ that
(b)/ us news. (c)/ No error (d) honesty was (b)/ the best policy.
3. He is serving under me for (a)/ (c)/ No error (d)
the last several years but (b)/ I 13. You can't consider (a)/ to buy a
cannot claim even today that I new car (b)/ before selling the
have understood him thoroughly. old one. (c)/ No error (d)
(c)/ No error (d) 14. We saw him to walk (a)/ in the
4. She never (a)/ minds the park (b)/ on the way home. (c)/
children (b)/ to play in the No error (d)
garden. (c)/ No error (d) 15. We will pack not only (a)/ the
5. My sister likes (a)/ to read material property but will also
crime novels (b)/ but hates deliver it (b)/ to your valued
criminals. (c)/ No error (d) customers. (c)/ No error (d)
6. You had better to stop (a)/ your 16. Those who deceives (a)/ others
work for some time and listen (b)/ are (b)/ deceived in return. (c)/
to what I say (c)/ No error (d) No error (d)
7. I will come (a)/ to see you (b)/ 17. We should be strong enough (a)/
if I will have time. (c)/ No error to supporting our family (b)/ in
(d) times of need. (c)/ No error (d)
8. The teachers faces the same 18. He said that his briefcase (a)/
problems (a)/ in their day to day had been stolen and that (b)/
lives (b)/ as does an ordinary he was lefted without any
man in our society. (c)/ No error money. (c)/ No error (d)
(d) 19. He seemed to me (a)/ to be the
9. Deemed universities charge embodiment of strength and
huge fees, (a)/ but has not been courage (b)/ far above all the
successful (b)/ in providing men I saw. (c)/ No error (d)
quality education to our 20. The prisoners walked slowly
students. (c)/ No error (d) (a)/ for they knew that as soon
10. Each faculty member as well as as they cross (b)/ the gate the
(a)/ most of the students were jailor would ask them to jog. (c)/
of the view that (b)/ new courses No error (d)
111
21. He never recollected (a)/ his 7. (a) Delete ' will' before ' have' No
grandfather to say (b)/ that his verb in future tense can come
job was odd. (c)/ No error (d) after temporal conjunctions.
22. By adopting an agitational 8. (a) Replace 'faces' with 'face'
approach the Association of 9. (b) Replace 'has not been' with
resident doctors have (a)/ lost 'have not been'
the goodwill of the government 10. (b) Replace 'were' with 'was'
(b)/ and the sympathy of the
11. (c) 'to play together' should be
people. (c)/ No error (d)
'playing together'.
23. Mr. Anand kept me (a)/ to wait
12. (b) Replace 'was' by 'is' With
for a long time before answering
universal truths, verb is used in
(b)/ my question. (c)/ No error
present tense.
(d)
13. (b) 'to buy a new car' should be
24. During the course of the
'buying a new car'
investigation (a)/ the police
learned that the house (b)/ was 14. (b) 'him to walk' should be 'him
deliberately set on fire. (c)/ No walking'
error (d) 15. (a) Place 'not only' before 'pack'
25. The radio broadcasted last instead of after 'pack'
night (a)/ that the temperature 16. (a) Replace 'deceives' with
in Kashmir valley (b)/ would go 'deceive'
below the freezing point. (c)/ No 17. (b) Replace 'supporting' with
error (d) 'support'
(Answer with Explanation) 18. (c) Replace Tefted' with 'left'
1. (c) Replace 'are' with 'is' 19. (c) Replace 'saw' with 'had seen'
2. (b) Replace 'gives' with 'give' 20. (b) Change 'cross' to 'crossed'
3. (a) Change 'is serving' to 'has 21. (b) 'his grandfather to say should
been serving' be his grandfather saying
4. (c)' to play' should be changed to 22. (a) Replace 'have' with 'has'
'playing' 23. (b) Replace 'to wait' by 'waiting'
5. (b) 'to read' should be 'reading' 24. (b) Replace 'learned' with 'learnt'
6. (a) Delete 'to' before 'stop' 'to' 25. (a) Replace 'broadcasted' with
infinitive is omitted with verbs 'broadcast'
like 'would rather', 'had better'
etc.
112
1. The publisher says that there 13. He dreads (a)/ taking
is (a)/ many important details examinations (b)/ for fear of to
to attend to (c)/ before this book fail. (c)/ No error (d)
gets printed. (c)/ No error (d) 14. Do you mind me to see (a)/ your
2. The news of (a)/ the tragedy photos (b)/ again. (c)/ No error
were (b)/ brought by him. (c)/ (d)
No error (d) 15. My father asked me (a)/ where
3. It is easy (a)/ distinguishing (b)/ had I kept my clothes before
this house from that. (c)/ No (b)/ taking a dip in the river.
error (d) (c)/ No error (d)
4. I will write (a)/ to you (b)/ when 16. After a while, keep the ever
I leave Australia. (c)/No error (d) growing (a)/ organisation under
5. I will come (a)/ to see you (b)/ control becomes (b)/ the
before I leave for Denmark. (c)/ primary challenge. (c)/ No error
No error (d) (d)
6. Do not (a)/ get down the bus 17. Only one dispute has been
(b)/ till it will stop. (c)/ No error settled (a)/ and the others left
(d) to (b)/ the disputing parties to
7. Can anyone (a)/ imagine me settle. (c)/ No error (d)
(b)/ to wear a red or blue tie? 18. I fear the country will (a)/
(c)/ No error (d) plunge into a civil war (b)/
8. If I was you, (a)/1 would not (b)/ unless steps are taken to
stand this humiliation. (c)/ No suppressing it. (c)/ No error (d)
error (d) 19. You (a)/ cannot forbid (b)/ him
9. We should not forget that we coming. (c)/ No error (d)
have (a)/ certain rights but at 20. I can play the piano (a)/ to you
the same time, each of us (b)/ now (b)/ but I am afraid of to
have to remember our duties annoy you. (c)/ No error (d)
also. (c)/ No error (d) 21. What we (a)/ wanted were not
10. Many a girl (a)/ have seen (b)/ large houses with (b)/ modern
the movie. (c)/ No error (d) conveniences but small
11. If (a)/ it snowed tomorrow (b)/ cottages. (c)/ No error (d)
we'll go skiing. (c)/ No error (d) 22. The Management Committee
12. Had you informed me earlier has requested me (a)/ to not
(a)/1 would have certainly take any action unless and until
purchase (b)/ the laptop from (b)/ to I don't see all the
you. (c)/ No error (d) documents. (c)/ No error to (d)
113
23. Most of the rivers (a)/ in Bihar 10. (b) Replace 'has seen' with 'have
and West Bengal (b)/ have seen'
overflown their banks. (c)/ No 11. (b) Change'snowed'to'snows'
error (d) 12. (b)Change 'purchase' to 'purchased'
24. The audience still flock to his 13. (c) 'to fail' should be ' of failing '
concerts (a)/ to hear him to
14. (a) 'me to see' should be 'my
sing as (b)/ they perceive a
seeing' The verb 'mind' is followed
sense of purity in his music. (c)/
by gerund and by infinitive.
No error (d)
15. (b) Change 'had I' to ' I had '
25. He seated in this (a)/
examination five times but (b)/ 16. (a) Replace 'keep' with 'keeping'
he could not clear it. (c)/ No 17. (b) Replace 'others left to' with
error (d) 'others have been left'
(Answer with Explanation) 18. (c) Replace 'suppressing' with
1. (a) Replace 'is' with 'are' 'suppress'
2. (b) Replace 'were' with 'was' 19. (d) Change 'coming' to 'come'
3. (b) Replace 'distinguishing' with 20. (d) 'to annoy' should be 'annoying'
'to distinguish' Infinitive should Gerund should be used after
be used here. verbs ending in gerund.
4. (d) No error 21. (b) Replace 'were' by 'was'
5. (d) No error 22. (c) Replace 'don't see' by 'have

seen'
6. (c) Change 'will stop' to 'stops'
No future tense is used after 23. (c) Replace 'overflown' with
temporal conjunction. 'Till' is a 'overflowed'
temporal conjunction. 24. (b) Remove 'to' before 'sing'. The
7. (c) 'to wear' should be 'wearing' sentence should be '.. .to hear
him sing as...'
8. (a) Replace 'was' with 'were'
25. (a) Replace 'seated' with 'sat'
9. (c) Replace 'have' with 'has'
114
Sentence Improvement
1. The blue whales was thriving in decades, from the range of the
all of the world's oceans until the empire-waist dresses of the
turn of the century, at which time 1960s to the legwarmers of the
they became hunted to the point 1980s.
of extinction. (a) from ranging the
(a) The blue whale was thriving (b) ranging from the
in all of the world's oceans (c) and ranging from the
until the turn of the century
(d) No improvement
(b) Blue whales were thriving
6. The National Oceanic and
in all of the world's oceans
Atmospheric Administration has
until the turn of the century
urged coastal residents to
(c) The blue whale had been develop a family evacuation plan,
thriving in all of the world's organize important documents
oceans until the turn of the and valuables, creating a
century disaster supply kit for use in the
(d) No improvement car and at the evacuation
2. Never before so many graduates destination.
been unemployed as today. (a) to create a disaster supply
(a) Never before have kit for use
(b) Never before has (b) creating a disaster supply kit
(c) Have never before for using
(d) No improvement (c) and create a disaster supply
3. It has become a fashion to talk kit for use
about exercise restraint. (d) No improvement
(a) restraining exercises 7. It was a week since he came to
(b) exercising restraint work.
(c) exercise without restraint (a) shall be a week
(d) No improvement (b) has been a week
4. If you would have been careful, (c) had been a week
you could have avoided the (d) No improvement
accident. 8. All the allegations levelled
(a) If you have been against him were found to be
(b) Would you had been baseless.
(c) Had you been (a) levelled for
(d) No improvement (b) level against
5. This season's style is an eclectic (c) levelling with
mix of fashions from past (d) No improvement
115
9. We are quite sure that he will weak and oppressed for the last
have proved his merit in any four decades.
forthcoming competition. (a) has championed the cause of
(a) will have to prove (b) had championed the cause for
(b) will be prove (c) has been championing the
(c) will prove cause of
(d) No Improvement (d) No improvement
10. Five years ago today, I am sitting 14. When the chief guest will arrive,
in a small Japanese car, driving the band will play the National
across Poland towards Berlin. Anthem.
(a) was sitting (a) arrives
(b) have been sitting (b) will be arriving
(c) sat
(c) has arrived
(d) No improvement
(d) No improvement
11. It is easier walking than run.
15. When we reached the theatre,
(a) easier walking to running the film began already.
(b) easier to walk than to run
(a) was beginning
(c) easier walking than running
(b) had begun
(d) No improvement
(c) has had begun
12. Unlike Freud's belief that the
(d) No improvement
unconscious was solely a
storehouse of repressed 16. I told him clearly that he hadn't
memories, Jung asserted that ought to do that to me.
the unconscious also contained (a) ought not have done
creative reservoirs. (b) ought not done
(a) Freud and his belief that (c) hasn't ought to do
the unconscious was solely (d) No improvement
a storehouse of repressed
17. Scientists believe that all
memories
domestic dogs originally have
(b) the belief of Freud that descended from three dogs that
states the unconscious is lived in China over 15,000 years
solely a storehouse of ago.
repressed memories
(a) descended by three dogs
(c) Freud, who believed that the
that lived in China
unconscious was solely a
(b) descended from three dogs
storehouse of repressed
that lived in China
memories
(d) No improvement (c) have descended from three
dogs living in China
13. The social worker has
championed the cause for the (d) No improvement
116
18. All the members of the club were 23. The criminal as well as his
assembled to celebrate the 50th accomplice was arrested.
anniversary of the club. (a) is arrested
(a) were assembling to celebrate (b) were arrested
(b) assembled to celebrating (c) has arrested
(c) had assembled to celebrate (d) No improvement
(d) No improvement 24. While global warming had
19. He cordially enquired how was already made the Hudson River
a seeming fragile ecosystem, the
my health.
introduction of invasive species
(a) my health was
has the potential to destroy
(b) my health had nearly all of the aquatic plants
(c) my health is and animals that inhabit the
(d) No Improvement river.
20. Many a man have been going to (a) While global warming has
the circus lately. already made the Hudson
River a seemingly fragile
(a) Many a men have been
ecosystem
(b) Many a man are
(b) Global warming had already
(c) Many a man has been made the Hudson River a
(d) No improvement seemingly fragile ecosystem
21. The car which is stopped by the (c) Global warming has already
policemen contained smuggled made the Hudson River a
goods. seeming fragile ecosystem
(a) The car that was stopped (d) No improvement
(b) The car that has been 25. This disease has eradicated in
stopped most of the third world nations.
(a) is eradicated
(c) The car which had been
stopped (b) has been eradicated
(d) No improvement (c) has been eradicating
22. We have been look forward to the (d) No improvement

arrival for the new machinery for PRACTICE SET 4
two weeks, 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. c
(a) looked forward for 7. b 8. d 9. c 10. a 11. b 12.c
(b) looked forward at 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. b 18.c
(c) looking forward to 19. a 20. c 21. a 22. c 23. d 24.a
(d) No improvement 25. b
117
Time & Tense Advance [FILL IN THE BLANKS]
SET-1 (a) take
Direction: Write the letter (a, b, c or d) (b) takes
of correct answer in brackets. (c) has taken
1. While he.............someone took (d) had taken
away his watch.
7. I went to the bath room .............
(a) slept my clothes and had a nice bath.
(b) was sleeping (a) taken off
(c) is sleeping (b) have taken off
(d) had slept (c) took off
2. He.............to that school for the (d) taking off
last two years. 8. If you ............. me I would have
(a) had been going attended your party.
(b) is going (a) invite
(c) was going (b) had invited
(d) had going (c) invited
3. M. know that you.............up the (d) will invite
idea of hearing Sanskrit. 9. The girls.............volley-ball for
(a) will have given two hours and they have not
(b) have given finished yet.
(c) have been given (a) were playing
(d) give (b) played
4. If it........this afternoon, we shall (c) are playing
stay at home. (d) have been playing
(a) has rained 10. The leaves of the tree.............
(b) had rained green in spite of no rains this
year.
(c) rained
(a) is
(d) rains
(b) are
5. It is time for you.............to bed.
(c) were
(a) go
(d) was
(b) to go
11. If the players had played well,
(c) gone
they.............the match.
(d) went
(a) won
6. Although the police.............every
(b) would have won
precaution, the robber managed
(c) win
to escape.
(d) would win
118
12. I have been knocking at the door 18. The boys.............television every
for ten minutes but nobody ........... night unless they have homework.
it yet. (a) watch
(a) opened (b) watches
(b) has opened (c) watched
(c) opens (d) watching
(d) is opening 19. Maria.............an appointment to

see the doctor. It is at 10.00 am
13. Two years ago we..........a Monday
tomorrow.
in Mt. Abu.
(a) make
(a) spend
(b) makes
(b) were spending (c) made
(c) spent (d) has made
(d) will spend 20. She was also deaf and she
14. We.............for half an hour when ............. to speak.
the other team arrived. (a) had not learnt
(a) waited (b) won’t learn
(b) were waiting (c) couldn’t learn
(c) have been waiting (d) was learning
(d) are waiting 21. She.............everything in the
garden and then she ran into the
15. Would that I.............The king.
house.
(a) were
(a) had been touching
(b) am
(b) could touch
(c) have been (c) might be touched
(d) was (d) touched
16. You had better.............at once. 22. I am a merchant I.............rice and
(a) start wheat.
(b) started (a) sell
(c) starting (b) sold
(d) to start (c) have sold
17. Dutch people.............high walls (d) shall be selling
and around Holland’s coast. 23. He.............no one the city and
didn’t know where to go.
(a) have made
(a) has known
(b) made
(b) will be knowing
(c) have been making
(c) knew
(d) were making
(d) had been knowing
119
24. Three weeks later a ship came to 28. They .......... when they are ready.
the land the merchant said (a) come
he.............to go home in it. (b) came
(a) want (c) will come
(b) is wanting (d) have come
(c) wanted 29. Judy.............watching horror
(d) will want films although she has nightmares
25. The corporal at once turned round afterwards.
and said as if he.............an (a) like
Emperor. (b) likes
(a) was (c) liked
(b) were (d) will like
(c) had 30. It ............. every afternoon for the
(d) is past week. The weather forecast
26. If I took hold of something predicts rain for next week too.
electrified the electricity ............. (a) is raining
through my body into the ground. (b) was raining
(a) rushes (c) has been raining
(b) would rush (d) had been raining
(c) will rush ANSWER
(d) must rush 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
27. Unless electricity is.............you 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
cannot see it. 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a)
(a) is jumping 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c)
(b) jump 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b)
(c) had jumped 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
(d) jumped
120
Time & Tense Advance [FILL IN THE BLANKS]
SET-2 6. She.............younger than you,
1. I.............the door before I realized isn’t she ?
that the keys were inside the (a) were
house. (b) are
(a) lock (c) am
(b) locked (d) is
(c) has locked 7. I shall not reach the shops before
(d) had locked they.............
2. He.............both hands as high as (a) had closed
he could above his head: (b) closed
(a) raises (c) close
(b) has been raising (d) had been closing
(c) can raise 8. It’s lovely to wake up in the
(d) raised morning and .............birds
3. Soon the king began to like him singing.
because he.............may stories (a) hear
and jokes. (b) hears
(a) that told (c) heard
(b) could tell (d) hearing
(c) tells 9. If you are on the look out
(d) is telling you.............many new birds
around you during the winter
4. When Neelam.............her first
months.
pay, she bought presents for her
(a) would see
parents.
(b) will see
(a) receive
(c) had been seeing
(b) received
(d) have been-seeing
(c) has received
10. Mari.............to find out the reason
(d) had received
why birds undertake such
5. I cannot go back home until
strenuous and hazardous
she.............down. journey.
(a) settled (a) has tried
(b) settles (b) will try
(c) had settled (c) had been trying
(d) must be setting (d) was trying
121
11. Do you know there.............many 17. I’m sorry the house is not available
bird sancturies in India ? any longer. It.............to a timber
(a) is tycoon.
(b) was (a) is sold
(c) are (b) was being sold
(d) had (c) has been sold
12. A battalion.............to march (d) will be sold
across the borders and kill event 18. Sonu...........to Manhattan is 1997.
the civilians. (a) is transferred
(a) ordered (b) was transferred
(b) is being ordered (c) has been transferred
(c) will be ordered (d) should be transferred
(d) had been ordered 19. Passengers.............to smoke in
13. The soldiers.............of thirst and the train.
hunger. (a) are not allowed
(a) were dying (b) was not allowed
(b) are dying (c) had not allowed
(c) have been dying (d) will not allow
(d) had been dying 20. When I grow up I.............to
14. Aaron.............$80.00 for that bag. England.
(a) pay (a) shall go
(b) paid (b) go
(c) pays (c) have gone
(d) paying (d) went
15. When I went back to my hometown 21. It’s time we.............that ladder
three years ago, I found that a lot home.
of changes............. (a) got
(a) are taken place (b) get
(b) were taken place (c) will get
(c) have taken place (d) are getting
(d) had taken place 22. Every one’s foot-prints ............
16. Look ! A hamster.............by a cat. different.
(a) is chased (a) are
(b) is being chased (b) is
(c) was being chased (c) have
(d) has been chased (d) has
122
23. I wish you.............here yesterday 28. He could not help.............that way
and seen us cooking food. now and then.
(a) had been (a) look
(b) were (b) looked
(c) have been (c) looking
(d) will have been (d) was looking
24. Of course, by the end of next 29. We had better.............some plans
month we .......... our assignment. for disposing it at.
(a) completed (a) made
(b) shall have completed (b) make
(c) had completed (c) to make
(d) have completed (d) been making
25. The food was really delicious I 30. Firemen who battled the fire
wish you.............it. reported that .............under
(a) have tasted control after forty minutes.
(b) taste (a) is brought
(c) had tasted (b) was brought
(d) are testing (c) can be brought
26. She.............for the poor and the (d) has been brought
sick for the ten years.
(a) works ANSWER
(b) will work 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
(c) had been worshipping 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
(d) has been working 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)
27. They will return home.............the 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
Sun set. 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c)
(a) as 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
(b) until
(c) unless
(d) will be worshipping
123
6 TIME & TENSE ADVANCE
EXERCISE
Time & Tense Advance [Exercise-1]

Direction:- (1-50) in the following 7. As soon as (a)/ the clock strike
questions, some of the sentences have five (b)/ they down tools and off
errors and some have none. Find out they go. (c)/ No error (d)
which part of a sentence has an error
8. It had been our custom (a)/ from
corresponding to the appropriate letter
immemorial time to be (b)/
(a, b, c) If there is no error, your
hospitable to those who come to
answer will be, No error (d).
our doors, (c)/ No error (d)
1. If Manali had (a)/ worked hard (b)/
she will have got the job she 9. I asked (a)/ if she has looked
desired (c)/ No error (d) everywhere (b)/ and she said,
2. He told me (a)/ that he wrote a ‘yes’, (c)/ No error (d)
letter (b)/ to his superior for a 10. Had I realised (a)/ that it was
certain reason, (c)/ No error (d) such a long way (b)/1 would take
3. I am working at my present job a taxi, (c)/ No error (d)
(a)/ since the day (b)/ a son was 11. As he dived from the spring board
born to my brother(c)/ No error (d) (a)/ he was terrified to see (b)/
4. After Ravi read (a)/ the magazines that the water was drained from
and news papers, (b)/ and the pool the previous night, (c)/
watched T. V. Programme, he No error (d)
decided to go out and meet some
12. As I am suffering from fever since
old friends, (c)/ No error (d)
morning (a)/1 shall not be able to
5. His father would have been
attend the function (b)/You are
pleased to get him a wrist watch
(a)/ if he would have worked (b)/ going to organise this evening,
harder and secured higher marks (c)/ No error (d)
in the university examination, (c)/ 13. She wishes (a)/ that she has
No error (d) studied literature instead of
6. When the doctors found (a)/ that history (b)/ when she was in
the player has taken (b)/ college, (c)/ No error (d)
prohibited medicines, he reported 14. Much water (a)/ has flown (b)/
the matter to the team manager, under the bridge since then, (c)/
(c)/ No error (d)
No error (d)
124
15. I do not wish (a)/ to rise (b)/ false 27. The girls were playing (a)/ outside
hopes, (c)/ No error (d) the house whereas (b)/ the boys
16. The stranger (a)/ asked the little were sitting inside and played
girl (b)/ what is her name, (c)/ cards, (c)/ No error (d)
No error (d) 28. Mohini washes all her (a)/ clothes
17. Apollo was worshipped (a)/ as long and cooks food (b)/ for the family
as (b)/ the Roman empire had before she is going to the office,
lasted, (c)/ No error (d) (c)/ No error (d)
18. I pretended as if (a)/ I interested 29. I know nothing about chess
in the conversation (b)/ but really because (a)/ my game’s teacher
it was very boring (c)/ No error also (b)/ was not knowing nothing
(d) about it. (c)/ No error (d)
19. The teacher remarked that (a)/ 30. The discreet enquiry revealed (a)/
they all had (b)/ done it very
that his involvement in the fraud
badly, (c)/ No error (d)
cases have been more than (b)/
20. The train is supposed (a)/ to what was first guessed, (c)/ No
arrive at 10 am yesterday (b)/ but error (d)
it was an hour late (c)/ No error (d)
31. If you had read (a)/ the relevant
21. Rajan told me that you had left
literature carefully, (b)/ you would
(a)/ the college a year before (b)/
have answered most of the
and looking for a job (c)/ No error (d)
questions correctly (c)/ No error (d)
22. He asked me (a)/ if I am ill and
32. Suresh Babu, who is living (a)/ in
(b)/1 answered that I was not. (c)/
this town since 1955, is a well
No error (d)
known scholar of history (b)/ and
23. India’s Independence (a)/ had
a distinguished musician, (c)/ No
been the result (b)/ of sacrifices
error (d)
of many patriots, (c)/ No error (d)
33. He hoped to finish the work in the
24. Yesterday Ramesh got (a)/ the
last week (a)/ but in fact (b)/ he
information that his father (b)/
could not. (c)/ No error (d)
died in an accident while
travelling in a car (c)/ No error (d) 34. He could not cut (a)/ the grass
25. He will certainly help you (a)/ if today because (b)/ the handle of
you will ask him (b)/ in a pleasant the machine has broken a few
manner, (c)/ No error (d) days ago. (c)/ No error (d)
26. I found this ring as I dig in the 35. I have pleasure (a)/ to certify that
garden, (a)/ it looks very old, (b)/ Shamim worked meritoriously (b)/
I wonder whom it belongs to. (c)/ for the last three years in our
No error (d) organization, (c)/ No error (d)
125
36. The Department of Modern Indian 48. It is the first time (a)/ when I (b)/
languages (a)/ is running a met him (c)/ No error (d)
course in comparative literature 49. The police had come after (a)/ the
(b)/for the last fifteen years, (c)/No thief (b)/ had gone away (c)/ No
error (d) error (d)
37. Had he follow (a)/ the directions 50. My father told me that (a)/
carefully (b)/ he would have felt necessity was the (b)/ mother of
better much quicker (c)/ No error (d) invention (c)/ No error (d)
38. Once he realised (a)/ that he had Answer with Explanation-1
committed a mistake (b)/ he 1. (b) Will have dh txg would have dk
admits it corrected it without iz;ksx gksxkA
if + Subject + had + V3
delay. (c) / No error (d) + .... + subject + would have +
39. He would not have (a)/ written V3 + object dk iz;ksx gksrkEg.
gSAIf
this letter (b)/ if he would not you had worn a false beard
have heard the news, (c)/ No error nobody, would have recognized
(d) you.
40. Sumitra appealed (a)/to the 2. (b) he wrote a letter dh txg he had
managing committee (b)/that she
written a letter dk iz;ksx gksxkA
may be allowed to join the
volunteer force, (c)/ No error (d) 3. (a) I am working dh txg I have been
41. If John had told me (a)/ last working dk iz;ksx gksxkA

Thursday (b)/ I will have given 4. (a) read dh txg had read dk iz;ksx gksxkA
him the money but now it is too Subject + V2 + object + after +
late. (c)/ No error (d) subject + had + V3 + object dk
42. No sooner did (a)/ the train iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
arrived at the station (b)/ than the
The doctor came after the
passengers rushed towards it. (c)/
patient had died.
No error (d)
After the patient had died, the
43. Kalidas was the Shakespeare (a)/
doctor came.
of (b)/ India (c)/ No error (d)
The doctor came after the
44. She is weeping (a)/ for two (b)/ patient died.
hours (c)/ No error (d)
5. (b) would have dh txg had dk iz;ksx
45. This is the worst (a)/ that you (b)/
gksxkA
Eg. If the story had not
are doing (c)/ No error (d)
been true the news paper
46. Manish has been (a)/ weeping (b)/
would not have printed it.
for his marriage (c)/ No error (d)
6. (b) has taken dh txg had taken dk
47. Unless you will labour (a)/ hard,
you (b)/ will fail (c)/ No error (d) iz;ksx gksxkA Principal
pw¡fd clause
126
past tense esa gS blfy,
subordinate 16. (c) what is her name dh txg what
clause Hkh
Past Tense esa gksxkA ;gk¡ her name was dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx mi;qDr gSA
17. (c) had lasted dh txg lasted dk iz;ksx
7. (b) strike dh txg strikes dk iz;ksx gksxkA gksxkA
8. (a) had been dh txg has been dk 18. (b) I interested dh txg I had been
iz;ksx gksxkA
immemorial (adj.) dk interested dk iz;ksx gksxkA
vFkZ ^Lej.k ls ckgj*] vfrizkphu
(beyond 19. (d)No error
memory, very old) gksrk gSA 20. (a)the train is supposed dh txg the
9. (b) has dh txg had dk iz;ksx gksxkA train was supposed dk iz;ksx gksxkA
10. (c) would take dh txg would have 21. (c) and looking for a job dh txg and
taken dk iz;ksx gksxkA Eg. They had been looking for a job dk iz;ksx
would have forced their way gksxkA
into the house If I had not 22. (b) If I am ill dh txg If I was ill dk
called for help. iz;ksx gksxkA
11. (c) was dh txg had been dk iz;ksx gksxkA
23. (b) had been dh txg was dk iz;ksx gksxkA
12. (a)I am suffering dh txg I have
24. (c) died dh txg has died dk iz;ksx gksxkA
been suffering dk iz;ksx gksxkA
25. (b) will ask dh txg ask dk iz;ksx gksxkA
13. (b) has dh txg had dk iz;ksx gksxkA conditional sentence esaif clause
14. (b) has flown dh txg has flowed dk ds lkFksimple present tense dk
iz;ksx gksxkA
fly dk vFkZ mM+uk gksrk gS rFkk iz;ksx gksrkEg.
gSAIf you pass your
bldk past participle form-flown examination we shall have a
gksrk gSA tcfdflow dk vFkZ gS ^cguk* celebration.
gksrk gS rFkk bldkpast participle 26. (a)I dig in the garden dh txg I was
form-flowed gksrk gSA vr% given digging in the garden dk iz;ksx gksxkA
sentence ds vFkZ ds fy,has 27. (a)and played cards dh txg and
flowed mi;qDr gSA were playing cards dk iz;ksx gksxkA
rise 28. (c) She is going to the office dh txg
15. (b) rise dh txg raise dk iz;ksx gksxkA
dk vFkZ ^f{kfrt ls Åij vk tkuk*] mB She goes to the office dk iz;ksx gksxkA
cSBuk] [kM+k gks tkuk] iqu% thfor gksuk] mUufr
29. (c) was not knowing dh txg knew
djuk] Åij dh vksj tkuk] lrg rd vkuk dk iz;ksx gksxkA
gksrk gS tcfd
raise dk vFkZ [kM+k djuk]
30. (b) have been dh txg had been dk
c<+kuk] fuekZ.k djuk] lh/k [kM+k djuk] iz;ksx gksxkA
principal clause Past
mBkuk] fn[kykbZ nsuk] mRiUu djuk] mxkuk] Tense esa gS blfy,Subordinate
,d=k djuk] laap; djuk gksrk gSA clause Hkh Past Tense esa gksxkA
127
31. (d)No error sugar into the sauce instead of
32. (a)who is living dh txg who has salt.
been living dk iz;ksx gksxkA 40. (c) May dh txg might dk iz;ksx gksxkA
33. (a)He hoped dh txg he had hoped Principal clause d k verb–
dk iz;ksx gksxkA appealed Past Tense esa gS blfy,

Subordinate clause dk Verb–
34. (c) has broken dh txg had broken
may Hkh
Past tense esa gksxkA
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
41. (c) I will have dh txg I would have
35. (b) worked d h txg has been
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
working dk iz;ksx gksxkA
42. (b) arrived dh txg arrive dk iz;ksx gksxkA
36. (b) is running dh txg had been
D;ksafddid ds ckn ges'kkbare
runnig dk iz;ksx gksxkA
infinitive dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
37. (a)Had he follow dh txg had he
43. (a)was dh txg is dk iz;ksx gksxkA
followed dk iz;ksx gksxkA
44. (a)is weeping dh txg has been
38. (b) he admits it dh txg he admitted
weeping dk iz;ksx gksxkA
it dk iz;ksx gksxkA
45. (c) are doing dh txg have done dk
39. (b) if he would not have dh txg if
iz;ksx gksxkA
he had not dk iz;ksx gksxkA ,d gh
Sentense esawouldn't have nks ckj46. (c) for dh txg since dk iz;ksx gksxkA
iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn 47. (a)unless ds lkFkModal dk iz;ksx ugha
sentence ds ,d part esawould dk gksrkA
iz;ksx gks rks part
nwljsesahad dk iz;ksx48. (d)No Error
gksrk gSA 49. (a)had come dh txg came dk iz;ksx
Eg. If you had not been in such gksxkA
a hurry you would not have put 50. (b) was dh txg is dk iz;ksx gksxkA
128
Direction:- (1 to 50) in the following have disappointed (b)/ many of the
questions, some of the sentences have friends, (c)/ No error (d)
errors and some have none. Find out 11. All the flowers in his garden will
which part of a sentence has an error surely die (a)/ before the rains (b)/
corresponding to the appropriate letter will fall, (c)/ No error (d)
(a, b. c) If there is no error, your 12. He used to study at least till ten
answer will be, No error (d). o’clock (a)/ in the night and then
1. The lion did not eat her (a)/ (b)/ he goes to bed. (c)/ No error
because he is (b)/ a kind lion, (c)/ (d)
No error (d) 13. I have been knowing him for ten
2. If I was you I would have told (a)/ years (a)/ but I don’t know (b)/
the Chairman to keep (b)/ come where he lives, (c)/ No error (d)
to grief, (c)/ No error (d) 14. Before the alarm had stopped
3. Radha came to the meeting (a)/ ringing (a)/ Veena had pulled up
much later (b)/ than I except, (c)/ (b)/ the shade, (c)/ No error (d)
No error (d) 15. This is indeed, the first time that
4. If we had Mohit in our team, we (a)/1 hear (b)/ such an interesting
(a)/ would have won the match story, (c)/ No error (d)
(b)/ against your team, (c)/ No 16. When I will be thirty most of my
error (d ) friends (a)/ will be over thirty (b)/
5. I lived here since 2005 (a)/ five years of age. (c)/ No error (d)
therefore I know everything (b)/ 17. I will let you know as soon as I
about this city, (c)/ No error (d) will get (a)/ any information (b)/
6. I have been adoring her for (a)/ about your promotion, (c)/ No
the voice with (b)/ which she is error (d)
getting late, (c)/ No error (d) 18. The victim tried to tell us what
has happened (a)/ but his words
7. She was with me until now, (a)/
(b)/ were not audible. (c)/No error
so don’t rebuke her (b)/ for getting
(d)
late, (c)/ No error (d)
19. I went you to pick up the box (a)/
8. We got everything ready for all (a)/
of eggs gently and (b)/ kept it in
of them long (b)/ before they
the corner carefully, (c)/ No error
arrived, (c)/ No error (d)
(d)
9. I wish he saw you (a)/ when you
20. The judge had not given any
were (b)/ living in Japan, (c)/ No
decision (a)/ until he had (b)/
error (d)
studied the case, (c)/ No error (d)
10. If I would have done this, I would
21. These books have (a)/ revised by
have done wrong (a)/ and would
(b)/ Sri Sinha. (c)/ No error (d)
129
22. Neha says that she will take (a)/ 33. The old man who is sitting in that
her umbrella (b)/ in case it will room lived here for more than (a)/
rain, (c)/ No error (d) a month but he has never created
23. Minakshi along with her parents (b)/ any problem, (c)/ No error (d)
is going to Mumbai tonight (a)/ 34. It is appearing to me that you are
because her eldest brother (b)/ is plotting (a)/ against your (b)/
there, (c)/ No error (d) friends and their parents, (c)/ No
24. The teacher said to us that (a)/ error (d)
we should stay at home (b)/ if it 35. Whenever you are coming here,
rains, (c)/ No error (d) (a)/ you bring a lot of (b)/ sweet
25. He would hot have done all this for me. (c)/ No error (d)
(a)/ if he had not been (b)/ 36. When you will find out any
investigated by his wife, (c)/ No solution to his problem (a)/ you
error (d) will become able (b)/ to finalise
26. Many of my friends wished to come the project, (c)/ No error (d)
here (a)/ today but (b)/ none of 37. Diwakar hopes to become an
them arrived yet. (c)/ No error (d) officer after (a)/ he will complete
27. I have come to know that your (a)/ (b)/ his higher education, (c)/ No
father has died (b)/ last week, (c)/ error (d)
No error (d) 38. Nobody knows when death (a)/
28. “It is high time you are starting will knock at (b)/ his door, (c)/ No
(a)/ this work” (b)/ said my friend error (d)
to me. (c)/ No error (d) 39. That two and two always made
29. He seems to be happy because his (a)/ four cannot (b)/ be doubted,
parents (a)/ had come from (c)/ No error (d) /
London (b)/to live with him. (c)/ 40. I could not recall what she has
No error (d) told (a)/ me about her (b)/ concern
30. Now-a-days he teaches physics with Mohit. (c)/ No error (d)
because the teacher of physics 41. Sushama arrived here, did all the
(a)/ has been absenting himself preparations (a)/ and then has
(b)/ for a month, (c)/ No error (d) called (b)/ on one of her intimate
31. The secret of his good health lies friends, (c)/ No error (d)
in the fact that (a)/ he is getting 42. The thief was caught (a)/ after he
up before sunrise (b)/ and has a has disposed of (b)/ the stolen
two mile walk, (c)/ No error (d) goods, (c)/ No error (d)
32. A misogynist is a person who is 43. I had hoped that I would see (a)/
hating woman (a)/ but a you the other day, but (b)/
philogynist is a person (b)/ who unfortunately I fell ill. (c)/ No
loves woman, (c)/ No error (d) error (d)
130
44. It is about time you have taken okD; esa
Radha ds vkus dk dkePast
(a)/ your children (b)/ to school,
esa gqvk gS vkSj mlds vkus ds laca/ esa
(c)/ No error (d)
expectation mlds vkus ls igys fd;k
45. By this time next year he has had
(a)/ settled himself (b)/ in x;k gSA ns[ksa%
London, (c)/ No error (d)
She did not do as well as we had expected
46. He advised me to do as he did (a)/  
but I did not pay any attention (b)/ Past Past of the Past
to his advice, (c)/ No error (d)
47. “Here is coming my friends!” (a)/ 4. (b) ‘we had Mohit’ ds cnys ‘we had
said Mary when (b)/ she was had Mohit’ dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd bl
anxious, (c)/ No error (d) okD; esa
Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx
48. Newspapers told us about the
mfpr gSA
events (a)/ that happen(b)/ all
over the world, (c)/ No error (d) 5. (a) lived dh txg have lived dk iz;ksx
49. Many observations that the number gksxk] D;ksafd
since dk iz;ksxSimple
of the drug (a)/ addicts is grew Past ;k Past Continuous Tense
(b)/day by day. (c)/ No error (d) esaPreposition of Time ds :i esa
50. My friend said to me, (a)/ “When
dHkh ugha gksrk gSA
have (b)/ yoti come here ?”. (c)/
No error (d) Note: Since dk iz;skxPresent
Answer with Explanation-2 Perfect Tense, Present Perfect
Continuous Tense rFk kPast
1. (b) he is dh txg he was gksxk] D;ksafd
;fn Principal clause dk verb Past Perfect Tense esapreposition of
Tense esa jgs rks Subordinate Time ds :i esa gksrk gsA
clause dk verb Hkhpast tense esa 6. (a) ‘have been adoring’ ds cnys‘have
gksrk gSA adored’ dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
adore,
2. (a) was ds cnyshad been dk iz;ksx gksxk] admire, believe, rely trust,
hope v k fn Verbs d k iz; k s x
D;ksafdPast ds cnys unfulfilled
indefinite ;k Perfect tense esa gksrk
wish, desire, condition ds fy,
Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
gS] tSlsµ
gSA iz'u ds
Part (B) esawould have (i) I admire her, (u fd am admiring)
+ V3 dk iz;ksx gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd (ii) I have admired since I met her
had + V3 dk iz;ksx gksxkA 7. (a) ‘was’ ds cnys ‘has been’ dk iz;ksx
3. (c) I expect ds cnys I had expected gksxk] D;ksafd

‘until now’ ds lkFk
dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd

Past of the Past Present Perfect dk iz;ksx gksrk gS]
ds fy, Past Perfect dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµ

131
(i) He has been ill until now. (u vkfn ls 'kq: gksus okysclause esa
fd was ill) Future Tense dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk
(ii) I have stayed here until now. gS cfYdFuture vFkZ ds fy, Hkh
(u fd was staying) Simple Present Tense dk iz;ksx
8. (a) ‘We got’ ds cnys ‘we had got’ dk fd;k tkrk gSA tSlsµ
iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
Pasttcdks nks ?kVukvksa Nobody will go out before the
dk ftØ gks tks ?kVuk igys ?kVh mlds police come.
fy, Past Perfect vkSj tks ?kVuk ckn esa Simple Present
?kVh mlds fy, Simple Past dk iz;ksx12. (a)He uses to study dk iz;ksx lgh ugha
gksrk gSA gSA ;gk¡ dsoy He studies dk iz;ksx
9. (a) saw ds cnyshad seen dk iz;ksx gksxkA

gksxk D;ksafd
Present habit dks crkus
bl Problem esaI wish.... ds }kjk ds fy, Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk

unfulfilled wish dks crk;k x;k gSA
gSA
ns[ksa% è;ku nsa%use to dk iz;ksxPast dh vknr
crkus ds fy, gksrk gS ysfdu
use to dk
(i) I wish I had died before he was
born.
iz;ksxPresent dh vknr crkuk xyr gSA
(ii) I wish had been born during the bl laca/ esaQuirk & green baum
reign of Akbar, the great. ds fopkj ns[ksa%
10. (a)Would have done dk iz;ksx Bhd ugha Used always takes the to-infinitive
gSA bldh txghad done dk iz;ksx gksxk] and occurs only in the past
tense.
D;ksafdPast ds unfulfilled wish,
13. (a)'have been knowing' ds cnys
desire, condition vkfn crkus ds fy,
'have known' dk iz;ksx djuk iM+sxk]
conditional clause esa]
D;ksafd
known, mean, suppose,
If + Subject + had + V3
understand vkfn Verbs dk iz;ksx
;k
vkerkSj ijSimple ;k Perfect Tense
Had + Subject + V3 esa gksrk gS] tSlsµ
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSls& (i) I have known you for years.
(i) If Sarita had informed me, I (ii) I have not understood this
would have helped her. man
;k (iii) since I met him.
(ii) Had she informed me, I would 14. (a)'had stopped' ds cnys'stopped' dk
have helped her. iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
Pasttcdh nks ?kVukvksa
11. (c) will fall ds cnys dsoyfall dk iz;ksx dk ftØ gks rks lkekU;r;k eq[;
Clause
lgh gksxk] D;ksafd
before, if, when esaPast Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
132
gS tcfd before, when vkfn okys ckr victim us tks dguk pkgk og mlds
Clause esaSimple Past dk] tSlsµ pkgus ls igys gqvk vFkkZr~~
Past of the
Before the doctor came the patient had died Past esa gqvkA
Simple past Past perfect è;ku j[ksa%Past of the Past dh
15. (b) 'I hear' ds cnys I have heard' dk ?kVukvksa dks crkusPast
ds fy,
Perfect
iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
this is the first Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµ
time, it is the second time vkfn Mr. Das telephoned me about
ds ckn Present Perfect Tense dk the accident which had
iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ occurred two hours before.
It is the second time that you 19. (c) 'Kept' dk iz;ksx lgh ugha gSA ;gk¡
keep
have come here. dk iz;ksx gksxkA ns[ksaµ
20. (a)has not given dk iz;ksx xyr gSA ;gk¡
blds laca/ esa fuEufyf[kr rF; dks ns[ksaµ
We use a present perfect tense did not give dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd bl
after the following expressions: okD; esa Hkwrdky dh nks ?kVukvksa esa ls igys
(i) This/that/it is the first/ okyh ?kVuk ds fy, Past Perfect
second/third/fourth/etc. Tense rFkk ckn okyh ?kVuk ds fy,
(ii) This/that/it is the only..... Simple Past dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii)This/that/it is the best/worst/ fn, x, Problem esa gesa ;g ns[kuk gS
finest/most interesting etc.
fd igys dkSu&lh ?kVuk ?kVhA fuf'pr :i
Examples:
ls Judge us decision nsus ls igys
This is the first time that I've
case dk vè;;u fd;kA vr%decision
heard her sing.
okykClause simplepast esa fy[kk
16. (a)'I will be thirty' ds cnys I am
tk,xk] tcfd case dh Study okyk
thirty dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
when
clause Past Perfect esaA
(tc) ls 'kq: gksus okysclause esa
21. (a)have dh txg have been gksxk] D;ksafd
Simple Present Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
gS rFkk eq[; clause esaSimple okD; Present Perfect Tense ds
Future dk ns[ksa% Passive Structure ij vk/kfjr gSA bu
okD;ksa dks ns[ksa%
When I am twenty You will be twenty five
Simple present Simple future

(i) A letter has been written by
Nikita.
17. (a)Will get dh txg dsoy get dk iz;ksx
(ii) These books have been rivised
gksxkA
by Sri Sinha.
18. (a)has dh txg had dk iz;ksx lgh gksxkA
22. (c) it will rain ds cnysit rains dk iz;ksx
D;ksafd
the victim tried to tell us.
gksxk] D;ksafd tc
Future dh nks ?kVukvksa
;g okD;ka'kPast Tense esa gSA nwljh dk ftØ gks rks Conditional Clause
133
esaSimple Present Tense dk iz;ksx None of my friends was/were
gksrk gS] tSlsµ there.
(i) What will you do in case you fail. 27. (b) 'has died' ds cnys 'died' dk iz;ksx
simple present gksxk] D;kasafd
part (C) esa'last week'
Note: Conditional clause ds 'kq: dk iz;ksx gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd ^mlds
esa inin case, if, when, before, firk ds ejus* dk dke Hkwrdky(past) esa
after, as long as vkfn ls 'kq: gksrs gSaA gqvk gSA
23. (b) No error Note: ;kn j[ksa fd fdlh okD; esa Past
24. (b) rains ds cnysrained dk iz;ksx gksxk] lwfpr djus okykTime Expression
D;ksafd tcReporting verb Past (tSls Yesterday, the day before
Tense esa gks Reported
rks Speech esa yesterday, last week, last
HkhPast Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ month, last year vkfn) dk iz;ksx
(i) He said that he would write to me. gks rks ml okD; dks Simple Past esa
(ii) Niharika thought that she j[kk tkrk gS] tSlsµ
could do all this. (i) Sunita came here last week.
25. (d)Sentence is correct. (u fd has come)
26. (c) 'arrived' ds cnys has arrived ;k (ii) They went there the day
have arrived dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd before yesterday.
yet dk use tc up to now (vc rd) 28. (a)'you are starting' ds cnys 'you
ds vFkZ esa gks rks blds lkFk
Present started' dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd orZeku
Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk ds unfulfilled wish, condition,
gS] tSlsµ desire vkfn dks O;Dr djus ds fy,
It
(i) Has Tom left yet? is time, It is high time, I wish,
(ii) Have the children gone to If, As if vkfn ds lkFk
Simple Past
school yet? dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ
è;ku nsa%
None of ds ckn Singular ;k It is time you reached the
plural verb dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gSA vr,o] station.
(i) None of then has arrived. Simple past
(ii) None of them have arrived. 29. (b) 'had' ds cnys 'have' dk iz;ksx gksxk]
bu nksuksa dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gS] ns[ksa% D;ksafd iwjh ?kVuk esa O;Dr Hkko
Present
After none of the verb may be

dk gS] tSlsµ
singular or Plural. but (i) He seems to be happy because
competitive exam ds fy, sing. his father has sent him a suit.
verb T;knk lgh ekuh tkrh gSA (ii) You are happy because you
have got a job.
134
30. (a)'he teaches' d s c nys he is Note: Appear vU; vFkks± esa gksus okys iz;ksxksa
teaching' dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd orZekudks ns[ksaµ
ds fdlh LFkk;h dk;Z ds fy,
Present (a) appear dk vFkZ îzdkf'kr gksuk*
(to be
Continous dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA published) gks rks bldk iz;ksx
These days temperature Continuous Tense esa gksrk gS] tSlsµ
31. (b) 'he is getting up' ds cnys'he gets My next book is appearing this
up' dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd orZeku dh vknrmonth.
(present habit) crkus ds fy, (b) appear dk iz;ksx tc come before
Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ the public ds vFkZ esa gks rks bldk iz;ksx
(i) He returns before sunset. Continuous Tense esa gksrk gS] tSlsµ
Simple present Now an eminent artist is
(ii) They often come to see me. (u appearing on the stage.
fd came to see me) 35. (a)you are coming ds cnysyou come
32. (a)'who is hating' ds cnys 'who dk iz;ksx gksxkA è;ku j[ksaµorZeku dh vknr
hates' dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
Universal (Present habit) crkus ds fy,
Truth (lkoZHkkSfed lR;) ds fy, Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ
Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ(i) Whenever she weeps nobody asks he the reason.
Simple Present Simple Present

(i) A vegetarian is a person who
36. (a)'you will find' ds cnys 'you find'
never eats meat.
(ii) A theist is a person who dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd tc dh
Future
believes in God. nks ?kVukvksa dk ftØconditional
gks rks
33. (a)lived dh txg has lived gksxk D;ksafd clause Simple Present r F k k
Part (A) esa iz;qDr
'is sitting' rFkk Principal clause e sa Simple
Part (C) esa iz;qDr
'has never Future Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ
created' ls Li"V gS fd fn;k x;k okD; (i) Until comes I will wait for him
Present Tense dk gSA Simple Present Simple Present
34. (a)'It is appearing' d s c nys 'It 37. (b) will complete d h txg has
appears' dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
appear completed dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
dk vFkZ tcseem (izrhr gksuk) gks rks Future time ds Hkko dks O;Dr djus
appear dk iz;ksx
Simple Tense esa ds fy, Simple present tense esa
gksrk gS u fd
Continuous Tense esaA he hopes to become dk iz;ksx gqvk
(i) It appears that he will fail in

gSA pw¡fd
officer cuus ds fy, igys
this exam. higher education izkIr djuk gS] vr%

Simple Present bl dk;Z ds fy, Present Perfect
tense dk iz;ksx gksxkA
135
bl lanHkZA.S
esa Hornby ds fopkj ns[ksa% Past dh gSA iz'u esa fn, x, okD; esa
The Present and Present Past dh rhu ?kVukvksa dksls tksM+k
and
Perfect Tenses may indicate x;k gSA tSlsµ
future time in temporal or (i) She [arrived ... + did ... + called
conditional clause. ...]
I can't decide until I've
42. (a)has dh txg had dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
discussed the matter with my
tc Hkwrdky dh nks ?kVukvksa dk ftØ gks
wife.
r ks after o k yk Clause, Past
38. (b) okD; 'kq¼ gSA
Perfect esa gksrk gSmain
rFkk clause
39. (a)'made' ds cnysmakes dk iz;ksx gksxk]
Simple Past esa] tSlsµ
D;kskafd
Universal truth ds fy,
(i) Sunit got disappointed after
Simple present Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
she had made two futile
gSA attempts.
Note: Arithmetic d s e qr k fc d (ii) I returned home after I had
singular verb ds iz;ksx dks csgrj ekuk spent five hours here.
ds 43. (d)No error D;ksafd

tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd iz'uPart unfulfilled hope,
(B) esa'Two and two' ds fy, makes expectation vkfn ds fy, hope,
ds iz;ksx dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gSA bl laca/ expect vkfn ds lkFkPast Perfect
esaPaul Roberts dk fopkj gS% tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vr% fn,
x, Problem esaI had hoped dk iz;ksx
When the subject is a
Bhd gSA bl laca/ esa fuEufyf[kr rF; dks
preposition in arithmetic, the
singular is rather more ns[ksa%
common, though the plural is The Past Perfect Tense is used
sometimes used. with such Verbs as hope,
40. (a)has ds cnyshad dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd expect, think, intend, mean,
suppose and want to indicate
Part (A) esaPast dh ?kVuk gS tcfd
that a past hope, expectation,
Part (B) esaPast of the past dh intention, desire, etc. was not
ftlds fy, Past Perfect Tense dk realised.
iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ (i) We had hoped that you would
be able to visit us.
(i) I did not know When he had come
(ii) I had meant/intended to call
Past tense Past perfect
on you, but was prevented from
41. (b) 'has called' ds cnys'called' dk iz;ksx doing so.
gksxk] D;ksafd
Part (A) esaarrived dk
44. (a)'you have taken' ds cnys 'you
iz;ksx gqvk gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd ?kVuk took' dk iz;ksx gksxkA
136
è;ku j[ksa%It is time, It is high (i) Here he comes.
time, It is about time ds lkFk (ii) There she goes!
Present time unfulfilled wish, (iii) Here comes the bus!
condition, desire vkfn dks O;Dr djus (iv) There goes the bell!
ds fy, Simple Past Tense dk iz;ksx48. (a)told ds cnystell dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
gksrk gS] tSlsµ Universal Truth ds fy, Simple
(i) It is time you took breakfast. Present Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA okD;
Past tense dk Subject 'News paper' plural
45. (a)'has had' ds cnys 'will have' dk gS vr%verb Hkhplural gh gksxkA vr%
iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd fdlh dk;Z ds fy, tks okD; esa
tell dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Hkfo"; esa iwjk gks pqdk jgsxk 49. (b) grew ds cnysgrowing dk iz;ksx gksxk
Future
Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ D;ksafd Continuous Tense esaam/
(i) By this time tomorrow he will is/are+V1 + ing dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
have reached Patna. gS] tSlsµ
(ii) She will have finished the (i) We are growing day by day
work by next year. are V1+ing
46. (d)No error 50. (b) have ds cnysdid dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
47. (a)'is coming' dh txg comes dk iz;ksx Past event/time tkuus ds fy,
gksxk] D;ksafd
here, there ls 'kq: gksus iz'u o kpd o k D ; (Intrrogative
okys okD;ksa esa Present dk iz;ksx
Simple Sentence) esaSimple Past dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA ns[ksa% gksrk gSA tSls%
The Simple Present Tense is (i) When did he go there? (u fd
also used in exclamatory
has he gone)
sentences beginning with here
and there. (ii) What did he say? (u fd has he
said )
137
Direction:- (1 to 30) in the following 12. If I had not slipped, (a)/1 will have
questions, some of the sentences have won (b)/ the race, (c)/No error (d)
errors and some have none. Find out 13. The match will start (a)/ as soon
which part of a sentence has an error as (b)/ the chief guest will arrive,
corresponding to the appropriate letter (c)/ No error (d)
(a, b c) If there is no error, your 14. If he confessed his crime, (a)/ the
answer will be, No error (d). judge would have (b)/ acquitted
1. Had you been to Kolkata, (a)/1 him. (c)/ No error (d)
would also go (b)/ with you. (c)/ 15. He will die (a)/ If he will take (b)/
No error, (d) the overdose of sleeping pills, (c)/
2. Had you worked hard in time, (a)/ No error (d)
you would certainly succeed (b)/ in 16. If you saw (a)/ the movie, (b)/ you
the examination (c)/ Nc error, (d) would have liked it (c)/No error (d)
3. The speaker would have cut a 17. If I would have realized (a)/ the
sorry figure (a)/ if he did not come nature of the job earlier, (b)/1
(b)/well prepared, (c)/No error, (d would not have accepted it. (c)/
4. I would overpower the thief (a)/ if No error (d)
he had not jumped (b)/ over the 18. As’soon as (a)/1 will get my salary,
wall, (c)/ No error, (d) (b)/ I will repay your loan, (c)/ No
error (d)
5. He talks (a)/ as if (b)/ he was my
boss, (c)/ No error, (d) 19. If I am (a)/ the prime Minister of
India, (b)/ I would work wonders,
6. If he will apologize, (a)/ he will
(c)/ No error (d)
(b)/ be excused, (c)/ No error, (d)
20. If you will work hard, (a)/ you will
7. I shall be very angry (a)/ if you
get through (b)/ your exam, (c)/
will break (b)/ any more plates, No error (d)
(c)/ No error, (d)
21. You would have succeeded, (a)/ if
8. The candidates will be (a)/ you acted upon (b)/ my advice, (c)/
selected (b)/ as they are found fit. No error (d)
(c)/ No error, (d)
22. Had he come (a)/ even a moment
9. I had no chance of (a)/ getting a earlier (b)/ he would found me
job, (b)/ if you had not backed me. there, (c)/ No error (d)
(c)/ No error, (d) 23. If the bus (a)/ had not broken down
10. When I will go to Nepal, (a)/1 will (b)/we will be (c)/at home now. (d)
purchase (b)/ a watch for my 24. If you would have read (a)/ the
younger brother, (c)/ No error, (d) instructions carefully (b)/ you
11. I will hit (a)/ him hard (b)/ if he would not have (c)/ answered the
will provoke me. (c)/ No error (d) question wrongly, (d)
138
25. Had he not reached in time (a)/ 4. (a) Would overpower ds LFkku ij
he will have missed (b)/ a golden would have overpowered dk iz;ksx
opportunity which comes (c)/ once
gksxkA
in a while, (d)
26. John would have told (a)/ you the Eg. If I had known you were
truth (b)/ if you had asked him coming I would have baked a
(c)/ No error, (d) cake.
27. Had I realized (a)/ that it was (b)/ 5. (c) Was ds LFkku ij
were dk iz;ksx gksxk
such a long way I would take a D;ksafd
conditional sent. esa lHkh
taxi, (c)/ No error, (d) subject ds lkFkwere dk iz;ksx gksrk
28. If I would have realized (a)/ what gSA D;ksafd
if + sub. + V2 + .... would
a bad driver you were (b)/1 would + bare infinitive
not have come with you. (c)/ No
Eg. If I were you, I would resign
error, (d)
at once.
29. If you would have completed (a)/
6. (a) Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksxk o
apologize
the assignment (b)/I would have
granted you leave, (c)/No error (d) dks apologizes esachange djsaxsIf
30. John would have told (a)/ you clause esamodal dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
truth (b)/ if you had asked him Eg. If it rains in California,
(c)/ No error, (d) everybody always gets gloomy.
Answer with Explanation-3 7. (b) Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
1. (b) I would also go ds LFkku Iijwould
8. (c) As ds LFkku if
ij dk iz;ksx gksxkA
have also gone dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
9. (a) Had no chance of ds LFkku would
ij
had+V3-would have V3 dk iz;ksx
have no chance of dk iz;ksx gksxkA
fd;k tkrk gSA
10. (a)Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
Eg. If you had warned me, I
11. (c) Will provoke ds LFkku ij
provokes
would not have told your father
about that party. dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
If okys okD; esa
2. (b) Would certainly succeed ds LFkku Modal dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
ij would have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Eg. If you play well, you will win
the match.
Eg. If I had found her address.
I would have sent her an 12. (b) Will have ds LFkku ij
would have
invitation. dk iz;ksx gksxkA
If had + V3 .... would
3. (b) Did not come ds LFkku ij
had not + have + V3 dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
come dk iz;ksx gksxkA Eg. I would have been happy if
Eg. If I had worked harder I you had called me on my
would have passed the exam. birthday.
139
13. (c) Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
as soon as, 22. (c) Would found ds LFkku ijwould
unless, if okys okD; esa
modal dk have found dk iz;ksx gksxkA had
D;ksafd
iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA + V3 would have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k
14. (b) Would have ds LFkku ij
would dk tkrk gSA
iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
if + sub. + V2 + ... Eg. If it had rained, you would
would + bare infinite. have gotten wet.
15. (b) Will take ds LFkku takes
ij dk iz;ksx23. (c) Would be ds LFkku ij
would have
gksxkA found dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had+V3
Eg. If this thing happens, that would have V1 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
thing will happen. Eg. If you had given me your e-
16. (c) Would have ds LFkku had
ij dk iz;ksx mail, I would have written to
gksxkA you.
Eg. If I had known you were in 24. (a)Would have read ds LFkku ij
had
hospital, I would have visited read dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3
you. would V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
17. (a)Would have ds LFkku had
ij dk iz;ksx Eg. I would have bought you a
gksxkA present if I had known it was
your birthday.
18. (b) Will get ds LFkku get
ij dk iz;ksx gksxkA
25. (b) Will have ds LFkku ij would have
Eg. If you don’t hurry, you will
miss the train.
dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3 would
have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
19. (a)Am ds LFkku ij were dk iz;ksx gksxkA
D;ksafdif + sub + V2 + .... would You would have passed your
+ bare infinitive. exam if you had worked harder.
Eg. If you brought my school 26. (d)No error.

supplies for me, I might be able 27. (c) Would take ds LFkku would
ij have
to go to the park. taken dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had +
20. (a)Will work ds LFkku work
ij dk iz;ksx V3 would have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k
gksxkA tkrk gSA
Eg. If it rains today, you will get Eg. If you had worked harder,
wet. you would have passed your
21. (a)Will have succeeded ds LFkku ij exam.
would succeed dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd I would have believed you if you
if + sub. + V2 + .... would + bare hadn’t lied to me before.
infinitive If you hadn’t lied to me before,
I would have believed you.
140
ij dk iz;ksx Eg. If I had worked harder I
gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3 would have might have passed the exam.
V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA You could have been on time if
you had caught the bus.
Eg. If I’d known you were in
30. (a)No error.
hospital, I’d have visited you.
Eg. If Sachin had played well,
ij dk iz;ksx
India would have won the
gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3 would have match.
V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
141
PUNCTUATION AND THE USE OF
7 CAPITAL LETTERS
fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa

Punctuation dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA fdlh;k Passage esa vFkZ
sentence
dh Li"Vrk ;k leqfpr fojke ds fy, fu/kZfjr fpUgksa ds iz;ksx dhPunctuation
fof/ dks dgrs gSaA
Punctuation Marks dh lgk;rk ls okD;ksa dks i<+us] cksyus vkSj muds vFkZ dks le>us esa lqxerk gksrk
English esa eq[;Punctuation Marks bl izdkj gSa&
1. Semicolon ( ; )
2. Full Stop ( . )
3. Comma ( , )
4. Inverted Commas (" ..............") ;k (' ........ ')
5. Colon ( : )
6. Question Mark ( ? )
7. Exclamation Mark ( ! )
8. Hyphen ( - )
9. Dash ( _ )
10. Apostrophe ( ' )
vc bu fpUgksa vkSj buds iz;ksx ij fopkj djsaA
1. Semicolon ( ; )
1. Comma dk iz;ksx ogk¡ gksrk gS tgk¡ de Bgjus dh t:jr gksrh gSAdk iz;ksx ogk¡ gksrk gS
Full Stop
tgk¡ vf/d Bgjus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA ogha
Semicolon dk iz;ksx ogk¡ gksrk gS tgk¡ ls dqN
Comma
vf/d rFkk Full Stop ls dqN de Bgjus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA
2. ,sls constructions ftuds Hkhrj
Comma iz;qDr gks] mUgsa
Semicolon }kjk tksM+k tkrk gSA tSls&
He was a brave, large hearted man; we all honoured him. If you are a
master, sometimes be blind; If you are a servant, sometimes be deaf.
2. Full Stop ( . )
1. Interrogative, Optative rFkkExclamatory Sentences dks NksM+dj fdlh Hkh rjg ds iw.kZ
okD; ds var esa
Full stop dk iz;ksx gksrk gSAShe
tSls&
is a Girl.
Go there.
Don't do this.
142
2. vktdy Dr, Mr, Mrs, St(Saint) ds cknFull stop dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd vc ;s iwjs 'kCn
dh Hkk¡fr iz;qDr gksrs gSa] laf{kIr 'kCnksa dh Hkk¡fr ughaA
3. vktdy cgqr lkjs izpfyrAbbreviations ds ckn Hkh
Full Stop dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
OUP, VIP, UNO, MLA, BBC
4. :i;s&iSls] MkWyj&'ksaV] ikSaM&f'kfyax rFkk ?kaVk&feuV
Full Stop dk iz;ksx
ds chpgksrk
esa gSA tSls&
Rs. 20.50 (read as twenty rupees and fifty paise)
6.40 a.m. (read as six-forty or forty past six)
$ 2.30 (read as two dollars and thirty cents)
5. vxj dksbZ okD;
Abbreviation ls var gksrk gS] rks okD; ds var esa ,d gh
Full Stop fn;k tkrk gS]
nks ughaA tSls&
Come at 6 p.m.
He is an I.A.S.
I am an M.L.A.
3. Comma ( , )
1. vxj okD; esa ,d ghPart of Speech ds rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d 'kCn ,d ds ckn ,d vkrs gSa] rks
muds chpComma fn;k tkrk gS] tSls fd bu mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gS&
Sohan, Ram, Mohan and Gopal are my friends.
I know Hindi, English, Urdu and Panjabi.
Meena, Gita or Sita can do this.
He is tall, gentle and handsome.
He is always eating, drinking and dancing.
2. ;fn fdlh 'kCn dks nksgjk;k tk,] rks muds chp dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Comma
Go, go; I don't need you.
Try, try again.
3. dHkh&dHkh okD;Words
esa nksbl izdkj jgrs gSa ftUgsa vyx&vyx dqN :ddj i<+us dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA ,sls nks 'kCnksa ds chp
Comma dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rkfd nksuksa 'kCnksa dks xyrh ls ,d gh
lkFk u i<+ fy;k tk,A
What he is, is known to me.
What he does, does not suit me.
What he did, was quite clear.
He who can, does; he who cannot, teaches.
What should be done, should be done.
143
4. okD; esa iz;qDr
Apposition in ds igys vkSj ckn esa
Comma dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj
Apposition in nksCommas ds chp esa vk tkrk gSA
I, Shyam, am a student.
Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, was a great man. He, the
son of a rich man, is very proud.
5. dqN okD;ksa esa of address dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;fn ;g okD; ds vkjaHk esa vk,] rks Bhd blds
words
cknComma yxk,¡A ;fn ;g okD; ds chp esa vk,] rks bldh nksuksa
Commacxy yxk,¡A tSls&
Go out, Ram.
May I go out, sir?
Sohan, where are you going?
Ladies and gentlemen, listen to me attentively.
I know, Mukesh, that only you can do this.
What are you doing, Girls?
6. dHkh&dHkh okD; ds chp esawords/phrases/clauses
ckgj ls dks j[k fn;k tkrk gS ftUgsa vxj
fudky Hkh nsa rks okD; ds
construction esa dksbZ varj ugha vkrkA ,sls
words/phrases/clauses
dh nksuksa Comma
rjiQ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
You will, I hope, agree with me.
His life was, in several ways, fruitless.
He, however, passed the examination.
I, therefore, request you to grant me leave.
He is, after all, my friend.
7. vxj okD; esain fact, in short, for example, therefore, however, of course, too
moreover, for instance, on the contrary, by the way tSlsexpressions iz;qDr jgrs
gSa] rks bUgsa Hkh}kjk okD; ds 'ks"k Hkkx ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
Comma
In fact, he is a good singer.
I, too, have been to Paris.
I love you, too.
I have been to Paris, too.
8. Yes/No ds cknComma dk iz;ksx vo'; gksrk gS] tc blds ckn dksbZ okD; vkrk gSA tSls&
Yes, I will help you.
No, You can't.
9. Dates ds lkFkComma dk iz;ksx bl izdkj gksrk gS&
July 20, 1990
20 July, 1990
144
;fn dsoy eghuk vkSj o"kZ nsukComma
gks] rksns Hkh ldrs gSa] ugha HkhA
He was born in March, 1957.
He was born in April 1967.
10. i=k esa vfHkoknu
(salutation) rFkk fonkbZ
(words of leave-taking) ds cknComma fn;k
tkrk gSA tSls&
Dear Mother, Yours affectionately,
Dear Suresh, Yours faithfully,
Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours,
Dear Mary, Yours truly,
11. dqN okD;ksa esa tc dk yksi gks tkrk gS] rc oSlh voLFkk
Verbs esa ds ckn ,d Comma
Subject
vkrk gSA tSls&
I like fish; my friend, chicken.
I am going today; she, tomorrow.
He will succeed; you, never.
He is a Rajput; she, a Brahmin.
12. Question Tag dksMain Clause ls vyx djus ds fy, Comma dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
You will go tomorrow, won't you?
He is ready, isn't he?
Bring a glass of water, will you?
13. okD; esa iz;qDr
Direct Speech dks okD; ds 'ks"k Hkkx ls vyx djus Comma
ds fy, dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls&
He said, "I am ready."
She said to me, "When will you come?"
"I don't know her," she said.
"You know," said she, "that I don't like him."
Reporting Verb vk,] rks vHkh"V
Direct Speech ds cknComma dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA tSls&
"Where are you going?" he asked me.
"Well done!" he said.
14. ;fn okD; ds 'kq: esa
Adverbial Clause jgs ;k Non-finite/verbless Construction jgs]
rks blds ckn
Comma dk iz;ksx gksxkA tSls&
If he comes to me, I shall Help him.
When I was a bachelor, I lived by myself.
As soon as he saw the tiger, he fled away.
145
To be sure of getting there on time, he left an hour early.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
15. okD; esa iz;qDr
Adverbial Phrase, Participle Phrase ;k Absolute Phrase ds ckn
Comma dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
The sun having set, we all went home.
At present, I have nothing to care for.
At last, he succeeded.
Having worked hard, he felt tired.
4. Inverted Commas (".............")
Inverted Commas dksQuotation Marks Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Inverted Commas single
('......') Hkh gks ldrk gSdouble
vkSj ("........") HkhA vki nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA buds
iz;ksx bl izdkj gSa&
1. Inverted Commas dk iz;ksx
Quotation vkSjDirect Speech dks ?ksjus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls&
He said, "What are you doing?"
Shakespeare says, "Sweet are the uses of adversity."
2. Inverted Commas dk iz;ksx iqLrd] dgkuh] dfork] ys[k] v[kckj vkfn ds uke ds lkFk Hkh gksrk
gSA tSls&
Have you read "Hamlet"?
'Ode on Solitude' is a famous poem.
I read 'The Times of India' everyday.
3. okD; esa iz;qDrwords/phrases
,sls dks Hkh
Inverted Commas ds Hkhrj j[kk tkrk gS ftuij
fo'ks"k ?;ku
(special attention) nsus dh t:jr gS ;k tks
context esaunusual gSaA tSls&
The word 'please' is a very useful word.
5. Colon ( : )
1. Colon dk iz;ksx fdlh lwph
(list) ;k mnkgj.k
(example) dks vkjaHk djus ds fy, gksrk gSA tSls&
The following words are nouns: cat, cow, boy and girl.
I want the following: books, pens and notebooks.
2. Direct Speech rFkkQuotation ds igys Colon dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
He said: "I will do it."
Once Mrs Indira Gandhi said: We must do ......
3. Dialogue esa oDrk ds uke ds Colon
ckn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
Teacher: What are you doing?
Ram: Sir, I am doing my lessons.
146
6. Question Mark ( ? )
1. Interrogative Sentence ds var esa
Question Mark dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
What is your name?
"What do you know?" asked he.
He said to me, "What are you doing?"
Who are you?
2. Question Tag ds cknQuestion Mark dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
You are going tomorrow, aren't you?
Come tomorrow, will you?
7. Exclamation Mark ( ! )
1. Optative sentence rFkkExclamatory Sentence ds var esa
Exclamation Mark dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
How lovely she looks!
May God help you!
What a beautiful scene it is!
What a good luck!
2. Interjections rFkk ,slsPhrases/Sentences ftuls vkdfLed Hkko O;Dr gks] muds ckn
Exclamation Mark dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
Oh dear! Oh! Enough!
What fun! Well done!
Alas! Hello!
Oh! Good Heavens!
8. Hyphen ( - )
1. vxj fdlh okD; dk dksbZ 'kCn iafDr ds var esa txg ds vHkko ds dkj.k iwjk ugha vkrk gS] rks ml viw.k
'kCn ds ckn
Hyphen fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ml 'kCn ds 'ks"k Hkkx dks vxyh iafDr ds vkjaHk esa fy[kk tkrk gS
2. fdlh 'kCn dksyllable iwjk gks tkus ds ckn gh nsaA tSls
Hyphen beau-ti-ful, im-me-di-ate.
vxj beautiful okD; ds var esa fy[kuk gks vkSj iwjkbeau
u vk,]ds
rks
cknHyphen nsa ;k
beauti
ds cknHyphen nsaA
3. English esa cgqr lkjs
compound vkSjcomplex words gSa ftuds
formation esa
Hyphen dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
brother-in-law self-made non-Indians
sister-in-law vice-president non-violence
147
9. Apostrophe ( ' )
1. Contractions (laf{kIr 'kCnksa) esa yqIr v{kj ;k la[;k dsApostrophe
LFkku ij dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls&
Ma'am for Madam I'll for I will
can't for cannot It's for it is
I'm for I am '82 for 1982
2. Noun ds Possessive Form esaApostrophe dk iz;ksx gksrk gSARam's
tSls& cow, the
cow's milk, the boys' names.
148
8 SILENT LETTERS IN WORDS
Silent Letters In Words (vuqPpfjr v{kj)

vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa dqN o.kZ vuqPpfjr vFkkZr~
silent ) gksrsewd
gSaA
( ijarq fons'kh Hkk"kk gksus ds dkj.k ;s f'k{kkfF
ds fy, ,d leL;k cu tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ muesa ls dqN 'kCnksa ds ,sls jkspd <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd vki vè;k;
ds }kjk ,sls 'kCnksa ij
Mastery izkIr dj ldsaxsA
B Silent
M ds ckn rFkk
t ls iwoZ dk
b izk;%
silent jgrk gS] tSls%
Bomb (ckWe) ¾ ce Tomb (VkWe) ¾ lekf/Comb (dkWe) ¾ da?kkLamb (ySe) ¾ eseuk
Dumb (Me) ¾ xwaxk
Debt (MSV) ¾ ½.k Thumb (Fke) ¾vaxwBk
Doubt (MkmV)lansg
¾
P Silent
N rFkks ls iwoZ vk;k
P silent jgrk gS
Pneumonia (U;weksfu;k) ¾ fueksfu;k Pneumatics (U;weSfVDl) ¾ ok;q'kkL=k
Psalm (lke) ¾ Hktu Psychology (lkbdkWyksth) ¾ euksfoKku
M Silent
M ds i'pkr~n silent jgrk gS
Autumn (vkWVe) ¾ ir>M+ Column (dkWye) ¾ i`"B dk Hkkx
Condemn (daMse) ¾ fuank djuk Hymn (fge) ¾ Lrks=k
L Silent
m, f, k ,oa d ls iwoZ
'l' silent jgrk gS tSls
Palm (ike) ¾ gFksyh
Calm (dke) ¾ 'kkar Psalm (lke) ¾ Hktu Balm ( cke) ¾ eyge
Half (gkiQ) ¾ vk/k Calf (dkiQ) ¾ cNM+k
Talk ( VkWd
) ¾ckrsa djuk Folk (iQkWd)
¾ tulewg
Would oqM ¾
Will dk past tense Could dqM ¾
can dk past tense
K Silent
n ls iwoZ vk;k
K silent jgrk gS
Know (uks) ¾ tkuuk Knife (ukbiQ) ¾ pkdw
Knot (ukWV) ¾ xkaB
Knock (ukWd) ¾ [kV[kVkuk Knight (ukbV) ¾ ;ks¼k
149
G Silent
n ls iwoZ vk;k
g silent jgrk gS
Gnat (uSV) ¾ ePNj Sign (lkbu) ¾ fpg~Uk Resign (fjtkbu) ¾ R;kx&i=k nsuk
Reign (jhu) ¾ 'kklu Design (fMtkbu) ¾ jpuk
H Silent
Hour (vkoj) ¾ ?kaVk Honour ( vkW
uj) ¾ bTtr Heir (,vj) ¾ mÙkjkf/dkjh
C Silent
Scent (lSaV) ¾ b=k Science ( lkbal
) ¾ foKku Scene (lhu) ¾ n`';
U Silent
Guard (xkMZ ¾ pkSdhnkj Guess (xsl) ¾ vuqeku yxkuk
Guest (xsLV ¾ vfrfFk Churn (puZ) ¾ eFkuk
W Silent
Wrap (jSi) ¾ yisVuk Wrong (jkWx) ¾ xyr
Answer (vkalj) ¾ mÙkj Sword (lksMZ) ¾ ryokj
Gh Silent
;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa
gh, ght ns j[kk gksgh
rksizk;%
Silent jgrk gS] tSls
High (gkbZ) ¾ mQapk Fought (iQkV) ¾ yM+k Sigh (lkbZ) ¾ vkgsa Hkjuk
Taught (VkWV) ¾ i<+k;k Thigh (FkkbZ) ¾ tka?k Fight (iQkbV) ¾ ;q¼
Though (nks) ¾ ;|fi Bright (czkbV) ¾ pedhyk Through (Fkzw) ¾ ls
Delight (fMykbV) ¾ vkuanBought (ckWV) ¾ [kjhnk Slight (LykbV) ¾ rfud&lk
Caught (dkWaV) ¾ idM+sMight x, (ekbV) ¾ 'kfDr Brought (czkWV) ¾ yk;k
Knight (ukbV) ¾ ;ks¼k Laugh (ykiQ) ¾ galuk Thought (FkkWV) ¾ fopkj
D Silent
;fn g ls iwoZ
d ns j[kk gksdrks
izk;%silent gks tkrk gS] tSls
Edge (,st) ¾ fdukjk Grudge (xzt) ¾ bZ";kZ Hedge (gSt) ¾ >kM+h
Budget ( ctV) ¾ ys[ kk&tks
[ kk Ledger ( yStj) ¾ cgh [kkrk Bridge (fczt) ¾ iqy
T Silent
ten ns j[kk gksTrks
izk;%silent jgrk gS] tSls
Hasten (gslu) ¾ tYnh djuk Listen (fylu) ¾ è;ku ls lquuk
Often (vkWiQu)¾ vDlj] izk;% Soften (lkWiQu)¾ dksey gksuk
uksV%Q dHkh vdsyk ugha vkrkA
Q+u lnSo ^Do* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSls
Quick (fDod) ¾ 'kh?kz Quill (fDoy) ¾ dkaVk
Queen (Dohu)¾ jkuh Quilt (fDoYV) ¾ jtkbZ
150
Rules for Spellings
Rule 1.
Q ds lkFk lnSo
u vkrk gS tSlsqueen,
% quarrel, quite, quiet, quick, quality, quench,
question.
Rule 2.
(a) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa ^ * tksM+k tk,]full
Full rksdk ,d ^ l* de gks tkrk gS tSls%
Faith + full = Faithful Harm + full = Harmful
Cheer + full = Cheerful Truth + full = Truthful
(b) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esay &
gks] rks 'kCn ds var
fullesa
tksM+rs le;y &
dks &
i esa cny nsrs gSa_ tSls
Duty + full = Dutiful Beauty + full = Beautiful
(c) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds ckn] ftlds var esa
"ll" gks] dqN tksM+k tk,] rks dsoy
'l' jg,dtkrk gS_ tSls
Well + come = Welcome Skill + full = Skilful
All + most = Almost All + ready = Already
viokn% Will + Being = Well-being
(d) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds ckn] ftlds var esa
"l" gks] vkSj
'l' ls iwoZ dksbZ
'Vowel' gks] rks
Suffix yxkrs le;
'l' dksdouble dj fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
Label + ed = Labelled Quarrel + ed = Quarrelled
Travel + ed = Travelled Level+ed = Levelled
viokn% Parallel+ed = Paralleled, Legal+ise = Legalise
Quarrel + some = Quarrelsome
Rule 3.
'well' ;k 'will' tksM+k tk,] rks l,d
* de
^ ugha gksxk_ tSls
Fare+well = Farewell Un+well = Unwell Good+will = Goodwill
Rule 4.
(a) ;fn fdlh 'kCn esa
&i vkSj&e feydj &ee (bZ) dh èofu ns rks
&i igys vk,xk rFkk
&e ckn esa_
tSls%believe, relieve, niece, yield, siege
viokn% Heir, neither etc.
Rule 5.
(a) ;fn fdlh verb ds var esa
&e gks rks mlesa
'-ing' tksM+rs le;
&e gVk fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
Come + ing = Coming Bite + ing = Biting
Write + ing = Writing Abuse + ing = Abusing
viokn% Be+ing = Being
151
(b) ;fn fdlh verb ds var esa-ee
^ *] ^-oe*] ^-ye* gks rks mlesa
-ing*^ tksM+rs le; dksbZ ifjorZu ugha
&gksrk_ tSls
Agree + ing = Agreeing See + ing = Seeing
Shoe + ing = Shoeing Eye + ing = Eyeing
(c) ;fn verb ds var esa-ie^* gks rks ^ * yxkrs le; -ie dk -y gks tkrk gS_ tSls
-ing
Die + ing = Dying Lie + ing = Lying
(d) ;fn verb ds vafre v{kj(w, k, y dks NksM+dj
) ds igysSingle vowel gks] rks
'-ing' c<+krs le;
vafre v{kj nks ckj fy[kk tkrk gS_ tSls
Sit + ing = Sitting Bid + ing = Bidding
Run + ing = Running Swim + ing = Swimming
Skip + ing = Skipping Beg + ing = Begging
vion% Pardoning, ironing, opening, burning
(e) ftu verb ds var esa
w, r ;k y gks rFkk mulsvowel
iwoZ gks] rks
'-ing' tksM+rs le; vafre v{kj nks
ckj ugha fy[kk tkrk gS_ tSls
Blow + ing = Blowing Answer + ing = Answering
lay + ing = Playing Water + ing = Watering
Rule 6.
ftu verb ds var esa
c gks rks muds lkFk
'-ed' vFkok'ing' tksM+rs le;
-k c<+k fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
Frolic + ed = Frolicked Mimic + ed= Mimicked
Frolic + ing = Frolicking Mimic + ing = mimicking
Rule 7.
y gks vkSj
y ls iwoZ dksbZ
Consonant gks rks
Suffix 'ous' dks NksM+dj dksbZ Hkh
Suffix yxkrs le; y dksi esa cny fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls
Dry + ed = Dried Deny + al= Denial
Lady + es = Ladies Merry + er = Merrier
Merry + ly = Merrily Merry + ment = merriment
Busy + ness = Business Busy + est = Busiest
Rule 8.
e gks rks mlds lkFk
Suffix 'able'; 'ous' 'age' vFkok'-ish' yxkrs le; e
dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls
Move + able = Movable Like + able= Likable
Virtue + ous = Virtuous Mile + age = Milage
Blue + ish = Bluish
152
viokn%ijarqge vFkokce ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCnksa-able
ds lkFk
;k -ous yxkrs le; e ugha gVk;k tkrk
gS_ tSls&
Courage+ous = Courageous,
Change+able = Changeable,
Peace+able = Peaceable
Rule 9.
-sy vkSj-se ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
Verbs gksrs gSa-cy
rFkk
vkSj-ce ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
noun
gksrs gSa_ tSls%
Rule 10.
'us' ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
Nouns gksrs gSa]'ous'
ijarqij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
Adjective gksrs gSa_ tSls%
Gensus  Jealous 
 
Genius   Nouns Tremendous  Adjectives
Phosphorus Unanimous 
viokn% Promise
Rule 11.
ftu Nouns ds var esa
-o gks vkSj buls iwoZ dksbZ gks] rks
Consonant Plural cukrs le; -es c<+k;k tkrk
gS_ tSls%
Mango=Mangoes, Hero = Heroes, Buffalo = buffaloes
viokn%Photo = Photos, Piano = Pianos, Canto = Cantos
153
9 CONVERSATION IN DAILY LIFE
See all things in their own peculiar place, and know that order is the greatest grace -
Dryden
;gk¡ ge vkidks nSfud okrkZyki esa iz;ksx gksus okys izeq[k okD;ksa ds fo"k; esa crk;saxs bu okD;ksa dks c
djds vki vaxzsth esa okrkZyki djus esa l{ke gks ldrs gSaA
Speaking euq"; esa prqjkbZ iSnk djrh GoodgSA
Speaking esa fuEufyf[kr nks xq.k gksrs gS%&
i. f'k"Vrk(Politeness) ii. vck/rk (Fluency)
f'k"Vrk dh ckrsacksyus
% ds <ax dks lH;vkd"kZd
vkSj cukus ds , fuEufyf[kr
fy kCnksa
' dk iz;ksx
pkfg,A
djuk
1. Thanks (FkSaDl)%
(a) ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkidk dksbZ dke djrk gS vFkok vkidh lgk;rk djrk gS vFkok vkidks dksbZ
oLrq nsrk gS] rks vkidks mldk vkHkkj izdV djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d dguk pkfg,A
(i) Thanks (FkSaDl)
(ii) Thank you (FkSaDl ;w)
(iii) Thank you very much. (FkSad ;w oSjh ep)
(iv) Thanks a lot. (FkSaDl v ykWV)
(b) ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkidks dksbZ oLrq nsrk gS] ijarq vki mls ysus dks rS;kj ugha gSa] rks vkidks fu
'kCnksa esa ls dksbZ ,d dguk pkfg,A
(i) No thanks (uks] FkSaDl)
(ii) No, thank you (uks] FkSad ;w)
(c) ;fn vkius fdlh dk dksbZ dke fd;k ;k lgk;rk dh vkSj mlus vkHkkj izdV djus ds fy, vkidks
Thanks ;k Thank you dgk] rks vki f'k"Vrk ds ukrs mlds fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d
vo'; dgsaA
(i) That's all right. (nSV~l vkWy jkbZV)
(ii) So nice of you (uks ukbZl vkWiQ ;w)
(iii) So kind of you (lks dkbZaM vkWiQ ;w)
(iv) No mention, please (uks eSa'ku Iyht)
(v) Mention not (eSa'ku ukWV)
(vi) It's my pleasure (bV~l ekbZ Iystj)
154
2. Please (Iyht+)%;g f'k"V Hkk"kk dk egRoiw.kZ 'kCn gSA ;fn vkius fdlh O;fDr ls dksbZ oLrq ys
gks ;k mlls
dksbZ dke djokuk gks ;k mlls dksbZ ckr djuh gks] rks vko';drkuqlkj fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh
,d dk iz;ksx djsaA
(i) Please give me your book (Iyht fxo eh ;ksvj cqd)
(ii) Please, help me (Iyht+ gSYi eh)
(iii) Please listen to me (Iyht fyflu Vq eh)
(iv) Please be seated (Iyht ch lhfVM)
3. With great pleasure (fon xzsV Iystj)%
;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkils fdlh ckr dh vkKk pkgrk
gS vkSj vki vkKk nsus dks rS;kj gSa] rks ml le; vkidks dguk
Withpkfg,
great&pleasure
^fon xzsV Iystj*A ;fn vki pkgsa
by allrks
means ^ckbZ vky ehUt* vFkok
O, yes ^vks ;l* Hkh
dg ldrs gSaA
4. Same to you (lse Vq ;w)%
;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkidks
Happy Dewali (gSih fnokyh) vFkok
Happy New Year (gSih U;w b;j) dgrk gS] rks f'k"Vrko'k vki dg ldrs gSa&
Same to you (lse Vw ;w)A
5. Welcome (oSYde)%
;fn vkidks dksbZ fe=k fj'rsnkj vFkok dksbZ Hkh lTtu vkids ;gk¡ vkrk gS]
rks mlds Lokxr ds fy, vkidks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d dg ldrs gS%
(i) Welcome (oSYde)
(ii) Most Welcome (eksLV oSYde)
(iii) You are welcome (;w vkj oSYde)
6. Please allow me (Iyht vyko eh)% ;fn vki dqN O;fDr;ksa dh laxr
(Company) esa cSBs
gksa vkSj ogk¡ ls tkuk pkgrs gks rks vFkok vki dksbZ ckr djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks ;s 'kCn iz;k
pkfg, - Please allow me (Iyht vyko~ eh)A
7. Please excuse me (Iyht ,sDlD;wt eh)%;fn vkils dksbZ xyrh gks tk,] rks Hkwy lq/kjus ds
fy, vkidks bl NksVs& ls okD; dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkids ekxZ
esa [kM+k gks vkSj vki ogk¡ ls xqtj u ldrs Excuse
gksa] vkids
me (,sDlD;wt eh) dgus ij og
O;fDr Lo;a gh jkLrk NksM+ nsxk
8. Sorry (lkWjh)% ;fn vkils dksbZ xyrh gks tk, rks]Sorry
rqjar(lkWjh) dk 'kCn dg nhft,A ,slk
dgus ij nwljk O;fDr vkidh xyrh dks {kek dj nsrk gSA dHkh&dHkh dksbZ O;fdr ,slh oLrq ekax cS
gS] ftls vki nsuk ugha pkgrs gksa] rks(lkWjh)
Sorry mls dgdj Vky ldrs gSaA tc dqN O;fDr vkil
esa ckrsa dj jgs gksa] rks fuEufyf[kr okD; dgdj vki mudh ckr dks dqN nsj ds fy, jksddj viuh
ckr dg ldrs gSaA
(i) Sorry to disturb you. (lkWjh Vq fMLVcZ ;w)
(ii) Sorry to interrupt you. (lkWjh Vq baVªIV ;w)
155
9. Pardon (ikMZu)%
;fn dksbZ O;fDr brus /hes Loj esa cksyrk gS fd vki mldh ckr le> ugha ik
jgs] rks bl voLFkk esaPardon
vki (ikMZu) dk 'kCn iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ftldk vfHkizk; gS fd
^ÑI;k nqckjk dfg,*A
dHkh dHkh& ge le; ls igys fdlh ls tkuk pkfgrs gSa vFkok fdlh ls vyx gksuk pkgrs gSa rks
Pardon (ikMZu) 'kCn dk iz;ksx bl izdkj djsaxs&
I beg your pardon (vkbZ cSx ;ksvj ikMZu)A
10. After you (vkÝVj ;w)%
;fn vki vius fe=k ds lkFk dgha tk jgs gSa rks jsy ds fMCcs esa ;k cl ij
p<+us
ds fy, vkidh bPNk ;gh gksxh fd vkidk fe=k igys tk,A bl voLFkk esa vki dgAfter
ldrs gSa&
you (vkÝVj ;w)A
f'k"Vkpkj laca/h dqN okD;

1- {kek dhft,] eq>s vkus esa nsj gks xbZA
Excuse me for being late.
(,sDlD;wt eh vkWj chabx ysV)
2- xyrh ls ,slk gks x;k] {kek dhft,A It was by mistake. Please excuse me.
bV okt ckbZ feLVsdA Iyht ,sDlD;wt eh
3- esjh vksj ls {kek ek¡x yhft,A Beg my apologies. cSx ekbZ vikWyksthtA
4- vki FkksM+k f[kldsaxs\ Would you mind moving a bit (little)?
oqM ;w ekbaM eqfoax v fcV (fyfVy)\
5- bls viuk gh le>saA It's all yours. bVl~ vkWy ;kstZA
OR
Feel at home here. iQhy ,sV gkse fg;jA
vfHkoknu
le;kuqdwy vfHkoknu laca/h okD;
izkr% dky dh ueLrs
nknh th] ueLdkj Good Morning. Grand'ma. xqM ekWfu±x] xzk.MekA
nknk th] uEkLdkj Good morning grand'pa. xqM ekWfu±x] xzk.MikA
firk th] ueLdkj Good morning. father. xqM ekWfu±x] iQknjA
ekrk th] ueLdkj Good morning, mother (mummy). xqM ekWfu±x enj (eEeh)A
pkpk] ekek] iwQiQk]Good
rkmQ]
morning, uncle. xqM ekWfu±x vadyA
ekSlk th ueLdkj
pkph] ekeh] cqvk] rkbZ]
Good morning, aunty. xqM ekWfu±x] vkaVhA
ekSlh th uEkLdkj
156
nksigj dh ueLrs%
nknk th] ueLrs Good afternoon, grand'pa. xqM vkÝVjuwu] xzk.MikA
ekrk th] ueLrs Good afternoon, mother. xqM vkÝVjuwu] enjA
ueLrs] csVh Good afternoon, dear. xqM vkÝVjuwu] fM;j
lk;adky ds i'pkr~
pkpkth] ueLdkj Good evening, uncle. xqM bZofuax] vadyA
HkkbZ lkgc] ueLdkj Good evening, brother. xqM bZofuax] cznjA
ueLrs] csVs Good evening, my son. xqM bZofuax] ekb luA
fonkbZ ds le; jkr esa%
'kqHk jkf=k Good night. xqM ukbV
feyus ds le;%
vkils feydj [kq'kh gqbZ
Glad to meet you. XySM Vw ehV ;w
fonkbZ ds le;%
vPNk fonk] fiz; cPpksa
Good bye, dear children. xqM ckbZ] fM;j fpYMªuA
rqe lc dks fonk Good bye to all of you. xqM ckb Vw vkWy vkWiQ ;wA
pysa] fiQj feysaxs Let's go. Hope to meet again ySV~l xks] gksi Vq ehV vxsuA
vPNk fiQj feysaxs See you again. lh ;w vxsuA
fiQj vkb,xk Do come again. Mw de vxsuA
A few exclamations (foLe;kfncks/d@Hkkocks/d 'kCn@okD;ka'k)

bu okD;ksa dks cksyus dk vH;kl djksA voljkuqlkj budk iz;ksx djds vki viuh cksypky esa LokHkkfodrk
ldrs gSaA
vjs ¾ Oh! vksg
gjs jke ¾ Oh God! vksg xkWM
lqfu, ¾ Hello! gSyks
vk'p;Ztud ¾ Wonderful! oaMjiqQy
fu'p; gh ¾ Definitely! MsfiQfuVyh
vPNk ¾ O.K.! vks- ds-
vPNk pysa ¾ Ta-Ta! Vk&Vk
fdruk I;kjk ¾ How Sweet! gkm LohV
esjs bZ'oj ¾ My Goodness! ekbZ xqMuSl
157
vkids LokLF; ds fy, ¾ To your good health! Vw ;ksvj xqM gSYFk
vo'; ¾ Certainly! lVsZuyh
'kkck'k ¾ Well done! Bravo osYMu@czSoks
lpeqp ¾ Really! of course! jh;yh vkWiQ dkslZ
vyfonk ¾ Good bye! xqM ckbZ
cgqr vPNk ¾ Very well! osjh osy
fcYdqy Bhd ¾ Quite so! DokbV lks
vPNh ckr ¾ All right! vkWy jkbV
vfr lqUnj ¾ Beautiful! C;wVhiqQy
vgk! ¾ Hurrah! gqjkZ
;g fnu ckj&ckj vk;s ¾ Many happy returns of the day
eSuh gSIih fjVuZl vkWiQ n MsA
viuh Speaking esa vck/rk iSnk djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fo"k;&oLrq dks dBLFk djsa vkSj ;kn fd;s x;s
sentences dks vius fe=kksa ds lkeus cksyus dh djsa vkSj ;g rks vki tkurs gh gS
Practice fd
Practice
makes a man perfect.
Forms of Small Speeches (cksypky ds NksVs&NksVs okD;)
eSa vHkh vk jgk gw¡w\ Just coming tLV dfeaxA
cgqr vPNkA Very Well oSjh oSyA
vPNh ckr gSA All right vkWy jkbVA
tSlh vkidh ethZA As you like ,t ;w ykbZdA
vkSj dqN\ Anything else. ,sfufFkax ,YlA
vkSj dqN ughaA Nothing more (else) ufFkax eksj (,Yl)A
FkksM+k&lk Hkh ughaA Not a bit ukWV , fcV~A
;g cgqr gSA It is too much bV bt Vq epA
gk¡] vo';A Yes, by all means. ;l] ckbZ vkWy ehalA
ugha] dHkh ughaA No, Never ukS] uSoj
dksbZ ckr ughaA Never mind uSoj ekbaMA
dksbZ [kkl ckr ughaA No mention ukS eSa'kuA
Hkjkslk j[ksaA Rest assured jsLV v';ksMZA
gk¡] tukcA Yes, sir ;l] ljA
ugha] tukcA No, sir uks] ljA
158
ueLrs Good morning/afternoon/ xqM ekWfu±x@vkÝVjuwu@
evening/night bofuax@ukbV
vPNk pysaA Ta-ta! Vk&Vk!
:dksA Stop LVkWi!
cksykA Speak Lihd!
lquksA Listen fyluA
;gk¡ BgjksA Stand (Stay) here LVSaM (LVs) fg;jA
b/j vkvksA Come here de fg;jA
b/j ns[kksA Look here yqd fg;jA
;g yksA Take this VSd fnlA
ckgj izrh{kk djksA Wait outside osV vkmVlkbMA
mQij tkvksA Go up xks viA
uhps tkvksA Go down xks MkmuA
mrj tkvksA Get down xsV MkmuA
rS;kj gks tkvksA Be (get) ready ch jsMhA
pqi jgksA Be silent ch lkbySaVA
/hjs pyksA Walk slowly okWd LyksyhA
tYnh&tYnh pyksA Walk fast okWd iQkLVA
tYnh djksA Make haste esd gsLV
pys tkvksA Go away xks vosA
eq>s rax er djksA Do not trouble me Mw ukWV Vªcy ehA
fpark er djksA Don't worry MksaV ojh
159
SOME IMPORTANT WORDS OF THE
10 FOLLOWING TOPICS
Colours (jax)
Azure vT;ksj vklekuh
Black CySd dkyk
Blue CY;w uhyk
Brown czkmQu Hkwjk
Crimson fØelu xgjk yky
Dusky MLdh [kkdh
Grey xzs LysVh
Golden xksYMu lqugjk
Green xzhu gjk
Indigo bafMxks uhyk
Lemon ySeu gYdk ihyk
Maroon eS:u xgjk lw[kZ
Mauve eko xqykch (jax)
Orange vkWjsat larjh
Pink fiad xqykch
Pale isy gYdk ihyk
Purple iiZy cSaxuh
Rosy jksth xqykch
Red jSM yky
Saffron lkizQu dslfj;k
Scarlet LdkjySV xgjk yky
Violet ok;ySV tkeuh
Vermilion ofeZyu flanwjh
White ÞokbV lisQn
Yellow ;syks ihyk
160
Parts of Body ('kjhj ds vax)
Abdomen ,sCMkseu mnj] isV
Ankle ,ady V[kuk
Arm vkeZ ck¡g
Anus ,sul xqnk
Artery vkVZjh /euh
Armpit vkeZfiV dka[k
Brain czsu fnekx
Bile ckby fiÙk
Belly cSyh isV (ckgjh Hkkx)
Back-bone (cSd&cksu) jh<+ dh gM~Mh
Breast czSLV Nkrh (L=kh dh)
Beard fc;MZ nk<+h
Back cSd ihB
Bone cksu gM~Mh
Blood CYkM jDr
Cartilage dkfVZyst mikfLFk] uje gM~Mh
Chest pSLV Nkrh (iq:"k dh)
Collar-bone dkWyj cksu galyh dh gM~Mh
Cheeks phd~l xky
Chin fpu BqM~Mh
Embryo ,Ecz;ks Hkzw.k
Face isQl psgjk
Fist fiQLV eqV~Bh
Gullet xqysV xyk
Gum xe elw<+k
Hand gSaM gkFk
Heart gkVZ fny
Heel ghy ,sM+h
Hair gs;j cky
161
Intestine bUVSLVkbu vkar
Index finger baMSDl fiQxaj rtZuh
Jaw tkW tcM+k
Joint tkWbaV tksM+
Knee uh ?kqVuk
Kidney fdMuh xqnkZ
Lap ySi xksn
Liver fyoj ftxj
Little finger fyVy fiaQxj dkuh@NksVh vaxqyh
Eye vkbZ vk¡[k
Ear-drum bZ;j&Mªe d.kZiVy
Eye-lid vkbZ&fyM vk¡[k dk <Ddu (iyd)
Eye-lash vkbZ&yS'k cjkSuh
Ear bZ;j dku
Elbow ,Ycks dksguh
Eye-ball vkbZ cky vk¡[k dh iqryh
Eye-brow vkbZ&czks HkkSag
Finger fiQaxj gkFk dh vaxqyh
Foot iqQV iSj
Forehead iQksjgSM yykV] ekFkk
Phalange iSQySat vaxqyh dk iksj
Pore iksj jksedwi
Palm ike gFksyh
Pulse iYl ukM+h] uCt
Penis iSful iq:"k dk fyax
Rump jEi pwrM+
Ring-finger fjax fiQaxj vukfedk
Rib fjc ilyh
Shoulder 'kksYMj da/k
Soul lksy vkRek
Snout LukmV FkwFku
162
Skull Ldy [kksiM+h
Stomach LVkWed vkek'k;
Sole lksy iSj dh ryok
Spleen LIyhu Iyhgk
Skin fLdu peM+k
Saliva lykbok ykj
Lip fyi vksB
Lung yax isQiQM+k
Muscle eLly iqV~Bk] ek¡lis'kh
Moustache ekmLVsp ew¡N
Middle-finger feMy fiQaxj eè;fedk
Mouth ekmQFk eq¡g
Neck uSd xnZu
Navel usoy ukfHk
Molar-teeth eksyj VhFk nk<+
Nose ukst ukd
Nipple fuIIy Lrukxz] Lru
Nostril ukWfLVªy uFkquk
Nail usy uk[kwu
Palate iSysV rkyw
Thigh FkkbZ tk¡?k
Toe Vks iSj dh vaxqyh
Trachea VªSfd;k 'okl uyh
Throat FkzksV xyk
Tooth VwFk nk¡r
Tongue Vax thHk
Thumb Fke~ vaxwBk
Trunk Vªad /M+
Urinary bladder ;wfjujh CySMj ew=kk'k;
Uterus ;qfVjl xHkkZ'k;
163
Vagina oSftuk Hkx] ;ksfu
Vein osu ul
Waist osLV dej
Whiskers foLdlZ ew¡N
Womb owe xHkZ
Wrist fjLV dykbZ
Ailments and Body Condition (jksx ,oa 'kkjhfjd n'kk,¡)
Ague ,X;w daiToj
Acidity ,flfMVh isV dh xSl
Asthma vLFkek nek
Acne ,Dus eksgklk
Albino ,fYcuks lwjteq[kh O;fDr
Anorexia ,ukWjsfDl;k Hkw[k u yxuk
Bronchitis czkWUdkbfVl isQiQM+s dh lwtu
Beri-beri csjh&csjh ikSf"Vdrk dh deh
Boil ckW;y iQksM+k
Bald ckYM xatk
Blind CykbaM va/k
Bile ckby fiÙk
Breath cSzFk lakl
Bleeding CyhfMax jDr dk cguk
Cough diQ [kk¡lh
Coryza dksfjtk tqdke
Abortion ,ck'kZu xHkZikr
Anaemia ,usfe;k [kwu dh deh
Fistula fiQLVqyk ukM+hcz.k] uklwj
Flu Ýyw Ýyw
Gland XySaM fxYVh] xzafFk
Gripping fxzfIiax ejksM+
Giddiness fxMhuSl pDdj vkuk
164
Hunch-backed gap&cSDM dqcM+k
Hurt gVZ pksV
Hunger gaxj Hkw[k
Hiccup fgDdi fgPkdh
Hernia gfuZ;k vkar mrjuk
Hoarseness gkslZuSl xyk cSBuk
Headache gSMsd flj dk nnZ
Hepatitis gSikVkbfVl ;Ñr 'kksFk
Itch bp [kqtyh
Cataract dSVjSDV eksfr;kfcUn
Constipation dk¡fLVis'ku dCt
Cancer dSalj uklwj
Chill fpy BaM
Cholera dkWyjk gStk
Consumption datEi'ku {k;jksx
Diarrhoea Mk;fj;k vfrlkj
Dropsy MªkWIlh tyksnj
Dandruff MSuMªiQ flj dh [kq'dh
Diabetes Mk;fcVht e/qesg
Dislocation fMLyksds'ku tksM+ dk mrjuk
Dumb Mac xwaxk
Dysentery Mk;lSaVªh isfp'k
Diphtheria fMiQFkhfj;k xys dk laØked jksx
Dengue MSaX;w yaxM+k cq[kkj
Debility MSfcfyVh detksjh
Eczema ,Xthek [kkt
Epilepsy ,ihySIlh fexhZ
Fracture izQSDPkj gM~Mh VwVuk
Fainting isQafVax csgks'kh
Fever iQhoj Toj
165
Pimple fiEiy iqQalh] eq¡gklk
Phlegm Ýyse cyxe] diQ
Prickly heat fizdyh ghV vykbZ] ?keksjh
Pain isu nnZ
Pneumonia fueksfu;k fueksfu;k
Piles ikbYl coklhj
Paralysis iSjkykbfll ydok
Pyorrhoea ik;fj;k nkarksa esa ihi iM+uk
Rheumatism :esfVTe xfB;k
Ring-worm fjax&okeZ xksy Ñfe
Indigestion baMkbtS'ku cngteh
Itches bpst [kqtyh
Inflammation bUÝyses'ku lwtu
Insomnia bUlksfEu;k uhan u vkuk
Influenza bUÝyq,Utk 'khr Toj
Jaundice tkWfUMl ihfy;k
Lean yhu nqcyk
Leucorrhoea fydksfj;k iznj
Lame yse yaxM+k
Lunacy Y;wuslh ikxyiu
Leprosy ysizkslh dks<+
Measles ehlYl [kljk
Mumps eEIl duisQM+s
Mad eSM ikxy
Mole eksy eLlk] fry
Malaria eysfj;k ekSleh cq[kkj
Nausea ukSfl;k th epykuk
Obesity vksfcflVh pchZ c<+uk
One-eyed ou&vkbM dkuk
Ottorrhoea vkVksfjgw;k dku cguk
Plague Iysx Iysx
166
Short-sight 'kkVZ&lkbZV fudV n`f"Vnks"k
Small-pox Leky&ikWDl pspd] cM+h ekrk
Stool LVwy VV~Vh] ey
Sprain Lizsu eksp
Sun-stroke lu&LVªksd yw yxuk
Sore eye lksj vkbZ vk¡[k nq[kuk
Typhus VkbiQl dkyk Toj
Tumour V~;wej xk¡B
Tuberculosis V~;wcjD;qykWfll {k; jksx
Tonsil Vk¡fly xqfVdk
Typhoid VkbiQkbM vka=k Toj
Stomach-ache LVked&,d isV dk nnZ
Scabies LdScht [kqtyh
Stone LVksu iFkjh
Swelling LoSfyax lwtu
Sweat LoSV ilhuk
Ulcer vYlj van:uh iQksM+k
Urine ;wfju ew=k
Vomit oksfeV d;@myVh djuk
Wound okmUM ?kko
Yawning ;kWfuax tEHkkbZ] mcklh ysuk
Relation (laca/ vkSj fj'rs)
Aunt vkWUV cwvk] ekSlh] pkph
Adopted daughter ,MksIVsM MkWaVj nÙkd dU;k
Adopted-son ,MksIVsM lu nÙkd iq=k
Client DykbaV vklkeh] eksofDdy
Daughter MkWVj iq=kh
Daughter-in-law MkWVj&bu&ykW iq=ko/w
Disciple fMlhiy psyk
Father iQknj firk
Friend izQSaM fe=k] lgsyh
167
Father-in-law iQknj&bu&ykW llqj
Grand -son xzkaM lu iksrk
guest xSLV esgeku
Grand mother xzkaM enj nknh
Bride-groom czkbZM&xzwe nwYgk
Bride czkbZM nqYgu
Brother cznj HkkbZ
Customer dLVqej xzkgd
Concubine dkWuD;wckbu j[kSy
Mamma eEek vEek
Nephew uSÝ;w Hkrhtk] Hkkatk
Niece uhl Hkrhth] Hkkath
Own vksu lxk
Patient is'kSaV jksxh
Pupil I;wfiy f'k";
Preceptor izhlSIVj xq:
Pleader IyhMj odhy
Relative fjysfVo fj'rsnkj
Son lu csVk
Sister flLVj cgu
Step-daughter LVSi MkWVj lkSrsyh csVh
Grand-daughter xzkaM&MkWVj iksrh
Heir gsvj okfjl
Husband gLcSaM ifr
Lover yoj izseh
Landlord ySaMykWMZ tehanj
Mother-in-law enj&bu&ykW lkl
Maternal grand-father eSVuZy xzakM iQknj ukuk
Maternal uncle eSVuZy vady ekek
Mistress feLVªSl mi&iRuh
Mother enj ek¡
168
Maternal sister eSVuZy flLVj ekSlh
Meternal grand-mother eSVuZy xzkaM enj ukuh
Maternal aunt eSVuZy vkaV ekeh
Step-son LVSi&lu lkSrsyk iq=k
Step-father LVSi&iQknj lkSrsyk cki
Step-mother LVsi&enj lkSrsyh ek¡
Step-brother LVSi&cznj lkSrsyk HkkbZ
Step-sister LVSi&flLVj lkSrsyh cfgu
Son-in-law lu&bu&ykW nkekn] ?kjtekbZ
Teacher Vhpj vè;kid
Uncle vady pkpk
wife okbiQ iRuh
Sister-in-law flLVj&bu&ykW HkkHkh] lkyh] uun] tsBkuh] nsojkuh
Professions and Occupations (is'ks vkSj O;olk;)
Actor ,DVj uk;d
Agriculturist ,xzhdypfjLV Ñ"kd
Artist vkfVZLV dykdkj] fp=kdkj
Astrologer vLVªksykWtj T;ksfr"kh
Auctioneer vkWD'kuh;j uhykeh djus okyk
Advocate ,MoksdsV odhy
Accountant vdkmVSaV equhe
Author vkWFkj ys[kd
Auditor vkWfMVj fglkc dh iM+rky djus okyk
Artisan vkfVZlu f'kYidkj
Agent ,tsaV equhe
Blacksmith CySdfLeFk yksgkj
Baker csdj fcLdqV] Mcy jksVh cukus okyk] ukuckbZ
Bakery csdjh fcLdqV ;k McyjksVh cukus dk dkj[kkuk
Brokerage czksdjst nykyh
Banker cSadj lkgwdkj
169
Book-binder cqd&ckbaMj ftYnlkt
Butler cVyj ukSdj
Boatman cksVeSu ukfod
Beggar cSxj fHk[kkjh
Bake csd idkuk
Broker czksdj nyky
Butcher cqpj dlkbZ
Barber ckjcj ukbZ
Bankrupt cSadjIV fnokfy;k
Bookseller cqdlSyj iqLrd foØsrk
Brasier czsfl;j BBsjh
Confectioner dUiSQD'kuj feBkbZ cukus okyk
Chemist dSfeLV nokb;k¡ cspus okyk
Contractor dkWUVªsDVj Bsdsnkj
Cook dqd jlksb;k
Clerk DydZ fyfid] ys[kd] eqa'kh
Constable dkaLVscy flikgh
Chauffeur 'kkSiQj dkj pykus okyk
Carpenter dkjiSUVj c<+bZ
Carpentry dkjiSUVjh c<+bZ dk dke
Carrier dSfj;j okgd] ys tkus okyk
Conductor daMDVj laokgd
Coachman dkspeSu xkM+hoku
Compounder daikmaMj vkS"kf/ la;kstd
Cobbler dkWcyj eksph
Cloth-merchant DykWFk eps±V diM+s cspus okyk
Compositor dEiksthVj izsl esa v{kj tksM+us okyk
Cashier dSf'k;j jksdfM+;k] [ktkaph] dks"kkè;{k
Cleaner Dyhuj e'khu lkiQ j[kus okyk
Carder dkMZj /qfu;k
Coolie dqyh dqyh
170
Doctor MkWDVj fpfdRld
Draftsman MªkÝV~leSu uD'kkuohl
Darner MkuZj jiwQxj
Dentist MSfUVLV nkarksa dk MkWDVj
Dramatist MªkekfVLV ukVddkj
Draper MªSij jaxlkt] yykjh
Druggist MªfxLV nokbZ cspus okyk
Driver Mªkboj pkyd
Drummer Mªej rcyph
Enameller buseyj ehukdkj
Editor ,fMVj laiknd
Examiner ,Xt+kfeuj ijh{kd
Engineer bathfu;j vfHk;ark
Fisherman fiQ'kjeSu eNqok
Farmer iQkeZj fdlku
Grocer xzkWlj ialkjh
Gatekeeper xsVdhij n~okjiky
Groom xzwe nwYgk
Gardener xkMZuj ekyh
Green-grocer xzhu&xzkWlj lCth cspus okyk] dqatM+k
Goldsmith xksYMfLeFk lqukj
Glazier Xysft;j 'kh'kk yxkus okyk
Hawker gkWdj isQjhokyk
Inspector baLiSDVj fujh{kd
Inkman badeSu L;kghokyk
Jeweller ToSyj tkSgjh
Juggler txyj enkjh
Lawyer ykW;j odhy
Landlord ySaMykWMZ tehankj
Milkman feYdeSu Xokyk] nwf/;k
Milk-maid feYdesM Xokfyu
171
Massenger eSlastj nwr] lans'kokgd
Mid-wife feMokbZiQ nkbZ
Merchant epsZUV lkSnkxj
Manager eSustj eSustj] izca/drkZ
Miner ekbZuj [kku [kksnus okyk
Mason eslu jktxhj
Magician eSftf'k;u tknwxj
Musician E;wftf'k;u laxhrdkj
Novelist ukWofyLV miU;kldkj
Nurse ulZ ulZ@lsfodk
Oilman vkW;y eSu rsyh
Peon ihvu pijklh
Porter iksVZj dqyh
Priest izhLV iqjksfgr
Perfumer ijÝ;wej brj cspus okyk
Pedlar iSMyj isQjh okyk
Painter isUVj jaxlkt
Postman iksLVeSu Mkfd;k] i=kokgd
Pilot ikbyV ok;q;kupkyd
Potter ikWVj dqEgkj
Physician fiQft'ku gdhe
Pleader IyhMj odhy
Proprietor izksijkbVj ekfyd
Photographer izQksVksxzkiQj iQksVks [khapus okyk
Prose-writer izkst&jkbZVj xn~; ys[kd
Poet iks;V dfo
Publisher ifCy'kj izdk'kd
Principal fizafliy iz/kukpk;Z
Retailer fjVsyj [kqnjk O;kikjh
Sculptor LDyIVj iRFkj dkVus okyk
172
Shoe-maker 'kw&eSdj eksph
Stamp-vendor LVSEi oSUMj LVkai cspus okyk
Sanitary Inspector lSuhVjh baLiSDVj liQkbZ fujh{kd
Sailor lsyj eka>h
Shop-keeper 'kkWi dhij nqdkunkj
Shepherd 'kSiQMZ xM+fj;k
Stamp LVSEi Mkd fVdV
Sweeper Lohij liQkbZ okyk
Scavanger LdSfoUtj esgrj] lM+d dk dwM+k gVkusokyk
Surgeon ltZu 'kY; fpfdRld
Seeds-man lhM~l&eSu cht foØsrk
Tanner Vsuj peZ'kks/d
Tailor Vsyj nthZ
Tenant VsuSUV fdjk;snkj
Tin-man fVu&eSu dybZ djus okyk
Treasurer Vªstjj [ktkaph
Teacher Vhpj vè;kid
Trader VªsMj O;kikjh
Tutor V~;wVj ?kj ij i<+kus okyk
Turner VuZj VuZj
T. T. E. Vh-Vh-bZ- jsy ds fVdV ns[kus okyk
Watchman okpeSu pkSdhnkj
Washerman ok'kjeSu /ksch
Wholsale dealer gksylsy Mhyj Fkksd foØsrk
Writer jkbVj ys[kd
Watch-maker okp&esdj ?kM+hlkt
Water-carrier okVj&dSfj;j ty okgd
Waiter osVj ukSdj
Weaver ohoj tqykgk
173
Stationery (LVs'kujh)
Almirah vyfejk vyekjh
Blank-paper CySad&isij lknk dkxt
Blotting-paper CykWfVax isij lks[krk dkxt
Bench cSap cSap
Bodkin ckWMfdu Nsn djus dk lqvk
Cork dkWdZ dkWdZ
Card dkMZ dkMZ
Copying pencil dkWfiax iSafly udy djus dh iSafly
Call-bell dkWy&cSy iqdkjus dh ?kaVh
Compass daikl fn'kk lwpd ;a=k
Clip fDyi fpeVh
Crayon Øs;u [kfM+;k iSafly
Carbon-paper dkcZu isij dkcZu dkxt
Counterfoil dkmQaVjiQkWby vk/h jlhn] v/iUuk
Drawing-pin Mªkbax&fiu Mªkbax fiu
Divider fMokbMj fMokbMj
Dictionary fMD'kujh 'kCndks"k
Daily-paper Msyh&isij nSfud i=k
Eraser bjstj jcM+
Easy-chair bth ps;j vkjke dqlhZ
Exercise-book ,Dljlkbt cqd vH;kl iqfLrdk
File iQkby iQkby
Glue Xyw ljsl] xksan
Gum xe xksan
Holder gksYMj gksYMj
Ink bad L;kgh
Ink-pot bad&ikWV nokr
Ink-pad bad&iSM L;kgh iSM
Ledger yStj ys[kk cgh
Magazine eSxthu if=kdk
Map eSi uD'kk
174
Nib fuc fuc
Paper isij dkxt
Packing-paper iSfdax isij yisVus dk dkxt
Pen iSu dye
Paper-cutter isij&dVj dkxt dVj
Pin fiu vyfiu
pin-cushion fiudq'ku vkyfiu yxkus dh xíh
Punch iap fNnz.k e'khu
Pencil iSafly iSafly
Paper-weight isij&osV dkxt nkc
Protractor izksVªsDVj pkank] dks.kekid
Ruler :yj 'kkld
Receipt book fjlhV cqd jlhn cgh
Register jftLVj jftLVj@iath
Rubber-stamp jcM+ LVSEi jcM+ dh eksgj
Slate LysV LysV
Seal lhy lhy
Tracing Cloth Vªsflax DykFk ekseh diM+k
Tape Vsi iQhrk
Tag VSx tksM+uk
Tracing paper Vªsflax isij dkjcu dkxt
Writing pad jkbfVax iSM fy[kus dh iV~Vh
Waste-paper basket osLV isij ckLdsV jíh dh Vksdjh
Days (fnu)
Monday eaMs lkseokj
Tuesday V~;qt~Ms eaxyokj
Wednesday osM~uslMs cq/okj
Thursday FklZMs xq:okj
Friday izQkbZMs 'kqØokj
Saturday lSVjMs 'kfuokj
Sunday luMs jfookj
175
Months (ekl@eghuk)
January tSuqvjh tuojh
February iSQczqvjh iQjojh
March ekpZ ekpZ
April vizSy vizSy
May es ebZ
June twu twu
July tqykbZ tqykbZ
August vkWxLV vxLr
September lSIVsEcj flrEcj
October vkWDVwcj vDVwcj
November uoEcj uoEcj
December fMlSacj fnlaEcj
Seasons (½rq,¡)
Autumn vkWVe ir>M+
Spring fLizax olar
Summer lej xzh"e
Rainy Season jsuh lhtu cjlkr
Winter foaVj 'kjn~@lnhZ
Directions (fn'kk,¡)
North ukFkZ mÙkj
East bZLV iwoZ
South lkmFk nf{k.k
West osLV if'pe
North-east uksFkZ&bZLV mÙkj&iwoZ
North-west ukWFkZ&osLV mÙkj&if'pe
South-east lkmFk&bZLV nf{k.k&iwoZ
South-west lkmFk&osLV nf{k.k&if'pe
176
Time (le;)
Second lSfd.M lSfd.M
Minute feuV feuV
Hour vkoj ?kaVk
Day Ms fnu
Dawn MkWu mQ"kkdky] izHkkr
Morning ekWfu±x izkr%
Noon uwu nksigj
After-noon vkÝVj&uwu eè;kÉksÙkj
Dusk MLd laè;k
Evening bZofuax 'kke
Night ukbV jkf=k
Mid-night feM&ukbV v¼Zjkf=k
Week ohd lIrkg
Fortnight iQkWVZ ukbV i[kokM+k
Month eUFk eghuk
Quarter DokVZj frekgh
Half year gkiQ bZvj v¼Z o"kZ
Year bZvj o"kZ
Decade fMdsM nl o"kZ@n'kd
Century lSUpqjh lkSo"kZ@'krkCnh
Zodiac (jkf'kpØ)
Aries ,vjht es"k
Cemini tsfefu feFkqu
Leo fyvks flag
Libra fyczk rqyk
Sagittarius lSftVsfjvl /uq
Acquarious vDosfj;l daqHk
Taurus VkWjl o`"k
Crab ØSc ddZ
177
Virgo oxksZ dU;k
Scorpio LdkWjfivks o`f'pd
Capricorn ØSfizdkWuZ edj
Pisces ikblht ehu
Planets (xzg)
Mercury edZfj cq/
Venus ohul 'kqØ
Earth vFkZ i`Foh
Mars eklZ eaxy
Jupiter tqihVj c`gLifr
Saturn lsVuZ 'kfu
Uranus ;wjsul v:.k
Neptune usIP;wu o:.k
Police Terminology (iqfyl ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh)
I. G. (Inspector General of Police) ¾ egkfujh{kd
S. P. (Superitendent of Police) ¾ iqfyl vèkh{kd
Inspector ¾ v/h{kd
Sub-Inspector ¾ Fkkusnkj
Assistant Sub-Inspector ¾ mi v/h{kd
Kotwal ¾ dksroky
Armed Police ¾ gfFk; kjcan i qfyl
Flying Squad ¾ mM+u nLrk
Control Room ¾ fu;a=k.k d{k
Theft ¾ pksjh
Thief ¾ pksj
Smuggler ¾ rLdj
Stabbing ¾ Nqjk ?kksaiuk
Security ¾ lqj{kk
Investigation ¾ tk¡p iM+rky
C.I.D. (Criminal Investigation ¾ dsUnzh; [kqfiQ;k
178
Department) iqfyl
Tear Gas ¾ vk¡lw xSl
Smuggling ¾ pksjh ls eky ykuk&ys tkuk
On Bail ¾ tekur ij
D.I.G. (Deputy Inspector General) ¾ miegkfujh{kd
D.S.P. (Deputy Superintendent of Police) ¾ i fyl
q mivèkh{kd
Police Station ¾ iqfyl Fkkuk
Constable ¾ flikgh
Traffic Police ¾ ;krk;kr O;oLFkk iqfyl
Dogs Squad ¾ 'oku ny
Warrant ¾ vkns'k fxjÝrkjh
Robbery ¾ Mkdk
Dacoity ¾ ywV&[klksV
Pick-pocket ¾ tscdrjk
Murder ¾ gR;k
Cheating ¾ /ks[kknsgh
Challan ¾ pkyku
Under Police Custody ¾ iqfyl dh fgjklr esa
C.B.I. (Central Bureau of ¾ dsUnzh; [kqfiQ;k
Investigation) tk¡p foHkkx
Firing ¾ xksyh pykuk
Remand ¾ iwNrkN ds fy,
vnkyr ls vof/ ysuk
Gang ¾ ny
Hospital Terminology (vLirky ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh)
Hospital ¾ fpfdRlky;
Clinic ¾ (izkbosV) vkS"k/ky;
Doctor ¾ MkWDVj
Nurse ¾ ulZ
Operation theatre ¾ phj&iQkM+ dk dejk
179
Children ward ¾ cPpksa dk d{k
Bleeding ¾ jDr cguk
Medicines ¾ vkS"kf/;k¡
Pills ¾ xksfy;k¡
Powders ¾ iqfM;k¡] pw.kZ
Blood pressure ¾ jDrpki
Urine test ¾ ew=k ijh{kk
Blood test ¾ jDr ijh{kk
Compounder ¾ nokb;k¡ nsus okyk
Patient ward ¾ jksxh d{k
Emergency ward ¾ vkikRkdkyhu d{k
Ladies ward ¾ fL=k;ksa dk d{k
Dead body ¾ yk'k
Injection ¾ Vhdk
Mixture ¾ nzo feJ.k
Temperature ¾ rkieku
Stool test ¾ VV~Vh dk tk¡p
Sputum test ¾ cyxe ijh{kk
Ambulance ¾ jksxh okgu
Dose ¾ nokbZ dh [kqjkd
Thermometer ¾ FkekZehVj] rkieku ;a=k
Bandage ¾ iV~Vh
Bottle ¾ 'kh'kh
Wheel chair ¾ ifg;ksa okyh dqlhZ
Orthopaedic ¾ gM~fM;ksa ls lacaf/r
Physician ¾ fpfdRld
Specialist ¾ fo'ks"kK
E.C.G. ¾ ân; dh ;kaf=kd ijh{kk
Fracture ¾ gM~Mh dk VwV tkuk
180
Dispensary ¾ fMLisaljh
Maternity home ¾ tPpk x`g
Cotton ¾ :bZ
Stretcher ¾ jksxh dks ysVkdj ys tkus dk lk/u
Plaster ¾ iyLrj
Surgery ¾ ltZjh
Surgeon ¾ phj&iQkM+ djus okyk ('kY; fpfdRld)
Ophthalmic ¾ vk¡[k laca/h foHkkx
X-ray ¾ ,Dl&js
O.P.D. (Out patient Department) ¾ ckg~; jksfx;ksa dk foHkkx
Unconscious ¾ ewfNZRk
181
CRIES OF ANIMALS & THEIR YOUNG
11 ONES & THEIR VARIOUS SOUNDS
Cries of Animals (tkuojksa dh vkoktsa)

Asses-bray ¾ x/s jsadrs gSA
Apes-Gibber ¾ yaxwj xqjkZrs gSA
Bear-growl ¾ Hkkyw xqjkZrs gSA
Bees-buzz/hum ¾ efD[k;k¡ fHkufHkurh gSA
Birds-chirp/warble ¾ i{kh pgpgkrs gSaA
Bulls-bellow ¾ cSy jaHkkrs gSaA
Camels-grunt ¾ mQaV xqM+xqM+krs gSaA
Cats-new ¾ fcfYy;k¡ E;kma E;km
djrh gSA
Cocks-crow ¾ eqxsZ ckax nsrs gSaA
Cows-low ¾ xk;sa jaHkkrh gSA
Crows-caw ¾ dkS, dkao&dkao djrs gSaA
Ducks-quack ¾ cÙk[k dSa&dSa djrh gSA
Dogs bark ¾ dqÙks HkkSadrs gSaA
Eagles-scream ¾ ckt ph[krs gSaA
Elephant-trumpet ¾ gkFkh fpa?kkM+rs gSA
Flies-buzz ¾ efD[k;k¡ fHkufHkukrh gSA
Foxes-yelp ¾ yksefM+;k¡ Hkwadrh gSA
Frogs-croak ¾ esa<+d VjkZrs gSaA
Goats-bleet ¾ cdfj;k¡ fee;krh gSaA
Hawks-scream ¾ ckt ph[krs gSaA
Hyenas-laugh ¾ ydM+cX?kk galrk gSA
Horses-neigh ¾ ?kksM+s fgufgukrs gSA
Hens-cackle ¾ eqfxZ
; k¡ dqdMq&dqdjrh gSA
Jackals-hawl ¾ xhnM+s@
gw&gw
jksr djrs gSA
182
Lions-roar ¾ 'ksj ngkM+rs gSA
Lambs-bleat ¾ eseus cka cka djrs gSA
Mice-squeak ¾ pwgs pwa pw djrs gSA
Monkeys-chatter ¾ canj xqjkZrs gSA
Nightingales-sing ¾ cqycqysa xkrh gSA
Oxen-low ¾ cSy Mdjkrs gSA
Owls-hoot ¾ mYyw gwa gwa djrs gSA
Parrot-talk ¾ rksrs Vsa&Vsa djrs gSA
Rabbit-squeal ¾ [kjxks'k fdydkjrs gSaA
Pigeons-coo ¾ dcwrj xqVj xwa djrs gSA
Pigs-grunt ¾ lqvj ?kj?kqjkrs gSaA
Sheep-bleat ¾ HksMsa fefe;krs gSaA
Snake-hiss ¾ lkai iqQadkjrs gSaA
Sparrow-chirp ¾ fpfM+;k¡ pgdrh gSaA
Tigers-roar ¾ phrs ngkM+rs gSaA
Vultures-scream ¾ fx¼ ph[krs gSaA
Wolves-yell ¾ HksfM+;s ph[krs gSA
Animals and their young ones (tkuoj o muds cPpksa ds uke)
Ass x/k Foal
Bird i{kh Nestling
Bear jhN Cub
Bull cSy Calf
Butterfly frryh Caterpillar
Cow xk; Calf
Cat fcYyh Kitten
Dog dqÙkk Puppy
Duck cÙk[k Duckling
Elephant gkFkh Calf
Frog esa<+d Tadpole
Goat cdjh Kid
Hen eqxhZ Chicken
183
Horse ?kksM+k Colt
Lion 'ksj Cub
Sheep HksM+ Lamb
Tiger phrk Cub
Various Sounds (dbZ èofu;k¡)

Jingling eqnzkvksa dh [ku[kukgV
Clapping djry èofu] rkfy;k¡
Whistling ok;q dh èofu] batu dh lhVh
Rustling iÙkksa dh >jejkgV
Thundering cknyksa dh vkokt
Pattering o"kkZ dh vkokt
Creaking twrksa dh pjejkgV
Clatter ?kksM+s ds iSjksa dh vkokt
Chattering nk¡rksa dh vkokt
Buzz VsyhiQksu dh vkokt
Banging njoktsa dh [kM+[kM+kgV
Beat <ksy dh vkokt
184
12 IDIOMS AND PHRASES
Idioms and Phrases NksVs 'kCn lewg gksrs gsa ftUgsa fgUnh esa eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡ dgr
Hkh Hkk"kk esa budk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gS D;ksafd budk iz;ksx dj de 'kCnksa esa ckr dks jkspd o izokg
dqN dgk tk ldrk gSA eqgkojs dk vFkZ 'kkfCnd ugha cfYd fof'k"V gksrk gS tks eqgkojs ds 'kCn ds vFkZ
gksrk gSAbad
tSls blood
^ * dk vFkZ ^[kjkc [kwu* gksrk gS ijarq eqgkojs ds fo'k"k vFkZ ('k=kqrk) ds vk/kj ij b
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
To leave no stone unturned dksbZ dlj u NksM+uk
Within a stone's throw ,dne fudV gksuk
Add fuel to the flame vkx esa ?kh Mkyuk
Bell the cat fcYyh ds xys esa ?kaVh cka/uk
Build castles in the air gokbZ fdys cukuk
Neither head nor tail dqN le> u vkuk
To win one's purse iz'kalk izkIr djuk
To catch red handed jaxs gkFkksa idM+uk
Rain cats and dogs Hkkjh o"kkZ gksuk
Brain wash fopkjksa esa ekSfyd varj ykuk
Come with flying colours liQyrk izkIr djuk
To come of age ckfyx gksuk
To catch one's eye è;ku vkdf"kZr djukA
To die like a dog dqÙks dh ekSr djukA
By heart daBLFk
Bed of roses vkjkenk;d
Bag and baggage cksfj;k fcLrkj lesr
Break the news dksbZ [kcj nsuk
Better half choh
Hue and cry gaxkek
185
Well and good cgqr vPNk
At the eleventh hour vafre {k.k esa
Wear and tear VwV&iqQV
Cold blooded murder funZ;rkiw.kZ gR;k
Fair weather friend t:jr ds le; lkFk u nsus okys fe=k
By hook or by crook fdlh Hkh rjg ls
At sixes and sevens vO;ofLFkr gksuk
Feather one's nest voS/ rjhds ls dekbZ djuk
Grease the palm fj'or nsuk
Keep in touch with fdlh ls lEidZ cuk, j[kuk
White collar people jÝrkj esa ukSdjh djus okys
Make both ends meet viuh vkenuh ds vanj xqtkjk djuk
Make a name viuk uke dekuk
Hold one's tongue viuh tcku lEHkkyuk
Get rid of ihNk NqM+kuk
Poke one's nose iQVs esa Vkax vM+kuk
Stand in good stead ykHk gksuk
Step in another man's shoes nwljs dh txg ysuk
Stand upon one's own legs vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gksuk
Pocket an insult vieku lguk
Then and there mlh oDr
The tug of war jLlkd'kh
A man of word Hkjkslsean
Out of pocket iSlk u gksuk
Apple of one's eye tku ls I;kjk
Cock and bull story eu ls jph dgkuh
French leave fcuk crk, NqV~Vh ysuk
Give a ring iQksu djuk
Make fun of fdlh dh galh mM+kuk
Red letter day Lo.kZ fnu
Take the law into one's hands dkuwu dks vius gkFkksa esa ysuk
186
To and fro vkxs ihNs
Up to date vk/qfud
Sleeping partner og tks /a/s esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx u ys
Keep an eye on fuxjkuh j[kuk
Shed crocodile's tears exjePN ds vkalw cgkuk
To poison one's ears fdlh ds dku Hkjuk
By leaps and bounds fnu nwuh jkr pkSxquh
Prose and cons i{k ,oa foi{k
Hen pecked husband L=kh dk xqyke
Hall mark mRÑ"Vrk dh fu'kkuh
Black market dkyk /a/k] xSj dkuwuh O;kikj
A man of letters ys[kd
Time and tide le; vkSj ygj
Important Collective Phrases (egRoiw.kZ lewgokpd okD;ka'k)
A bunch of keys pkfc;ksa dk xqPNk
A bouquet of flowers iwQyksa dk xqynLrk
A race of fighters yM+kdksa dk oa'k
A heap of stones iRFkjksa dk <sj
A hive of bees e/qefD[k;ksa dk lewg
A team of players f[kykfM+;ksa dk ny
A flock of sheep HksM+ksa dk >q.M
A galaxy of stars rkjksa dh vkdk'kxaxk
A set of ornaments xguksa dk lsV
A lock of hair ckyksa dh yV
A gang of thieves pksjksa dk ny
A catalogue of books iqLrdksa dh lwph
A chain of mountains igkM+ksa dh Jà[kyk
A herd of cattle eos'kh dk >q.M
A group of islands }hiksa dk lewg
A crowd of people yksxksa dh HkhM+
187
A Troop of horses ?kksM+ksa dk lewg
A pair of shoes twrksa dh tksM+h
A flight of birds if{k;ksa dk >q.M
A gust of wind gok dk >ksadk
Idiomatic Comparisons (eqgkojsnkj miek,a)
As sharp as a razor bruk rst ftruk mLrjk
As round as a ball xsan tSlk xksy
As red as rose bruk yky ftruk xqykc
As brave as a lion bruk cgknqj ftruk 'ksj
As cunning as a fox bruk pkykdtSls yk
seM+
h
As green as grass bruk gjk ftruh ?kkl
As blue as the sky bruk uhyk ftruk vkdk'k
As dumb as any stone bruk xwaxk ftruk iRFkj
As light as a feather bruk gYdk ftruk ia[k
As busy as a bee bruk O;
Lr ft ruh eèkqeD[kh
As regular as a clock bruk fu;ec¼ ftruh?kM+h
As black as coal bruk dkyk ftruk kds;y
As brittle as glass bruk uktqdftruk dkap
As dead as stone iRFkj ftruk futhZo
As timid as a hare bruk Mj
i ksd ftr uk[ kjxks'k
As greedy as a wolf bruk ykyph tSlk HksfM+;k
As wise as soloman bruk cqf¼eku ftruk lqyseku
As cool as cucumber bruk 'khry ftruk [khjk
As sure as death bruk fuf'pr ftruhe`R;q
As stupid as a donkey bruk ew[kZ ftruk x/k
As Sweet as honey bruke/qjftruk 'kgn
188
13 HOMES AND PLACES
Different objects: animals, persons, plants and games have separate names
for places where they are found, grown, stored, kept, made or played
A) Homes
(a) Persons Meaning Homes
Convict vijk/h Prison
King jktk palace
patient ejht hospital
Lunatic ikxy Asylum
Monk fHk{kq Monastery
Officer viQlj Bungalow
Nun fHk{kq.kh Convent
Parson iknjh Parsonage
Peasant fdlku Cottage
Prisoner dSnh Cell
Soldier flikgh Camp, barracks
(b) Creatures Meaning Homes
Dog dqÙkk Kennel
Horse ?kksM+k Stable
Mouse pwgk Hole
Spider edM+h Web
Pig lqvj Sty
Fox ykseM+h Lair
Lion 'ksj Den
Owl mYyw Barn, nest
Sheep HksM+ Pen
Tiger ck?k Lair
189
(B) Places
(a) Games Meaning Where Played
Badminton cSMfeaVu Court
Boxing ckWfDlax Ring
Cricket fØdsV Pitch
Foot-ball iqQVcky Ground
Gymnastic fteuWkfLVd Gymnasium
Hockey gkWdh Ground
Racing jsflax Track
Tennis VSful Court
Wrestling jSlfyax Arena
Horse-race gkWlZ jsl Race-course
(b) Things Where Stored
Aeroplanes Areodrome
Fruit trees Orchard
Grapes Vineyard
Motor-cars Garage
Clothes Wardrobe
Grain Granary
Luggage at Cloak room
railway station
(c) Creatures Where Kept
Birds Cage
Birds and animals Zoo
Caged wild animals Menagerie
Young children Nursery
(d) Things Where Made

Beer Brewery
Bread Bakery
Bricks Kiln
Films Studio
190
Flour Mill
Food Kitchen
Manufactured Factory
Articles Workshop
Iron goods Smithy
Money Mint
Leather goods Tannery
Ships Dockyard
Paper Mill
(e) Things Where kept
Pictures Art gallery
Plays Theatre
Films Cinema-hall
Provisions for the house Pantry
Rubbish Filth depot, garbage depot
Water for the supply of a town Water-works, water-reservoirs
Weapons, Ammunition Arsenal
Young plants Nursery
Wares Godown
(f) Things Where kept
Creche Day nursery for children when their
parents are at work.
Primary/Nursery School A school where young children are
taught.
Middle School Where middle classes are taught.
High School A school for studies upto matric
College An institution for studies in higher
education.
University Highest institution for higher studies
of all subjects.
Dispensary A small medical unit for treatment of
patients.
Nursing Home Hospital specially for intensive care.
Lodge A place where visitors from outstations
stay.
191
Hostel/Boarding House Where students stay during their
studies of training period.
Club A place of various types of recreation
and amusements like dancing. Music.
Playing etc.
Bus-stop Where buses stop to take and drop
passengers.
Railway Station Where trains stop to take and drop
passengers.
Idiomatic Use of Aminal Name

(tarqvksa ds uke dk eqgkojsnkj iz;ksx)
Phrases Idiomatic Meaning

eqgkojsnkj mfDr yk{kf.kd vFkZ
A bear ,s cs;j vf'k"V O;fDr
A drone , Mªksu fuBYyk O;fDr
A Dog , MkWx ?k`.kkLin O;fDr
A Goose , xwt+ ew[kZ O;fDr
A lamb , ySe vcks/ O;fDr
A Pig , fix isVw
A Viper , okbij /wrZ O;fDr
A Parrot , iSjWV jVus okyk O;fDr
A Cat , dSV pqM+Sy vkSjr
A Dotterel , MkWVsjsy ew<+ O;fDr
A Fox , iQkWDl /wrZ O;fDr
A Gull , xy HkkSanw balku
A Monkey , eadh udyph
A Scorpion , LdkWfiZ;u pkiywl
A Vixen , foDlu /wrZ efgyk
A Wolf , oqYiQ ykyph O;fDr
192
A few Figurative Phrases
(dqN vyadkfjd mfDr;k¡)
Crocodile tears ØksdksMkb
y fVvlZ >wBs vk¡lw
Dirt-cheap MVZ&phi cgqr lLrk
Horse laugh gkWlZ ykiQ mQ¡ph Hkn~nh galh
Hen-pecked husband gSu iSDM gLcSaM
tks: dk xqyke
pig-headed man fix&gSfMM eSu ew[kZ vkSj tM+

Black-sheep CySd&'khi pfj=kghu O;fDr
Blue-stocking CY;w LVkWfdax fonq"kh
White-elephant gokbV&,sfyiQSaV fiQtwy [kpZ
193
14 PROVERBS
gFksyh ij ljlks ugha terhA Rome was not built in a day

jkse okt ukWV fcYV bu , MsA
ns[kksa mQaV fdl djoV cSBrk gSASee which way the wind blows.
lh fOgp os n foaM CykstA
vius eq¡g fe;ka feV~Bw cuuk vPNkSelf-praise
ughaA is no recommendation
lSYiQ&izst bu uks fjdeaMs'ku
lgt ids lks ehBk gks;A Slow and steady wins the race.
Lyks ,.M LVSMh foUl n jsl
Hkkxrs pksj dh yaxksVh gh lghA Something is better than nothing.
lefFkax bu cSVj nsu ufFkaxA
MaMs dks fclkjk] cPps dks fcxkM+kA
Spare the rod, spoil the child.
Lis;j n jkWM] LikW,y n pkbYMA
rq>s ijkbZ D;k iM+h] viuh fucsM+Sweep
rwA before your own door.
Lohi fciQksj ;ksvj vksu MksjA
vHkh fnYyh nwj gSA There is many a slip between the cup and the lip.
ns;j bt eSuh , fLyi fcVohu n di ,.M n fyiA
igys rksyks] fiQj cksyksA First weith. then say
iQLVZ os] nSu lsA
x;k oDr fiQj gkFk ugha vkrkA Time once passed cannot be recalled.
Vkbe oal ikLM dSuukWV ch fjdkWYMA
nhid rys va/sjk The nearer the church, the farther from god.
n fu;jj n ppZ] n iQknZj izQkWe xkWMA
xM+s eqnsZ u m[kkM+ksA Let the dead past bury its dead.
ySV n MSM ikLV cjh bV~l MSMA
194
cank cuk,] jCc <k;sA Man proposes;Good disposes
EkSu izksikstsl xkWM fMLikstslA
mQ¡ph nqdku] iQhdk idoku Much cry. little wool.
ep ØkbZ] fyVy owyA
cw¡n&cw¡n ls rkykc Hkjrk gSA Many a little, makes a mickle
eSuh ,d fyVy] esDl , feDyA
nke cuk, dkeA Money makes the mare go
euh esDl n esvj xksA
foink;sa vdsyh ugha vkrhaA Misfortunes never come alone.
feLkiQkWjpwat uSoj de ,yksuA
vko';drk vkfo"dkj dh tuuh gSA Necessity is the mother of invention.
uSlsflVh bt n enj vkWiQ bUosa'kuA
pyrh dk uke xkM+h gSA Nothing succeeds life success.
ufFkax lDlhM~t ykbd lDlSlA
?kj dk tksxh tksxM+k] ckgj xk¡o dkNo
fl¼prophet is honoured in his own country.
uks izksisQV bt+ vkWuMZ bu fgt vksu daVªhA
vkt dk dke dy ij er NksM+ksA Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today
uSoj iqV vkWiQ fVy VqekWjks OgkV ;w dSu Mw VwMsA
vk¡[kksa ls nwj] fny ls nwj Out of sight, out of mind
vkmV vkWiQ lkbV] vkmV vkWiQ ekbaM
ukp u tkus vk¡xu Vs<+kA A bad workman quarrels with this tools.
v cSM odZeSu DokWjYt fon fgt+ VwYl!
fcuk jks;s ek¡ cPps dks nw/ ugha nsrhA
A closed mouth catches no flies.
v Dykst~M ekWmFk dSpsl ukS ÝykbtA
Mwcrs dks fruds dk lgkjkA A drowning man catches at a straw.
v Mªkmfuax eSu dSpl ,V , LVªA
fe=k ogh tks nq%[k esa dke vk,A A friend in need is a friend indeed.
v izQsaM bu uhM bt+ , izQsaM bu MhMA
pksj dh nk<+h esa frudk A guilty conscience accuses itself.
, fxYVh dalkbal ,D;qtsl bVlSYiQA
195
va/k D;k tkus clar dh cgkj A blind man is no judge of colours.
, CykbaM esu bt uks tt vkiQ dyjl
bykt ls ijgst csgrj gSA Prevention is better than cure.
fizosU'ku bt cSVj nSu D;ksjA
?keaM dk flj uhpk Pride hath a fall
izkbM gSFk v iQkyA
ukS udn u rsjg m/kjA A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
v cMZ bu gSaM bt oFkZ Vw bu n cq'kA
var Hkyk lks Hkyk All is well that ends well.
vkWy bt oSy nsV ,sUMl~ oSyA
gkFkh ds nk¡r [kkus ds vkSj fn[kkus
Alldsthat
vkSjglitters is not gold
vky nSV fXyVlZ bt ukWV xksYMA
tks xjtrs gSa] os cjlrs ugha Empty vessels make much noise.
,EiVh oSlYkl esd ep ukW,tA
ijekRek dh yhyk U;kjh gSA Mysterious are the ways of god.
fefLVfj;l vkj n ost vkWiQ xkWMA
vc iNrk;s gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k¡ pqx xbZ
It is[ksrA
no use crying over spilt milk
bV bt uks ;wt Økbax vksoj fLiYV feYdA
196
15 VARIOUS RANKS
Officers of the Civil Court (nhokuh vnkyr ds vf/dkjh)

District Judge (fMfLVªDV tt) ftyk U;k;k/h'k
Additional, joint of Assistant District Judge (,Mh'kuy] tkWbaV vkSj vfLkLVsaV fMfLVªDV tt)
vfrfjDr] la;qDr vFkok lgk;d ftyk U;k;kèkh'k
Civil Judge I Class flfoy tt izFke Js.kh
Civil Judge II class flfoy tuu f}rh; Js.kh
Munsif Magistrate eqafliQ eftLVªsV
Small Judges Court (LekWy ttst dkVZ) [kyhiQk tt
Panchayat (iapk;r) U;k; iapk;r
Note: tc ,d gh U;k;k/h'k dks nhokuh rFkk iQkStnkjh nksuksa izdkj ds eqdn~nes lquus dk vf/dkj gks] rk
District and sessions Judge (fMfLVªDV ,aM lS'ku tt) dgrs gSA
Officers of the Criminal Court (iQkStnkjh U;k;ky; ds vf/dkjh)

Officers of the Civil Court (nhokuh vnkyr ds vf/dkjh)
Sessions Judge lS'ku tt
Additional Sessions Judge vfrfjDr lS'ku tt
Megistrate I Class izFke Js.kh eftLVªsV
Megistrate II Class flfoy tt f}rh; Js.kh
Megistrate III class or munsif magistrate eqafliQ eftLVªsV
Panchayat (iapk;r) U;k;ky; iapk;r
Ranks of Officers Commissioned in the Indian Army in Descending
Order
A. ARMY (Fky lsuk)
Field Marshal iQhYM ek'kZy
General tujy
Lt. General ysÝVhusaV tujy
197
Major General estj tujy
Brigadier fczxsfM;j
Colonel duZy
Lt. Colonel ysÝVhusaV duZy
Major estj
Captain dSIVu
Lieutenant ysÝVhusaV
Subedar lwcsnkj
B. AIR FORCE (ok;q lsuk)
Marshal of the Air Force ,;j iQkslZ ek'kZy
Air Chief Marshal ,;j phiQ ek'kZy
Air Marshal ,;j ek'kZy
Air Vice Marshal ,;j okbl ek'kZy
Air Commander ,;j dekaMj
Group Captain xzqi dsIVu
Wing Commander foax dekaMj
Squadron Leader LDokMªu yhMj
Flt. Lieutenant ÝykbV ySÝVhusaV
Flying Officer Ýykbax vkWiQhlj
C. NAVY (ty lsuk)
Admiral of the fleet ukS lsuk dk ,Mfejy
Admiral leqnzh lsukifr
Vice admiral leqnzh milsukifr
Rear admiral fjvj ,Mfejy
Commodore ukSo lsuk dk mPpinLFk vf/dkjh
Captain dIrku
Commander dekaMj
Lt. Commander mi&dekaMj
Lieutenant ysÝVhusaV
Sub-Lieutenant lgk;d ysÝVhusaV
198
Officers of the Revenue Court (eky vnkyr ds vf/dkjh)
Board of Revenue cksMZ vkWiQ jSosU;w
Commissioner (dfe'uj) vk;qDr
Collector (dysDVj) ftyk/h'k
Additional Collector (,Mh'kuy dysDVj) vfrfjDr ftyk/h'k
Assistant Collector (vfLkLVsaV dysDVj) lgk;d ftyk/h'k
Deputy Collector (MsiqVh dysDVj) mi&ftyk/h'k
Sub Divisional Officer (lc fMohtuy vkWfiQlj) ijxuk/h'k

Tehsildar rglhynkj
Naib Tehsidar uk;c rglhynkj
199
16 FORMS OF VERBS
1. Present (1st form) 2. Past (2nd form) 3. Past Participle (3rd form)
GROUP - 1
1st Form vFkZ 2nd Form 3rd Form
Arise mBuk Arose Arisen
Awake tkxuk awoke awaken
Hide fNikuk@fNiuk Hid hidden
Hold Fkkeuk held held
Know tkuuk knew Known
Lie ysVuk lay lain
Ride lokjh djuk rode ridden
Ring ctuk@ctkuk rang rung
Rise mBuk@mxuk rose risen
See ns[kuk saw seen
Shake fgykuk shook shaken
Shine peduk shone shone
Shoot iQksVks fudkyuk@xksyh ekjuk)
Shot Shot
Shrink fldqM+uk shrank shrunk
Sing xkuk sang sung
Sink Mwcuk sank sunk
Sit cSBuk sat sat
Slay c/ djuk slew slain
Speak cksyuk spoke spoken
Spit Fkwduk spat spat
Stand [kM+k gksuk stood stood
200
Steal pqjkuk stole stolen
Stick fpiduk stuck stuck
Strike pksV ekjuk@gM+rky djuk
struck struck
Swear 'kiFk ysuk swore sworn
Swim rSjuk swam swum
Swing >wyuk swung swung
Take ysuk took taken
Tear iQkM+uk tore torn
Wear iguuk wore worn
Weave cquuk wove woven
Win thruk won won
Wind pkch yxkuk wound wound
Write fy[kuk wrote written
Wring fupksM+uk wrung wrung
Be gksuk was, were been
Bear tUe nsuk Bore born
Bear lgu djuk bore borne
Become cuuk became become
Begin vkjaHk djuk began begun
Bite nk¡r ls dkVuk bit bitten
Blow gok dk pyuk blew blown
Bind ck¡/uk bound bound
Bid vkKk nsuk@cksyh yxkuk
bade bidden
Break rksM+uk broke broken
Choose pquuk chose chosen
Cling fpiVuk clung clung
Come vkuk came come
Dig [kksnuk dug dug
Do djuk did done
Draw [khapuk drew drawn
Drink ihuk drank drunk
Drive pykuk drove driven
Eat [kkuk ate eaten
201
Fall fxjuk fell fallen
Find ikuk found found
Fly mM+uk] mM+kuk flew flown
Forbid euk djuk forbade forbidden
Forget Hkwy tkuk forgot forgotten
Freeze tekuk@teuk froze frozen
Get ikuk got got
Give nsuk gave given
Grind ihluk ground ground
Grow c<+uk] mxuk grew grown
Hang yVdkuk hung hung
GROUP - II
uhps fn, x, verbs esa2nd form ,oa 3rd form ,d tSls gSa vkSj
1st form esaed, en vFkokt
yxkdj 2nd ,oa 3rd form cuk, x;s gSaA
Present vFkZ Past P. Participle
Act dke djuk@vfHku; djuk acted acted
Abuse xkyh nsuk abused abused
Hear lquuk heard heard
Help lgk;rk djuk helped helped
Improve lq/kjuk@csgrj gksuk improved improved
Invite fuea=k.k nsuk invited invited
Join lkFk esa gksuk joined joined
Jump dwnuk jumped jumped
Keep j[kuk kept kept
Kill tku ls ekjuk killed killed
Knit cquuk knitted knitted
Kneel ?kqVuksa ds cy >qduk knelt knelt
Lay j[kuk@ vaMk nsuk laid laid
Lie >wB cksyuk lied lied
Laugh galuk laughed laughed
Learn ;kn djuk] lh[kuk learned learned
Leave NksM+uk left left
202
Lend m/kj nsuk lent lent
Lose [kksuk@gkjuk lost lost
Like pkguk liked liked
Listen lquuk (è;ku ls) listened listened
Look ns[kuk looked looked
Live jguk lived lived
Love izse djuk loved loved
Lead ekxZ fn[kkuk led led
Marry fookg djuk married married
Make cukuk made made
Mean vFkZ yxkuk meant meant
Meet feyuk met met
Move fgyuk moved moved
Melt fi?kyuk] fi?kykuk melted melted
Mend lq/kjuk mended mended
Mix feykuk] feyuk mixed mixed
Name uke j[kuk named named
Need vko';drk gksuk needed needed
Nip l[rh ls dqpyuk nipped nipped
Obey vkKk ekuuk obeyed obeyed
Open [kksyuk opened opened
Order vkns'k nsuk ordered ordered
Oppose fojks/ djuk opposed opposed
Pay pqdkuk paid paid
Add tksM+uk added added
Admire iz'kalk djuk admired admired
Advise mins'k nsuk advised advised
Allow vuqefr nsuk allowed allowed
Answer mÙkj nsuk answered answered
Appoint fu;qDr djuk appointed appointed
Appear izdV gksuk appeared appeared
Arrive igqapuk arrived arrived
203
Arrest fxjIrkj djuk arrested arrested
Ask iwNuk@dguk asked asked
Attack vkDzQe.k djuk attacked attacked
Bark HkkSaduk barked barked
Bathe Luku djuk bathed bathed
Beg Hkh[k ek¡xuk begged begged
Believe fo'okl djuk believed believed
Bleed [kwu cguk bled bled
Bless vk'khokZn nsuk blessed blessed
Break rksM+uk@VwVuk broke broken
Bring ykuk brought brought
Boil mckyuk boiled boiled
Boast Mhaxsa ekjuk boasted boasted
Borrow m/kj ysuk borrowed borrowed
Build cukuk@fuekZ.k djuk built built
Burn tyuk@tykuk burnt burnt
Buy [kjhnuk bought bought
Call iqdkjuk called called
Carry ys tkuk carried carried
Catch idM+uk caught caught
Clean lkiQ djuk cleaned cleaned
Close can djuk closed closed
Change cnyuk changed changed
Check jksduk@tk¡p djuk checked checked
Climb p<+uk climbed climbed
Clap rkyh ctkuk clapped clapped
Copy udy djuk copied copied
Collect bdV~Bk djuk collected collected
Complain f'kdk;r djuk complained complained
Cook idkuk cooked cooked
Count fxuuk counted counted
Confuse my>u esa Mky nsuk confused confused
204
Sweep >kMw nsuk swept swept
Study i<+uk studied studied
Slip fiQlyuk slipped slipped
Talk ckr djuk talked talked
Tell dguk told told
Teach i<+kuk@fl[kkuk taught taught
Think lkspuk thought thought
Tie cka/uk tied tied
Touch Nwuk touched touched
Try iz;Ru djuk tried tried
Trust fo'okl djuk trusted trusted
Use bLrseky djuk used used
Understand le>uk understood understood
Walk pyuk walked walked
Wash /ksuk washed washed
Wait izrh{kk djuk waited waited
Weep jksuk wept wept
Work dke djuk worked worked
Watch fuxjkuh djuk watched watched
Wish pkguk wished watched
Wander ?kweuk wandered wandered
Waste u"V djuk Wasted wasted
Wed fookg djuk wedded wedded
Wound ?kk;y djuk wounded wounded
Worship iwtk djuk worshipped worshipped
Wonder gSjku gksuk wondered wondered
Wrap yisVuk wrapped wrapped
Yield >qduk@iSnk djuk yielded yielded
Play [ksyuk played played
Pray izkFkZuk djuk prayed prayed
Praise iz'kalk djuk praised praised
Preach mins'k djuk preached preached
205
Peep >k¡duk peeped peeped
Plant ikS/k yxkuk planted planted
Pluck rksM+uk(TkSls iQwy rksM+rs
pluckedgS) plucked
Prepare rS;kj djuk prepared prepared
Pull [khapuk pulled pulled
Prevent jksduk prevented prevented
Punish n.M nsuk punished punished
Prove fl¼ djuk proved proved
Promise opu nsuk promised promised
Push /Ddk nsuk pushed pushed
Plough [ksr tksruk ploughed ploughed
Quarrel >xM+uk quarrelled quarrelled
Rain o"kkZ gksuk rained rained
Reply tokc nsuk replied replied
Reach igq¡puk reached reached
Receive ikuk] izkIr djuk received received
Refuse badkj djuk refused refused
Rest vkjke djuk rested rested
Resign R;kxi=k nsuk resigned resigned
Repair ejEer djuk repaired repaired
Remember ;kn djuk remembered remembered
Return ykSVkuk] ykSVuk returned returned
Roar xjtuk roared roared
Say dguk said said
Seek vis{kk djuk@<w¡<uk sought sought
Sell cspuk sold sold
Save cpkuk saved saved
Saw vkjs ls phjuk sawed sawed
Send Hkstuk sent sent
Select pquuk (NkaVdj) selected selected
Sleep lksuk slept slept
Stand [kM+k gksuk stood stood
206
Stay Bgjuk stayed stayed
Spend [kpZ djuk spent spent
Stop jksduk stopped stopped
Consult lykg nsuk consulted consulted
Cover <+duk covered covered
Crow ckax yxkuk crowed crowed
Cross ikj djuk crossed crossed
Creep jsaxuk crept crept
Cry fpYykuk cried cried
Decorate ltkuk decorated decorated
Dance ukpuk danced danced
Deceive /ks[kk nsuk deceived deceived
Defeat gjkuk defeated defeated
Decide fu.kZ; djuk decided decided
Desire bPNk djuk desired desired
Discover [kkst djuk discovered discovered
Dip Mqcksuk dipped dipped
Die ejuk died died
Divide ck¡Vuk divided divided
Dream LoIu ns[kuk dreamed dreamed
Dry lq[kuk@lq[kkuk dried dried
Drown Mqckuk drowned drowned
Dye jaxuk dyed dyed
Earn dekuk earned earned
Enter izos'k djuk entered entered
Employ dke ij j[kuk employed employed
Explain le>kuk explained explained
Face lkeuk djuk faced faced
Fail vliQy gksuk failed failed
Fear Mjuk feared feared
Feed f[kykuk fed fed
Feel eglwl@vuqHko djuk felt felt
207
Fell fxjkuk felled felled
Flee Hkkxuk fled fled
Fight yM+uk fought fought
Finish lekIr djuk finished finished
Fine tqekZuk yxkuk fined fined
Float rSjuk (lrg ij) floated floated
Graze pjuk grazed grazed
Gather bdV~Bk djuk@gksuk gathered gathered
Have j[kuk@izkIr djuk had had
Hate ?k`.kk djuk hated hated
Hang iQkalh yxkuk hanged hanged
GROUP - III
uhps fn, x, verbs ds lHkhforms ,d tSls gSA
Present vFkZ Past P. Participle
Let djus nsuk Let let
Put j[kuk put put
Read i<+uk read read
Set vLr gksuk set set
Shed cgkuk@R;kx nsuk shed shed
Shut can djuk shut shut
Spread iQSykuk spread spread
Thrust Bw¡luk@Fkksiuk thrust thrust
Quit NksM+uk quit quit
Bid cksyh yxkuk bid bid
Bet 'krZ yxkuk bet bet
Burst iQVuk burst burst
Cast iQsaduk@Mkyuk cast cast
Cost ewY; yxkuk cost cost
Cut dkVuk cut cut
Hurt ihM+k igq¡pkuk hurt hurt
Read ,oa study esa varj gSA
Study dk vFkZ vè;;u djuk gS tcfdRead ge Magazine,
newspaper bR;kfn dks djrs gSA
208
CONFUSING PAIR
1. Bear bore born - iSnk djuk
Bear bore borne - cnkZ'r djuk
2. Fall falled fallen - fxjuk
Fell felled felled - fxjkuk
3. See saw seen - ns[kuk
Saw sawed sawed/sawn - vkjh ls phM+uk@dkVuk
4. Wind wound wound - eksM+uk@yisVuk@pkch yxkuk
Wound wounded wounded - ?kk;y djuk
5. Fly flew flown - mM+uk
Flow flowed flowed - cguk
6. Find found found - ikuk
Found founded founded - LFkkfir djuk
7. Grind Ground Ground - ihluk
Ground grounded grounded - tehu ij ykuk@mM+ku Hkjus ij ikcanh yxk;k
8. Hang hanged hanged - iQkalh ij p<+kuk
Hang hung hung - Vkaxuk] yVdkuk
9. Lie lied lied - >wB cksyuk
Lie lay lain - ysVuk
10. Rend rent rent - phjuk@iQkM+uk
Rent rented rented - fdjk;s ij nsuk
words Confued With Verb / Noun / Adjective

1. Lose (verb) [kksuk@gkjuk
Loss (Noun) ?kkVk@gkfu
Loose (Adj.) <+hyk
2. Mitigate (verb) csgrj djuk
Militate (verb) izfrdwy gksuk
3. Pour (verb) mMsyuk
Pore (Noun) fNnz
4. Proceed (verb) vkxs c<+uk
Precede (verb) ls igys vkuk
209
5. Pray (verb) izkFkuk djuk
Prey (verb) f'kdkj djuk(noun)f'kdkj
6. Rout (verb) vklkuh ls gjkuk
Route (noun) jkLrk
Root (noun) tM+
7. Censure (verb) fuank djuk
Censor (verb) ikcanh yxkuk
8. See (verb) ns[kuk
Look (verb/noun) rkduk@utj Mkyuk
Stare (verb) ?kwjuk
Peep (verb) >k¡duk] pqids ls ns[kuk
Glare/Glower (verb/noun) xqLls ls ns[kuk@xqLls ls Hkjh utj
Glance (verb/noun) ,d >yd ns[kuk@,d >yd
Glimpse (noun) ,d >yd ns[kuk@,d >yd
9. Light (adj/noun/verb) gYdk@jks'kuh@izTofyr djuk
Burn (verb/noun) tykuk @ tyk gqvk Hkkx ('kjhj dk)
10. Catch (verb/noun) fdlh xfr'khy dks idM+uk
Hold (verb/noun) Bgjh gqbZ pht dks Fkkeuk@idM+
11. Wave (noun/verb) ygj@ygjkuk
Waive (verb) NwV nsuk
12. Tow (verb) [khap dj ys tkuk
Toe (noun) iSj dh vaxqfy;k¡
Tiptoe (verb) iSj dh vaxqfy;ksa ij pyuk
13. Site (noun( fuekZ.k LFky)
Sight (noun) utkjk ;k n`f"V
Cite (verb) mYys[k djuk
14. Defuse (verb) ruko de djuk
Diffuse (verb) iQSykuk
15. Desert (noun/verb) jsfxLrku R;kx nsuk
Dessert (noun) Meals ds ckn dk sweetdish
210
16. Sever (verb) dkV ds vyx dj nsuk
Severe (adj) rhoz
Sewer (noun) ukyk
17. Sink (verb) Mqcuk (futhZo dk)
Drown (verb) Mqckuk@Mqcuk
18. Cease (verb) :duk
Seize (verb) tCr djuk
19. Practice (noun) vH;kl
Practise (verb) vH;kl djuk
20. Advice (noun) lykg
Advise (verb) lykg nsuk
21. Complain (verb) f'kdk;r djuk
Complaint (noun) f'kdk;r
22. Affect (verb) vlj djuk
Effect (noun/verb) ifj.kke@cnyko ykuk
23. Assure (verb) rlYyh nsuk
Ensure (verb) lqfuf'pr djuk
Insure (verb) chek djuk
24. Hear (verb) lquuk
Listen (verb) è;ku ls lquuk
25. Heal (verb) Bhd gksuk
Heel (noun) ,sM+h
26. Prescribe (verb) lykg nsuk
Proscribe (verb) ikcanh yxkuk
27. Adopt (verb) (xksn ysuk)
Adapt (verb) <+kyuk
Adept (adj) fuiq.k
28. Allude (verb) ds lanHkZ esa mYys[k djuk
Elude (verb) ls cpuk
211
29. Amend (verb) la'kks/u djuk
Emend (verb) v'kqf¼;k¡ fudky nsuk
30. Bought (v2 & v3 form of buy) [kjhnuk
Brought (V2 & V3 form of bring) ykuk
31. Compose (verb) cukuk
Comprise (verb) ls cuk gksuk
32. Deface (verb) fod`r djuk
Efface (verb) feVk nsuk
33. Deprecate (verb) ukilan djuk
Depreciate (verb) ewY; de gksuk
34. Excite (verb) mrsftr djuk
Incite (verb) HkM+dkuk
35. Flout (verb) mYya?ku djuk
Flaunt (verb) fn[kkok djuk
36. Hoard (verb) fNik dj tek djuk
Horde (noun) yksxksa dk lewg
37. Loathe (verb) ukilan djuk
Loath (adj) vfuPNqd
38. Refuse (verb) euk djuk
Deny/Refute (verb) [kaMu djuk
Decline (verb) vLohdkj djuk@de gksuk
39. Peddle (verb) ?kwe&?kwe ds lkeku cspuk
Pedal (noun/verb) lkbfdy esa ftl ij iSj j[k dj ?kqekrs gSA @ pykuk
40. Canvass (verb) ?kwe&?kwe ds oksV ekaxuk
Canvas (noun) eksVk diM+k (ftlls twrs ,oa VsaV curs gSa)
41. Ride (verb/noun) lSj@nksifg;s o tkuoj dh lokjh djuk
Drive (verb/noun) lSj @ pkj ifg;s dh lokjh djuk
42. Wither (verb) eqj>kuk
Weather (noun) fnu&izfrfnu dk ekSle
Whether (conj.) ;k--------;k uk
Whither (adj.) where (dgk¡) iqjkus dky dh vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa
212

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RULES REGARDING ALPHABET,

1 PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS AND

Capital Letters (cM+s v{kj) Small Letters (NksVs v{kj)

Vowel (Loj) Consonant (O;atu)

Some words have two Pronunciations

Capital Letter ds iz;ksx bl izdkj gSa&

The Toofan Express The Vikrant The Himalayas

The Congress Party The Socialist Party The B.J.P.

President Prime Minister Chief Justice

TIME AND TENSE

PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE FUTURE TENSE

eSa ,d vke [kkrk gw¡µ

D;k og Ldwy tkrk gS\

eSa [kk jgk Igw¡&

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

He usually came to me and used to read.

They saw India and understood its situation.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

ge yksx dke djsaxsAµ

vki viuk dke ugha djsaxsAµ

D;k lhrk fp=k cuk,xh\µ

D;k rqe ,d ubZ xkM+h ugha [kjhnksxs\µ

os yksx dgk¡ tk,¡xs\µ

rqe esjs ;gk¡ D;ksa ugha vkvksxs\µ

eSa ;g dke djus dh dksf'k'k d:axkAI will try to do this work.

eSa ,d vPNk vkneh cuw¡xkA I will be a good man.

og n;kyq gksxkA He will be kind.

eSa ,d vkbZ,,l cuw¡xkA I will be an I.A.S.

;fn og vk;sxk] rks eSa mldh enn d:axkA

I shall be staying there. (eSa ogk¡ jgw¡xkA)

vki mldh izrh{kk D;ksa ugha djrsWhy

eSa ml le; rd dke dks lekIr dj pqdw¡xkA

 WH + Negative : WH+will/shall + S + have + V3 + OW +..?

vxys lkseokj rd eSa bl dke dks dj pqdk jgw¡xkA

os yksx bls ugha dj pqdsaxsA

D;k rqe ugha i<+ pqdksxs\

vkids csVs D;ksa lks pqdsaxs\

og bl dke dks iwjk D;ksa ugha dj pqdsxk\

Translate Into English:

Test - 1: Time & Tense Advance

7. (2) that they were practising dh 15. Was living

txg that they had been practising 16. Comes

gksxkA 17. Has not reached

4. (d) No error 21. (b) Replace 'were' by 'was'

5. (d) No error 22. (c) Replace 'don't see' by 'have

22. We have been look forward to the (d) No improvement

(d) is opening 19. Maria.............an appointment to

Time & Tense Advance [Exercise-1]

41. If John had told me (a)/ last working dk iz;ksx gksxkA

33. (a)He hoped dh txg he had hoped Principal clause d k verb–

dk iz;ksx gksxkA appealed Past Tense esa gS blfy,

Tense esa jgs rks Subordinate Time ds :i esa gksrk gsA

3. (c) I expect ds cnys I had expected gksxk] D;ksafd

dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd

ds fy, Past Perfect dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµ

9. (a) saw ds cnyshad seen dk iz;ksx gksxkA

bl Problem esaI wish.... ds }kjk ds fy, Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk

Simple present Simple future

After none of the verb may be

fd came to see me) 35. (a)you are coming ds cnysyou come

Simple Present Simple Present

Present Tense dk gSA Simple Present Simple Present

(i) It appears that he will fail in

Time & Tense Translation PDF

Time & Tense Translation PDF