COMPUTER ASSIGNMENT

MS WORD

JANUARY 17, 2023

PRIYA GUPTA
MS WORD (Assignment1)

Contents
What is Computer?........................................................................................................................2
Features of Computer................................................................................................................3
Limitations of Computer.......................................................................................................4
1. No Intelligence.................................................................................................................4
3. No Feeling:.......................................................................................................................4
4. Human Dependency:.......................................................................................................4
II. The Second Generation of Computers (1950s-1960s):.................................................5
III. The Third Generation of Computers (1960s-1970s):...............................................5
................................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Characteristics of a microcomputer.....................................................................................7
Input Devices..................................................................................................................................9
Keyboard.....................................................................................................................................9
Mouse........................................................................................................................................10
Common types of the mouse................................................................................................10
Scanner......................................................................................................................................11
................................................................................................................................................... 12
Output Devices.............................................................................................................................13
Printer.......................................................................................................................................13
Impact Printer..........................................................................................................................13
Character Printers................................................................................................................13
Non-Impact Printer..................................................................................................................14
I) Laser Printer.....................................................................................................................15
ii) Inkjet Printer....................................................................................................................15
Software........................................................................................................................................16
1) System Software...................................................................................................................16
i) Operating System..............................................................................................................16
2) Application Software...........................................................................................................17
3) Programming Software.......................................................................................................18
What is computer memory?....................................................................................................18
Classification of Memory.........................................................................................................18
Primary or Main Memory...................................................................................................19

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Random Access Memory (RAM)........................................................................................19

Read-Only Memory (ROM)................................................................................................20
Types of Secondary Memory...............................................................................................21

What is Computer

A computer is a programmable electronic device that accepts raw data as input and processes it
with a set of instructions (a program) to produce the result as output. It renders output just after
performing mathematical and logical operations and can save the output for future use. It can
process numerical as well as non-numerical calculations. The term "computer" is derived from
the Latin word "computare" which means to calculate.

A computer is designed to execute applications and provides a variety of solutions through

integrated hardware and software components. It works with the help of programs and represents
the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. It also has a memory that stores the data,
programs, and result of processing. The components of a computer such as machinery that
includes wires, transistors, circuits, hard disk are called hardware. Whereas the programs and
data are called software.

It is believed that the Analytical Engine was the first computer which was invented by Charles
Babbage in 1837. It used punch cards as read-only memory. Charles Babbage is also known as
the father of the computer.

The basic parts without which a computer cannot work are as follows:

o Processor: It executes instructions from software and hardware.

o Memory: It is the primary memory for data transfer between the CPU and storage.
o Motherboard: It is the part that connects all other parts or components of a computer.
o Storage Device: It permanently stores the data, e.g., hard drive.
o Input Device: It allows you to communicate with the computer or to input data, e.g., a keyboard.
o Output Device: It enables you to see the output, e.g., monitor.

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Features of Computer

1. Speed: A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans
while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (one
million) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is
microseconds and nanoseconds.

2. Accuracy: Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due
to data inconsistency or inaccuracy. The level of accuracy depends upon the instructions.
Faulty instructions for data processing may lead to faulty results.

3. Diligence: A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same
consistency and accuracy. It does not feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its
memory also makes it superior to that of human beings.

4. Versatility: Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform various kinds of

works with same accuracy and efficiency.

5. Reliability: A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e.,
if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same result.

6. Memory: A computer has built-in memory called primary memory where it stores data.
Secondary storage are removable devices such as CDs, pen drives, etc., which are also
used to store data.

7. Automation: A computer is an automatic machine. a computer performs all its functions

automatically. This means once the computer starts a task, it does the work without any
human intervention.
8. Reduction in paperwork and cost: In big companies, computers are used to reduce
paperwork. There are many such works, which can cost more over time if work is done
by the workers, but time and money are saved by doing the same work by the computer.

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Limitations of Computer
 No Intelligence
 Dependency
 No feeling
 Human dependency

1. No Intelligence:

Computer is a machine that cannot take any decision on its own, due to which if we must do any
work with the help of computer, then we must tell the computer all the things step by step.

2. Dependency:

Computer is dependent on humans because if we must do any work with the help of computer,
then it must be explained step by step. Also, even if there is no electricity in the computer, the
computer cannot work, in this way, it depends on electricity to work.

3. No Feeling:

Unlike humans, computers cannot make decisions based on taste, experience, and knowledge.
There is no emotion inside the computer. The way we humans learn from our experiences, the
computer cannot learn from their experiences.

4. Human Dependency:

A computer is a machine and is fully automated once switched on. But it cannot work to switch
itself on. The computer also does not when to start and when to stop unless it is fed with such a
program.

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Generation of Computer
I. The First Generation of Computer (1940s-1950s):

 The main electronic component used in the computers of the 1940s to 1950s era were
vacuum tubes.

 The main memory storing units were magnetic tapes and magnetic
drums.

 The machine language was used as the programming language.

 The sizes used to be exceptionally large which could take up entire IMAGE 1
rooms and the speed was very slow.
II. The Second Generation of Computers (1950s-1960s):

 The main electronic component used in the computers of the 1950s to 1960s era were
transistors.

 The main memory storing units were magnetic tape or disk and
magnetic core.

 The assembly language was used as the programming language.

 The sizes were smaller as compared to those of the first generation

and they used to consume low power and generate less heat.
IMAGE 2

 There was an improvement in speed.

III. The Third Generation of Computers (1960s-1970s):

 The memory storing units were the magnetic disk or take and a large magnetic core.

 The sizes were smaller and efficient, and the computers were called
minicomputers.

 There was an improvement in reliability and speed as compared to the

second generation of computers. The main electronic components
IMAGE 3
used in the computers of the era 1060s to 1970s were integrated
circuits ICs.

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IV. The Fourth Generation of Computers (1970s-Present):

 The main electronic components used in the fourth generation

of computers are microprocessors and very large-scale
integration (VLSI).

 When thousands of transistors are attached to a single

microchip, it is known as VLSI.
IMAGE 4

 Semiconductor memory storage units such as RAM, ROM, etc. were introduced.

 High-level languages such as C#, JAVA, Python, JavaScript are used as programming
languages.

 The sizes are smaller, and the speed has improved.

V. The Fifth Generation of Computers (Present-Future):

 The main electronic components that are used in the present generation of computers is
Artificial Intelligence which uses the parallel processing method and the Ultra-Large-
Scale Integration (ULSI).

 The fifth generation of computers understands the natural human language.

 The speeds are fast, and the sizes are also small.

 The fifth-generation computers are portable and have a huge storage capacity.

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Types of Computers
1. Micro Computer
2. Minicomputer
3. Mainframe Computer
4. Supercomputer

A. Micro Computers:

It is a single-user computer which has less speed and storage capacity than the other types. It
uses a microprocessor as a CPU. The first microcomputer was built with 8-bit microprocessor
chips. The common examples of microcomputers include laptops, desktop computers, personal
digital assistant (PDA), tablets, and smartphones. Microcomputers are designed and
developed for general usage like browsing, searching for information, internet, MS Office,
social media, etc.

Characteristics of a microcomputer:
o It is the smallest in size among all types of computers.
o A limited number of software can be used.
o It is designed for personal work and applications. Only one user can work at a time.
o It is less expansive and easy to use.
o It does not require the user to have specific skills or training to use it.
o Generally, comes with single semiconductor chip.

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B. Minicomputers:

Minicomputers are also known as "Midrange Computers." They are

not designed for a single. They are multi-user computers designed to
support multiple users simultaneously. So, small businesses and firms
use them. Individual departments of a company use these computers
for specific purposes. For example, the admission department of a
university can use a Mini-computer for monitoring the admission
process.

C. Main Frame Computers:

It is also a multi-user computer capable of supporting thousands

of users simultaneously. They are used by large firms and
government organizations to run their business operations as they
can store and process large amounts of data. For example, Banks,
universities, and insurance companies use mainframe computers
to store the data of their customers, students, and policyholders,
respectively.

D. Super Computers:

Super-computers are the fastest and most expensive computers

among all types of computers. They have huge storage capacities and
computing speeds and thus can perform millions of instructions per
second. The super-computers are task-specific and thus used for
specialized applications such as large-scale numerical problems in
scientific and engineering disciplines including applications in
electronics, petroleum engineering, weather forecasting, medicine,
space research and more. For example, NASA uses supercomputers for launching space satellites.

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Computer Components

There are five main computer components that are given below:

o Input Devices
o Output Devices
o Memory
o Software

1. Input Devices

Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a computer. The
Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and processes it to produce the
output.

Some of the popular input devices are:

1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner

a) Keyboard

The keyboard is a basic input device that is used to enter data into a computer or any other
electronic device by pressing keys. It has different sets of keys for letters, numbers, characters,
and functions. Keyboards are connected to a computer through USB or a Bluetooth device for
wireless communication.

i) QWERTY Keyboard: It is the most used keyboard with computers in modern

times. It is named after the first six letters of the top row of buttons and is even
popular in countries that do not use Latin-based alphabet.

ii) AZERTY Keyboard: It is considered the standard French keyboard. It is

developed in France as an alternative layout to the QWERTY layout and is used in
France and other European countries. Some countries have manufactured their own
versions of AZERTY.

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b) Mouse

The mouse is a hand-held input device which is used to move cursor or pointer across the screen.
It is designed to be used on a flat surface and generally has left and right button and a scroll
wheel between them. Laptop computers come with a touchpad that works as a mouse. It lets you
control the movement of cursor or pointer by moving your finger over the touchpad. Some
mouse comes with integrated features such as extra buttons to perform different buttons.

Common types of the mouse:

I) Trackball Mouse: t is a stationary input device that has ball mechanism to move the pointer
or cursor on the screen. The ball is half inserted in the device and can be easily rolled with
finger, thumb, or the palm to move the pointer on the screen.

Mechanical Mouse: It has a system of a ball and several rollers to track its movement. It is a
corded type of mouse. A mechanical mouse can be used for high performance. The drawback is
that they tend to get dust into the mechanics and thus require regular cleaning.

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Optical Mouse: An optical mouse uses optical electronics to track its movement. It is more
dependable than a mechanical mouse and also requires less maintenance. However, its
performance is affected by the surface on which it is operated.

c) Scanner

The scanner uses the pictures and pages of text as input. It scans the picture or a document. The
scanned picture or document then converted into a digital format or file and is displayed on the
screen as an output. It uses optical character recognition techniques to convert images into digital
ones. Some of the common types of scanners are as follows:

Types of Scanners:

Flatbed Scanner: It has a glass pane and a moving optical CIS or CCD array. The light
illuminates the pane, and then the image is placed on the glass pane. The light moves across the
glass pane and scans the document and thus produces its digital copy. You will need a
transparency adapter while scanning transparent slides.

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Handheld Scanner: It is a small manual scanning device which is held by hand and is rolled
over a flat image that is to be scanned. The drawback in using this device is
that the hand should be steady while scanning; otherwise, it may distort
the image. One of the commonly used handheld scanners is the barcode
scanner which you would have seen in shopping stores.

Sheetfed Scanner: In this scanner, the document is inserted into the

slot provided in the scanner. The main components of this scanner
include the sheet-feeder, scanning module, and calibration sheet. The light does not move in this
scanner. Instead, the document moves through the scanner. It is suitable for scanning single page
documents, not for thick objects like books, magazines, etc.

d) Joystick
A joystick is also a pointing input device like a mouse. It is made up of a stick with a spherical
base. The base is fitted in a socket that allows free movement of the stick. The movement of stick
controls the cursor or pointer on the screen.

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Output Devices

The output device displays the result of the processing of raw data that is entered in the computer
through an input device. There are several output devices that display output in different ways
such as text, images, hard copies, and audio or video.

Some of the popular output devices are:

Printer

A printer produces hard copies of the processed data. It enables the user, to print images, text, or
any other information onto the paper.

Based on the printing mechanism, the printers are of two types: Impact Printers and Non-impact
Printers:

Impact Printer

The impact printer uses a hammer or print head to print the character or images onto the paper.
The hammer or print head strikes or presses an ink ribbon against the paper to print characters
and images.

Character Printers

Character printer prints a single character at a time or with a single stroke of the print head or
hammer. It does not print one line at a time. Dot Matrix printer and Daisy Wheel printer are
character printers. Today, these printers are not in much use due to their low speed and because
only the text can be printed. The character printers are of two types, which are as follows:

I) Dot Matrix Printer

Dot Matrix Printer is an impact printer. The characters and

images printed by it are the patterns of dots. These patterns

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are produced by striking the ink soaked ribbon against the paper with a print head. The print head
contains pins that produce a pattern of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The
print head of a 24 pin dot matrix contains more pins than a 9 pin dot matrix printer, so it
produces more dots which results in better printing of characters. To produce color output, the
black ribbon can be changed with color stripes. The speed of Dot Matrix printers is around 200-
500 characters per second.

ii) Daisy Wheel Printer

Daisy Wheel Printer was invented by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems. It consists of a
wheel or disk that has spokes or extensions and looks like a daisy, so it is named Daisy Wheel
printer. At the end of extensions, molded metal characters are mounted. To print a character the
printer rotates the wheel, and when the desired character is on the print location the hammer hits
disk and the extension hits the ink ribbon against the paper to create the impression. It cannot be
used to print graphics and is often noisy and slow, i.e., the speed is extremely low around 25-50
characters per second. Due to these drawbacks, these printers have become obsolete

Non-Impact Printer:

Non-impact printers don't print characters or images by striking a print head or hammer on the
ink ribbon placed against the paper. They print characters and images without direct physical
contact between the paper and the printing machinery. These printers can print a complete page
at a time,

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so they are also known as page printers. The common types of non-impact printers are Laser
printer and Inkjet printer:

I) Laser Printer:

A laser printer is a non-impact printer that uses a laser beam to print the characters. The laser
beam hits the drum, which is a photoreceptor and draws the image on the drum by altering
electrical charges on the drum. The drum then rolls in toner, and the charged image on the drum
picks the toner. The toner is then printed on the paper using heat and pressure. Once the
document is printed, the drum loses the electric charge, and the remaining toner is collected. The
laser printers use powdered toner for printing instead of liquid ink and produce quality print
objects with a resolution of 600 dots per inch (dpi) or more.

ii) Inkjet Printer:

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The inkjet printer is a non-impact printer that prints images and characters by spraying fine,
ionized drops of ink. The print head has tiny nozzles to spray the ink. The printer head moves
back and forth and sprays ionized drops of ink on the paper, which is fed through the printer.
These drops pass through an electric field that guides the ink onto the paper to print correct
images and characters.

An inkjet printer has cartridges that contain ink. Modern inkjet printers are color printers that
have four cartridges containing different colors: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black. It is capable
of printing high-quality images with different colors. It can produce print objects with a
resolution of at least 300 dots per inch (dpi).

Software

Software, which is abbreviated as SW or S/W, is a set of programs that enables the hardware to
perform a specific task. All the programs that run the computer are software. The software can be
of three types: system software, application software, and programming software.

1) System Software

The system software is the main software that runs the computer. When you turn on the
computer, it activates the hardware and controls and coordinates their functioning. The
application programs are also controlled by system software. An operating system is an example
of system software.

Operating System:

An operating system is the system software that works as an interface to enable the user to
communicate with the computer. It manages and coordinates the functioning of hardware and
software of the computer. The commonly used operating systems are Microsoft Windows,
Linux, and Apple Mac OS X.

Some other examples of system software include:

o BIOS: It stands for basic input output system. It is a type of system software, which is
stored in Read Only Memory (ROM) located on the motherboard. However, in advanced
computer systems, it is stored in flash memory. BIOS is the first software that gets
activated
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when you turn on your computer system. It loads the drivers of the hard disk into
memory as well as assists the operating system to load itself into the memory.
o Boot Program: Boot refers to starting up a computer. When you switch on the computer,
the commands in the ROM are executed automatically to load the boot program into
memory and execute its instructions. The BIOS program has a basic set of commands
that enables the computer to perform the basic input/output instructions to start the
computer.
o An assembler: It plays the role of a converter as it receives basic computer instructions
and converts them into a pattern of bits. The processor uses these bits to perform basic
operations.
o A device driver: This system software controls hardware devices connected to a
computer. It enables the computer to use the hardware by providing an appropriate
interface. The kernel of a Computer's CPU communicates with different hardware
through this software. Operating systems come with most of the device drivers. If the
operating system does not have a device driver for hardware, you must install the device
driver before using that hardware device.

2) Application Software:

Application software is a set of programs designed to perform a specific task. It does not control
the working of a computer as it is designed for end-users. A computer can run without
application software. Application software can be easily installed or uninstalled as required. It
can be a single program or a collection of small programs. Microsoft Office Suite, Adobe
Photoshop, and any other software like payroll software or income tax software are application
software. As we know, they are designed to perform specific tasks. Accordingly, they can be of
diverse types such as:

o Word Processing Software: This software allows users to create, edit, format, and
manipulate the text and more. It offers lots of options for writing documents, creating
images, and more. For example, MS Word, WordPad, Notepad, etc.
o Spreadsheet Software: It is designed to perform calculations, store data, create charts,
etc. It has rows and columns, and the data is entered in the cell, which is an intersection
of a row and column, e.g., Microsoft Excel.
o Multimedia Software: These software are developed to perform editing of video, audio,
and text. It allows you to combine texts, videos, audio, and images. Thus, you can
improve a text document by adding photos, animations, graphics, and charts through
multimedia software. For example, VLC player, Window Media Player, etc.
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o Enterprise Software: These software are developed for business operational functions.
It is used in large organizations where the quantum of business is too large. It can be used
for accounting, billing, order processing and more. For example, CRM (Customer
Relationship Management), BI (Business Intelligence), ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning), SCM (Supply Chain Management), customer support system, and more.

3) Programming Software:

It is a set or collection of tools that help developers in writing other software or programs. It
assists them in creating, debugging, and maintaining software or programs or applications. We
can say that these are facilitator software that helps translate programming language
such as Java, C++, Python, etc., into machine language code. So, it is not used by end-users. For
example, compilers, linkers, debuggers, interpreters, text editors, etc. This software is also called
a programming tool or software development tool.

Some examples of programming software include:

o Eclipse: It is a java language editor.

o Coda: It is a programming language editor for Mac.
o Notepad++: It is an open-source editor for windows.
o Sublime text: It is a cross-platform code editor for Linux, Mac, and Windows.

MEMORY
What is computer memory?

Computer memory is any physical device, used to store data, information, or instruction
temporarily or permanently. It is the collection of storage units that stores binary information in
the form of bits. The memory block is split into a small number of components, called cells.
Each cell has a unique address to store the data in memory, ranging from zero to memory size
minus one.

Classification of Memory

The following figure represents the classification of memory:

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Primary or Main Memory

Primary memory is also known as the computer system's main memory that communicates
directly within the CPU, Auxiliary memory and the Cache memory. Main memory is used to
kept programs or data when the processor is active to use them. When a program or data is
activated to execute, the processor first loads instructions or programs from secondary memory
into main memory, and then the processor starts execution. Accessing or executing of data from
primary memory is faster because it has a cache or register memory that provides faster
response, and it is located closer to the CPU. The primary memory is volatile, which means the
data in memory can be lost if it is not saved when a power failure occurs. It is costlier than
secondary memory, and the main memory capacity is limited as compared to secondary memory.

The primary memory is further divided into two parts:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

2. ROM (Read Only Memory)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Random Access Memory (RAM) is one of the faster types of main memory accessed directly by
the CPU. It is the hardware in a computer device to temporarily store data, programs, or program
results. It is used to read/write data in memory until the machine is working. It is volatile, which
means if a power failure occurs or the computer is turned off, the information stored
in RAM will be lost. All data stored in computer memory can be read or accessed randomly at
any time.

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There are two types of RAMS:

o SRAM
o DRAM

DRAM: DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory) is a type of RAM that is used for the
dynamic storage of data in RAM. In DRAM, each cell carries one-bit information. The cell is
made up of two parts: a capacitor and a transistor. The size of the capacitor and the transistor is
so small, requiring millions of them to store on a single chip. Hence, a DRAM chip can hold
more data than an SRAM chip of the same size. However, the capacitor needs to be continuously
refreshed to retain information because DRAM is volatile. If the power is switched off, the data
store in memory is lost.

Characteristics of DRAM

1. It requires continuously refreshed to retain the data.

2. It is slower than SRAM
3. It holds a large amount of data
4. It is the combination of capacitor and transistor
5. It is less expensive as compared to SRAM
6. Less power consumption

SRAM: SRMA (Static Random-Access Memory) is a type of RAM used to store static data in
the memory. It means to store data in SRAM remains active if the computer system has a power
supply. However, data is lost in SRAM when power failures have occurred.

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

ROM is a memory device or storage medium that is used to permanently store information
inside a chip. It is a read-only memory that can only read stored information, data or programs,
but we

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cannot write or modify anything. A ROM contains some important instructions or program data
that are required to start or boot a computer. It is a non-volatile memory; it means that the stored
information cannot be lost even when the power is turned off or the system is shut down.

Types of Secondary Memory

The following are the types of secondary memory devices:

Hard Disk

A hard disk is a computer's permanent storage device. It is a non-volatile disk that permanently
stores data, programs, and files, and cannot lose store data when the computer's power source is
switched off. Typically, it is located internally on computer's motherboard that stores and
retrieves data using one or more rigid fast rotating disk platters inside an air-sealed casing. It is a
large storage device, found on every computer or laptop for permanently storing installed
software, music, text documentation, videos, operating system, and data until the user did not
delete.

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Floppy Disk

A floppy disk is a secondary storage system that consisting of thin, flexible magnetic coating
disks for holding electronic data such as computer files. It is also known as Floppy Diskette that
comes in three sizes like 8 inches, 5.5 inches and 3.5 inches. The stored data of a floppy disk can
be accessed through the floppy disk drive. Furthermore, it is the only way through a new
program installed on a computer or backup of the information. However, it is the oldest type of
portable storage device, which can store data up to 1.44 MB. Since most programs were larger,
that required multiple floppy diskettes to store large amounts of data. Therefore, it is not used
due to very low memory storage.

CD (Compact Disc)

A CD is an optical disk storage device, stands for Compact Disc. It is a storage device used to
store various data types like audio, videos, files, OS, Back-Up file, and any other information
useful to a computer. The CD has a width of 1.2 mm and 12 cm in height, which can store
approximately 783 MB of data size. It uses laser light to read and write data from the CDs.

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Cache Memory

It is a small-sized chip-based computer memory that lies between the CPU and the main
memory. It is a faster, high performance and temporary memory to enhance the performance of
the CPU. It stores all the data and instructions that are often used by computer CPUs. It also
reduces the access time of data from the main memory. It is faster than the main memory, and
sometimes, it is also called CPU memory because it is very close to the CPU chip. The following
are the levels of cache memory.

1. L1 Cache: The L1 cache is also known as the onboard, internal, or primary cache. It is
built with the help of the CPU. Its speed is very high, and the size of the L1 cache varies
from 8 KB to 128 KB.
2. L2 Cache: It is also known as external or secondary cache, which requires fast access
time to store temporary data. It is built into a separate chip in a motherboard, not built
into the CPU like the L1 level. The size of the L2 cache may be 128 KB to 1 MB.

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3. L3 Cache: L3 cache levels are generally used with high performance and capacity of the
computer. It is built into a motherboard. Its speed is terribly slow, and the maximum size
up to 8 MB.

Register Memory

The register memory is a temporary storage area for storing and transferring the data and the
instructions to a computer. It is the smallest and fastest memory of a computer. It is a part of
computer memory located in the CPU as the form of registers. The register memory is 16, 32 and
64 bits in size. It temporarily stores data instructions and the address of the memory that is
repeatedly used to provide faster response to the CPU.
i

X
Priyagupta

19-Jan-23

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